Combined psych quizzes
which ex-follower of Freud believed that an urge to strive for superiority was the main force behind personality development (as opposed to sexual energy)?
Adler
Eddie is 8 years old and he often has temper tantrums, he is preoccupied with just a few toys, and he frequently repeats other people's words. It is MOST likely that Eddie has...
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Dr. Jacoby has just discovered a new drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine. It is likely that this new drug will produce side effects such as: a. general stimulation within the body and an increase in heart rate b. paralysis and memory loss c. anxiety reduction and general relaxation d. hallucinations and disrupted sleep patters.
B
which of the following psychologists would be most likely to assert that "free will is an illusion"
B.F. Skinner
which theorist believed that observational learning, along with factors, such as self-efficacy beliefs play a crucial role in the development of personality?
Bandura
which of the following techniques can produce an image of the brain, such that the image shows how the brain is structured
CT scan and MRI
Every Christmas, Gloria's fathers threw a fun party and gave her lots of presents. Nowadays, although her fathers have passed away, when Christmas come around, Gloria feels very happy. This is an example of:
Classical conditioning
some theorists believe that ____ arises due to a tendency to fantasize coupled with subtle encouragement from therapists.
Dissociative identity disorder
Dr. Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Dr. Asgaard's views are most consistent with those of
Edward titchener
Dr. Smart found that among doinky people, 45% of their siblings were doinky, 15% of their nieces and nephews were doinky, and 5% of their first cousins were doinky. (1) what type of research method was Dr. Smart using and (2) can Dr. Smart conclude that being doinky is due to genetics?
Family studies; no, because of shared environment
Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist MOST likely say about Manny?
He will become more assertive when he can fulfill his potential
which researchers proposed a theory about how the ability to think develops in children?
Jean Piaget
which researcher felt that unconscious, emotionally-charged images were influential in personality development?
Jung
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "psychology has historically devoted too much attention to pathology, weakness, and suffering." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views of
Martin Seligman
Which researcher believed that the key to understanding how personality develops is to study people with healthy personalities?
Maslow
Dr. Smart wanted to know which brain areas would be the most active when reading a book. Which technique is most appropriate to use
PET scan
seeing and hearing things which do no exist and/or having beliefs which are completely unfounded are most characteristic of which disorder?
Schizophrenia
which researcher believed that "personality" was a collection of consistent behaviors, rather than a collection of internal traits?
Skinner
which book to clinicians use to help them diagnose what type of mental disorder a person may be suffering from?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
which researcher believed that social and/or cultural influences were very important in the development of cognitive ability?
Vygotsky
The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is
Wundt
Does it matter what kind of a stimulus you choose to be the conditioned stimulus?
Yes, stimuli are more likely to become DS when they are intense
In pavlov's "psychic reflex" demonstrations, what was the unconditioned stimulus? a. meat powder b. tone c. salivation, d. a and b
a
Which of the following questions would a physiological psychologist be most likely to ask? a. how do hormones affect behavior b. why do we like some people and not others? c. what effect does reward have on learning d. what are the stages of problem-solving?
a
so far, which of the following has research discovered about dreams? a. people dream mostly about themselves b. dreams occur much more quickly than in "real time" c. fifty percent of the population do not dream d. dreams serve no function
a
which of the following does NOT belong with the others a. cocaine b. LSD c. mescaline d. psilocybin
a
which of the following is true: a. at rest, the inside of a neuron is negatively charged in comparison to the outside of a neuron b. at rest, the inside of a neuron is positively charged in comparison to the outside of a neuron c. at rest, there are more sodium ions inside of a neuron as compared to the outside of the neuron d. the resting potential of a neuron is positively charged
a
Darnell is working on a computer system that will have full language recognition abilities. The type of psychologist that could probably give Darnell the MOST help in developing this computer system would be:
a cognitive psychologist
The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that...
a conditioned response can reappear later
Which type of psychologist would be LEAST likely to generalize from studies of animal subjects to human behavior
a humanist
our past experiences and current expectations often influence the way we perceive sensory information because they create
a perceptual set
Laura answered a series of written questions that asked about her attitudes and opinions on a number of current issues. The method of data collection that was being used in this case was
a questionnaire
Two major and unanticipated problems that occurred as a result of deinstitutionalization involve
a revolving door population of patients and the homeless mentally ill
John B Watson argues that psychologists should
abandon the study of consciousness
our brain receives a lot of information from cells all over our body. For example, nerves in our skin can detect how cold or hot an object is and then send this information to the brain. Such nerves are referred to as
afferent nerves
which drug is associated with 90% of student rapes and 95% of violent crimes on campus
alcohol
which drug, over, has the most negative effects on physical health?
alcohol
If a baby is born with a small head, heart defects, and retarded mental and motor development, the mother is MOST likely to have been an
alcoholic
How do attitudes form? Researchers say via...
all kinds of learning
one advantage of naturalistic observation is that is
allows behavior to be studies in realistic setting
Juan was very drowsy, though not quite asleep. What EEG pattern was Juan likely exhibiting?
