Cold War & Homefront
United Nations (U.N.)
1945 established Security Council's permanent member-states: China, France, Russia, U.K., U.S.
Brown v. BOE of Topeka, KS
1954 racial integration of public schools
Richard Nixon
= V.P. running mate
Executive Order 9066
>100,000 Japanese Am.'s relocated
Senator Joseph McCarthy
Red Scare - Arthur Miller's The Crucible
Warsaw Pact '55
opposite of NATO
McCarthyism
"Are you now, or have you ever been, a member of the Communist Party of the United States?"
"iron curtain" and "containment"
"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent." announced the beginning of the cold war
House Un-American Activities Committee
"Hollywood 10" - didn't aid investigations blacklisting
President Truman
"The Buck Stops Here"
Japanese Internment
"This sense of fear and uncertainty caused a wave of prejudice against Japanese Americans."
Rise of suburbia
"White flight" -Levittowns - cookie cutter houses -Green spaces w/ housing options and amenities
Eisenhower's Political ideology
"conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings"
Truman Doctrine
"it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
Korean War
-"Forgotten War" -on the heels of WWII -important w/in Cold War -1950 - 1953 Armistice in Panmunjom -North invaded South
Eisenhower presidential campaign
-"I Like Ike" -accessible personality, war hero, break from incumbent Pres
Disparities and Inequities
-"Invisible Poor" -marginalized groups and minorities -cities take a step backward → urban decay suburbs flourish -(HUD) Housing and Urban Development - for urban renewal -Mexican-Am.'s = migrant workers -U.S. immigration policy → 1950s deportations -Native Am.'s - mainstream assimilation -National Congress of American Indians v. Bureau of Indian Affairs -"termination policy" - U.S. isn't responsible
Women's changing role in society
-"Leave it to Beaver" ideal of women as mothers and homemakersvs. reality -Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique (1963)
Communist (Red) Scare
-80,000 Am.'s in Communist Party -Truman "weak" approach questioned. his response: Federal Employee Loyalty Program (Loyalty Review Boards) -identification/label enough to ruin lives -Constitutional rights violated -accusational evidence not viewable
Death of Senator Joseph McCarthy
-Communist fear-mongering, political grandstanding, unfounded "evidence" -"McCarthyism" (pg. 827 infographic) 2-05 State Dept. names of Communists -allegations against U.S. Army '54 -his reputation and career are destroyed -dies three years later
U.N. intercession
-Eisenhower Doctrine: aid Middle East against Communism -Soviet Nikita Khrushchev against Hungarian revolt -Am. doesn't act, U.N.'s fundamental flaw*7
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
-Historic ex. w/ contemporary implications =Iran's Shah reinstalled w/ Am. financial influence =Promoting U.S. political, economic, and military goals
American Dream
-Idealistic on the surface but Mad Men-esque -Rising divorce rates -Changing roles for men and women -Consumerism → shortages, inflation -High unemployment, but...
Automobile Culture
-Ike's Interstate Highway System -Increased production Credit -Status symbol -Suburbs -Drive-ins, drive-thru's
American "Brinksmanship"
-President Dwight D. Eisenhower "Ike" 1953 - '61 Abilene, KS -WWII Allied Supreme Commander -Atomic bomb → Hydrogen bomb
U-2 Am. spy plane (Bridge of Spies)
-U.S. pilot Gary Powers -Ike's response (deny, deny, deny, don't apologize) v. -Khrushchev's (you better apologize, oh you won't, well we don't like you)
Fair Deal: New Deal extension w/
-compulsory health insurance (ring any bells) farm subsidies -raising minimum wage -improve Social Security -rural infrastructure (flood/irrigation) -low-income housing -civil rights emphasis
Economic pressures
-determined domestic policy -Political pressure too: Dixiecrats (Southern Democrats) -Opposed to Truman's brand of Democratic platform *Truman blames Rep. Congress, gets reelected in '48
Rock n' Roll
-gospel, country, rhythm and blues inspired many early black originators → white mainstream popularizers -white teenagers were drawn to the music -rebellious, controversial, originally unpopular w/ adults
Subculture
-nonconformity, opposed to consumerism, anti-establishment -Beat Generation exemplified Am. counterculture -poets/writers/artists - ex. Jack Kerouac: On the Road, Allen Ginsberg: Howl -coffeehouse-poetry-finger snapping-goatee having-black turtleneck wearing*
Result of Potsdam Conference
-occupied Germany: 4 spheres of influence -eastern European bloc - satellite nations -Stalin's belief in inherent division b/t communism & capitalism
Sec. of State John Foster Dulles
All or nothing strategy - pushing things to the brink
U.S. General Douglas MacArthur
Allied commander
People's Republic of China
Beijing Summer Olympics - introduction on world stage "One China"
Berlin Airlift
Berlin loophole → Stalin testing Allied resolve 327 days (1948-49)
British Prime minister
Churchill as WWII P.M., Attlee, Churchill returned*
"Trouble in the Suez"
Egypt's Nasser nationalized the French/British Suez Canal + Israel invaded
Marshall Plan
General George Marshall: U.S. Army Chief of Staff → Truman's Sec. of State "not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos."
