COM 100 Exams 3 and 4
a brief history TV
1920s-1930s: hilo farnsworth, vladimif zworykin WWII: FCC halted development of TV 1948: TV's growth so rapid the FCC imposed freeze on new station licenses 1952: FCC established rules to minimize interference - 12 VHF and 70 UHF channels
early history of movies: development stage
1600s: the magic lantern - projects images painted on glass plates 1800s: 1824 - thaumatrope "combines" images when twirled 1834 - zoetrope makes images appear to move 1880s: muybridge projects photographic images on wall for public viewing, eastman develops roll film, le prince invents first motion-picture camera,, creates first motion picture roundly Garden Scene, goodwin create celluloid for making of movies
birth of commercial radio: big business
1920s after the War, corporate America saw radio's potential - RCA first major company - "his masters voice" radio seen as wireless telegraphy few thought of broadcasting to wide audience before 1920s - David Sarnoff, "radio music box"
impact of radio on recording industry
1924 - radio cut into sales of records and record players best thing to happen to radio and recording industry - each other, songs became more popular and were used as primary unit to entertain depression: record sales dropped when radio was big, 4-5 year down turn, $46 mil to $5.5 mil, records are purchase based on impulse and income record companies improved recording quality companies marketed combined radio-phonographs jukebox - coin-operated music player, in bars/diners/drugstores, boosted record sales about 500% by 1939
the golden age of television
1950s - growth and experimentation pioneering (seminal) programs: variety programs - ed sullivan's toast of the town; milton berle's texaco star theater (sponsors dictated content and type of material; held power) high quality dramas (Episodic (every episode can be watched on its own to get the concept) and serial (must be watched din sequential order for content to make sense)) comedy: I love lucy, burns'allen, ozzie/harriet (19502) adult westerns: gunsmoke, bonanza, based on old/wild west quiz shows (1950s) - scandals (geritol's twenty-one), derailed where there was cheating, one guy kept winning and he was seen as dull so people stopped watching, dr was fed answers illegally since he was attractive and interesting, found out and these shows took a hit, relegated through daytime shows news shows evolving - development of news in 1960s, vietnam, race to moon, made news much more popular and important
coming of age: TV in the 60s
1960: TVs in more than 95% of US homes TV and politics - JFK magnetic (charisma) running against richard nixon (VP), wasnt until debates that kennedy emerged as front runner since he was so attractive for television media; LBJ's obsession with television - powerful anchors and network stars 1963: TV news expands from 15 to 30 minutes:anchors become trusted friends, network starts, TV journalism earns praise (Cronkite (uncle walter, most trusted, anti-vietnam)/Kennedy); civil rights movement; vietnam war; moon race vs. russia 1967: Public Broadcasting Act establishes PBS: sesame street, MR neighborhood, mcneil-lehrer cable grows during the 1960s as a way to receive your television signals, cable is more powerful escapist/fantasy fare dominates: star trek, bewitched, twighlight zone (all became movies); note johnsons (smart v dumb tv) argument
the world wide web
developed in late 1980s (Web 1.0) - earliest of web models where you can transmit information to larger audience but no way to communicate back used HTML (HyperText Markup Language): allowed computers using different operating systems to communicate, allowing computers to use different operating systems, enabled web browsers (mosaic, then netscape in early 90s) to help users navigate through hyperlinks and other layers
early functions of the internet
email: developed by ray tomlinson (early 70s), enable researchers to communicate among themselves instantaneously as well as with others in business world bulletin boards: posted information on particular topics like health, technology, or employment services seen by some as not as important but is still a very popular function in terms of personal communication
breaking the gender and racial barrier
female directors struggle for recognition - lina wetmuller, jane campion, sofia coppola minority groups, including african americans, asian americans, and native americans also struggle for recognition some have succeeded as directors: spike lee, tyler perry, and lee, wayne wang, loveless tendon (slum dog millionaire) more and more breaking through but not nearly to the extent that they should be
station formats
format: consistent programming designed to appeal to specific audience - attracts advertisers wanting to reach that audience three basic format categories: music (primarily FM); country tops (12+) at 14.4%; roots in Nashville and Grand Ole Opry (1925) on FM ethnic (america more multi-cultural) news/talk (primarily AM); second most popular (10.7&); "origins" of news/talk: 1980's, AM music stations getting murdered by FM, repeal Reagan (Fairness Doctrine): FCC rule designed to minimize any possible restrictions on free speech so talk shows had to hire and program symmetrically since you had to include all sides of an issue (part of the deregulations which aimed to liberate all sorts of industries from government interference and allow them to complete freely in the marketplace), the Rush Limbaugh Show - blend of news, entertainment, and partisan analysis impact of Reagan-era deregulations that spawned '80s proliferation of N/T shows
the roaring twenties
great excitement with growth of jazz, faster music, notion of breaking away from prohibition, speak-easies salaries and production costs (blockbusters such as "ben our") skyrocketed; ("Cast of thousands"/epic action moves) untamed excesses (chaplin, other scandals) industry tried self-regulation - motion picture producers and distributors association helped avert government regulation, tried to bring cost striation down