alpha
our perception of brightness of a color is affected mainly by
amplitude
an action potential is..
an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron
John observed Gracie, an executive for a large accounting firm, behave in an aggressive and pushy manner with her subordinates. John now believes that most women executives are aggressive and pushy with their subordinates. John's overestimation of the link between women executives and the social traits of "pushy" and "aggressive" is referred to as...
an illusory correlation
a father suggests that his son's low marks in school are due to the child's laziness. The father has made...
an internal attribution
In relation to OCD, what's the difference between an obsession vs a compulsion?
an obsession is an intrusion of unwanted thoughts while a compulsion is a repetitive ritual
A researcher is measuring the heart rate of subjects an an index of anxiety. In the study, heart rate is
an operational definition of anxiety
which of the following disorders is seen primarily in affluent Western cultures?
anorexia nervosa
terror management theory suggests that self-esteem serves a terror management function by reducing
anxiety
When you explain what caused an event of someone's behavior, you are making a(n)...
attribution
For Erickson, the stage during which toilet training occurs is...
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
the term "conservation" refers to a child's....
awareness that changing the shape of something doesn't alter the amount of that something
which part of a neural cell sends signals to other neural cells
axon
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality focuses on all of the following EXCEPT: a. methods used to cope with sexual and aggressive urges b. the potential for personal growth c. the influence of childhood experiences d. unconscious motives and conflicts
b
Hanzhao said, "I don't like birds at all. They have spindly legs, are not cuddly, and could peck your eyes out. I would never buy a bird as a pet." Which statement is the cognitive component of Hanzhao's attitude towards birds? a. i don't like birds at all b. they have spindly legs, are not cuddly, and could peck your eyes out c. i would never buy a bird as a pet d. all of the above
b
Imani has been taking sleeping pills to try and get more quality sleep. However, around the 3rd day, she notices that she was not feeling refreshed after sleep. Which of the following could be true: a. Imani needs to take a higher dosage of the sleeping medication b. imani should slowly wean herself off the sleep medication because sleeping medication decreased time spent in REM and slow-wave sleep, and thus, leads to increased fatigue c. imani should seek sleep treatment as it is clear that imani has severe insomnia d. Imani needs to take her sleeping medication with some alcohol, despite that mixing the two greatly increases her chances of dying.
b
Which of the following statements about conditioning is FALSE? a. conditioning was originally thought to be a "mechanical" process where to cognition was thought to be involved b. latent learning supported the idea that internal, mental processes were not involved with conditioning c. by showing that the predictive value of the CS correlated with the strength of conditioning, Rescorla showed that cognition was involved with conditioning d. b and c
b
Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct? a. schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately b. Schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory. c. people are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas. d. schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events.
b
Which of the following would NOT characterize the way Arnett describes emerging adulthood? a. it is a self-focused time of life b. it is a time of great pessimism c. it is a period of identity formation d. it is a situation of unusual autonomy
b
diamond is having her eyes checked. The doctor has put drops in Diamond's eyes that will cause the pupils to open wide. as the drops begin to work, Diamond will MOST likely notice that: a. she will lose some of her color vision b. her vision will start to become quite blurry c. her vision will be sharp and clear d. colors will appear to be saturated
b
suppose researchers find that greater alcohol consumption is associated with poorer performance on a skills test. Which of the following correlation coefficients could possible represent that correlation. a. -4.57 b. -.47 c. +.91 d. +0
b
when we sleep late into the day and wake up much later than is usual, which of the following is true? a. we feel very alert because we are waking up during a time when Beta waves are predominant b. we feel sluggish and "out of sync" because our sleep rhythm is out of synchrony with other circadian rhythms c. we feel very alert because we have allowed out body to sleep as much as it needed d. we feel sluggish and "out of sync" because we are waking up during a time when Delta waves are predominant
b
which of the following did NOT have a significant influence on the development of Freud's theory a. knowledge gained as a result of working with patients b. the results of his experimental research c. His efforts to treat mental disorders. d. his observation of the slips of the tongue people make
b
which of the following is MOST true about sleep? a. it is a state when our entire brain is inactive b. for human sleep, there are five stages and we cycle through these cycles approximately 4-5 times per night c. elderly people sleep more than younger people d. stage 4 sleep is predominated by sleep spindles and theta waves
b
which of the following is NOT a criticism of drug therapy? a. the side effects may be worse than the illnesses they are supposed to cure b. drug therapy leads mroe people to seek psychotherapy c. drugs temporarily relieve symptoms without addressing the real problem d. many drugs are over-prescribed and many patients are over-medicated
b
which of the following is true of meditation a. research has shown that meditation is a waste of time b. research has shown that meditation is correlated with having lower stress hormones. c. research has shown that meditation is associated with increased Beta waves. d. both b and c
b
which of the following statements MOST accurately describes how visual information is transmitted to the brain? a. signals from each eye only go to the corresponding (same) hemisphere of the brain b. signals from both eyes go to both hemispheres of the brain c. signals from each eye go only to the opposite hemispheres of the brain d. signals from the fovea of each eye go to the left hemisphere, and signals from the remaining areas of the retina go to the right hemisphere.
