Combo with chapter 22 and 8 others

rift

A break in friendly relations

Joint-stock company

A business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits

Carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Visible saints

A religious belief developed by John Calvin held that a certain number of people were predestined to go to heaven by God. Only these figures could obtain a membership in the puritan church.

Francis Drake

A seadog (English pirate) who circumnavigated globe and plundered Spanish ships

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Church of England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife. This church became the protestant church.

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Navigation Laws

In the 1660's England restricted the colonies; They couldn't trade with other countries. The colonies were only allowed to trade with England.

15th Amendment

Ratified 1870. One of the "Reconstruction Amendments". Provided that no government in the United States shall prevent a citizen from voting based on the citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Bacon's Rebellion

Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon. Though the rebellion was crushed, it caused a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes.

Royal Charter

Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens

"Seward's Folly"

Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

Great Migration

Settlement of over twenty thousand Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other parts of New England between 1630 and 1642.

Chesapeake

Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements

William Bradford

a governor of the Plymouth Colony that helped write the Mayflower Compact and set up various programs such as fishing, trade, agricultural industries, etc. and maintained peaceful relationships with the Native Americans, so that the colony could develop

itinerant

a laborer who works for a short time in various places

Jeremiad

a sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance

Conversion

a spiritual enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life

Middle passage

a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

James Oglethorpe

founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman , philanthropist. Started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his intrest in prison reform. Almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat.

Dutchification

the traits and culture of the Dutch being imprinted into the young minds of the English Separatists

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.

Salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing navigation laws in its colonies

Lord De La War

An Englishman who came to America in 1610. He brought the Indians in the Jamestown area a declaration of war from the Virginia Company. This began the four year Anglo-Powhatan War. He brought in "Irish tactics" to use in battle with the Indians.

Yeoman

An owner and cultivator of a small farm.

The Kings and Queens of England through the Revolution

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14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman, John Smith, paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to Kansas

Metacom

Also known as King Phillip, he was chief of the Wampanoag Indians and tried to drive the English settlers off of his land. However his attempt failed and the native american population depleted further.

Witch hunting

An investigation carried on with much publicity, supposedly to uncover dangerous activity but actually intended to weaken the political opposition.

The "elect"

Calvin's term for those destined for salvation, regardless of what actions they may commit during their mortal life on earth.

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain

William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia, who exempted himself and his councilors from taxation and restricted the vote to only property owners, which led to Bacon's Rebellion

Lord Baltimore

He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

Separatists

Those who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England as opposed to most Puritans who believed it was possible to reform the church; the Pilgrims were Separatists.

Massasoit

Wampanoag chieftain who befriended English colonists

General Court

a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's

Proprietor

a person who was granted charters of ownership by the king: such colonies were Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware.

Iroquois Confederacy

a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida

John Cotton

a puritan who was a fiery early clergy educated at Cambridge University, emigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution by the church of England. He defended the government's duty to enforce religious rules. He preached and prayed up to six hours in a single day.

Handsome Lake

believed that if the Iroquois did not mend their immoral ways then they would die out. He worked to revive old Iroquois customs and affirm family values, as well as forsake alcohol. He died in 1815, but his teachings live on in the form of the longhouse religion.

Peter Stuyvesant

governor of the Dutch colony of New Netherland

Pilgrims

group of english protestant dissenters who established plymouth colony in massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the netherlands.

Leisler's Rebellion

hostility between landholders and merchants leads to revolt in New York City

John Winthrop

immigrated to the Mass. Bay Colony in the 1630's to become the first governor and to led a religious experiment. He once said, "we shall be a city on a hill."

Antinomianism

it claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and the truly saved need not obey the laws of God or man

Nathaniel Bacon

leader of the rebellion against Gov. Berkeley; Bacon's Rebellion was mainly supported by young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land

Headright system

parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

dissident

person who disagrees about beliefs, A person opposed to established ideas or beliefs, especially in politics or religion

"Swing around the circle"

refers to a disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson August 27 - September 15, 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming [[United of increasing opposition in the northern states and in Washington to his lenient form of reconstruction in the south, which had led the southern states largely to revert to the social system that had predominated before the Civil War.

denounce

speak out against,

advocacy

support of an idea or cause

Spanish Armada

the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Predestination

the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved

Force Acts

the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.

renounce

to give up or resign something

William Penn

wanted to live in peace with the Indians, so rather than stealing their land, he offered to pay a fair. He was the founder of Pennsylvania, a haven for Quakers and others persecuted based on their faith.