networks (Radio goes commercial)
growth of networks made radio a profound national influence on culture allows stations to share content/cut costs allows advertisers to reach larger audience (1920s - birth of affiliated stations) first network was NBC, then CBS: Amos n Andy, the lone ranger, daytime soap operas (Depression era; birth of diversion/escape programs from hard every day reality, rich, affluent), radio largely "depression-proof", hypodermic needle effect? - "war of the worlds" - americans believed almost anything the media told us
consolidation and growth
increased costs encouraged consolidation - filmmakers become distributors, theater owners, theater owners bought film studios block booking (BB) - theater owners had to book lower-quality films to get the top films three pillars emerging: production (studio/star power), distribution (BB), exhibition (develop first run theaters; palaces and mid city venues) by 1918 US filmmakers controlled 80% of worldwide film market
the 1960s: invasion/evolutions
most fractions, trying decade in america vietnam war, cold war, race to moon against russia, women movements, civil rights movements, music industry becoming more diverse and powerful british invasion (the big three): rolling stones, who, beatles ("fab four" biggest but shortest) american genres: folk (anti war mechanism, bob dylan, inspires protest musics and impacts artists), bubble gum (archies, monkees overflow popularity from beatles, tv crossover appeal) pop/surf (beach boys, jan and dean) psychedelic (jefferson airplane, the doors, jimi hendrix, beatles: Sgt. Pepper album, LA/SanFran scene, drug culture, inner human spirits) motown/R&B 1960s (berry gordy Jr owner, supremes, jacksons, stevie wonder, marvin gaye, aretha, james brown) albums still the primary listening unit era of "free love"/festivals (woodstock)
user-generated content/etc.
notion of audience member having power as gatekeeper to provide content of their own - youtube broadcasters were first to realize potential of user-generated content 80s/90s- americas funniest home videos (audience is star of show), TV news; reporters/photographers - have audience submit pictures or videos of weather/evidence how to relate to video-sharing giants such as youtube? (lawsuits vs synergy) star makers; inspirational stories, justin bieber - canadian young teen posts youtube video (chris brown cover)
a brief history
phonograph - thomas edison (cylinder) graphophone - bell and painter gramophone - Berliner (disk) nickelodeons - stethoscope-like earphones (2 minute recording)
The Studio Years (1930-1950)
studios had significant power and owned actors 1939 - 1941: most significant period for movies - gone with the wind, wizard of oz, citizen kane (yellow journalism) government brought suit against several studios - studios control over production, distribution and exhibition (block booking) presented a monopoly "big films" - elaborate sound stages and back lots (fox - historical adventure; MGM - lavish musicals; WB - gangster films)
the 70s: more public concern
surgeon general's report on violent TV: modest connection between heavy viewing and violence among some children (gerbner/cultivation) citizen groups (Action for childrens television; minority coalitions) influenced broadcast policy - trying to change and lessen violence in TV in general, not just childrens cable competes with broadcast (news, sports/TBS/WGN, super stations): news coverage ramps up (vietnam, CNN, iran hostages, birth of ESPN 1979, cable is big point of competition programming trends included crime drama (charlies angles, the FBI), adult sitcoms (all in the family, M*A*S*H), primetime soap operas (dallas, dynasty), and primetime sports (MNF, world series), "counter programming" - notion of showing a different genre/content than the other channels (ABC changed things up and put MNF on as an alternative); sequels in vogue
commercial time
three types of advertisers: national advertisers national spot advertisers local advertisers bigger ratings = higher cost for airtime tv shows also generate revenue from: product placement text messaging fees merchandising (NBC store/manhattan)
the 50s: networks, tape, color
tv modeled after radio: local stations affiliated with networks from a radio standpoint 1956, ampex developed videotape: by 1960, most programs were taped (Archival challenges) network color broadcast began, up to about 3 hours per day by 1960
the big 80s: MTV generation
"me" generation - cable boom, MTV, VH1 music videos - "video killed the radio start", Thriller, "Looks: duran duran (1980s look), milli vanilli (not actually musicians), a-ha (english band), Fashion - prince, madonna "dress you up" "vogue" soundtrack craze continues (teen movies - pretty in pink, sixteen candles, "brat pack" growth of alternative music (U2, REM, The Clash), punk (the ramones), "americanized" foreign songs ("99 Red/Luftballoons) hair bands - Motley Crue, Poison; retro in vogue today - "rock of ages" on broadway crossover appeal - super bowl/half
economics: money in
'13 music sales fell $7 billion from 1999 internet replaces record stores, music clubs 2011 digital sales accounted for 50% of market (up from 9% in '05) concerts tours still viable money makers (only really the established people)
the 1980s and 1990s: competition/fractionalization
(break up) erosion of big 3 network audiences (uses and gratifications) - benefits audiences cause gives more choices increased competition from new networks (fox; simpsons/ 21 jump street/married with children), superstations (TBS, WGN), and cable channels (ESPN, CNN, TNT, MTV); cable/premium (sports, movies, original shows/sopranos); big 3 networks "adjust" (miami vice, music and fashion) "shock talk" - downey, springer, geraldo mega deals - disney and capacities/ABC also ESPN (1995) diversity issues - cosby show #1 - depicts black american family as successful; gay characters and actors/actresses (ellen); women in primetime/power (murphy brown, ally mcbeal) rebirth of primetime game shows ("millionaire") ensemble comedies (NBC's "must see thursday") syndicated entertainment (Entertainment Tonight - owned by one company but you can get access to it as a network affiliation); daytime (Donahue, Oprah)