b
which of the following statements concerning ECT is FALSE? a. memory loss may be a short-term side effect b. objective evidence has shown that ECT causes structural damage to the brain c. use of ECT peaked in the 1940s and 1950s d. ECT is used to treat major depression
b
why do researchers believe that some cognitive abilities may be innate?
because infants can do rudimentary math and they can learn properties of objects
Which of the following has been proposed as a reason puberty is occurring earlier than in previous generations?
better nutrition
Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to abnormalities in brain chemistry. Professor Vasquez's beliefs are MOST consistent with the
biological perspective
Drug therapy is classified as ____ therapy; electroconvulsive shock therapy is classified as ____ therapy.
biomedical; biomedical
Research has found that biological factors may play a role in which mental disorders?
bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia
lithium is a chemical used to treat
bipolar mood disorder
no one called for help when an innocent woman was being raped and killed, despite that over 23 people heard her screams. this is likely an example of:
bystander effect
Assumptions of stage theorists of development include all of the following EXCEPT a. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order b. progress through the stages is strongly related to age. c. progress through stages is strongly related to physical maturation d. development is marked by discontinuities that guide in dramatic changes in behavior.
c
Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: a. greater curiosity b. better peer relationships. c. higher levels of moral reasoning d. more self-reliance
c
The id can be BEST described as having which of the following statements as its motto? a. mom always liked you best b do the right thing c. if it feels good, do it d. we can work it out
c
Which of the following is not listed as a major area of research psychology a. physiological psych b. cognitive psych c. industrial/organizational psych d. social psych
c
according to a leading psychologist, the recent Abu Ghraib prison scandal in Iraq was likely due to... a. antisocial personality disorders in a handful of military prison guards b. emotional instability in a handful of military prison guards c. situational pressures which increased chances that any person in such a situation (as that of the guard's) would behave abusively d. none of these listed answers
c
the idea of multifactorial causation in drug effects suggests that... a. taking several different drugs at the same time reduces their effects. b. taking several different drugs at once increases their effectiveness c. the effects of a drug depend on the dosage and the user's personal makeup and experience d. each person will have the same physiological response to a drug, but there can be different psychological responses.
c
which of the following is NOT a major reason American minority groups tend to under-utilize mental health services: a. frustrating interactions with bureaucracies b. lack of therapists who speak their language c. belief that psychological disorders are caused by supernatural forces d. distrust of large intimidating institutions such as hospitals and community mental health centers
c
which of the following is NOT an aspect of vision associated with cones? a. high visual acuity b. daytime vision. c. peripheral vision d. color vision
c
which of the following is NOT characteristic of adolescence? a. identity versus confusion b. formal operational stage of cognitive development c. preconventional level of moral development d. growth spurt
c
according to behavior therapist, pathological behaviors
can be modified directly, though the application of established principles of conditioning
which of the following brain structures is thought to be where higher brain processes (thinking) occur
cerebrum
Persuasion involved changing an attitude while conformity involves
changing a person's behavior
the physical stimuli for the sense of taste
chemical substances that are soluble in water
The theoretical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist is that
clinical psychologists treat mental disorders; counseling psychologists treat everyday adjustment problems
we often perceive a series of dots on a printed forma s a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of
closure
where are the auditory stimuli changed into neural signal?
cochlea
John suffers from chronic anxiety. His therapist and he focus particularly on his thoughts to see if they can identify what thought processes seem to be facilitating the anxiety. This type of therapy is most consistent with the ___ perspective
cognitive
Yasmeen and her wife Carol have jobs that pay well and have three children who are now all in adolescence. For the past few months, they have found themselves increasingly restless and are considering enrolling in computer programming classes, something they have always been interested in learning. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Yasmeen and Carol are probably primarily motivated by...
cognitive needs
which of the following is a recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental and conscious events
cognitive psychology
Clients receiving ____ are taught to detect and evaluate their negative, self-defeating thoughts and statements.
cognitive therapy
what is the name Carl Jung used to identity the level of the unconscious that stores latent memory traces inherited from out ancestral past?
collective unconscous
Every Christmas, Gloria's fathers threw a fun party and gave her lots of presents. Nowadays, although her fathers have passed away, when Christmas come around, Gloria feels very happy. In this case, what has "Christmas" become?
conditioned stimulus
Chemotherapy patients often become nauseous after treatments. Over time, chemotherapy patients find fewer and fewer foods to be appetizing. This is a case of...
