COM-103 MVCC Final SG
Effective use of language means using words...
-Accurately -Vividly -Clearly -Appropriately
How to reduce speaker nervousness
-Acquire speaking experience -Prepare, prepare, prepare -Think positively -Use the power of Visualization -Know most nervousness isn't visible -Don't expect perfection
How to evaluate Internet Source Credibility
-Authorship -Sponsorship -Recency
Types of Audience Questionnaire Questions
-Fixed alternative -Scale -Open-Ended
Purpose of an Introduction
-Get the attention and interest of your audience. -Reveal the topic of your speech. -Establish your credibility and goodwill. -Preview the body of the speech.
Why Examples?
-Gives vivid details -impact listeners beliefs and actions -Make ideas specific, personal, and lively
Principles of Nonverbal Communication
-Posture -Personal Appearance -Facial expressions -Gestures -Eye Contact
Guidelines for preparing Visual Aids
-Prepare visual aids well in advance -Keep visual aids simple -Make sure visual aids are large enough -Use a limited amount of text -Use fonts effectively -Use color effectively -Use images strategically
How to use Statistics
-Quantify your ideas -Use them sparingly -Identify the sources -Explain them
Why Testimonies?
-Show knowledgeable people support your ideas -Give ideas more strength and impact -Gives different viewpoints on topics
Why statistics?
-Show seriousness of a situation -Clarify and support ideas -Create an overall impact on listeners
The Speech Communication Elements Model
-Situation -Speaker -Channel -Adapting to Interference -Message -Feedback
General Goals of Public Speaking
-To inform -To persuade -To entertain
Purpose of a Conclusion
-To let the audience know you are ending the speech. -To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.
Guidelines for presenting Visual Aids
-display visual aids where listeners can see them -avoid passing visual aids among the audience -display visual aids only while discussing them -explain visual aids clearly and concisely -talk to your audience, not to your visual aid -practice with your visual aids -check the room and equipment
Importance of Visual Aids
-help you combat stage fright -They heighten audience interest -shift attention away from the speaker -give the speaker greater confidence in the presentation as a whole
Obstacles of Effective Listening
-situational obstacles -internal obstacles
Kinds of Informative Speech
-speaking about objects -speaking about processes -speaking about events -speaking about concepts
Guidelines for Ethical Listening
1. Be courteous and attentive 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker 3. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas
Who is responsible for ethical communication?
Both Speakers and Listeners
Signposts
Brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in the speech EX: "First let me show you"
How to evaluate if a source is Biased
Check if Authors or Sponsors are fair-minded or experts on the topic.
How to cite sources orally
Identify some combo of: -The book, magazine, newspaper, or Web document you are citing. -The author or sponsoring organization of the document. -The author's qualifications with regard to the topic. -The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated.
Chronological Order is good for...
Informative Speeches
Spacial Order is good for...
Informative Speeches
Abstract Language
Language describing ideas and qualities
Concrete Language
Language that describes specific, observable things, people, or places.
What skill do most employers rank as the most important communication skill?
Listening
Topical Order
Main points are divided the topic into logical and consistent subtopics,
Statistical Support
Numerical data that support your ideas in a speech
Chronological Order
Order where main points follow a series of time.
Why do speakers have an obligation to avoid abusive language?
Our identities, who and what we are, how others see us, are greatly affected by the names we are called and the words with which we are labeled.
Casual Order is good for...
Persuasive & Informative Speeches
Topical Order is good for...
Persuasive & Informative Speeches
Problem-Solution order is good for...
Persuasive Speeches
Fixed Alternative Questions
Questions that offer a fixed choice between 2 or more alternatives EX: Yes, No, Unsure
Testimonial Support
Quotations or paraphrases used to support your ideas in a speech
Global Plagiarism
Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
Patchwork Plagiarism
Taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work, and then presenting them as one's own work.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's group group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
Ethics
The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
Channel
The means by which a message is communicated
Feedback
The messages, usually nonverbal, that are sent back from a listener to a speaker.
Speaker
The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener. Begins speech communication.
