Human Nutrition Midterm Chapters 1-10

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration. A complex cycle that requires energy, NAD and FAD.

________ acid is an essential fatty acid. Palmitic Linoleic Stearic Lauric

Linoleic

________, as part of NAD and NADP, is important for energy metabolism. Niacin Folate Pantothenic acid Riboflavin

Niacin

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as ketone bodies. fiber. glycogen. certain B vitamins.

glycogen.

Albert is a healthy, 23-year-old college student. He would like to know more about his risk of cardiovascular disease, so he can take preventive measures, if they are necessary. Albert should ________. undergo cardiac catheterization to determine the ejection factor of his heart test his urine for the presence of glucocorticoids have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of his blood have a chest x-ray

have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of his blood

Parietal cells secrete ions that form ________ in the stomach. chyme hydrochloric acid salivary amylase bile

hydrochloric acid

How fatty acids are transformed to enter the citric acid cycle

once inside the mitochondria fatty acid molecules are cleaved into two carbon segments that are converted into acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle.

The ________ is the most commonly used tool to measure protein quality. Protein quality is determined based on both the amino acid composition score and the digestibility of the protein in the food source. biological value (BV) protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) protein efficiency ratio (PER) recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Goblet cells produce gastric juice. digestive enzymes. mucus. hydrochloric acid.

mucus.

list the food sources of vitamin D.

mushrooms, fortified ilk, orange juice, trout, salmon, eggs

Thiamin and B-1 can be found in

pork, whole grain, enriched breads, legumes, nuts

effects of alcohol on body and health

- alcoholic fatty liver - cirrhosis of the liver

factors that influence alcohol metabolism

- amount of alcohol - timing of consumption - sex -age - body size and composition - prior drinking history

major functions of vitamin E in health

- being an antioxidant -as an antioxidant it protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from being damaged.

symptoms of food allergies

-Coughing -Sneezing -Nausea -Vomiting -Diarrhea -Hives -Other rashes

Metasized cancer

-can not be dealt with by local treatment (surgery) -tumors can live longer in the body

explain the major functions of vitamin D in the huma body

-maintain normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels - stronger bones - diets lacking in vitamin D wont absorb as much calcium - hormone parathyroid helps the function of vitamin D, maintain calcium levels

AMDR for saturated fat

10%

AMDR for protein

10-35%

________ ounces of beer ________ ounces of wine _________ ounces of liquor

12, 5 1/2, 1 1/2

having excess body weight or being obesity raises a person's rick of getting __________ types of cancer.

13

a standard drink contains ______ to _____ g of alcohol.

13-14

long chain fatty acids

14-24 carbons with double bonds

RDA for vitamin E

15 mg/day

What is the RDA for vitamin D? 15 μg/day 15 g/day 25 μg/day 25 g/day

15 μg/day

According to MyPlate, Erika should consume 3 cups of milk daily. She prefers eating plain yogurt to drinking milk. How much plain yogurt can she eat to meet her plan's recommendation for milk and milk products? 4 cups 5 cups 1 cup 3 cups

3 cups

Vitamin E exists in one of _________ forms

8

A deficiency of vitamin ________ results in deterioration of epithelial cells. A K B-12 B-6

A

once absorbed vitamin ______ is transported with lipids in chylomicrons to tissues for use or storage.

A

Which of the following compounds can human cells metabolize for energy? Check all that apply. A) Lipids B) Alcohol C) Water D) Proteins Your Answer:

A D

beta oxidation

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.

Thiamin (B-1) Functions

Involved in the coenzyme TTP and is involved in many carbohydrate metabolism reactions, helps make neurotransmitters.

food sources of vitamin K

K1: Leafy green veggies, kale, turnip, spinach K2: Egg yolks, liver, beef, some fermented foods

Which of the following standards can help you compare nutritional contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices? RDAs AIs %DVs ULs

%DVs

Catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down

Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid? Alpha-linolenic acid Oleic acid Stearic acid Palmitic acid

Alpha-linolenic acid

________ contains riboflavin and can pick up two hydrogen ions and two electrons. NAD FAD Coenzyme A TPP

FAD

Barry is a vegan. His diet does not include foods that contain preformed vitamin A, and he does not take any vitamin A supplements. Nevertheless, his body has adequate vitamin A stores. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for Barry's adequate vitamin A status? His fat cells synthesize preformed vitamin A from essential fatty acids. He eats plenty of foods that contain beta-carotene. He consumes foods that supply tryptophan, which his liver converts to preformed vitamin A. His body does not require sources of vitamin A.

He eats plenty of foods that contain beta-carotene.

essential amino acids (PVT TIM HILL)

We need from food, but cannot produce. phenylalanine valine threonine tryptophan isoleucine methionine histidine leucine lysine

beta-carotene

an orange vegetable pigment that the body can change into the active form of vitamin a, one of the antioxidant nutrients

metabolic reactions can either be _____________ or _____________

anabolic or catabolic

Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a(n) overgrowth of probiotics in her stomach. excessive amount of secretory activity within her digestive tract. condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning. blockage caused by undigested fiber deposits in her jejunum.

condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning

The human body needs vitamin K to ________. absorb phosphorus from foods release the energy stored in glucose form active blood clotting factors synthesize DNA

form active blood clotting factors

describe the production of active vitamin D from food and sun exposer.

forms of vitamin D (calcierol): -ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) plants -cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3) animals - 7- dehydrocholesterol (in the skin) sun