Potsdam Conference
Germany, July '45 involved Big 3: Stalin, Truman, Clement Attlee, not Churchill
political & personal rivalry
Harry Truman & Stalin
North Korean dynasty
Kim Il Sung - Kim Jong Il - Kim Jong Un
Truman doesn't run again
Korean War Containing Communism (Truman Doct.)
1944 S.C. case
Korematsu v. United States
'65
L.B.J. era compensation Reagan $20,000, H.W. Bush, Clinton
Zoot-Suit Riots
Los Angeles, CA (1943) Mexican-Am.'s v. U.S. naval servicemen/white citizens
Social Conformity
Loss of individuality Yes-Men Trendiness Keeping up with the Joneses* Increased advertising → consumerism, materialism "planned obsolescence"
Communist China
Nationalist gov. w/ Chiang Kai-shek Communist (Chairman) Mao Zedong corruption & failure to aid peasants & working class
NATO '49
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Against soviet union
Eisenhower political initiatives v. Truman's
Raise minimum wage Increase Social Security/unemployment benefits Increase public housing funds Interstate Highway System Dept.'s of Health, Education, Welfare
Cold War Arms Race
Result of Manhattan Project advances Unintended consequence - upping the ante
Popular Culture
Rise of television news and entertainment same relevant issues as today
Civil Rights Movement
Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott Little Rock Nine 1957 - Pres. Ike → federal troops to Arkansas, National Guard orders against Gov. Orval Faubus
end of WWII was not what America had hoped
U.S. & Soviets in Germany - different realities
Space Race
U.S.S.R.'s Sputnik I U.S. - NASA (National Aeronautical and Space Admin. 1958)
1953 Joseph Stalin died
Warsaw Pact in response to W. Germany's NATO inclusion
General Macarthur's perspective
all-out war against China
McCarran Act
anything "subversive" - open ended Pres. Truman veto failed
suspending a writ of habeas corpus
civilians were not subject to military courts, even in times of war
Ethel & Julius Rosenberg
controversial trial → death penalty Atomic bomb information to Soviets
blacklisting
denying someone a right to work
impact of communist fears
duck and cover
Cold War (1945 - 1991)
end of WWII - Soviet U. collapse
GI Bill of Rights
federal government house, education, business loans
President Truman's perspective
focused and restrained fires Macarthur
38th Parallel - DMZ
like Germany: division & Soviet attempt to consolidate capitals: Seoul & Pyongyang, D.P.R.K.
U.S.S.R. absent at UN vote
no dissent
Jazz
not like 1920s Jazz Age Charlie "Bird" Parker, Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie
Communism v. Capitalism
state controlled economy, property private businesses, entrepreneurs Joseph Stalin's non-aggressive pact Allied strategy Manhattan Project
East and West Germany
unified U.S., G.B., and France
General Omar Bradley
war w/ China would be "the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy."
civil war
weakened Nationalists → Taiwan '49
Greatest Generation → Baby Boomers born in mid 1940s - 60s
youth centered culture, advertising, purchasing, education, automobile parallels to 1920s?