do the right thing
Spike Lee, african american film maker, some success with movies, some caucasian actors, impacting director to this day
economics: money in, movies
bo-offixe sales (variety/ratings); trends and "players": studios get about 40% of the theater box-office take in first "window" for movie exhibition (note importance of opening weekend/launch), Big Seven - Disney (2%% of mkt. share), Time Warner (WB; 17%), NBC Universal (14%), 21st Century Fox (13%), Sony (columbia), viacom (paramount), lionsgate DVD/video sales and rentals: half of all domestic-film income for major studios comes from renting or sale of DVDs cable and television outlets: pay-per-view, video-on-edamnd, premium cable, network and basically cable (mobile industry future? will they do well on smartphones?) foreign distribution - international box-office gross revenues almost double U.S. and Canada box-office receipts independent - film distribution: indies pay studios 30-50% of box office and video-rental money they make from their movies licensing and product placement/integration: action figures, snacks, products "seen" in movie, synergy or promotion throughout subsidiaries of media conglomerate
social media radio impact
both terrestrial and online radio stations have embraced social media, facebook and twitter accounts for deejays, online radio service, pandora, allows listeners to keep track of their friends and exchange messages, social media a significant part of strategy to attract and keep audiences entertained, informed, and engaged
social media
both terrestrial and online radio stations have embraced social media, facebook and twitter accounts for deejays, online radio service, pandora, allows listeners to keep track of their friends and exchange messages, social media a significant part of strategy to attract and keep audiences loyal
broadcast tv industry
commercial or noncommercial stations licensed by FCC to serve community - 210 "markets" (nielsen; from NYC - glen dive, MT) 6 commercial networks plus PBS network affiliates (ex. WCBD2/NBC in charleston; three other local affiliates also) production - local, syndicated, network local - news, sports, talk shows syndicated - purchased program, network affiliate gains access to, first-run (oprah, WOF) and off-net (big bang theory) network - morning shows, primetime, late-night
rivalry and growth
companies establishing themselves RCA and Victor - merged together, 19teens, dominated much of industry Victrola: Berliner- disc player designed as furniture (status, showed wealth), "His masters Voice" 1914 - record players common, national dance craze, jazz age, birth of ASCAP (royalties, undergo rights to play music to large entities, copyright)
4 defining features of sound recording/music industry
cultural force: characterizing social groups, defining movments/trends, helps shape culture; cash and later metallica with prisoners, tryna get them on a straight and narrow path, "Retro" ack in vogue (gaga/bennett: lauper/west); AC/DC; vinyl/albums international: ABBA, michael jackson (sony bought record), susan boyle (BGT, unexpected rise to superstarism through social media) unique blend of business and talent platform synergy (tv, movies, web, radio)
ownership and customization
defenders of the digital age: makes like more enjoyable; customization/creativity defenders of regulation: commercial interests; ISPs have too much control, info limited, controlled by corporate interests, "net neutrality" (financial tiers vs. fairness) - neutral fair and accessible and big business can't control role of older/traditional media: seeking ways to remain relevant, "technological determinism" (from plato to pads) - determinism our fate - bound and committed to importance of technology in our lives "dystopian" internet (shallow interaction/detached) - millennials having a detachment from people through use of internet major "owners" of web -- microsoft (gates/allen), google, apple, (jobs/wozniak), amazon, facebook (zuckerberg)
sound-recording audiences
demographic profiles not common; industry not supported by advertising, people over 3 account for 55% of sales, spending by 19-under declined to 21% (2000s) "physical product" not relevant vis-a-vs previous generations (MP3s, spotify, streaming, audio) new trends emerging
birth of commercial radio: mass audience
department store in pittsburgh was first to utilize radio in an advertising perspective frand conrad began broadcasting from his garage - KDKA, pittsburgh, 1920 (department store/advertising) RCA, GE, AT&T started radio stations - radio listening became a national crave radio found its role as a broadcast medium (one to many) attractive sets for living room (20/30s); patriarchal view of wife as "domestic" (cook, mend, clothing, look good for husbands)
the 1970s: disillusion to disco
difficult for americans to see Vietnam war linger into mid 1970s, lost of growing angst against government end of flower power peaceful days growth of more significant hatred towards establishment number of genres emerging as a result: country rock/crossover rock opera - spirital america, queen concept albums - themes relate to each other, tell broader story, music is an art form heavy metal and hard rock - headbanger glam rock - space oddity, fashion and over the top sensibilities mellow/devotees - Caribbean, large following, fun rock disco - fashion, clubbing, 1970s, donna summer, dance, lifestyle ramifications, dance fever TV show, lights, rebellion continues - disco demolition night soft rock - carpenters, counter to hard in your face rock americana - springsteen, nilly joel, roots rock, heart land, struggles, american values tapes - 8-tracks/cassettes American Top 40 - casey kasem/billboard songs of the week
early history of movies: entrepreneurial stage