Deanimation of amino acids

generates a carbon skeleton, either by releasing their amino groups into solution or by transanimation - transfer by aminotransferase enzyme - amino acid and keto acid "swap"

Riboflavin (B2) deficiencies

is extremely rare in the United States but signs are swollen Toung and cracks in the corners of the mouth.

cortiol

metabolic actions and stress response

Lecithin is a type of ________. phospholipid triglyceride fatty acid sterol

phosolipid

Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________. sodium and potassium iron and copper magnesium and iodine phosphorus and calcium

phosphorus and calcium

forms of vitamin K

phylloquinone and menaquinone

_____________ are the last source to be used for energy.

proteins

hormone sensitive lipase

an enzyme inside adipose cells that responds to the body's need for fuel by hydrolyzing triglycerides so that their parts (glycerol and fatty acids) escape into the general circulation and thus become available to other cells for fuel. The signals to which this enzyme responds include epinephrine and glucagon, which oppose insulin. -facilitates lipolysis, activated when blood sugar and insulin levels are low, glycol and fatty acids enter the blood stream, and the liver converts glycerol to pyruvate or glucose.

factors that affect alcohol absorption and metabolism

- the stomach and small intestine rapidly absorb alcohol - absorption is slowed with food and alcohol - primary site for metabolism is liver - stomach produces gastric alcohol dehydrogenase to detox some alcohol

primary functions of protiens in the body

-build new cells -clotting components -antibody components -hair and nails -enzymes to speed up chemical reactions - last resort energy source

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 ml water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _____ kcal.

1 gram carb- 4kcal protein- 4 kcal fat- 9 kcal alcohol- 7 kcal vitamins and water - 0 kcal 117 kcals

steps of protein synthesis

1. Transcription 2. Translation

Derek wants to eat enough salad greens in one meal to equal 1 cup of vegetables. How much of the greens should he eat? 2 cups 1½ cups 1 cup ½ cup

2 cups

Short chain fatty acids

2-4 carbons

the body makes ___________ of protein supply

2/3rds

The RDA for vitamin C is increased by ________ mg/day for smokers. 1000 35 60 10

35

____ of the _______ forms of vitamin E are ______

4, 8, tocopherols

medium chain fatty acids

6-12 carbons in length

pseudoscience

A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence.

Which of the following statements is true? Most fatty acids in food are water soluble. A fatty acid is a polymer of glucose molecules. The omega end of a fatty acid molecule is the acid portion of the molecule. A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

Anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules requires energy from catabolic reactions

Reading food labels helps consumers ________. choose foods with dietary fiber identify amounts of salt or sodium in the product determine amount and kind of fat in the product determine the sugar content of the product All of these responses are correct.

All of these responses are correct.

benign tumor

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.

Carotenoids

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants (fruits and veg). By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

water soluble vitamins

B and C

Vitamin C food sources

Citrus fruits, Cantaloupes, Strawberries, Tomatoes, Potatoes, Broccoli, Green peppers, and Spinach

________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function. Denaturation Hydrogenation Filtration Protonation

Denaturation

Which of the following statements is true? A healthy person's hemoglobin A1c level is greater than 7.5%. People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes. Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes. To remain healthy, your fasting blood glucose level should always be at least 140 mg/dl.

Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes.

The coenzyme form of riboflavin is FAD. NAD. ATP. TPP.

FAD

Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D? Fresh fruit Fatty fish and fish oils Dark orange and yellow vegetables Whole-grain breads and cereals

Fatty fish and fish oils

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins? In general, water-soluble vitamins are more likely to be stored in the body than fat-soluble vitamins. The body has higher requirements for fat-soluble vitamins. In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins. The body has higher requirements for water-soluble vitamins.

In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following statements is true?

In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving? refined grains, grape drink, leafy greens, french fries.

Leafy greens

Justin's blood cholesterol levels are too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add? White rice Liver Legumes (e.g. black beans) Milk

Legumes (e.g. black beans)

________ are water-soluble vitamins. Vitamins K, D, and E Pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and choline Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E

Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

B vitamins that serve as coenzymes

Niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid

A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a(n) Health claim Nutrient claim Obesity prevention claim Structure/function claim

Nutrient claim

________ is the study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome. Genetics Personalized nutrition Nutrigenomics Nutrigenetics

Nutrigenomics

Which of the following is not a common marketing tactic to encourage consumers to purchase manufactured foods?

Nutrition information posted next to fresh fruits and vegetables.

Alicia has PKU. She would like to sweeten her coffee with a substance that provides 0 kcal/g. Based on this information, which of the following sweeteners supplies 0 kcal/g and is safe for her to use? Invert sugar Xylitol Sucralose Aspartame

Sucralose

During beta-oxidation, fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules that are converted into ________. pyruvate oxaloacetate acetyl CoA glycerol

acetyl CoA

Jamal wants to lower his risk of cancer. He should ________. drink less water reduce his fiber intake avoid drinking coffee avoid drinking alcohol

avoid drinking alcohol

The liver uses cholesterol to make ________. water fatty acids bile vitamin A

bile

human cells obtain energy by releasing ____________ energy stored in the ___________ and alcohol

chemical, macronutrients

describe gallstones and strategies for dietary management.

cholesterol and triglycerides are coated with a thin layer of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol form chylomicrons, a type of lipoprotein formed in electrolytes to transport lipids away from GI tract and enter the lacteals.

Riboflavin (B2) is found in

coenzyme of FAD, found in cow's milk, mushrooms, leafy greens, and vegetables.

high-quality proteins

complete proteins

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

component of CoA found in a wide variety of foods, fortified cereals, shitake mushrooms, and sunflower seeds. helps release energy from carbohydrates fats and proteins.

