COGS101 - Final Exam

Clive Wearing

Had signficant bilateral damage to his temporal lobes due to Herpes Simplex Encepjhalitis. He had profound anterograde and non-graded retrograde amnesia. His cognition was generally intact, and described himself as being in a constant state of waking up. He was unaware of his condition. His behavior was affected - he became childish, small temper.

Phonological output lexicon

Responsible for making spoken forms of words or phonetic patterns available for articulatory mechanisms in the speech output system (word finding). The 2nd stage in teh three stage process

Sense of Agency

. The feeling of control and autonomy over one's body

visual signals, tactile signals, proprioceptive signals

What are the three signals in multisensory perception in the perception of self

Social and communication impairment, restricted behavior and interests

What are the two key diagnostic criteria for ASD?

Expressive Language Impairments, Receptive Language Impairments

What are the two key signs of SLI?

Mirror Agnosia, facial perception disorder

What are the two possible suggestions for Mirrored Self Misidentificaiton?

Subjective, Objective

What are the two ways to measure synaesthesia?

Flow, religious rituals, hypnosis

What are three scenarios where loss of sense of agency occurs (non-pathological)

Memory, Executive Functioning

What are two key cognitive symptoms of Schizophrenia whihc have been confirmed in post-mortem and brain imaging studies?

Comparator

What component of the self monitoring compares all the input in the production of a movement?

Capgras delusion

What delusion is common in individuals with Paranoid Schizophrenia, dementia or those who have suffered brain injury

right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

What region of the brain is crucial to the belief evaluation system, and is impaired in individuals with delusions?

Expressive Language Impairments

What set of signs in SLI is this?: Incorrect grammar Small vocabulary Use short and simple sentences Impairment in telling jokes or stories in social situation

Receptive Language Impairments

What set of signs in SLI is this?: May appear to have a lack of interest when being spoken too Poor understanding of complicated sentences Find it hard to follow instructions Parrot words and phrases back

Paranoid Schizophrenia

What subtype of schizophrenia is this? : involves paranoid behaviour, including hallucinations and delusions of persecution or conspiracy

Catatonic Schizophrenia

What subtype of schizophrenia is this?: Involves Disturbances in movement, either a dramatic reduction in voluntary movement or a dramatic increase in activity. Much rarer subtype.

Disorganized schizophrenia

What subtype of schizophrenia is this?: involves emotional impairment and difficulty in communicating effectively. Hallucinatiosn and Delusions are less present in this type of schizophrenia.

Autonomic non-reactivity

What suggests Cotard Delusion?

Over-Activation of autonomic emotional arousal to faces

What suggests Fregoli Delusion?

lexical route

Which pathway in dual route model: Direct access to irregular pronunciations (memory based on learning words- ex: steak, pint)

Non-lexical route

Which pathway in dual route model: letter sound rules

Extra-striate cortex

Which region of the brain is dysfunctional in agnosia?

ventromedial frontal region

Which region of the brain, when damaged, leads to inhibition of the autonomic emotional arousal to faces. Invovled in Capgras Delusion

Type II Syndrome

Which syndrome of Schizophrenia is this?: Includes only negative symptoms. Including Apathy and Anhedonia

Type I Syndrome

Which syndrome of Schizphrenia is this?: Includes only positive symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech

Occipital Face Area, Fusiform Face ARea

Which two regions of the brain are affected in prosopagnosia ?

Retrograde Amnesia

Which type of amnesia involves forgetting memories form teh past, previous to the onset of the amnesia?

Anterograde Amnesia

Which type of amnesia involves the inability to lay down new memories?

Specific Learning Impariment

o A condition whereby a person has unexplained specific difficulty with learning how to understand or express spoken language: Understanding --> Receptive Language, Speaking --> Expressive Language

reduce the sensory response to our own actions, attenuate self-generated signals

what are the two roles of the comparitor in the comparitor model of disorders of the self.

letter recognition

what is the first part in the dual model of reading

Lexical Semantics

meaning of individual words/morphemes. The first stage of the three stage process

Theory of Mind

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

Apathy, Anhedonia, Flat Affect

What are the three key negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Paranoid, Disorganized, Catatonic

What are the three key subtypes of Schizophrenia?