conditioned taste aversion
A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are similar to each other in order to protect against
confounding variables
according to Wundt, the focus of psychology was the scientific study of:
conscious behavior
The awareness of self, your thought, internal sensations, and external stimuli is defined as:
consciousness
When you attempt to recall the name of a high school classmate by imagining yourself back in English class with her, you are making use of:
context clues
Donte's friends smoke marijuana, but Donte refuses to experiment with the psychoactive drug. Smoking recreational marijuana in NC is illegal, and Donte believes each person has a moral obligation to obey society' rules. Donte's reasons for NOT experimenting with marijuana reflect:
conventional moral reasoning
According to Bandura, which factor is involved with observational learning? a. the amount of attention you paid to the model's behavior originally b. your expectation of being reinforced for the response c. the degree to which you can remember the model's behavior d. all of the above
d
Freud believed that... a. personality was composed of three basic components: id, ego, and superego b. we may have differing levels of awareness of the different components of our personality c. adult experiences were just as important for the development of personality as childhood experiences d. both a and b
d
In terms of personality development, which of the following purports that people have the freedom to be who they were meant to be... and also that people will experience anxiety if there is incongruence between their ideal self-concept and what is reality? a. psychoanalytic theory b. behavioral perspective c. individual psychology d. humanistic perspective
d
Increasing mortality salience leads people to a. work less at defending their world view b. hand out lighter penalties to moral transgressors c. respond more positively to people who criticize their country d. show more respect for cultural icons
d
Keisha is partially sleep deprived. What are the effects of partial sleep deprivation? a. impaired attention b impaired motor coordination c. impaired decision making d. all of the above
d
What do we know about circadian rhythms? a. they are controlled by several biological clocks. b. the suprachiasmatic nucleus is a biological clock c. Acetylcholine can reset the biological clock d. both a and b
d
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals? a. it is much cheaper to conduct research on animals b. in their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans c. with research on animals, there are no ethical issues with which to be concerned d. a researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject
d
according to social psychology, which of the following are INCONSISTENT with what we know about liking and/or loving? a. most people find that physical attractiveness is of no importance when they have been married for awhile b. opposites attract c. we like people who like us d. both a and b
d
if you want to change someone's attitude, it's a good idea to know what factors could cause a change in attitude. which of the following are important factors for persuasion? a. characteristics of the person giving the message for an attitude change b. whether or not the message gives logical points for an attitude change c. whether or not the person has been warned that there will be an attempt to change his/her attitude d. all of the above
d
which of the following has been suggested (by a researcher) as a possible function of dreams? a. they serve to gratify wishes b. it is a by-product of subcortical brain activity c. the allow us to engage in creative ways to solve problems d. all of the above
d
which of the following is a function of glia: a. they remove neurons' waste products b. some of them provide myelin sheaths for neurons c. they supply nourishment to neurons d. all of the above
d
which of the following is a myth of hypnosis: a. it is mostly compliance b. hypnotized people do not remember what happened during the session c. it's a matter of willful faking d. all of the above
d
which of the following is a symptom of insomnia? a. difficulty falling asleep b. difficulty remaining asleep c. persistent early-morning awakenings d. all of the listed answers
d
which of the following is an attitude? a. "i have three cars" b. "i now nothing about physics" c. "i've gone to the mountains three times" d. "i believe in the death penalty"
d
which of the following is true about the plasticity of the brain: a. the brain, with limits, can reorganize itself after damage, etc b. birth of neurons occurs only during infancy c. experience can modify parts of the brain d. both a and c
d
which of the following is true of hypnosis? a. hypnosis can enable people to "relive" the past. b. when people are hypnotized, their EEGs resemble the state of sleep c. hypnotized people do not remember what happened during the session d. people vary in how hypnotizable they are
d
which of the following statements about myelin is NOT true: a. the myelin sheath affects the speed of neural transmission b. the myelin sheath is a factor in multiple sclerosis. c. myelin sometimes prevents axons from sprouting new directions d. all axons have a myelin sheath
d
which of the following statements regarding sleepwalking is MOST accurate? a. sleepwalking is generally a manifestation of underlying psychological problems b. it is unsafe to awaken a sleepwalker c. sleepwalking typically occurs while the person is dreaming d. there appears to be a genetic predisposition to sleepwalking
d
the transferring of treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities is referred to as
deinstitutionalization
Nadia believed that she was the Queen of England and that her enemies were plotting to dethrone her. Nadia is exhibiting...
delusions
a researcher is investigating the effects of caffeine consumption on student writing performance. Because the researcher will evaluate both the speed of assignment completion and the number of grammatical errors, her study includes more than one
dependent variable
According to research, how important is "romantic love" for marriage?
depends on the culture
The greatest contribution of humanistic psychologists is their
development of psychological treatments
in dim light, the pupil of the eye is...
dilated, producing an image that is not as sharp
Harold sits all day alone on a park bench, babbling incoherently and giggling to himself. Harold would MOST likely be diagnosed as having
disorganized schizophrenia
Frank cannot seem to remember anything from when he was 11 to 12 years old. What disorder might Frank be suffering from?
dissociative amnesia
At this time, one of the major neurotransmitters that has been linked to schizophrenia is
dopamine
which neurotransmitter seems to be involved with drug addiction?
dopamine
according to beck, which types of thought processes tend to produce depression?
drawing negative conclusions about one's personal worth based on insignificant events
Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes
dual-coding theory
Elizabeth is interested in the best way to study achievement among middle-school children, and she is also interested in the factors that underlie students' motivation. Elizabeth would MOST likely describe her research interests as
educational psychology
A child sees his mother crying and brings her his own favorite teddy bear to comfort her. This child is demonstrating...