A scientist has discovered a new molecular compound that is a long chain of 26 carbons bonded together, with a methyl group on one end and an acid group on the other end of the molecule. The compound does not contain any nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________. amino acid fatty acid sterol phospholipid

fatty acid

monounsaturated fatty acids

fatty acids with one double bond

two forms of folate

folate vs. folic acid interacts with B 12 AND B6

When vitamins and/or minerals are added to a food product in amounts in excess of at least 10% above that originally present in the product, the food is designated as ________. imitation light or lite organic fortified

fortified

menaquinone

found in animals and fermented foods (vitamin K2)

The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are galactose, glucose, and fructose. glucose, galactose, and mannose. maltose, ribose, and galactose. fructose, lactose, and hexose monophosphate.

galactose, glucose, and fructose.

Katie is pregnant. She has type 1 diabetes and often has difficulty controlling her blood glucose level. Based on this information, Katie is more likely to require more glucagon than she needed before becoming pregnant. have a lower risk of gestational hypertension. give birth to a baby that has birth defects. require more vitamin D, calcium, and iron than a pregnant woman who does not have diabetes.

give birth to a baby that has birth defects.

Following the release of lactate into the bloodstream, liver cells remove the lactate from the bloodstream and recycle it into ________ through the Cori Cycle. acetyl CoA NADH pyruvate glucose

glucose

Libby was born without salivary glands. As a result of this condition, she has trouble tasting food. cannot tolerate eating cold foods. digests food too rapidly. develops numerous stomach ulcers.

has trouble tasting food.

Saturated fatty acids

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

nitrogen equilibrium

healthy adult meeting protein and energy needs, balanced.

explain the difference between the RDA for protein for healthy adults compared to pregnant women.

healthy=0.8 g/kg safe up to 2.0

explain the major functions of vitamin A in human health

helps with vision, supports cell growth, differentiation Maintenace of cells, antioxidant (beta carotene), should not be taken is excess during pregnancy, can have teratogen that causes birth defects and liver damage.

low quality proteins

incomplete protiens

what health issues can trans fats cause?

inflammation, linked to heart disease, and other chronic conditions.

Starch is found in both plant and animal food sources. is composed of amylose and amylopectin. cannot be digested by human enzymes. is more branched than glycogen.

is composed of amylose and amylopectin.

energy metabolism

is the sum of all the chemical pathways in the body that break down molecules to release energy to build new cycles.

What is blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

level of nitrogenous waste in blood

The ________ is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans. pancreas pituitary gland small intestine liver

liver

The ________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophagus. lower esophageal pyloric epiglottis upper esophageal

lower esophageal

Types of cancerous cells

malignant tumors, metastasized, benign, carcinogen.

vitamins are

micronutrients

imcomplete proteins

missing one or more essential amino acids

polyunsaturated fatty acids

more than one double bond

The ________ cells of the gastric glands are important to protect the lining of the stomach from damage. chief mucous pyloric parietal

mucous

Two essential fatty acids

omega 3 and omega 6, aka linoleic acid. We need these because our bodies cannot make them.

Describe antioxidants

oxidants are reactive substances that remove electrons from atoms or molecules forming free radicals. antioxidants are substances that give up electrons to free radicals in order to protect cells or components of cells. they also help prevent heart attack, stroke, cancer, and Alzheimer's, and contribute to the aging process. they maintain the freshness of foods and physical activity improves antioxidant levels and lowers oxidation.

Kesha is lactose intolerant and avoids all dairy foods. She also doesn't like the taste of rice, soy, or almond milk so consumes very little calcium in her diet. As a result of her low calcium intake, ________ will be secreted in response to low blood calcium levels. parathyroid hormone insulin calcitriol calcitonin

parathyroid hormone

Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called gluconeogenesis. lipolysis. segmentation. peristalsis.

peristalsis.

Phytochemicals are

plant substances that provide health benefits

Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance. activated inverted negative positive

positive

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study. prospective introspective retrospective nutritive

prospective

High-fiber diets are associated with all of the following EXCEPT reduced absorption of some minerals. reduced risk of diabetes. reduced risk of heart disease. reduced risk of stroke.

reduced absorption of some minerals.

discuss vitamin D deficiency and toxicity disorders.

rickets: improper bone growth disorder in children osteomalacis: in adults also the result of softening bones osteoporosis: toxicity results in - calcium being deposited into soft tissues not normal - hypercalciuria, excess calcium in urine - hypercalcemia: excess calcium in blood, leads to vomiting and muscle weakness.

The sweetener found in Sweet'N Low is aspartame. saccharin. neotame. sucralose.

saccharin.

most animal fats contain higher percentages of ________________ then plants foods.

saturated fatty acids

Vitamin C deficiencies

scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae

atheroclerosis

slow, progressive process that begins with damage to the heart's arteries and leads to formation of fibrous, fatty deposits called plaque

the primary site for vitamin absorption

small intestine

To conserve the vitamin content of foods, ________. cook slowly in large amounts of water store in warm conditions, and expose to sunlight and air peel vegetables and cut into small pieces before cooking in water stir-fry instead of boil

stir-fry instead of boil

To conserve the vitamin content of foods, ________. peel vegetables and cut into small pieces before cooking in water cook slowly in large amounts of water stir-fry instead of boil store in warm conditions, and expose to sunlight and air

stir-fry instead of boil

retinyl esters

storage form of vitamin A

limiting amino acids and the effects on the body

the body cannot support growth, repair, and Maintenace of tissues.