Derailment, Tangentiality, Illogicality

What are the three key types of Disorganized speech in Schizophrenia?

5%

What percentage of the population has SLI?

Paralysis

What provides the suggestion for Somatoparaphrenia

Word Meaning Store

Which part of the dual model of reading is impaired in Hyperlexia?

Written Word Store

Which part of the dual model of reading is impaired in Surface Dyslexia?

Letter Recognition

Which part of the dual model of reading is impaired in letter identification dyslexia?

Letter-Sound Rules

Which part of the dual model of reading is impaired in phonological dyslexia?

logographic phase

1st phase of phonics development; the child will be able to identify familiar words by sight, they see words as shapes (well-known logos and product names), teacher assists by labeling classroom objects

alphabetic phase

2nd phase of phonetics development: Recognition of sound/letter correspondence. Decoding and encoding take place. Phonic knowledge used. Pupil can spell simple, regular words. Errors are phonetic (coff/cough). Lack of sophisticated knowledge of word structure. Reading slow and laboured - limited fluency

orthographic phase

3rd phase of phonics development; child has acquired almost all of the tools required to sound out familiar and unfamiliar words, know letter sounds and sight words, teacher helps students to memorize common words and words with irregular spellings, students can truly begin to obtain knowledge and pleasure from reading

Alien Control Delusion

A delusion in which an individual is being controlled by an external entity.

Capgras Delusion

A delusion where a person thinks a family or friend has been replaced by an identical looking imposter

facial perception disorder

A failure of the mind to properly identify faces, may see them as physically different etc. Occurs in Mirror self misidentification delusion. makes the reflection they see in mirrors look physically different or unrecognizable form themselves.

Henry Molaison

A famous case of amnesia. He had both regions of his temporal lobe removed (inc hippocampus) in order to stop seizures. Whilst his seizures were cured, he had global amnesia, with permanent anterograde, and permanent graded retrograde amnesia. His other cognition remained intact.

Flat Affect

A marked lack of expressed emotions; a key negative symptom of schizophrenia.

belief evaluation system

A mechanism in the the brain which stops ideas form turning into delusions

Category-Specific Deficit

A neurological syndrome, and a subtype of agnosia, that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category though the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed

Somatoparaphrenia

A person with a missing perception of one side of their body or a limb, accompanied by delusional misidentification or confabulation with regard to the affected side has

False Photographs Test

A test involving a photographer taking a picture of a scene, and then as the photo is developing, moving an aspect of teh scene. The test subject is then asked what will the developed picture look like?

Picture Sequencing Test

A test which involves the organizing of pictures into order to create a story.

Apperceptive Agnosia

A type of agnosia characterised by a deficit in understanding shapes and features of an object. These individuals cannot group elements, match objects, or recognize objects.

Associative Agnosia

A type of agnosia characterised by retention of the ability to recognize the meaning of individual features of the object, but are unable to name or recognise the object as a whole.

Simultanagnosia

A type of agnosia characterised by the inability to recognise objects as a whole, but can recognise individual parts of the object sequentially. Has two sub-forms: ventral and dorsal

Amusia

A type of agnosia that presents with a profound impairment in perceiving and remembering melodies and in distinguishing one melody from another

Prosopagnosia

A type of agnosia that presents with the inability to recognize faces.

Dorsal Simultanagnosia

A type of simultanagnosia which involves damage to the junction between the parietal and occipital lobes which leads to deficit in the ability to grasp the scene as a whole, rather, can only focus on a single object in the scene

Ventral Simultanagnosia

A type of simultanagnosia which involves specific damage to the left inferior occipito-temporal junction. Individuals can see mutiple objects in a scene, however, are unable to recognise all the objects simultaneously. Rather, they have limited recognition of a few of the objects, or, they can only recognise them one at a time.