Fundamental Orders

written by the settlers in the conneticut river valley, the first modern constution and established a democratically based government.

Powhatan

Indian cheif who led a mock execution of Captain John Smith, father of Pocahontas.

Mayflower compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves.

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607: founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies: confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights.

Anne Hutchinson

A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law and those who were truly saved need not follow the laws of god nor man.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Oliver Cromwell

Englishman; led the army to overthrow King Charles I and was successful in 1646. He ruled England in an almost democratic style until his death. His uprising drew English attention away from Jamestown and the other American colonies.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Oliver O. Howard

Head of the Freedmen's Bureau which was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency for free blacks. Later founded and served as President of Howard University in Washington D.C.

Civil Rights Act

In 1866 the Civil Rights Act was created to grant citizenship to blacks and it was an attempt to prohibit the black codes. It also prohibited racial discrimination on jury selection. The Civil Rights Act was not really enforced and was really just a political move used to attract more votes. It led to the creation and passing of the 14th amendment.

Glorious Revolution

In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.

Walter Raleigh

Inspired by half brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert, he gathered a group of settlers who landed on Roanoke Island in 1585, they vanished later on.

Slavery

Introduced to the Americas after Bacon's rebellion. The plantation owners were looking for a cheap workforce that wouldn't rebel against authority

Reconstruction Act

It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be re-admitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.

Massachusetts Bay Company

Joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans. Led by John Winthrop who taught that the new colony should be a model Christian society. Included a governor and a representative assembly

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Quakers

Members of the Religious Society of Friends. They believe in equality of all peoples and resist the military. They also believe that the religious authority is the decision of the individual (no outside influence.) Settled in Pennsylvania.

Sharecropping

Mostly Freedmen who had no tools or supplies, and worked, farmed, and lived on someone else's land. Borrowed what they needed on credit from the owner, it was a bad because the farmer always owed more money than they made on the farm, leaving them stuck in this system.

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

Freedman's Bureau

The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

Pequot War

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Dominion of New England

The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Imposed by London to enforce English Navigation Laws. Ended in 1692, after the glorious revolution in England and when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

First and Second Anglo-Powhatan War

The first conflict between De La Warr and the Powhatan Confederacy, ended in a peace settlement that included the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. The Second was initiated by the Natives. The peace treaty banished the Confederacy from their Chesapeake lands and separated them permanently from white settlements.

Jamestown

The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

Black Codes

To keep African-Americans from their inalienable rights. They deprived blacks of life, liberty or property without due process of law. In 1866, a small group of leaders in the Radical Republican Party got Congress to pass a Civil Rights Act which eliminated it.

10 Percent Plan

this plan proposed by Lincoln decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of voters (as counted in the presidential election of 1860) had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. It was blocked because Congress thought it was not sufficient.

Ku Klux Klan

a secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep african americans from obtaining their civil rights, founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American

Half-way covenant

applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Moderate/Radical Republicans

moderate group tended to agree with lincoln that the seceded states would be restored to the union as simply and swiftly as reasonable. the radical group believed that the south should atone more painfully for its sins

john Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society. Reformer whose religious ideas inspired English Puritans, Scotch Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and Dutch Reformed

Tenure of Office Act

required the president to secure consent of the Senate before removing appointees once they had been approved

William and Mary

rulers of Great Britain who replaced King James II as a result of the Glorious Revolution.

Barbados Slave codes

slave code of 1661 that denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.

Mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrims sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620

Indentured servitude

the system of temporary servitude, where young men and women bound themselves to masters for fixed terms of servitude (four to five years), in exchange for passage to America, food and shelter. This method of labor was one of the largest elements of colonial population in America. Used mostly in the southern colonies, came to an end after Bacon's rebellion.