egocentrism
David asked his moms to get him apples at the grocery store. As not to forget the apples for their son, Carol focused her attention on how apples are her favorite fruit, while Sheri imagined a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart. Carol was using _____ and Sheri ____
elaboration; visual imagery
Shantel is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Shantel is using
ellaboration
Most women miscarry during this time. It is such a vulnerable period of development that if anything interferes with proper development, terrible birth defects could occur. What developmental stage is this?
embryonic stage
Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective
encoding
Conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships are only possible when the ____ method is used.
experimental
David and alexandra both take part in a research study that is investigating the effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time. David is kept awake for 24 hours straight while alexandra follows her normal sleep routine. In this study, david is part of the
experimental group
frequently, companies use professionals such as doctors and dentists to recommend products in advertisements since professionals are MOST likely to be perceived as having...
expertise
An experimenter tests the hypothesis that physical exercise improves mood. Subjects in both the experimental and control groups participate on mondays tuesday and wednesdays. This this experiment, day so the week are...
extraneous variables
which researcher believed that personality was passed down through genes?
eysenck
in which form of therapy are individuals MOST clearly viewed as part of an ecosystem that affects their behavior?
family therapy
Diamond is excited by the fact that she has begun to feel her baby kicking and moving in her uterus. If Diamond can feel her baby moving, her pregnancy must be in the...
fetal stage
research suggests that compared with super-tasters, non-tasters tend to have
fewer taste buds
Isabella is an active sleep-walker. When is she likely to sleep-walk?
first 3 hours of sleep when slow-wave sleep is predominate
Assem's parents wanted him to improve his grades. Every time Assem reads three books, his parents give him 50$. This schedule of reinforcement is called...
fixed-ratio schedule
the theory of hearing that views the basilar membrane as being like a drumhead
frequency theory
Imagine two scientists from another planet visit Earth and attempt to study our computers. In his studies Poz focuses on how the computer is used for conducting business, accessing research, communicating with others, and playing games, while Zog concentrates on the construction of the hard drive, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Poz's approach is most similar to ____ while Zog's is most similar to ____.
functionalism; structuralism
If Professor Martinez-Villanueva were to argue that incoming pain sensations must pass through an opening in the spinal cord and that this opening could be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals, which theory would Dr. Martinez-Villavueva be arguing?
gate-control theory
Janice worries about everything--how well she's doing in school, whether or not her boyfriend still loves her, whether or not her friends still care. She worries so much that she is in a bad mood almost all the time. She may be diagnosed with...
generalized anxiety disorder
why do people have anxiety disorders?
genetics, maladaptive learning, and stress
If you are trying to persuade others to your point of view on AIDS research, you would be wise to...
give a two-sided argument, arouse fear, and offer a solution
the Yokos were a group of aliens who lived in a patriarchal society. When it came time to vote whether or not females should have the same rights as male yokos, one of the male yokos brought up how his wife was very intelligent and seemed as worthy as he was. the group of male yokos laughed at him and said that he had had too much to drink that night. At the end of the night, there was a unanimous vote to not let female yokos have the same rights. this is an example of...
groupthink
the sense associated with the perception of taste is the
gustatory system
compared to traditional antipsychotic drugs, atypical antipsychotics
have less risk for tardive dyskinesia
Rafram is deprived of REM sleep. What is most likely to happen to him?
he will enter REM more often
eating food made cave people very happy. Eventually, just the sight of food made cave people happy. Cave people then discovered that if they had money, the vendor showed them food. Eventually, money itself began to make cave people happy. This is an example of....
higher-order conditioning
which part of the brain contains the pons and the medulla, structures which are vital for life
hindbrain
which brain structure is involved with learning and memory?
hippocampus
social psychology is the study of
how people influence one another
John is suffering from chronic anxiety. His therapist is helping him to feel accepted for who he is so that John can feel more secure in exploring who he was meant to be. The assumption here is that John's anxiety may be stemming from the face that he is not living the way he likely wants to live. This type of therapy is most consistent with the ___ perspective
humanistic
according to rogers, who supports the ___ perspective, personal distress occurs when
humanistic; there is incongruence between a person's self concept and reality
In relation to Bipolar disorder, the manic phase is characterized by...
increased energy and uneasiness
if we view an experiment as an attempt to establish a cause-effect relationship, the ____ variable would be the cause and the ___ variable would be the effect.
independent;dependent
putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes is referred to as...
individualism
stage theories of development assume that
individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage.
