Cognitive Test 3
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that a. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. b. rehearsal cannot account for them. c. they are permanent and resist forgetting. d. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy).
a
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Graduating from college at age 22 b. Marrying at age 60 c. Retiring from work at age 40 d. Having a child at age 45
a
In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a a. node. b. input unit. c. link. d. output unit.
a
Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network a. connection weights. b. nodes. c. output units. d. hidden units.
a
Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? a. Freedom b. Baseball c. Apple pie d. America
a
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus a. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time. b. acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct. c. disrupts the processing of another stimulus. d. relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars.
a
According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following? a. Narrative rehearsing b. Youth bias c. Cultural scripts d. Strong encoding
d
Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. b. Imagery is closely related to language. c. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. d. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.
a
Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________. a. tree; oak b. tree; tree c. oak; tree d. oak; oak
a
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen a. source memory. b. schema. c. scan technique. d. script.
b
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? a. Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. b. Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable. c. Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer. d. Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections.
c
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process. a. constructive b. life-narrative c. consequentiality based d. narrative-rehearsal
a
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and a. source misattribution. b. confabulation. c. consequentiality. d. retroactive interference
a
The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life b. helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. c. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. d. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.
a
Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas." a. concepts b. units c. prototypes d. exemplars
a
Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a. size of the field of view. b. ability to visually recognize objects. c. ability to draw objects from memory. d. recognition of objects in the left side of space.
a
According to the typicality effect a. we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects. b. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. c. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. d. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered.
b
Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________. a. gold; lead b. stone; smoke c. wave; droplet d. spark; flame
b
__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a. Prospective memory b. Pragmatic inference c. Automatic narrative d. Observer perspective
b
___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Prototypes b. Exemplars c. Icons d. Units
b
Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization. a. exemplar b. family resemblance c. definitional d. prototype
c
A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be a. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. b. a fill in the blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members. c. a fill in the blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. d. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.
d
According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight? a. Category priming b. Sensory reactivation c. Storage capacity d. Synapse activity
d
Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing? a. Source monitoring error b. Pragmatic inference c. Misinformation effect d. Illusory truth effect
d
Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory? a. Getting her driver's license b. Moving into her first apartment c. Going to her high school prom d. Winning the first grade spelling bee
d
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of a. the effect of scripts. b. verbatim recall. c. cryptoamnesia d. constructive memory processes.
d
Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. b. how easy mental rotation is for humans. c. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. d. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.
d
The definitional approach to categorization a. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. b. was proposed to replace the prototype approach. c. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. d. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
d
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. make more errors in their recollections. b. report less vivid recollections of the event. c. report less confidence about their recollections. d. remember more details about the event.
a
Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed a. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories. b. the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. c. no measurable priming effect. d. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories.
a
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization. a. prototype b. network c. exemplar d. parallel processing
a
Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. b. right at the front door. c. two feet from the front door. d. one mile away from the house.
a
The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery a. is based on spatial or language mechanisms. b. actually exists. c. is identical for all people. d. can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems.
a
Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT a. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. b. inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. c. source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. d. increased confidence due to post-event questioning.
a
Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________. a. using visual images; activated b. using visual images; deactivated c. perceiving stimuli; activated d. perceiving stimuli; deactivated
b
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. a. reaction time b. typicality c. priming d. resemblance
b
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a. of familiar places. b. the person took himself or herself. c. the person has never seen before. d. the person has seen before.
b
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model. a. back propagation b. spreading activation c. cognitive economy d. typicality
b
For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. b. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. c. neither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. d. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana.
b
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization. a. prototype b. exemplar c. definitional d. family resemblance
b
In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that a. imagery occurs more automatically than perception. b. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. c. imagery is more stable than perception. d. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms.
b
Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________. a. imagery b. chronometry c. topography d. scanning
b
Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using a. the method of loci. b. a depictive representation. c. tacit knowledge. d. a proposition.
b
Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that a. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. b. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. c. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. d. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event.
b
Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a. a wolf. b. a bumblebee. c. a rhinoceros. d. an anteater.
b
The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. b. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance. c. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory. d. their flexible, undefined structures allow "rememberers" to spontaneously organize information in any way they want.
b
The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a. bizarreness. b. order. c. importance. d. concreteness.
b
The process of back propagation is most closely associated with a. reasoning about categories. b. connectionist networks. c. spreading activation. d. semantic networks.
b
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Network b. Prototype c. Exemplar d. Typicality
b
Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node. a. can fly; canary b. can fly; bird c. has feathers; ostrich d. bird; penguin
b
Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts? a. Spatial b. Propositional c. Hypothetical d. Depictive
b
Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? a. Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony. b. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup. c. Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. d. Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently.