Listener
The person who receives the speaker's message
Frame of Reference
The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same.
Situation
The time and place in which speech communication occurs
Message
Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.
Transitions
Words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another. EX: "Now that we have...let me share"
Verbal Pause
a break before, between, or after the message consisting of verbalizations that have no specific meaning in the context. EX: Um, Uh, Like
Extemporaneous Speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
Problem-Solution Order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
Casual Order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.
Central Idea
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
Periodical Database
a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines
Specific Purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker wants to say & accomplish but also what the speaker wants the audience to know as as a result of the speech. EX: To inform my audience about the benefits of music therapy for people with psychological or cognitive disabilities.
Impromptu Speech
a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
Manuscript Speech
a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
Demographic Audience Analysis
audience analysis that focuses on factors such as gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background
Situational Audience Analysis
audience analysis that focuses on factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion
Identification
formation of common bonds between the speaker and the audience
Types of Plagiarism
global, patchwork, incremental
Situational Obstacles
incomprehensibility, message overload, message complexity, environmental distractions
inclusive Language
language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors EX: People with disabilities VS Handicapped people
Appreciative Listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment EX: Music, Comedy, Entertainment Speech
Critical Listening
listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it EX: Sales pitch, Campaign Speech
Empathetic Listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker EX: Psychiatrist, Friend in need
Comprehensive Listening
listening to understand the message of a speaker EX: Lectures, Directions
Internal Obstacles
preoccupation, prejudgement, lack of effort, reacting to emotionally loaded language, not recognizing diverse listening styles
Informative Speaking
presenting a speech in which the speaker seeks to deepen understanding, raise awareness, or increase knowledge about a topic
Open-Minded Questions
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want EX: Opinons
Scale Questions
questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers EX: Rate 1-10
Persuasive Speaking
speaking that influences others to believe or think something, or to take action
Pronunciation
the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language EX: gen-u-wine
Denotative Meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
Connotative Meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
Rhythm
the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
Articulation
the physical production of particular speech sounds EX: Don't Know= Dunno
Egocentric
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
Vivid Imagery
the use of descriptive words to create a specific picture for the reader
Plagiarism
to present another person's work or ideas as your own.
Internal Summaries
A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
Interference
Anything that impedes the communication of a message.
Example Support
A specific case used to support the speaker's ideas
Speech from Memory
A speech that is written out, memorized, then delivered
Internal Previews
A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
Parts of an Introduction
1. Get attention & interest 2. Reveal the topic 3. Establish credibility & goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech
Guidelines for Ethical Speaking
1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound 2. Be fully prepared for each speech 3. Be honest in what you say 4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language 5. Put ethical principles into practice
Causes of Poor Listening
1. Not concentrating 2. Listening too hard 3. Jumping to conclusions 4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance
Similarities between Conversation & Public Speaking
1. Organizing your thoughts logically. 2. Tailoring your message to your audience. 3. Telling a story for maximum impact. 4. Adapting to listener feedback.
Differences between Conversation & Public Speaking
1. Public speaking is more highly structured 2. Public speaking requires more formal language 3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery
Parts of a Conclusion
1. Signal the end of the speech 2. Reinforce the central idea
How to become a Better Listener
1. take listening seriously 2. Be an active listener 3. Resist distractions 4. Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery 5. Suspend judgement 6. Focus your listening 7. Develop note-taking skills
Spatial Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. Top to bottom; Inside to out
Central Idea Guidelines
Express as full sentence Don't express as question Avoid figurative language Don't be vague
Incremental Plagiarism
Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people or sources.
Audience-Centered Speakers
Tries to keep the audience foremost in mind at every step of the speech preparation and presentation
Inclusive Language Guidelines
Use names that groups use to identify themselves Avoid: -the use of "He" -the use of "Man" when referring to both makes and females -stereotyping jobs & social roles by gender
How to add Vivid Imagery
Use: -Concrete words -Similes -Metaphors
How to add Rhythm
Use: -parallelism -repetition -alliteration -antithesis