Declarative Knowledge

Acquired factual knowledge stored in long term memory. Usually affected in both types of amnesia

Mirror Agnosia

An inability to understand a mirror

Preservation

Anomia Error: Getting stuck with the same response regardless of the stimulus. e,g. Cat --> Sandwich e.g. House --> Sandwich

Circumlocation

Anomia Error: Taking around the object, and providing information about its meaning, but not naming the object accurately. e.g. Triangle --> A three something e.g. Calednar --> A thing that tells you the day

Visual Error

Anomia Error: The response is a visually simialar object, but is not the name of the object. e.g. Pretzel --> Knot Button --> Moon

Phonological Error

Anomia Error: The response is incorrect, but SOUNDS like the correct answer: Triangle --> Trifle Saxophone --> Saksefay

Unrelated Error

Anomia Error: The response makes no sense whatsoever. e.g. Tweezers --> Bredel

Semantic Errors

Anomia Error: The responses are incorrect, but related to the object in its meaning. e.g. Triangle --> Square. e.g. Saxophone --> Soul. e.g. Brush --> Comb

No Response

Anomia Error: saying "I don't know".

Consolidation failure

Any disruption in the consolidation process that prevents a long-term memory from forming

Lexical Semantics

At which stage of the three stage process is listening, reading and writing dependent on?

Executive Functions

Higher level control functions based in the prefrontal cortex of the brain that allows us to plan, organize our thoughts, change flexibility from one course of action to another, and inhibit actions

6 months

How long must symptoms be present for in order for a diagnosis of Schizophrenia?

250 000

How many people in the UK live with Aphasia>

1 in 68

How many people meet the criteria for a Dx of ASD?

56

How old was WBA

Males

In which gender does schizophrenia have an earlier onset?

Multiple Trace Theory

It argues that the hippocampus is indeed involved in new memory formation and integration and consolidation of new memories. However, this theory states that the memories are never completely independent of the hippocampus. Rather, each time a memory is recalled, the hippocampus resets the memory to a different part of the brain, creating a new memory. However, the hippocampus keeps a 'trace' of the last memory, forming a richly detailed 'master copy' which remains in the hippocampus.

Non-declarative knowledge

Knowledge that one cannot adequately put into words and might not enter awareness, including procedural knowledge, knowing how to do things. This is not usually impaired in amnesia.

Anhedonia

Lack of joy. A negative symptom of schizophrenia

Fregoli Delusion

Name this rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes appearance or is in disguise. The syndrome may be related to a brain lesion, and is often of a paranoid nature with the delusional person believing themselves persecuted by the person they believe is in disguise?

Brain Injury, Physical Injury, Developmental Changes

What are the three factors which can caused disorders of bodily self-perception?

haptic deafferentation

The brain compares intentions, goals and action plans with the execution of the action to confirm the success and source of actions. The delusion is probably suggested by the comparator receiving conflicting messages, due to failure of communication in the parts of the brain which control movements and intentions to move. What is failure of this system called?

Suggestion

The first stage of hypnosis: the hypnotist suggests an idea to the subject,. These ideas often include suggestions of altercations in perception, memory, action, thought or emotion

Acquired Dyslexia

The impairment of reading ability in patients who previously possessed normal reading ability

vocabulary training

Treatment for hyperlexia

Following words with a finger

Treatment for letter position dyslexia

basic flash cards

Treatment for surface dyslexia

Letter position dyslexia

Type of Dyslexia: characterised by children being able to identify letters, but unable to identify the positions of the letters accurately.

Hyperlexia

Type of Dyslexia: children have an impairment of their word reading store in the lexical pathway. Refers to problems in reading semantics, vocabulary, comprehension; reading failure occurs because words, sentences, and paragraphs are not within a child's semantic system.