b
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? a. A field sparrow is a field sparrow. b. A field sparrow is a bird. c. A field sparrow is an animal. d. A field sparrow is a sparrow.
c
A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery. a. propositional b. abstract c. spatial d. detail
c
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a. the freshman year b. trauma-based experiences c. transition points d. family-centered challenges
c
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the a. misinformation effect. b. reminiscence bump. c. constructive nature of memory. d. familiarity effect.
c
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. basic level to superordinate level b. subordinate level to basic level c. superordinate level to basic level d. basic level to subordinate level
c
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a. some people have great difficulty forming visual images. b. visual images vary in detail. c. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. d. the imageless thought debate was unresolved.
c
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. young adulthood and middle age. b. childhood and middle age. c. adolescence and young adulthood. d. childhood and adolescence.
c
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a. two stimuli are associated. b. a statement is true. c. a presented stimulus is a word. d. a stimulus is presented.
c
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of a. one month. b. one hour. c. 24 hours. d. one week.
c
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations. a. epiphenomenal b. unilateral c. spatial d. propositional
c
Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a. can be inferred using mental chronometry. b. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. c. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. d. is an epiphenomenon.
c
Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information a. if they believe the post-event information is correct. b. only if the misleading post-event information is presented immediately after viewing the event. c. even if they are told to ignore the post-event information. d. if the misleading post-event information is consistent with social stereotypes.
c
Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds. a. four b. six c. two d. three
c
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that a. these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. b. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning. c. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. d. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept.
c
Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat- hat and car- house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a. a blank piece of paper for free recall. b. house. c. boat _______ - car ________. d. b___ - h___.
c
The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. a. neural network b. parallel distributed processing c. semantic network d. connectionist network
c
The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? a. True lies b. Mission impossible c. Cake mug d. Amazing grace
c
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the a. cognitive hypothesis. b. reminiscence hypothesis. c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d. life-narrative hypothesis.
c
The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? a. Neural response b. Longevity c. Content d. Validity
c
The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a. a statement. b. abstract symbols. c. a spatial layout. d. an equation.
c
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves a. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. b. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. c. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. d. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly.
c
Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a. Cognitive economy b. Hierarchical organization c. Family resemblance d. Spreading activation
c
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories? a. Intense b. Circumstantial c. Accurate d. Malleable
c
Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap? a. Multivoxel pattern analysis b. Paired-associate learning c. Transcranial magnetic stimulation d. Method of loci
c
Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. b. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. c. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned. d. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.
c
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories a. occur for details but not for entire events. b. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. c. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. d. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. Question 13
c
Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal a. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. b. matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. c. is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered. d. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.
d
In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________. a. example b. spoke c. node d. artifact
d
In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________. a. loading b. weighting c. stacking d. crowding
d
Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances. a. weak b. no c. moderate d. strong
d
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. a. misattribution b. narrative c. schema d. script
d
Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory? a. Hippocampus b. Amygdala c. Parietal cortex d. Prefrontal cortex
d
Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept? a. Pegword b. Depictive representation c. Mental walk d. Topographic map
d
Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that a. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. b. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. c. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar. d. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.
d
Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. prototype b. semantic network c. definitional d. exemplar
d
Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish. b. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. c. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. d. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."
d
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory a. is like a tape recording. b. depends on the participant's mood. c. is better for vivid descriptions. d. involves making inferences.
d
The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________. a. fragile b. subordinate c. graded d. distributed
d
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a. before the event. b. all of the above c. during the event. d. after the event.
d
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that a. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. b. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. c. our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from. d. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.
d
The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience? a. Recall abuse b. Hear a song c. See a weapon d. Smell perfume
d
The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a. echoic schemas b. perceptual images. c. visual icons. d. mental images.
d
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by a. the amount of information contained in each concept. b. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept. c. the typicality of the information contained in each concept. d. the distance that must be traveled through the network.
d
The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. a propositional representation. b. the pegword technique. c. paired-associate learning. d. the method of loci.
d
Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories. a. paired-associate learning b. mental synthesis c. the pegword technique d. the method of loci
d
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Network b. Exemplar c. Typicality d. Prototype
d
Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion? a. Androgen b. Acetylcholine c. Cholesterol d. Cortisol
d
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? a. Input units b. Output units c. Hidden units d. Working units
d
Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect? a. Culture b. Source c. Stress d. Repetition
d
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect b. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect c. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. d. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
d
Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks? a. Distributed processing b. Serial processing c. Prototype formation d. Cognitive economy
d