Energy is defined as ________. change the capacity to perform work transformation movement

the capacity to perform work

What is the primary site of alcohol metabolism in the body? the liver the pancreas the small intestine the stomach

the liver

An Adequate Intake (AI) is set for a nutrient when ________. the nutrient has a high potential for being toxic too little research is available to establish an RDA the need for a nutrient depends on total calories eaten the needs during pregnancy decline instead of increase

too little research is available to establish an RDA

are cis or trans fats straighter?

trans fats are more solid at room temp straighter.

A ________ reaction is one in which the nitrogen-containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as a Kreb's Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid. condensation deamination aminopeptidase transamination

transamination

functions of lipoproteins

transport lipids through bloodstream, water soluble, takes 10-12 hours.

Identify the three major classes of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

April wants to add ________ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats. walnuts coconut oil cheddar cheese bread cubes

walnuts

Which of the following is inorganic?

water

criteria for vitamins

• cannot be synthesized in ample amounts in the body - occurs naturally in foods • chronic deficiency is likely to cause physical symptoms • symptoms will disappear once the vitamin level is restored (deficiency can cause permanent damage)

Most water soluble vitamins function as

components of coenzymes

Lactose is formed from glucose and galactose through a ________ reaction. lactaid hydrolysis condensation sodium-dependent

condensation

A/an ________ amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions. indespensable essential conditionally essential dispensable

conditionally essential

Cis Fats (unsaturated)

on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said, "This product contains sugar and certain artificial color and flavor additives." "The ingredients in this product are listed on the label." "According to the FDA, this product is classified a dietary supplement, because it contains vitamins." "All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven to cure cancer."

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven to cure cancer."

AMDR total fat

20-35% of total calories

Biotin deficiency

Relatively rare. Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis. Caused by ABX use or excessive ingestion of raw eggs. "AVID in in egg whites AVID ly binds biotin." only people that really need to worry about it is pregnant or breast-feeding women.

conditionally essential amino acids

amino acids that are normally considered nonessential but become essential under certain circumstances when the body's need for them exceeds the ability to produce them

Bill would like to follow recommendations that would reduce his risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Based on this information, Bill should ________. smoke no more than a pack of cigarettes daily consume more saturated fat gain some body fat become more physically active

become more physically active

Niacin (B3) found in

component of NAD and is naturally present in many foods

A dipeptide is formed when two amino acids bond through a ________ reaction. aminopeptidase hydrolysis condensation enzymatic

condensation

unsaturated fatty acids at room temperatures are

liquid because they are kinked (have double bonds) cannot pack closely together. Are in plants, seeds, walnuts, and oils, olive, and avocado. Eating unsaturated fats can help lower LDL levels.

cells can also use galactose to synthesize ATP in the _____________

liver

Fatty acid structure

long chains of carbons -carboxylic acid at one end (COOH) -the other end has a methyl group (omega end, CH3 group) -usually even number of carbons

discuss vitamin A deficiency and toxicity disorders.

low rhodopsin can make vision poor

natural forms of vitamins can be found in

plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, algea

Which group of individuals is advised to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily from supplements and/or fortified foods? infants the elderly women capable of becoming pregnant athletes

women capable of becoming pregnant

Sean has carpal tunnel syndrome. A few months ago, he began taking megadoses of vitamin B-6, when he read that the vitamin can cure the disorder. Today, Sean reported to his friends that his hands were feeling numb and his walking is unsteady. Based on this information, Sean should ________. stop taking vitamin B-6, because he is showing signs and symptoms of vitamin B-6 toxicity discontinue taking vitamin B-6, because his body does not require the micronutrient increase his vitamin B-6 intake, because the numbness and unsteadiness are signs that the treatment is working continue taking the megadoses of vitamin B-6, because his body needs more time to heal

stop taking vitamin B-6, because he is showing signs and symptoms of vitamin B-6 toxicity

Under the current law on nutrition labeling, the Nutrition Facts panel must include ________. total calories from fat total calories from trans fat total calories from saturated fat grams of monounsaturated fat

total calories from fat

why is vitamin D not considered an essential nutrient?

when UV light hits the skin is converts this to cholecalciferol which enters the blood and when it reaches the liver it's converted to calcidol, the most active form

What is the RDA for folate? 400 DFE 500 DFE 600 DFE 100 DFE

400 DFE

MyPlate groups foods into ________ major categories. 2 4 5 3

5

Carcinogen

A cancer-causing substance

the body converts linoleic acid (omega 6) to

AA, Arachidonic acid, helps with reducing inflammation.

An alcohol detoxification rate is dependent on personal characteristics such as ________. Check all that apply. A) body size and composition B) age C) genetic background D) sex Your Answer:

ABC

Describe the major functions of lipids in the body

Absorb: fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals Cushion: the body against bumps and blows and insulate the body against cold temperatures. Produce: steroid hormones and participate in cell signaling. Lastly, triglycerides in particular provide and store energy.

what is ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport. made in the mitocondria

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true? Kwashiorkor results from consuming adequate energy, but insufficient high-quality protein. Kwashiorkor often develops in toddlers when their mother gives birth to another child. Kwashiorkor is most common in developing countries. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

________ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells. Phosphates Oxidizing agents Antidotes Antioxidants

Antioxidants

B-1 deficiency

Beriberi: abnormal nerve functions Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome: brain disorder (alcohol)

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals?