As a result of a breakdown in communication, moral is low among employees in a local factory. A(n) _____ would be the MOST likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale
industrial/organizational psychologist
The challenge of learning to function in society and beyond the family marks Erikson's childhood stage of
industry vs inferiority
Vicki is seeing a therapist in an attempt to work through the troubles in her relationship with her father. During her meetings with her therapist, the two of them often engage in lengthy verbal interactions, and her therapist tries to help Vicki work through a variety of potential solutions for the problems she is facing. In this case, her therapist's approach to treatment would most likely be classified as
insight therapy
for the past week, Ahmed has had difficulty falling asleep at night. even though he goes to bed at his usual time, he lays awake for several hours before he finally drifts off to sleep. It appears that ahmed is experiencing
insomnia
Darnell trained raccoons that would deposit single tokens into a slot but the raccoons could not seem to learn to deposit two tokens into a slot. Instead, the raccoons would rub the two coins together as they would normally do to clean food they had picked up
instinctive drift towards food-washing behavior
the structure that controls the size of the pupil is the
iris
publication of research findings is extremely important to the scientific method because
it allows for critique and self-correction
a researcher plans to study the relationship between people's smoking behavior and their tendency to have minor physical illnesses (such as colds or the flu). Most likely, he will use correlational research for the study because
it is not practical or ethical to manipulate smoking behavior
the pituitary gland has often been called the "master gland," but this is a misnomer because
its controlled by the hypothalamus
sampling bias is a problem because it
limits the generality of the findings
Iman was painting a picture of a jet on a runway; however, in her painting, the sides of the runway are parallel to each other. Iman's picture will seem to lack depth because she has failed to make use of the monocular depth cue of
linear perspective
Cary has had intense feelings of sadness for the past several weeks. She has very little energy and has stopped going out with her friends. She has lost her appetite and rarely cooks. Carly feels her situation is hopeless and that she only has herself to blame. MOST likely, Carly has...
major depressive disorder
if a psychological disorder results in an individual having difficulty completing routine or necessary everyday activities, the individual's behavior would MOST likely be considered
maladaptive
A relearning measure requires subjects to
memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved
Yochanan is 80 years old, and he spends several hours per day reading, writing, and playing board games. Yochanan's activities reduce his risk of age-related decline in
memory
Animal studies show that manipulations that suppress neurogenesis lead to
memory impairments on many types of learning tasks
norepinephrine is a type of
monoamine
an experimenter tests the hypothesis that physical exercise improves mood. Subjects in the experimental group participate on mondays and tuesdays and those in the control group on wednesdays and thursdays. What is the dependent variable?
mood
which drug are you most likely to build up tolerance quickly to and become physically dependent on?
narcotics and sedatives
The nervous system is made up of which major type of cell
neurons and glia
Five personality traits have been found to be fairly universal. Which trait is thought to reflect people who have negative mood, hostility, and a greater level of insecurity?
neuroticism
chemicals which serve as signals from one neural cell to another neural cell are
neurotransmitters
Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings,. Based on the results of studies on divided attention, should Kwan answer the phone?
no, multitasking is bad
The different between conformity and obedience is...
obedience involved change in behavior due to a direct commands
after watching his father was his car, five-year old Carlos washes his bike, this is an example of...
observational learning
which sensory system is the only one which does not involve the thalamus before projecting to the primary cortex
olfactory system
Asch found that group size made little difference on conformity when
one accomplice failed to go along with the rest of the group
according to Carl Rogers, what sort of environment is most conducive for developing a healthy personality?
one of unconditional love
According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been _____ because researchers have not controlled for ___ by participants.
overestimated; covert chunking
Charlie had brief attacks of overwhelming anxiety in which his heart pounded and he couldn't control his breathing. He never knows when the next attack is going to occur. In this case, Charlie's symptoms are MOST consistent with...
panic disorder
stimulation of sensory receptors of the skin is processed in the
parietal lobes
whenever Scott sees John, he can feel his heart start to pound with excitement. Even though Scott and John have only dated a handful of times, Scott often becomes jealous when John talks to other men. He also finds he can't get John out of his mind when they are apart. Scott is experiencing
passionate love
An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits is known as
personality
psychology's intellectual parents:
philosophy and physiology
As a part of a memory test, Yosra was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, she recalled these words as log, whale, and late. Yosra's errors in recall suggest that she encoded the original word list
phonemically
According to Maslow's theory of self-actualization, which need is the strongest motivator?
physiological needs
most human characteristics involve many different influences. For example, there are likely several--not one-- gene which influences how aggressive people are. Such traits are referred to as
polygenic traits
The FDA found that people who used a particular diet drug combination had more heart valve defects than people who had not taken the diet drug combination. This suggests that the use of the diet drug combination and heart valve defects are
positive correlation
George likes to eat bugs (e.g., crickets). Does he have a mental disorder?
possibly
suggesting that a poor man who stole food to feed his family was right because human life takes precedence over rules, is an example of
postconventional moral reasoning
a signal which is created when a neurotransmitter reacher another neuron
postsynaptic potential
Food is an examples of ____; praise in an example of ____.
primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
Jennifer is unfaithful to her husband, yet she suspects her (faithful) husband of infidelity. What is this an example of?
projection
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called
psychoanalysis
John suffers from chronic anxiety. His therapist is helping John to analyze his dreams and to review parts of his childhood to try and identify where his chronic anxiety may be coming from. This type of therapy is most consistent with the ____ perspective.
psychodynamic
which area of research in psychology is concerned with assessing individual differences, developing tests, and developing new statistical techniques
psychometrics
the perception of timbre corresponds to a sound wave's
purity
Jon is particularly hostile against gay men, yet he himself struggles with gay tendencies. His excessive hostility towards gay men in this context is an example of...