edison and dickson: create kinetograph (camera) and kinetoscope (single-person viewing system), create vita scope, which projected longer filmstrips without interruption lumiere brothers: develop cinematograph, combined camera, film development, and projection system
home entertainment
elaborate home theater/HD, surround sound (industry reacts with VHS, DVD) movie industry needs to adapt; cel-phone "experience" with platforms; translate to film? movies are much more of an escape product so you don't want to watch it on a phone DVD sales declining - blue-ray has not helped improve video store sales internet video streaming is the future allows viewers to download videos through netflix, xbox, apple tv devices, hulu, fancast - subscription based
the 90's: gangs, grunge, "gore"
emergence of hip hop (growth from late 80s and into the 90s)/rap culture (biggie smalls, tupac, public enemy, ice-t, eminem, nwa) (rappers delight, indicates it was forerunner to hip hop rap genre) hard rock and "mainstream" (metallica/enter sandman) grunge ("seattle sound"; nirvana/pearl jam/stp), teen angst/pain (cobain suicide), music is reflective, or "dooming", gores and congress fight for music warning labels and censorship, fought by music industry pop and rock still viable (hoodie's "cracked rear view", guns n roses) file sharing phenomenon/piracy leads to music industry losses, public sentiment is "were sticking it to the man" device shift (Sony walkman)
web 2.0 (interactive content)
feedback based enables media convergence: different types of content coming together includes features such as: instant messaging (IM); AOL in 1997 social networking/media (facebook, youtube, instagram, vine); impact on news reporting (scott shooting/police body cams; other examples of "bystander" submission/accounts) blods(talking points, engadget, technorati); integration of hyperlinks and info-sharing, content piece that is longer wikis (wikipedia, wikimapia; edits/comments, find out more about a particular issue, overhead views of a particular geographic area, sharing) MMORPGs/with avatar online identity; 3D (world of warcraft, second life, virtual reality)
the film industry reacts to TV
flight to suburbs (white populations), lower marrying age, more "stay-at-homes": TV cut into movie profits hollywood fought back ("shortsighted"): refused to advertise films onTV; refused to show old films on TV; tried to bar film stars from appearing on TV hollywood tried to woo audiences back: technology - 3D, Cinerama, Content - spectacle (Cleopatra), musicals, adults theres eventually, hollywood cooperated with TV: late 1950s began supplying programs to network TV
alternatives to hollywood
foreign films: popularity waxed/waned since great depression documentaries (roger and me - difficult situation of flint michigan with people losing jobs break up of auto industry, super size me - spurlock, ESPN 30 for 30 series, etc): evolved from "interest films" and travelogues, some are educational, noncommercial presentations that require funding, cinema verite (portable cameras/unobtrusive), tackle controversial subject matter - exist to effect change independent films ("indies"): showcased at festivals (cannes, sundance, tribeca): created on shoestring budgets, shown to smaller audiences on campuses at small film festivals or art houses, aided by online DVD services like Netflix, "chance-takers" (the interview - sony backs off and film goes "indie"); synergy with online platforms
the star system
independent studios capitalized on popularity of particular actors/actresses - charlie chaplin, rudolph valentino, mary pickford, United Artists: studio created by the starts interest in stars led to longer movies and more comfortable theaters (grauman) and ended nickelodeon era (of hoarding people in and out for short films) chaplin was drug and alcohol abusers - exploits were quite noted, made famous in a film done by robert downey jr
money in, money out
internet service providers (ISPs) - broadband edging out dial-up, AOL ("you've got mail!") loses monopoly web browsers - microsoft, apple, google major players, internet explorer dominant (firefox, chrome, etc.) directions and search engines - yahoo! innovator, google now dominates; bing, email: fast, cheap, can utilize text/graphics; drawbacks (informal, not private, easily hackable, spam, overload)
contemporary sound recording
ipod/portable MP3 players, decline of CD, 25 billion downloads iTunes, slowdown in sales, increase in downloading, local music stores hurt similar to blockbuster w movies, technology upgrades recording industry more consolidated, encourages predictable and formulaic music, "mixes" become popular, ringtones, social media (myspace), music returns in primetime (idol, glee, nashville) and knockoffs (the voice, smash)
tv in the digital age
june 19, 2009: all TV stations were broadcasting digital TV advantages of digital television (DTV): clearer pictures and sound (similar to cable/antenna comparison in 1970s) more rectangular format similar to movie screen (Easier to watch) allows high-definition TV (HDTV) channel can be subdivided and multiple programs can be sent at the same time (greater viewing options
new business models/brands
licensed songs for a fee that appear on popular video games (guitar hero/rock band) "beats by dre" - headphones/athlete walk up/"game prep" jay z/beyonce (beyond music; power/empire) streaming (spotify, heart radio, amazon prime) - sharing and discovery apps, facebook, etc, streaming accounts for 1/3 of industry revenues on-demand (Access issues; taylor swift pulled music from spotify/revenue wasn't shared), adele/swift, spotify/streaming 360-degree agreements (corporation controls entire facet of music entity, not just records but also merchandising and tours)
realignments in film industry