Phonological Dyslexia

Type of Dyslexia: difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable non-words. is an impairment of the letter sound rules in the non-lexical pathway of reading

Surface dyslexia

Type of Dyslexia: distinguished by poor ability to use grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules; makes errors phonologically similar to target; speaks many nonsense words, and irregularly spelled words are impossible to pronounce; little sensitivity to meaning; patient does not recognize word does not fit with context

letter identification dyslexia

Type of Dyslexia: some or many single letters cannot be identified, which leads to inaccurate reading

Optic Aphasia

Type of aphasia where the patient can match, copy, sort objects, but have difficulty naming in visual modality. They are able to recognize objects via the auditory and tactile modality

Type II Syndrome

What Schizophrenia Syndrome is this: more associated with structural brain changes o Not differences in neurochemistry o This was why there was no response to antipsychotic medication

estrogen protection hypothesis

What acconts for the onset between the genders in Schizophrenia?

Ideomotor, Challenge ITems, Delusory Suggestions, Posthypnotic amnesia

What are 4 key types of hypnotic suggestions

delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, negative symptoms

What are the four key symptoms of Schizophrenia that are required by the DSM for diagnosis?

Phonology, Vocabulary, Syntax, Pragmatics

What are the four parts of language which are assessed to isolate the specific deficit in SLI?

Planning, Working Memory, Changing Behaviors during activity, inhibition of responses and information

What are the key components of executive functions?

Priority, Exclusive, Consistent

What are the three criteria of the Apparent Mental Causation Model?

Phantom Limb Disorder

What disorder of bodily self perception is caused by the sensation that a limb is still attached after amputation, either traumatically or in surgery. It occurs in around 60-80% of cases of limb amputation, and can often be quite painful.

Hidden disorder

What effect does these facts have on SLI:? • It is easy to explain away with other explanations • E.g. that the child is lazy, rude or unintelligent • People appear perfectly normal • They have other talents sport, music etc It is a ..................... Disorder

Rubber Hand Illusion

What experiment was used to demonstrate disorders of bodily self-perception

haptic deafferentation

What failure occurs which suggests alien control delusion?

Disorders of the self

What is observed in Schizophrenia, Anorexia Nervosa and Phantom Limb Syndrome

Suspension of Sense of Agency

What is occuring when when an individual is driving and are deep in thought, they may suddenly realise that they have no idea how they reached their location.

Sense of Flow

What is occuring when when people working in their domain of expertise act with automaticity an precision

Test

What is the 2nd part of hypnosis? In this stage, the hypnotist indexes the impact of the suggestion on the subject's behaviour and experience

Prevention of proper evaluation of idea

What is the 2nd step in the two-factor theory of delusions

Cancellation

What is the 3rd part of hypnosis? In this stage, the suggestion is revoked by the hypnotist to cease the impact of the suggestion on the individual. Following this, a hypnotist may introduce another suggestion, or, may begin the final stage.

Reintroduction

What is the 4th part of hypnosis?: In this stage, subjects are encouraged to return to their normal state, and leave a state of hypnosis.

Two Factory Theory

What is the cognitive account for delusions?

Anomia

What is the common sign of all patients with aphasia. It is defined as the impaired ability to retrieve words

Disorders of Bodily Self-Perception

What is the delusion somatoparaphrenia classified as in terms of disorders of self?

speech sounds

What is the final part in the dual model of reading?

Ruling out other causes

What is the first step in assessing SLI?

Suggestion of Delusional Idea

What is the first step in the two-factor theory of delusions?

Prefrontal Cortex

What is the key brain region involved in executive functions?

Anterograde Amnesia

What is the most common form of amnesia?

Lack of autonomic emotional arousal to faces

What is the suggestion for Capgras Delusion?

Subtypes

What is the traditional approach to studying the heterogenity of Schizophrenia?

CELF4 Proneme Segementation Test

What is usd to test receptive phonology in SLI?

Inner Speech Model

What is used to explain auditory visual hallucinations in Schizophrenia? It explains that the ability to identify the source of words (e.g. self-talk) is lost, thus, it appears as if the self-talk is external.