reaction formation
Finding ways to meet primal urges and still take into account the conditions of the external, social world defines the ____, the basic operating theme of the ____.
reality principle; ego
the fact that we tend to like people who like us illustrates which of the following principles involved in interpersonal attraction?
reciprocity
"Something which is likely to increase the behavior" defines..
reinforcement
when information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means that
related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories
in systematic desensitization, a new ___ response is substituted for the old ___ response
relaxation; fear
Negative reinforcement involves...
removal of an unpleasant stimulus
Dr. Critell is studying aggression in children and plans to define aggression as the number of times one child pushes or strikes another child. Defining aggression this way would
represent an operational definition
Riley was abused as a child by his parents but has no recollection of the events and as an adult, struggles forming relationships. What is this an example of?
repression
The basic premise of evolutionary psychology is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance organisms' success in
reproduction
in evolutionary theory, fitness refers to...
reproductive success
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which
responses come to be controlled by their consequences
which part of the eye contains neurons?
retina
_____ occurs when the new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
retroactive interference
Houssem is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a blow to his head, resulting in loss of memory for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of:
retrograde amnesia
which type of receptor is slower, but better at adapting to the dark
rod
Juwan was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description, he mentioned that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed. Juwan's error in recall illustrates:
schemas
Gil has a psychological disorder, and his doctor has prescribed an antipsychotic drug to reduce the severity of Gil's symptoms. In this case, Gil's therapist is MOST likely treating him for
schizophrenia
Jennifer's doctor has recently prescribed a drug that alters the activity in dopamine synapses. Her doctor is MOST likely treating Jennifer for symptoms of
schizophrenia
genetic factors appear to play a role in which mental disorders?
schizophrenia, bipolar, and anxiety disorders
When Michael and his friends went out clubbing, they went to one club where entrance was easy; there was no line and they immediately went inside. After awhile, they left and went to another club. the second club had a line waiting outside; they ended up waiting an hour before they went in. The next day, which club do you think they enjoyed more?`
second one
which two types of memories are both considered to be division of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?
semantic encoding
When Lupe's mother hides her favorite doll under a blanket, Lupe acts as if it no longer exists and makes no attempt to look for it. Based on this information, you can infer that Lupe is in Piaget's,
sensorimotor peiod
Abnormalities in neural circuits that use ___ have recently been implicated in panic and OCD
serotonin
Learning to ride a bike is most likely acquired via the process of...
shaping
at first glance, research on the heritability of personality shows that ___ appears to have a surprisingly small impact on personality
shared family environment
When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.
short-term
interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering material is
similar to the material to be remembered
Sofía's wife cannot sleep through the night. She claims that her wife seems to stop breathing in her sleep and thens suddenly jerks awake, gasping for breath. This not only disturbs Sofía's sleep, it also awakens her. IT is likely that sofía's wife has
sleep apnea
the pathway for pain that results in the experience of pain being less localized and longer lasting
slow pathway
suppose a researcher discovered a +.87 correlation between the length of a person's toe and the number of shoes the person owns. in general people who own the fewest number of shoes would have
small toes
a form of behavior therapy that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal and shaping and is designed to improve interpersonal skills is
social skills training
Yoram witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, when Yoram is interviewed by police a week later, he said that the car had been "weaving all over the road." The reason Yoram's memory was faulty was due to....
source-monitoring error.
Given the same overall frequency of reinforcement on a fixed and a variable schedule of reinforcement, you should predict that the variable reinforcement schedule will tend to produce...
steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction
when you form an impression of someone, which factor influences how you perceive this person?
stereotypes, attractiveness, in group
sensation is to ___ as perception is to ___
stimulation of visual receptors; recognizing an object as a flower
Continuing to pair a specific CS and UCS, but periodically presenting stimuli similar to the CS and not pairing them with the UCS should result in...
stimulus discrimination
Farkhunda tried sushi for the first time and became terribly sick. Nowadays, Farkhunda feels queasy anytime she sees anything which looks similar to "sushi." This is an example of:
stimulus generalization
While watching an exquisite sunset, you stop and analyze your sensations, thoughts, and feelings. You would be performing introspection as the _________ once did
structuralists
food generally tastes bland when you have a sever head cold because
taste is influenced by smell too
one way of dividing the brain is to divide the brain into lobes. Which lobe is involved with processing auditory information and where is this lobe located?
temporal lobe; near the temples
which brain structure does all sensory information (accept smell) go through?
thalamus
In order to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response, you would present
the CS several times
one of the disadvantages of the experimental method is
the artificial, contrived experiments
the nerves that control involuntary processes such as the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, are part of
the autonomic nervous system
Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors, rather than internal states in her study. Bernard's views are MOST similar to those found in
the behavioral perspective
an experimenter tests the hypothesis that physical exercise improves mood. Subjects in the experimental group participate on mondays and tuesdays and the control group on wednesdays and thursdays. Which is the confounding variable?