major studio power decline and independent productions increase MPAA ratings; '85 - NC17 exhibition changes: multiplexes/malls film revenue/budgets increase; new niches: sci-fi, suspense/horror, "cool men" (spies/westerns) star wars, jaws in 1970s, spy movies (james bond) HBO/PPV in 1980s (Allow for convergence/platforms, major motion pictures bridge that allowed film to be watched unedited) VCR (later TiVo/DVR) allows for "timeshiftimg" - tape and watch at a later time blockbuster (90s) and later, netflix (2008), offer home viewing, including video streaming options
the net widens
microprocessors: developed in 1971, enabled development of first personal computers fiber-optic cable: developed in mid-1980s, enabled rapid data transmission birth of modern modem and increased speed as technology gets better in 1990s ARPAnet ends in 1990: national science foundation allows commercial activity on network in 1991, not just domain of military but is now product for people
the internet's early history
military function: developed by U.S Defense Department (eisenhower administration) in 1958 during Cold War struggles with Russia, designed to develop and test technological innovations, used for communication civic roots: connected large research companies and several universities - great corroboration of research, called ARPAnet or "the net)
economics: money out
money spent producing records and finding talent, use of studios for technical production, manufacturing costs, CD packaging, advertising and promotions, arts' royalties (vinyl has come back)
6 top music marketing trends for 2016
more and more brands will develop a music strategy the continued rise of the emerging artist streaming wars continue festival culture gets more brand and tech centric music as a bridge to consumers for fashion brands wearable tech blends with streaming music for new user experience
broadcasters discover web
more programs available on the internet broadcasters' web sites offering more: full screen, high resolution streaming video original content (post-show green room content) social networking options mobile TV (downloads; iTunes) advertising on sites and in streaming video podcasts - help get stuff out to masses local stations still need to do more (including advertising, social...but improvements made) netflix/streaming/binge-watching (serial) (House Of Cards); social media etiquette and expectations - not want to do a spoiler alert and tell outcome of a show binge-watching "implications" - 90% of millennial will binge watch a series, 2/3 that binge watch employ a smartphone so they can watch and do other stuff, great majority of people starting to watch shows in a shorter amount of time
putting together a program
music format: format wheel (format clock); often-computerized talk format: topics for local audiences (interactive; multi-platform), requires more equipment and technical expertise, conflict sells, sports talk (ESPN/simulcasts -- M&M in the morning; finebaum; mike/mad dog; patrick; korneiser/PTI) all-news format: also uses programming wheel and cycle, costly: large staff and many technical facilities, drive-time/rush hour radio (largest audiences because they're "captive")
where did the money go?
network programming is expensive: 30-min sitcom: $1.5 million per episode,, 60-min show: about $3 million per episode quiz and reality shows are a lot cheaper programming costs account for about 35-40% of a local station's expenses (charlie sheen aftermath - ratings went down) so many cable and internet alternatives for programming ventures, talent, etc. - netflix, HBO - very viable alternatives to big four networks
world war II
network radio news grew: live coverage of special events, coverage of world war II, edward R murrow, lowell thomas (trusted star reporters and anchors) radio thrived during world war II, ad revenues increased NBC divested itself of one network (became ABC); note; they would become first TV networks by the '50s
distribution/syndication models
network-affiliate contract: local station carries network programs (morning/evening news, primetime, late night), network pays station based on ratings/show popularity: compensation is decreasing and may be eliminated syndication companies lease content to (Affiliated) individual stations in local markets: profitable aftermarket for primetime (8-11 pm) TV series (100 shows is "magic number"; 4-5 seasons; shown earlier in program cycle), reality shows not as popular in syndication (like sports, because of competition/winners and losers); "front end" vs. "back end" philosophies - wont get much out of a completion show since you already know outcome
The rise of ipods
new business model, new cottage industry (iPod accessories), cultural impact (iPods at clubs/parties), iPod jacking (listen to others' music), podcasts (downloadable programs), define users (music libraries)
public broadcasting
non-commercial televison 1967, public broadcasting act: corporation for public broadcasting (CPB), public broadcasting system (PBS) competition from cable; low ratings reduced funding - political issue: stations looking for other funding sources - comes from government (less from government), contributions (federal and state), audience members (no commercials/ads), foundation (Arthur foundation, prime sponsor), new models? ("wait, wait" from NPR - touring shows, exposure and get money); entertainment synergy/partnerships with public radio
growth/stabilization: 1955 - 90
number of stations more than doubled payola - recorded producers bribed DJs/hosts (dick clark, wildman jack), DJs are gatekeepers of radio, under the table illegal payments to producers so that popular songs that hadn't been discovered yet would get airplay radio powerful cultural force - FM emerges and evolves national public radio begins, grows to 160 affiliated stations by 1980 (non-commercial stations for educated and influential audience, funded by government and listeners/pledges); recent funding controversy (mitt romney and big bird), don't do well ratings wise, but educate and provide an alternative
socialnomics - erik qualman