Test for REception of Grammar

What is used to test Receptive syntax in SLI?

Tellegen Absorption Scale

What is used to test an individual's hypnotisability?

Children's Communication Checklist

What is used to test both Receptive and Expressive pragmatics in SLI?

Non-word repetition

What is used to test expressive phonology in SLI?

CELF4 Formulated Sentences

What is used to test expressive syntax in SLI?

Name an Object Test

What is used to test expressive vocabulary in SLI?

Peabody Picture Vocabulary test

What is used to test receptive vocabulary in SLI?

Subjective

What method of measuring synaesthesia is this?: "Direct Measure" Asking individuals to report anecdotes This however does not provide insight to cognitive mechanisms And this is highly subjective; experiences are hard to describe

Objective

What method of measuring synaesthesia is this?: o Get a participate to do something separate to synaesthesia, and then look at the impact that synaesthesia has on the task - Synaesthesia Congruency Task - Synaesthetic Priming Task

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry

What model of schizphrenia research is this?; Specific symptoms are focused on, Cognitive models are then developed to identify what is going wrong with the way that an individual would normally process the information that produces the symptom . E.g Poor Social Functioning = Deficit in ToM.

Synaesthesia Priming Task

What objective measure of synaesthesia is this?: Synaesthets are shown a letter before a colour in quick sucession If this slows them from naming the final colour, then synaesthesia can be objectively measured

Schizophrenia

What other disorder do people with Alien Control Delusion commonly have?

2-3%

What percentage of the population as congential prosopagnosia?

Alien Hand Syndrome

What syndrome is a rare neurological condition, which occurs when the patients arm makes coordinated and purposeful movements without the individual's conscious intervention. It is most common in individuals with disconnection of their brain hemispheres in surgery.

Proximal Treatment

What treatment for SLI: Train cognitive processes that immediately underpin expressive and receptive language problems. This type of intervention is often conducted by speech and language therapists in 1 on 1 private sessions. Can also be administered in language development centers in some schools, or language development schools (found in the UK). Can be conducted by comptuer programs.

Distal Treatment

What treatment for SLI: Treat deficits that are hypothesised to be the original underlying cause of the SLI. This may not necessarily be directly to do with language. Includes poor auditory processing, Poor working memory, or poor brain function.

Failure to consolidate new learning, failure to retrieve newly learned information

What two impairments occur in anterograde amnesia?

Instrumental

What type of hypnosis research involves hypnosis can be used to monitor clinical conditions like delusions in a controlled and reversible environment

Intrinsic

What type of hypnosis research invovles the research into teh effects of hypnotism itself?

Delusory Suggestion

What type of hypnotic suggestion?: Suggestions involve the invoking of hallucinations or delusions through suggestions. This is the most difficult type of suggestion, and is only effective on subjects who are very hypnotisable and susceptible to hallucination or delusion. For example, in a state of hypnosis, the hypnotist may suggest that there is a mosquito buzzing around the room, and then lands on the subject to bite them. A subject who has been successfully hypnotised will feel this experience both through audition and tactile sensation.

Posthypnotic Suggestion

What type of hypnotic suggestion?: involves the hypnotist suggesting that after hypnosis, the individual will forget certain events that have occurred in the past or during the hypnosis. This is only effective in individuals who are highly hypnotisable.

Challenge Items

What type of hypnotic suggestion?: suggestions which involve the hypnotist suggesting a particular state of affairs, and then challenging the subject to do the opposite to what is occurring. For example, the hypnotist may tell them that their eyes are tightly shut, and then challenge them to open their eyes.

Ideomotor

What type of hypnotic suggestion?: the hypnotist suggests an experience related to movement. For example, the hypnotist may ask the patient to hold our their hand, and then suggest that their hand becomes too heavy to hold up. This is the easiest type of suggestion, and it involves the translation of thoughts into actions.

Apparent Mental Causation Model

When people associate a thought with an action if it happened right after thought.