the day of the week
when we are stressed, the hypothalamus sends a signals to the pituitary which the sends a signal to the adrenal glands, which ultimately secrete hormones that affect many different parts of the body. This is an example of how the nervous system interacts with...
the endocrine system
manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes i a second variable defines
the experimental approach
The profound anterograde amnesia that H.M. experienced after undergoing surgery to control his epilepsy suggests that
the hippocampus complex plays a key role in the consolidation of long-term memories
What's the difference between the learned helplessness model and the hopelessness theory?
the hopelessness theory extends the learned helplessness theory by suggesting that several factors are involved with the development of depression
Researchrs who are studying plant growth raised plants in two separate rooms. One room had taped conversations playing 24 hours a day; the other room was silent. The researchers found that the plants grow better in the room that had the conversations playing. In this study, the type of room would be
the independent variable
Yoram witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, when Yoram is interviewed by police a week later, he said that the car had been "weaving all over the road." Yoram's faulty recall illustrates:
the misinformation effect
A concordance rate indicates
the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder
As Lamar was walking out the door of his apartment, he quickly ran through a mental list of all the things he was supposed to take with him. He went through the complete list of items four and five times, just to make sure he hadn't forgotten anything. Based on Baddeley's model of working memory, Lamar was utilizing...
the phonological loop
which perspective of personality development is criticized for being too vague to be adequately tested scientifically?
the psychodynamic and humanistic perspective
psychoanalysis is a therapy that emphasizes
the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses
in explaining behavior, social learning theorist Walter Mischel is MOST interested in the influence of...
the situation
Dr. Kalmagura plans on introducing a new exam procedure in his chemistry classes. To check the effectiveness of the new procedure, he is going to have half his studetns try the new technique for one semester while the remaining students review in the wa ythey have done in the past. He asks each student to decide which of the techniques they would like to use, the new technique or the standard technique. In this example, Dr. Kalmagura's prodecure illustrates
the use of non-random assignment
José and Thomas have been an empty-nest couple since their youngest son left for college last year. Now that all their children have left, it is likely that Jose and Thomas will find...
their marital satisfaction will increase
Dr. Marqueta believes that "misery loves company." based on this belief, Dr. marqueta predicts that people who have received bad news will seek out other people. Dr. Marqueta's belief is an example of a _____, and her prediction is an example of a ____
theory;hypothesis
Aymen and his twin sister Iman turned 11 a few months ago. Both Aymen and Iman have begun to go through the early signs of puberty. In this case, it is MOST likely that
they are both at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because they are maturing early
naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common that
they do not manipulate the variables under study
The basic principles of gradual acquisition, extinction, stimulus generalization and discrimination apply...
to CC and OC
Research suggests that parents who spank their children usually administer spanking
to trivial offenses
if you were starving and started to see the people around you as food, this would support the idea that visual information is processed _______
top-down processing
Tasha has been in psychotherapy for just over a year. Lately, she has started to express a strong sexual desire for her therapist. Unconsciously, she is acting toward him the way she wishes she could act toward her own husband. According to Freud, Tasha's behavior may be a sign of
transference
James and Christopher are planning their destination honeymoon. When crossing time zones, which direction of traveling gives people the worst jet leg?
traveling from west to east
in explaining color vision, contemporary researchers claim that at the level of the cones, color vision occurs via a(n) ______ process, but in the thalamus and visual cortex, the process is a(n) _____ one.
trichromatic; opponent-process
Dr. Wedge is asking her newest client questions about his life history. She is particularly interested in any recent stressful events that the client may have experienced. Dr. Wedge is currently
trying to understand the etiology of her client's current illness
Evidence suggests that depression occurs
two times as much in women
according to research in bias in attribution, you are likely to attribute your own failing grade on a test to ____; your roommate, however, is more likely to attribute your failing grade to ______
un unfair test; your poor study habits
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the
unconditioned stimulus
Ana is 55 years old. When she was 7 years old, she saw her grandfather fall down the stairs after he had a stroke. At the time, she visited him in the hospital every day for the 6 months it took him to recover, Today, Ana has no memory of her grandfather, his stroke, or her visits to him in the hospital. According to Freud, Ana may be:
using repression
IQ score, age, weight, grade point average, and income are all examples of
variables
The fact that children in different cultures _____ in the age at which basic motor skills appear demonstrates that ____
vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accentuate early motor development
While at a yard sale, you and your roommate find a great old sofa. As you are trying to decide if it will fit in your dorm room if you rearrange the beds, dressers, and desks, you would be using the ____ component of working memory.
visuospatial sketchpad
Harlow's research with monkeys raised with two types of artificial mothers found that when frightened, infant monkeys went to the artificial mother that
was made of cloth
The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that punishment _____ behavior, while negative reinforcement ____
weakens; strengthens
the trend towards deinstitutionalization mainly came about because large mental institutions:
were actually worsening the condition of many patients
Diagnosis is to etiology as...
what is to why
How does the brain change during adolescence?
white matter increases
Is how you bonded with your primary caretaker during infancy correlated with the quality of your romantic relationships in adulthood?
yes