over 50% of world population is under 30 todays college students have never licked a postage stamp world populations: facebook youtube, china?, phone, india, club penguin, instagram, linkedIn, twitter, united states 53% of millennials would rather lose their sense of smell than their technology 3 in 3 people get their news from social media people will soon trust amazon more than the bank 93% of buying decision are influence by social media what happens in vegas stays on youtube by 2020 video will account for over 3/4 of mobile usage shrinking attention spans: goldfish - 8 sec, human - 7 sec more people own a mobile device than a toothbrush 1 0n 3 marriages start online and last longer the fastest growing demographic on twitter is grandparents every second 2 people join linkedin (entire enrollments of Ivy league going linkedin everyday) linkedin age limit has been lowered to 13 the #1 used hashtag is #LOVE
4 defining features of radio
portable - taken anywhere (laptop, small radio) supplemental - listen to radio while doing something else universal - part of american conscious, easy access selective - niche media, radio station for anyone
economics: money out, movies
production: fees paid to actors, directors, personnel, costs for special effects, set design, CGI marketing, advertising, print costs: can add $30-40 million in costs per film; a reason why some studio and most indies/smaller companies go "viral" (such as "blair witch project" use online to market movie) and use social media to generate buzz post-production: film editing, sound recording, putting in greater elements of soundtrack, power and synergy of music in movies distribution: screening a movie for prospective buyers exhibition: constructing theaters, purchasing projection equipment acquisitions: buying up other media-related companies
nickelodeons (turn fo the 20th century)
public interest rekindled when films began to be used to tell a story in a narrative sense - stationary cameras or editing and movable cameras nickelodeons: 50 - 90 seat theaters, couldn't keep up with demand, demand for films soared, new film studios were created, "film factories"/churning out movies
local stations, nets, syndicators
radio primary a local medium, network radio (national): dominant 1930 - 1942, top networks: ABC, westwood one, dial global syndicated purchased programming: star based programs - rush limbaugh, sean hannity, glenn beck - republican, tom joyner (Sports also), conservative that do very well with middle to high aged , conservative/republican radio - does better than liberal radio
radio in the digital age
radio stations slowly entered the digital age, but they may be speeding up, not jsut utilizing the medium but also a number of genres and alternative sources for music as well early radio station web sites imply streamed broadcast content, streamlining content now, sites contain additional information and services (print elements, blogs, chat rooms, archived podcasts) 102.7 KIIS FM (ryan seacrest/XM) stations use web sites to generate revenue
sources of revenue
rate card: station's advertising fees, based on amount of listenings, time of day, programming cycle, etc. four sources of commercial revenue: network ads national spot ads local ads (70 cents of every dollar come from local companies or establishments, primary) off-air income
ratings reporting
rating: number of households watching program, divide by the total number of Tv households share: number of households watching a program, divided by number of households actually watching TV at that time (share number always higher than rating number) - less important to advertisers than rating accuracy of ratings questioned/self-reporitng bias
ratings and shares
rating: ratio of listeners to a particular station to the total number of people in a given market share: ratio of listeners to a particular station to the total number of people actually listening to radio at that time these figures determine ad rates, syndication figures, music plays' tc. share numbers always HIGHER than ratings
the coming of rock and roll
rock's roots in black rhythm and blues from deep south (muddy waters), white population music, country and western (1950s, johnny cash), jazz (20-40s, instrumental to birth and growth of rock and roll) popular new singers 1950s: bill haley, buddy holly, little richard, chuck berry, jerry lee lewis, elvis presley - wasn't totally white dominated from talent perspective, but most producers and owners are white male racy dancing, outfits and lyrics had shock value (way elvis shook hips was seen as provocative, wasnt allowed to been seen hips down on tv) early 1960s, industry "cleaned up" image, wholesome, clean-cut american singers (frankie and annette - movies, ricky nelson - tv ), american bandstand - brainchild of dick clark, shindig, shivaree tv shows (hairspray, bands brought on stage and people would dance)
performers: the bottom line
royalty rates: cds - roughly 9% to 20% goes to performers (20% and more are superstars), downloads - royalty rates run about 9% artist income sources - royalties, personal appearances, overseas sales, merchandising must pay all expenses from income - very few acts generate large sums, only 10% of new recording are profitable
World War II and After
shellac needed to be used as defense commodity so records plummeted, musician strike in 1940s, music industry took a tumble Capitol Records - sent copies of music to radio stations Columbia introduced rpm LP ( long play album, 5 songs on each side) RCA introduced singles with two sides, hit song on A side stereophonic players in 1950s, better sound TV affected both radio and recording industries - 1950s had radio and tv playing top 40 songs, Big Band sounds (Radio/TV programs; Miller, Welk - orchestra, singers, dancers)
digital divide
some individuals lack access to internet: older americans less educated citizens lower-income citizens people in third-world countries not as wide as a decade ago but still some lack efforts to remedy include: bill and melinda gates foundation wifi - free access sharing model
web 3.0; "customized layers"