Blueberries

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins? Boiling in a saucepan of water Microwaving in little or no water Steaming in a vegetable steamer Stir-frying in a small amount of oil

Boiling in a saucepan of water

Which of the following statements is true? A) Medicinal herbs must undergo testing for safety and effectiveness by the FDA before they can be marketed. B) Most dietary supplements have been thoroughly researched and critically evaluated by scientists. C) The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful. D) The EPA regulates the labeling of dietary supplements.

C) The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful.

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids? Canola oil Green beans Baked chicken Corn oil

Canola oil

Which of the followings statements is true? Trans fatty acids are naturally in many foods. A saturated fatty acid has one double bond within its hydrocarbon chain. The human body can convert simple carbohydrates into alpha-linolenic acid. Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

Which of the following statements is true? Protein is the primary energy source for the human body. All hormones are proteins. Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream. Proteins are a major component of starch molecules.

Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream.

Fred is a lactovegetarian. Which of the following foods does he eat? Cheese Eggs Chicken Fish

Cheese

Which of the following is a component of neurotransmitters, and involved with phospholipid synthesis? Taurine Carnitine Choline Inositol

Choline

________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage. Type 2 diabetes BAC Cirrhosis of the liver Metabolic syndrome

Cirrhosis of the liver

Which of the following food factors has a major influence over a person's food choices?

Close friends

Phosphoipids

Comprise about 2% of dietary lipids and they make up cell membranes, contributing to the flexibility of cells. They are similar in structure to triglycerides. has polar and nonpolar regions and hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas. In egg yolks wheat germ and peanut butter.

negative nitrogen balance

Condition occurring when the body excretes more nitrogen than it takes in. during illness or periods of weakness.

Which catabolic hormone is made in the adrenal glands and is often called the "stress hormone?" Cortisol Epinephrine Insulin Glucagon

Cortisol

Vitamin B-12

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B-12 supplement)

fat soluble vitamins

DEAK

Which of the following statements is true? The Nutrition Facts panel displays the amount of phytochemicals in a serving of the food. Nutrition Facts labels provide information about amounts of ingredients in product recipes. If you do not consume 100% of the Daily Values for nutrients, you have a high risk of developing nutritional-deficiency disorders. Daily Values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes.

Daily Values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes.

According to the 2015-2020 version of the Dietary Guidelines, which of the following substances is a nutrient of public health concern? Sucralose High-fructose corn syrup Starch Dietary fiber

Dietary fiber

Vitamin ________ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals. B-12 K E D

E

Alpha linolenic acid converts (omega 3) to

EPA: produces signals to help inflammation. DHA: vital for brain development and function.

Which of the following chemical pathways of glucose catabolism produces the highest amount of ATP molecules? Citric acid cycle Fermentation Glycolysis Electron chain transport

Electron chain transport

Which of the following is NOT biological or physiological factor that influences a person's food choices?

Emotional stress level

Which of the following statements about enterocytes is false? Enterocytes line the villi. Enterocytes are exposed to chyme. Enterocytes are absorptive cells. Enterocytes are located in the stomach and are necessary for intrinsic factor production.

Enterocytes are located in the stomach and are necessary for intrinsic factor production.

Which of the following explains why folate is critical to the health of a newly conceived embryo? Folate is essential for heart function. Folate is essential for maintaining proper fluid balance. Folate is needed for proper cell division. Folate regulates bone formation.

Folate is needed for proper cell division.

Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D? Enriched breads and cereals Processed luncheon meats Fresh fruits Fortified dairy products

Fortified dairy products

Strawberries are naturally a source of which monosaccharide? Sucrose Galactose Starch Fructose

Fructose

________ is an enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach. Peptidase Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase Pancreatic amylase Lipase

Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase

Check any accurate statement from the list below. Glycogenolysis is the reverse of glycolysis. Glycogenolysis occurs both in the liver and muscles and releases glucose into the bloodstream. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen catabolism proceeds at a higher rate when excess glucose is available.

Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles.

________ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules. Glycogenolysis Glucogenesis Ketogenesis Glycolysis

Glycogenolysis

During glucose catabolism, pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways? Electron transport chain Glycolysis Cytochrome C Citric acid cycle

Glycolysis

Three steps of carbohydrate catabolism

Glycolysis the citric acid cycle the electron transport chain

Which of the following cells of the large intestine secrete mucus? Goblet cells Parietal cells Pancreatic cells Chief cells

Goblet cells

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers? C. botulinum H. pylori E. coli S. aureus

H. pylori

coconut oil raises _________________

HDL

Which of the following statements is true? Heartburn often results when the cardiac sphincter fails to close properly. Cystic fibrosis is an infectious disease that causes the muscles that control swallowing to malfunction. A thin layer of chyme protects the lining of the digestive tract from being broken down by enzymes. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) begins the partial digestion of fats in the small intestine.

Heartburn often results when the cardiac sphincter fails to close properly.

Biotin (B7)

Helps add carbon dioxide to chemical reactions, in eggs, liver, salmon, and pork. Intestinal bacteria can produce. Essential for producing oxaloacetate for the citric acid cycle

RDA for Vitamin C

Men: 90 mg/day Women: 75 mg/day Smokers: +35 mg/day

Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid? Methionine Alanine Serine Cysteine

Methionine

Which of the following grains does NOT contain gluten? Rye Barley Millet Wheat germ

Millet

characteristics of water soluble vitamins

Minimal storage capability Toxicity is rare Deficiency symptoms occur quickly limited storage eliminated by kidneys Excreted in urine when tissues are saturated

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Most foods are mixtures of nutrients.

