COLL-P155

degrees of adherence

within dissensus -embrace

important things needed in your toolkit

- sense of you own theatrical agency -a sense of the constititiveness of rhetoric

5 canons of rhetoric

-invention logos ethos pathos -arrangement organize and patterns of speech -style how you speak. eloquence. -delivery- how you deliver it. "ums" -memory- exempt

Condensation Symbol

-we fill symbols with values, ideas,beliefs. Become packed with meaning for us. -be a bridge between people of strong views.

2 way agency

1. beyond our willing and doing 2. intentional agency

component of good claim

1. form of declarative sentence 2. tightly focused 3. no loaded language 4. calibrated appropriately to audience and constraints of your speech.

2 major components to rhetorical situation

1. rhetorical background 2. rhetorical foreground

Composite Audience

1. speak to each audience in turn with a different message 2. interweave appeals to different audiences 3. speak to all audiences simultaneous with unifying symbols talking to comp audience when giving speech

Constitutive

Constituting your audience: we think we're just using rhetoric, but all the while the rhetoric we use is creating us(in the eyes of our audience) because this symbolic work helps constitute our reality, we say that symbols are constitutive-symbolic representations are the building blocks of our reality

Civic Virtue vs. Civil Model

Civic virtue- what greeks wanted it to be. friendship, intelligence, education, refinement etc. Civil Society- what society is now. tolerance. respect. and agreement on obligations.

topic vs. claim

Claim- call or cry out about something. Inherently Social. Makes a judgement about the range of positions in a public controversy. Fits constraint of assignment. Topic is NOT a claim. topic- no bias, no theme, phrase. Claim- sentence, position, spoken to someone.

Rightness of Fit

Appropriateness; Fitness; Balance; Measure Hitting the target, the sweet spot Think Goldilocks and the three bears Rhetoric does not have invariable measure or formula → It looks for solutions that are proportionate to particular situations → The "fittingness" is the flexible standard of rhetorical judgment the response to a rhetorical situation

Stasis Theory

Every speech has a good place to rest; an ending point. find stasis for audience

Enthymeme

Leave out the inference you want your audience to make Rhetoric: In an enthymeme, the audience makes the connection Leaving out either one of the premises or conclusion why it works because it may be too difficult to say it out loud because it's a stronger argument if the audience fills it in. implied argument

POC Paradigm

Not a consensus theory: designed for irreconcilable differences Not a utopian idealism, bounded by our frail embodied being.

Discursive Identity

Not just the identity that you came into the world with, it is the identity that comes about over time through our interactions with each other and through the cultures that we create for ourselves Rhetoric is itself constitutive of who we are as a community

transmission model

Put it in the envelope and then send it. problem- you are targeting your audience.

Discourse Community

Rhetoric is itself constitutive of who we are as a community

Scopus

Seeing issues from different perspectives notion that no one opinion/POV is correct Latin: point of view rhetoric theory

society vs. community

Society does NOT imply community society is gathering strangers. society - minimal rules we are trying to build a community

Example strength and weakness

Strength: Vividness Weakness: Inefficient sample. rhetorical examples are not necessarily representative.

Fungibility

Symbolic meanings develop over time.

Social Constitution

The ability to change societal norms. I.E. The ability to take something like marriage which was thought of in the same way for thousands of years, and within 10 years completely change the outlook on marriage. Speech as an event

Vicious Relativism

The problem that there are no fixed universal values because everything evolves/adapts Process of modifying both your message and your audience's identity to achieve a message that resonates with your audience

Constraints

The resources of invention The factors that limit the persuasive strategies/ opportunities a speaker may have. In rhetoric, constraints are defined in relationship to interests or ends that require rhetorical persuasion to achieve. GOOD thing in speech narrows topic down.

example

Vividness. good example brings a picture before our eyes that makes its inference compelling.

Condensation Symbols

We fill certain symbols with values, ideas, beliefs. These symbols then become packed with meaning for us their non-conceptual plasticity allows them to speak to different people differently. We build ensemble within them such a symbol thus can be a bridge b/w people of strongly divergent views. a good speaker can reconfigure the audience's ensemble of commitments to a symbol, bringing divergent audiences a little closer together in the symbol.

ideograph

a concentrate potent expression that carries basic political values in it. popular phrase or slogan. "god" "democracy" actually is vague and abstract but is used through it means something very specific and well understood because it inspires ownership. stands for an ideology.

paradigm shift

a dramatic change in the paradigm of a community or individual or a change from one paradigm to another.

paradigm

a framework containing the basic assumptions and ways of thinking that are commonly accepted by members of a community.

Public Sphere

a relationship of strangers seeking the right balance of privileges and obligations for maintaining a free common space.