started to develop in the late 2000s promise of new innovations (the "semantic" web, web is more meaningful to audiences); already w/ Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa; growth of wi-fi (use to be very spotty but now is expected everywhere) greater bandwidth for faster, more graphically rich three-dimensional applications layered databases more personalized or targeted content - more niched society "internet of things" - connecting "dumb" appliances/controls to the web (google home, amazon echo, Microsoft's home hub)
the coming of sound
the jazz singer (1927) - warner brothers: sound film possible since 1918, studios leery to spend money experimenting since silent is doing so well, silent film era essentially ends double features - response to depression's effect on profits technicolor and animation - additional efforts to encourage attendance, during depression people had such little money that any type of technological advancement allowed for a growth of the movie audience
internet radio
there are thousands of internet-only stations: many offer non-traditional radio formats, pandora and slack.com are music services where users create their radio stations by generating playlists based on their favorite artists or songs; newer industry players - spotify and amazon's prime musics, phone apps/internet sites have embraced easy access to radio stations (tune in), biggest challenge is financial: must pay royalties to writers and composers, plus performers - broadcast radio (exempt) doesn't pay royalties to performers
zukor and griffith
two of the most significant film makers of early 20th century introduced long films (feature length) adolf zukor: queen Elizabeth (4 reels) D.W. Griffith: 1915 Birth of a nation (3 hours), controversial (Racism/stereotypes) - in response to racist content, films targeting black audiences appeared trying to immerse an audience - movies and books that allow this experience
5 defining features of broadcast television
universal medium, available in 99% of US homes "TV" on for about 6-8 hours per day (television or computer) dominant and most trusted US medium for news and entertainment expensive ($3 million per one-hour episode; 20-22 original per year) - less expensive to do less shows for shorter seasons audience continues to fragment (1970s, network share 90%, now cable/DVD/video games/etc. cut it in half, big four get less than half
measuring TV viewing/feedback
viewing measured through Nielsen ratings demographic data and viewing behavior media research network (Nielsen) ratings: diaries (Self-reported/weekly) people meter, national sample = 12,000 testing portable people meter (PPM) nielsen local-market TV ratings: 200-plus markets, 4 times per year (Sweeps)
web advertising
web is more of a hybrid, ads interrupt us early roots - display ads placed on web pages, not profitable (banner ads "clicked off" today -- "sponsored links" on search engines and social networks: advertisers pay for each click-through; social networking sites send users targeted ads by sifting information from search terms, emails, personal profile info ads much more targeted and interesting to consumers since the users are more well known through internet channels
cultural impact today?
2015/16 - Oscars/protests/lack of "color" in nominations ("selma"/top song); boycotts/black stars #OscarsSoWhite; 2017 - positive changes; fences, hidden figures, loving, etc.; six black actors nominated head of academy award committee is an african american woman, include move diverse people as finalists women in the industry (power on stage, but not behind the camera or in studios) movies and nationalism/patriotism (american sniper backlash with some groups, glorifying notion of being a cold blooded killer on behalf o the american war movement) still champion causes/triumphs - characters of best actor and best actress (2015 oscars); eddie redmayne as stephen hawking/ALS; julianne moore/alzheimer's - have a tremendous cultural impact on audiences and hopefully government, can still move the needle nostalgia returns - la la land - jazz age; blaxploitation - themes suited for black audience; I, Tonya oscar winners - spotlight, moonlight, the shape of water
radio audiences
575 million radio sets in US - one third of these in cars on a given day, 3/4 of adults will listen to radio average person has radio on 3 hours daily listening highest during drive time (6-10 am; 4-7 pm) as people age, they prefer different formats (lifestyle;cognitive;other functions per uses and gratifications perspective); new trends; audio platform strategies
contemporary broadcast tv
ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX audiences are shrinking (cable penetration - more than half the viewing audience) high-definition TV; 3D technology refined big four networks using new distribution channels (Hulu; advertising supplements) digital video recorders (DVRs); ads/$ affected greater reliance on reality/competition shows (much cheaper to produce) (idol, biggest loser, DWT stars; the amazing race) (don't make so much money on backend - syndication/re-runs) than scripted shows; heavy script making comeback with digital/binge-watching options, etc. broadcast networks still best way for advertisers to reach large audiences, big four command huge audience especially in primetime politics still big business (affiliates and networks; debates, ads, etc.; "staging" for the cameras)
hollywood genres
Action/Adventure, comedy, romance, drama, mystery/suspense, gangster, western, horror, fantasy/science fiction, musicals, film/neo noir (talking from narration)
American Bandstand
Dick Clark started airing in 1957 and lasted for a half century, was a televised showcase of rock 'n' roll hits in which a live audience danced to recorded music, big influence on tv shows and music industry American music performance show that began in 1952 to showcase new music and dance steps to the teen market Clark could relate to the young kids who came to dance, also embroiled in payola scandals
Comiskey Park Riot