How many ounce(s) from the grains group is required each day. 2-4 4-8 0-1 3-8 1-2

NOT 4-8 OUNCES got it wrong idk

________ is a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Riboflavin Vitamin B-6 Niacin Thiamin

Niacin

________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process. Vitamin B-6 Niacin Vitamin A Pantothenic acid

Niacin

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing osteoporosis (bone disease) in older adulthood? Experimental study Double-blind study Observational study Single-blind study

Observational study

________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones. Osteomalacia Rickets Melanin Osteoporosis

Osteomalacia

________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes. Carbohydrates Saturated fatty acids Phospholipids Fat-soluble vitamins

Phospholipids

Endogenous

Produced within the body

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population? Double-blind study Retrospective study Single-blind study Experimental study

Retrospective study

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups? Sandwich made with Swiss cheese, cooked ham, mayonnaise, and two slices of buttered whole-wheat bread Ready-to-eat cereal with strawberries, blueberries, wheat germ, and fat-free milk Smoothie made with vanilla yogurt, fat-free milk, orange juice, wheat germ, and fresh peaches Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

Which of the following statements is true? Excessive intakes of vitamin D cause rickets in children. Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation. Pellagra is the vitamin D deficiency disorder in adults. Skin can form precursor (prohormone) form of vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.

Skin can form precursor (prohormone) form of vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate? Lactose High-fructose corn syrup Glucose Soluble fiber

Soluble fiber

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate? Starch Carbon dioxide High-fructose corn syrup Glucose

Starch

What type of claim is "calcium builds strong bones and teeth"? Preliminary health claim Nutrient claim Structure/function claim Health claim

Structure/function claim

Which of the following statements is true? VLDLs transport most cholesterol in blood to the liver for disposal. Hydrolyzed HDL is a toxic lipoprotein that contributes to cardiovascular disease. All forms of LDL cholesterol are considered unhealthy, because they increase the risk of diabetes. The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.

The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.

Which of the following statements is true? A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings. Since 1995, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions. The results of one study are usually enough to convince the majority of nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics. Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one well-respected team of nutrition researchers.

A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings.

________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process. Thiamin Vitamin B-6 Choline Vitamin D

Thiamin

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract? Peptic ulcer Ulcerative colitis Cystic fibrosis Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Ulcerative colitis

Trans fats are

Unsaturated fats produced during hydrogenation that seem to increase LDL's and decrease HDL's. On opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain.

Vitamin B-6 Functions

Used to make coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism Involved in hemoglobin and neurotransmitter synthesis

major lipoproteins

VLDL: very low-density lipoproteins, made in liver triglycerides. LDL: low density lipoproteins, carries more cholesterol and some triglyceride. HDL: high density lipoproteins, transports cholesterol away from tissue and cells to liver to be eliminated.

What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions? Vitamin B-6 Niacin Riboflavin Vitamin B-12

Vitamin B-6

Which of the following vitamins is not produced by the microflora in the large intestine? Vitamin C Vitamin B-12 Thiamin Vitamin K

Vitamin C

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?

Vitamin D

Which of the following statements about sphincters is false? Sphincters are essential for normal digestion. When a sphincter relaxes, the passageway closes to prevent movement of GI contents. Sphincters are thickened regions of circular muscle. Sphincters are important for controlling the flow of the contents through the GI tract.

When a sphincter relaxes, the passageway closes to prevent movement of GI contents.

Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of thiamin? Enriched bread Pork chops Wheat germ Whole milk

Whole milk

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add ________ of the nutrient to its EAR. 50 to 100 mg a "margin of safety" amount an AI amount the % DV amount

a "margin of safety" amount

Retinoids

a class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A that are used in skin care and treatment because of their effect on epithelial cell growth. retinol is the most active form in the body other two are retinal and retinoic acid

a vitamin is

a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes and meets certain criteria

Cholesterol

a lipid found in animal foods and can be made by the body, precursor for steroid hormones, bile, vitamin D, and essential for health.

Carnitine

a nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the body from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane

electron transport chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP. A linked series of enzymes that synthesize ATP during aerobic energy metabolism.

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw claims the dietary supplement AminoProFix helped him build muscle mass quickly and safely. His endorsement of the product is an example of ________. unbiased reporting a testimonial peer review a scientifically valid claim

a testimonial

The citric acid cycle is a/an ________ process. anaerobic aerobic

aerobic

risk factors of caner

aging, family history, tobacco use, consuming alcohol or some food in access, physical inactivity, excess body fat, radiation exposure, bacterial infections, elevated levels of some hormones.

compare th sources and biological activities of alpha and gamma tocopherol.

alpha tocopherol: this is the form most used by the body and is found in most foods and vitamin E supplements. Gamma tocopherol: has significantly lower biological activity than alpha found in vegetable oils and foods.

Humans need vitamin B-6 for ________. vitamin C synthesis carbohydrate excretion amino acid metabolism magnesium absorption

amino acid metabolism

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the range of intake for a particular nutrient that is not likely to cause toxicity or deficiency. minimum amount of a nutrient that is safe to consume and cures the nutrient's deficiency disease. percentage of a nutrient standard that is used for food labeling purposes. amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population.

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population.

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(n) ________.

anecdote

Sterols

are the least common type of lipid the most well-known is cholesterol. They are more chemically complex then triglycerides and phospholipids can be found in plants and animals.

Triglycerides

are the overwhelming majority of 95% of lipids in our diets, it is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a carbon compound, glycerol. Most triglycerides contain a mixture of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids.

Lipoprotein file

blood tests that can be done to test levels of lipoproteins.