Symbol

a symbol is something that comes to stand for something else, usually something concrete (a character in a story that comes to stand for something evil the symbol is the visible incarnation of the more abstract thing

rhetoric

adaption of people to meanings and meaning to people.

ideological webs

all linked together. web of significance

Mobilization

although people don't always choose the symbols that come to symbolize, they often deploy of mobilize those symbols to achieve strategic ends

Icon

an image that has become a symbol iconic image is an image that has become an emblematic symbol

Exigency

an imperfection marked by an urgency**** Organizing principle DNA of rhetorical situation an exigence: the thing that activates, excites, kindles action to change a particular concrete situation Essentially our last speeches. Talking about how bad something is then trying to get the audience to change it. Like talking about how girls have eating disorders because of Victoria Secret models and because of that, using regular women to be models.

red herring

analogy. if you don't want someone to pay attention to the the thing that is going to make your argument weak, you say something else that will attract their attention.

antithesis

arranges different or opposing ideas in the same or adjoining sentences to create a striking contrast.

ab hominem

attack the person rather than the argument

circular reasoning

avoiding the question

rhetorical situation

calls forth a response 1. exigence 2. audience 3. constraints

Speech Event

can be defined by a unified set of components throughout: same purpose of communication same topic same participants same language variety (generally) SOCAL CONSTITUTION = SPEECH AS EVENT

Test of sign

can the sign be found without the thing? is there a pattern of such sign?

particular/general

circulation. particular issue we are addressing in the moment. then the general issue this relates to

analogy

clarify an unfamiliar subject by comparing an unknown relationship with a known relationship. A is to B as C is to D relationship

substance and style in rhetoric

co mingle. form and content. you can't separate the two. from rhetorical perspective

Similie

compare objects or their properties explicitly, and tend to be used as rhetorical figures.

Analogies

compare relationships between things and tends to be more used logical arguments.

Dissensus

conflict. different view

convention and invention

constitution through circulation. discursive interaction. reciprocating, interrelate, shifting relationship convention- norms invent- speech act

constitution vs. transmission

constitutive rhetoric, social construction, discursivity. transmission- passage of information or data from one point to another is instrumental. does not change the nature of reality, or the identity of the sender, or the identity of the receiver.

dissoi logoi

dissenting voices society is based upon different points of view. allow for the expression of these opinions.

slippery slope

domino theory

regimes of discourse

eg. the language of corporate culture

pathos

emotional affection or dislike

conditioning

emotional technique of introduction. make your audience - more receptive -more open -more able to see. want audience to shift in position.

rhetorical proof

established through interaction in which the speaker and listeners reason together. part of the argument NOT infallible or absolute. subject to challenge and revision, and has to survive the test of time and the challenge of all affected parties.

amplification

extends the time listeners have for contemplating an idea and helps them bring it into a sharper focus. amplify an idea by defining, repeating, and rephrasing.

trope

figures of altered signification turn a word from its original meaning

schemes

figures of sound and rythym

counterpublics

goal is to usually form a genuine public able to express its will through legit public and governing institutions

identification

moved from invitation through story to analysis of false consciousness to appeal to transform yourselves.

Polis

greek ideal of POC. based on friendship and community

circulation

movement of public discourse to audience.

Normalization

ideology is the typical ways of thinking about the world that help shape human action because it normalizes day to day social, political, economic and cultural structures what may be completely arbitrary is made to feel normal by the assumption of large groups of people that it is the norm

Agency

in rhetoric now "the focus is less on how one person can deliberately design symbolic action to persuade other people and more on how symbolic actions spontaneously, intuitively, and often unconsciously act upon people to create a sense of collective identity two way agency (also called double-agency) symbolic identification works both: outside people's willing and doing consciously and strategically by people's intentional use people construct symbolic language to create the boundarinormalies they wish a society to have

Inherency

issues that an audience needs or wants to have answered when you make a claim for their assent. must address these issues.

Inference

it's a leap leap = imagination + experience link that connects supporting material to each claim Types Sign Cause Testimony Analogy Example

Post hoc

just bc something happens after something happens doesn't mean that thing is the cause of it.

overcoming time

language can also make the future seem so close to listeners. because words can cross the barrier of time, both tradition and a vision of tomorrow can guide is through the present. Make the past and present come alive. recapture feelings from the past.

enthymeme

leave out the inference you want your audience to make. audience makes connection

cause

looking for answers to why something happened

Connotation

memory backfills from the future into the past, accruing deeper, richer, more complex meanings over time is this the real definition he gave^

exemplars

more than a example less than a template

vicous relativism

no values that are endured. challenge we face. "whatever floats your boat" if everybody perspective is equally valid, how do we know who is right? challenge of this.

intervention

normative behaviors and then something happens. interruption of the norm and the discourse had to change to accommodate the change.

synedoche

part for the whole

Sedimentation

people's experiences become sedimented and accrue in the meaning of public symbols. They absorb our experience. more than one life experience, more than one set of meanings can become sedimented into and triggered by symbols more than one set of meanings can become sedimented into and triggered by them.

rightness of fit

power of situation to constrain a fitting response. the response to a rhetorical situation.

syllogistic

premise+premise=conclusion

sign

primary purpose: predict something unseen or known from something seen or unknown. danger: to take something to be a sign that has merely an accidental relationship to it.