Disco movement comes to crashing halt metal heads, anti disco folks - comiskey park, between double header white sox game blow up records with dynamite, arrests, second game canceled profound influence but as a genre/self unit it is dead, but power moved on in other dramas mike veeck, marketing techniques that push boundaries
economics of sound recording
CD sales down 23% between '09 and '10 (physical product sales) - internet sharing and streaming, MP3 first time digital sales eclipsed CD sales three corps control 80% of industry worldwide: Sony, Universal, Warner 5000 indies left to take risks
innovation and change: 1945 - 1954
FM - technically superior to AM, but struggled early on, spectrum location changed in 1945 television emerges as competition, changed content, economics, functions of radio specialized radio formats were introduced: clock hour, top 40 genre/countdowns (multi-platform); casey kasem's at AT 40 weekly radio show (billboard chart), radio more of a supplemental, niche medium converge because of power of radio
birth of the MPPC
Motion Picture Patents Company (1908) - tried to restrict movie production and distribution to the 9 companies in MPPC (leading film/equipment and makers pooled patents to try to dominate industry) attempt backfired; independent producers and smaller filmmakers went to hollywood - birth of mega motion picture epicenter of holliwood by 1917, MPPC was powerless
feedback: arbitron/nielsen meters and household diaries
arbitron major provider of radio ratings; nielsen takes over arbitron: surveys ~280 markets, about 3,000-4,000 people per market asked to complete diary (household weekly diaries, complete charting every program you listen to ) portable people meter: arbitron and nielsen media research, technology automatically detects and records exposure to radio demographic categories/market research *melting-pot cities such as NYC, Miami, LA have more diverse content/channel choices vs. more homogenized markets (boston, pittsburgh)
contemporary radio
News and talk radio telecommunications act of 1996: unlimited station ownership, same-market ownership increased to 8 stations, flurry of mergers and acquisitions, a few group owners dominate the industry talk became hottest AM format format specialization increased FM competition from pay/subscription options such as satellite radio (XM/Sirius; also internet radio, iPods)
billboard charts/feedback
billboard magazine prepares weekly ratings charts based on sales and exposure; multiple platforms are measure, top 40, hot 100, broken down my genre and demographics, nielsen soundscan provides sales figures, nielsen broadcast data systems provides exposure radio stations monitor billboard to see what they should be playing
television audiences
TV is entrenched in american life (although the "unit" may have changed...what is a "TV"?) TV set in 99% of homes/75% have 2_; does it enlighten us? TV on for eight hours/day; average person watches 3+ hours Viewing is heaviest: during prime time in water (lightest in july/august) in low-income households - in leu of travel or more expensive adventures among people with lower education among females (Family decision makers; ads, buying household products, etc.) impact of premium cable, then streaming video - '18 Emmy Award nominations - netflix led at 112, broke HBO's streak of 17 years, though G.O.T./Westworld still iconic)
new technologies/trends
VCR in 90% of US households by 2000 (today, TiVo/DVR eliminates need for tapes) VCR impact on broadcast/cable (timeshifting); now with DVR direct broadcast by satellite (DBS) telecommunications act of 1996 (program ratings develop on content and safety of program; V-Chip - allowed opportunity for parents to look at content) show trends: 1980s, family-oriented sitcom s(Cosby); 1990s, newsmagazines (PrimeTime live); 2000s, reality/competition (Survivor/CBS/started genre) shows and cable dramas; PPV dramas critically acclaimed, spawning more shows/channels nostalgia -- fuller house, roseanne, will and grace, gilmore girls racial "inroads" - back-ish (ABC); insecure (HBO); empire (Fox) - new generation inspired by 90s stars jamie foxx, brandy, martin lawrence, mayans brothers (in living color) spin offs - from All in the Family/The Jeffersons in 70s to cheers/fraiser (80s/90s_ to black-ish/college-ish (currently)
satellite radio
XM/Sirius (merged in 2008): digital radio services to car or portable receivers for home use as well as having local channels for major cities with weather and traffic information, exclusive programming (talk shows such as howard stern, oprah - didn't have to deal with commercials or language); news, sports (contracts with major sport leagues). music channels (iconic performers have channels), decreased car sales also hurt the company, with new growth due to factory-installed satellite radio as an option for new car buyers has been a force in satellite radio fro a long time
the economics of radio
affected by the recession - revenue down 9% to $19.5 billion between 2007; recovering today...still, radio reaches 90% of americans 12 or older each week (age where youngsters can understand power of advertising and might be involved in making purchasing decisions), radio's share of advertising dollars down a bit attracts targeted/niche audiences radio is cheap to produce and distribute rebranding - iHeart Media (previously clear Channel)/Pittman and its commitment to technology/streaming and live music events in addition to its existing/traditional AM/FM profit model
getting TV programs
affiliate station relies heavily on power of local news casts a bridge between network programming, syndicated programming, etc. local station: local newscast is key - also interviews, sports shows (lead-in concept; less important in cable/DVR era) network: primetime programming is key: 8-11 p.m. (7-11 sundays), ad rates highest (note "Sweeps periods" 4x/year) prime-time programs: themes, sample scripts, pilots, focus groups, about 25 pilots per network per - very few make it and even fewer last for more than a year, syndication/audience strategies