Type I Syndrome

Which Schizophrenia syndrome is this: more responsive to medications o It was thought that it was due to problems with neurochemical activity in the brain E.g. the dopamine hypothesis

persecutory delusion

Which delusion in Schizophrenia?: Most common. Involves Schizophrenics believe that others have harmful intents, and conspire to cause harm to them

Somatic Delusion

Which delusion in Schizophrenia?: a belief in feelings that do not exist.

delusion of control

Which delusion in Schizophrenia?: individuals believe that they are being controlled by others or by a God

Grandiose Delusion

Which delusion in Schizophrenia?: individuals believe that they are unusually powerful, and are a deity or god, or have special power. They may also believe that they are the richest or most talented man in the world, despite contradictory evidence.

Delusion of Reference

Which delusion in Schizophrenia?: schizophrenics believes that seemingly ordinary events and signs in the environment have special and meaning to them

Loss of boundary delusion

Which delusion in Schizophrenia?: there is a breakdown of the normal barrier between self and others. Consequently, people believe that they can mind-read or have had their mind-read by others. They may also believe that their thoughts are being broadcast to everyone around them, or that they have no mental privacy.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Which disease can cause retrieval failure in amnesia, is caused by a lifetime of chronic alcoholism, and is due to a deficiency in vitamin B1?

WBA

Which is the case of a 56-year old male who suffered stroke to his right inferior forntal gyrus. HE suffered severe impariments on tests of inhibition and ToM tests.

Ribot's Law

Which lay states that in retrograde amnesia, recent memories are more likely to be lost than the distant memories?

Frontal Lobe

Which lobe of the brain is affected in retrieval failure?

Synaesthesia Congruency Task

Which objective measure of synaesthesia is this?: Based on the logic of the stroop effect You can test for what colours a synaesthete sees for certain letters You then give them their letters back in colours which DO NOT MATCH the colours they normally associate with them If synaesthesia is involuntary, then it will take longer for synaesthetes to read back the letters in the wrong colour • This is the Synaesthetic Congruency Affect • And this is an objective measure for synaesthesia

bilateral parieto-occipital junction

Which part of the brain is damaged in dorsal simultanagnosia ?

left inferior occipito-temporal junction

Which part of the brain is damaged in ventral simultanagnosia ?

Spoken Word Store

Which part of the dual model of reading is impaired in Hyperlexia (not word meaning store)

Delusion

a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

Dyslexia

a learning disability that results in difficulty reading and writing

Mirrored Self Misidentification

a monothematic delusion that occurs when an individual sees a stranger in the mirror, rather than themselves. This delusion is most often observed in individuals with dementia, and it is due to right hemisphere cranial dysfunction.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social interaction and communication across different life settings (e.g., home, school) and by restricted and repetitive behavior, interests or activities, and in which symptoms begin during early childhood

False Belief Test

a type of task used in theory-of-mind studies, in which the child must infer that another person does not posses knowledge that he or she possesses ( ex. crayon box filled with candles video)

Comparator model

accounts for the deficit by describing a failure of the processes in the brain which monitor actions and movements

agnosia

any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information

Cotard Delusion

belief that one is dead or does not exist

Dyslexia

children are unable to learn to read despite no obviously neurological or sensory impairment and having a supportive educational environment

Schizophrenia

psychotic disorder that typically occurs in late adolescence, and most commonly lasts a lifetime. It most typically presents with psychotic symptoms, including delusions, false beliefs and false perceptions. These delusions are heterogeneous, and differ patient to patient.

Developmental Dyslexia

reading difficulties that show up when children are first learning to read

Phonemes

smallest unit of sound. the 3rd and final stage of the three stage process

Sense of Self

the ability of an individual to recognise themselves as distinct from the environment, and perceive oneself

Bodily Self Perception

the experience of our own distinct physical location in the world

Retrieval Failure

the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues. Enduring memories can be created, but not properly accessed.

letter training programs

treatment for letter identification dyslexia

phonetics training programs

treatment for phonological dyslexia