Motives

refers to any conscious psychological or physiological incitement to action within a particular situation. only exists within a situation in which successful attainment of a goal is possible. Motivated by ethos, pathos, and logos

rhetorical vs situation

related but not particularly the same. rhetorical: even more specific than a situation.

testimony

reliability? persons personal account of it.

rhetorical foreground

represents specific and salient aspects of a common situation as it affects or interests some audience at a particular moment of time, including audience motives.

rhetorical background

represents the larger environment that defines the historical and social context for any particular rhetorical event

constraint

resource of rhetorical invention

dissensuss

rhetoric is NOT a theory of conscinsus. how to live together in dis.

realm of the indeterminate

rhetoric is necessary in the indeterminate realm of social means and ends. not in the realm of determinate no certainty, why we debate topics.

rhetoric as adaption

rhetoric is the adaption of people to ideas and ideas to people

double agency

rhetoric produces us. we then shape our world with it

Social Intelligence

robots can't replace soft skills like communications. what we are learning in this class

Loci communes

shared places that you can establish the grounds of your argument. common places. starting points.

public sphere model

shifts meaning creation from the message to the community. focus on the role of public speaking in a democratic society.

Contingent

something that comes up out of the ordinary; needs to be addressed, now; requires us to mobilize; we'd like it to go away so that we can return to normal

ethos

speaker

habitus

speaking habit. audience centered.

audience

specific group of people that can change things it can be second hand listeners So babies- don't count. specific group empowered by the rhetoric to change a situation to make it go back to normal.

logos

strength of reason and evidence

symbols to power

symbol creates ideology, ideology leads to hegemony, hegemony creates power. power also creates the symbol.

Constitutive Rhetoric

symbols and language that constitute a collective identity of an audience because this symbolic work helps constitute our reality, we say that symbols are constitutive- symbolic representations are the building blocks of our reality.

network

symbols are not just with semiotic meaning, but with life experience. they trigger deep emotional response because they tap into the network of meaning that gather around the symbol.

web

symbols trigger deep emotional responses because they tap in the network of meanings that gather around the symbolic object. no symbol exists in isolation. connects to ever-shifting family of symbols.

Web of Meanings

symbols trigger deep emotional responses because they tap into the network of meanings that gather around the symbolic object no symbol exists in isolation. it connects itself to an ever-shifting family of symbols

Hegemony

the dominant ideology of society, exerting social control over people without the use of force. it subtly controls by determining what makes sense. fosters knowledge without saying policing ourselves

Consubstantiality

the goal of public oral communication is not merely to relay information, but rather to create a community of minds Speech is a social act. You have not succeeded in speaking if your audience has not become a co-participant in your effort to come to terms with an issue.

Ideology

the ideas, values, beliefs, perceptions, and understandings that are known to members of a society and that guide their behaviors = webs of significance

ideological distortion

the key thing to understand about ideology: the gap between perception and the creation is where distortion seeps in. It grows like a fungus and conceals into a massive reality all its own.

anaphora

the repetition of the beginning word or phrase in a series of clauses or sentences

Copia

the skill of varying expression in order to amplify an idea fully a rhetorical exercise to help students get beyond insufficient development of a point

materiality

the towers we raise in our imagination are constructed out of the collision of the MATERIAL world and the our representations of it. half created- half perceived. material- created ex. bread- material what break we eat- perceived.

Conditioning

the use of pathos to prep your audience for being more receptive to your appeals since we all see things from multiple points of view, there's nothing inherently wrong with helping us to see something from a particular point of view. Conditioning is using pathos/emotional appeals to be more receptive to your opinion that you will give in your persuasive speech Speaker enhances the possibility will come closer to see her perspective.

emergent identity

the world that we create through our rhetorical acts then creates the kind of people we are.

ideograph (book)

these words express in a concentrated way a countries basic political values.

eleoquence

true eloquence (substance & style) is the creation of a social bond. not just ornamental or pretty. unity of style and substance. creation of human bond with audience

Degree of support

unit of proof- claim, supporting material, reasoning.

inference

use of logical connections. a leap of logic. sign, cause, testimony, analogy,example.

schemes & tropes

way to divide the figures. schemes- alliteration assonance omission climax etc tropes metaphor similie oxymoron etc

plasticity of notions (productive ambiguity)

we rely on the fact language is not like math. language is a supple, faceted, richly undetermined symbol system that requires us to fill in with our own experience to understand it.

humans as means to ends

we should never act in such a way that we treat humanity, whether in ourselves or in others, as MEANS only but always as an end in itself. humans as means- using person for your own purpose humans as ends- beauty and the beast. she loves him for what he is.

norms

what is normal is society

situation

when something is the matter about something that matters

non sequitur

when you all of the sudden change the topic

relationship of theory and practice

you have agency and responsibility to shape the world you want to live in