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose, primarily in the liver and muscles the muscles store only.

Having excess body fat increases the risk of ________. breast cancer scurvy cystic fibrosis pellagra

breast cancer

Pantothenic Acid (B5) Deficiency

burning feet syndrome

non-essential amino acids

can be made by the body

Vitamin E and CVD, cancer, inflammation

can help prevent all of these

Avi's salivary glands do not secrete amylase. As a result of his condition, his body cannot begin starch digestion. cannot swallow food correctly. cannot absorb alcohol. absorbs too much carbohydrate.

cannot begin starch digestion.

The energy-yielding nutrients include:

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

elements that around found in all proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, we cannot store nitrogen.

Ten-month old baby Gabe loves to eat pureed sweet potatoes, squash, and carrots. Recently, Gabe's mother noticed that his skin had a yellow color, particularly his cheeks and hands. The yellowing of the skin Gabe has experienced is likely ________. pellagra carotenemia rickets retinosis

carotenemia

Food sources of beta carotene

carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, mangos, cantaloupe.

When Thompson was 5 years of age, he began to complain that his stomach hurt, especially after eating meals and snacks. He also experienced chronic diarrhea. His parents noticed that he could eat poultry, meat, dairy foods, fruits, and vegetables without developing any intestinal problems, but he would get a "tummy ache" soon after eating sandwiches, cookies, crackers, or pancakes. Based on this information, Thompson's parents should have him evaluated for ________. celiac disease colon cancer irritable bowel syndrome cystic fibrosis

celiac disease

enzymes usually require ______________

coenzymes

A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid ________. consuming foods that contain gluten taking dietary supplements that contain homocysteine lying down after meals eating foods that contain phenylalanine

consuming foods that contain gluten

If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be converted into fat and stored. metabolized to form urea and excreted by the kidneys. eliminated in feces. converted to proteins that are metabolized for energy.

converted into fat and stored.

Ketogenesis

creation of ketone bodies, if there is too much Acetyl CoA from beta oxidation and not enough glucose a buildup occurs.

how can proteins be used for energy?

deamination or transmission usually trans must happen to form carbon skeletons that will be used. Carbon skeletons of amino acids undergo further reactions to form compounds that are used for the synthesis of glucose in ketone bodies. The nitrogen group must be removed.

As intake of vitamin C increases absorption rates _______________

decrease

Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in ________. no particular health problems, because the vitamin is rapidly excreted in urine megaloblastic anemia increased blood clot formation deposition of calcium in soft tissues

deposition of calcium in soft tissues

general characteristics of fat soluble vitamins

dissolve in fats stored in tissue and liver more likely to be toxic

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups with 50 people per group. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria, and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria-free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

double-bind

Chyme moves from the stomach into the ileum. colon. jejunum. duodenum.

duodenum.

Scientists in a Central American country are studying factors that may be associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income children. The children live in a region of the nation that has high levels of lead in drinking water. This study is an example of a(an) ________ study. epidemiological conventional introspective uncontrollable

epidemiological

Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different population groups are conducting a(n) ________ study.

epidemiological

What causes atherosclerosis?

excess LDL, oxidation, infection, nutrient deficiency.

Fructose is primarily absorbed from the small intestine via facilitated diffusion. endocytosis. active transport. simple diffusion.

facilitated diffusion.

________ is used for energy when glucose is low

fat

carbohydrate metabolism focuses on _____________________

glucose

Glycolysis

glucose to pyruvate, first phase 4 ATP molecules are made but two get used up. Occur in the cytoplasm of a cell, anaerobic pathway. NAD is the coenzyme used to convert it to pyruvate, it is then converted into Acetyl coenzyme A.

The main function of vitamins is to

involved in regulation of body processes

AMDR cholesterol and trans fat

little as possible

A group of registered dietitian nutritionists is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on behavior in school-aged children. To start, the researchers will identify relationships between variables. make observations. gather data. analyze the hypothesis.

make observations.

heavy drinking males and females

males: 15 or more drinks per week females: 8 or more drinks per week

moderate drinking males and females

males: 2 drinks per day females: 1 drink per day

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids? Chicken Spinach Avocado Milk

not spinach

food sources of vitamin E

nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, whole grain products, wheat germ oil, unsweetened almond milk, sunflower seeds, almonds.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) values are for people who are ________. of all ages over 19 years of age over 4 years of age 1 to 4 years of age

of all ages

On average, a healthy adult can metabolize the equivalent of how many drink(s) per hour? four three two one

one

Coenzymes

organic compounds that assist enzymes with chemical reactions

Niacin (B3) deficiency

pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects, and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are antidotes. supplements. probiotics. placebos.

placebos

phylloquinone

plant form of vitamin K (vitamin K1)

nitrogen balence

positive, equilibrium, negative

protein structures

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study. in vitro case-control retrospective prospective

prospective

According to MyPlate, two to six ounces of is the serving size for this food group. dairy protein grain fruit

protein/dairy/fruit? idk I got it wrong

An online magazine article about weight-loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of mislabeling. bias. pseudoscience. hypothesizing.

pseudoscience.

Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of ________. acetyl CoA oxaloacetate fructose pyruvate

pyruvate

Hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the ________ form. primary tertiary quaternary secondary

quaternary

vitamin A forms

retinoids and carotenoids

positive nitrogen balance

state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses, want to be in this period during rapid stages of growth.

Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT ________. serving as an energy source cushioning of the body against bumps and blows stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals help in the production of steroid hormones

stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals

energy

the ability to do work

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are ________. nutrient intake goals the maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects based on intakes from only supplements and highly fortified foods set for all nutrients

the maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects

Bioavailability

the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

transamination of amino acids

the transfer of nitrogen containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon Skelton of an amino acid.

deficiency and toxicity for vitamin K

there are none

why are other sterols good?

they compete with cholesterol for insertional Absorbtion, and this reduces the amount of cholesterol absorbed. Can lower elevated blood cholesterol levels and lower risk for heart disease.

Glycerol

three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone that fatty acids attach to.

symptoms of food indolence

unplesant but not dangeous upset stomach.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is a degenerative brain disorder that most often occurs in alcoholics. The condition is a result of a deficiency in ________. niacin thiamin vitamin B-6 pantothenic acid

vitamin B-6

protein denaturation

when proteins are subject to heat, acid or other conditions that disturb their stability; protein uncoils, loses its shape, and loses its function

Vitamin C

An important substance needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues; promotes the production of collagen in the skins dermal tissues; aids in and promotes the skins healing process.absorbtion happens in the small intestine.

Pancreatic amylase converts glucose to energy in cells. contributes to cystic fibrosis. is secreted by the gallbladder. Answer digests starch in the small intestine.

Answer digests starch in the small intestine.

Vitamin B-12 Deficiency Symptoms

Interferes with intestinal absorption. Pernicious anemia: meg alloplastic anemia and nerve damage resulting in paralysis and death. People with gastritis, who have had gastric bypass surgery, and older Americans.

phospholipids can serve as ___________________ (mixes hydrophilic and hydrophobic particles)

emulsifier

fatty acids can be used as __________________

energy

triglycerides are the most _______________ _______________

energy dense

binge drinking in males and females

males: 5 or more drinks every two hours women: 4 or more drinks every two hours

vitamin E deficiency disorders and toxicity

- toxicity is uncommon even though most Americans do not meet the vitamins requirement. - healthy bodies store E in muscles, liver, and fat - highly susceptible to oxidation - excessive amounts could interfere with the role of vitamin K in the body

Vitamin B-12 RDA is? no RDA is noted 3.0 micrograms/day 1.6 micrograms/day 2.4 micrograms/day

2.4 micrograms/day

____________ of Americans are overweight or obese.

71%

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving? soft margarine, fat free milk, cheese nachos, iceberg lettuce.

fat free milk

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing the herbal supplement Hoodia for weight loss. Lotta Talent describes her own weight-loss successes with the supplement. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________. anecdote factoid purport testimonial

testimonial

The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver. lacteal hepatic artery pinocytosis hepatic portal vein

hepatic portal vein

______% of children in the USA have food allergies

8

Which of the following foods is a high-quality protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal proteins? 8 ounce glass of soy milk 1 ounce of baby carrots 6 whole-wheat crackers ½ cup of watermelon chunks

8 ounce glass of soy milk

arteriosclerosis

abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries results from atherosclerosis.

maligant tumor

abnormally dividing cells that can spread through-out the body and are life threating (cancer)

major functions of vitamin K

blood clotting factors (phylloquinone), synthesis of bone proteins (menaquinone), once absorbed by fats in the small intestine it will go to the liver for storage where the clotting factors are made and in circulation it is carried by many lipoproteins.

Folate (B9)

water- soluble, THF component, helps build red blood cells and form genetic material, and helps the body use proteins. Helps prevent birth defects in the brain and spinal cord. Deficiency can cause anemia SPINA BIFIDA. and Leafy green vegetables.

Jillian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes daily. Even though she's about 40 pounds overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this information, Jillian has a high risk of developing cystic fibrosis. irritable bowel syndrome. gastroesophageal reflux disease. rheumatoid arthritis.

gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more ________ than normal. glycogen stores ketone bodies muscle fibers vitamin C

ketone bodies

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health.

The science of food; the nutrients and substances therein; and their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease is a definition of ________.

Nutrition

A medical researcher reads an article in Today's Health-Conscious Woman magazine about the benefits of using the phytochemical capsaicin to treat knee pain. She asks 10 people with arthritic knees to rub a cream that contains the phytochemical on their knee joints for 2 weeks. At the end of the 2 weeks, the researcher asks the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. After collecting responses from the people, the researcher reports the results of her study during a popular TV show that is hosted by a doctor. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? The researcher used a standard scientific design for research involving human subjects. The researcher reviewed scientific literature regarding the use of capsaicin to treat knee pain. The researcher subjected the results of her study to peer review. The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.

The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.

vitamin B-6

Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine are coenzymes of PLP found in walnuts, salmon, beef, potatoes, bananas, and chickpeas. can help with period cramps. Mega doses can cause peripheral neuropathy, and severe sensory nerve damage causing numbness and tingling.

Compared to most unsaturated fatty acids, a trans fatty acid ________. is comprised of glucose molecules has a kink in its molecular structure that keeps it from being straight contains no double bonds has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond

has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond

Polypeptide

proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids.

complete proteins

proteins that contain all nine of the essential amino acids

saturated fatty acids at room temperature are

solid, straight chains because no double bonds so they can pack tightly together. eating too much saturated fats can cause heart diseases and other health issues.

What are the main chemical pathways of carbohydrate catabolism?

Aerobic- requires oxygen Anaerobic- no oxygen

Consuming too much avidin, a protein found in raw egg whites, may inhibit ________ absorption. vitamin B-6 folate biotin thiamin

biotin

The human body can absorb some ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria. biotin beta-carotene riboflavin vitamin C

biotin