Combo with "Combo with "Developmental Psych Test 2.9" and 9 others" and 4 others
Sidney is expecting her first child. She has just recently begun to feel kicking movements. Sidney is most likely in the ________ month of her pregnancy.
4th
How many Americans over the age of 65 have Alzheimer disease?
4½ million
The body mass index (BMI) is the lowest of the life span at age:
5
interesting sights last
5 mo old Pat learned to play patty-cake when her sister claps her hands and smiles
what biological and socioeconomic factors influence an adolescents drive to purse a college education? How does this affect occupational attainment?
1. Being Poor 2. IQ level 3. Attention level 4. Motivation 5. Social Norms and Values
a retrospective study of gay men demonstrated that, on average , they first became aware of their sexual interests at age_____ and told people at age _____.
11; 17
On average, names for significant caregivers, siblings, and sometimes pets are learned between ______ months.
12 and 18
Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility?
12 months
On average, children begin saying recognizable words at about:
12 months of age
On average, children begin saying recognizable words at about:
12 months of age.
A typical child at 24 months weighs about:
30 pounds
a typical at 24 months weighs about
30 pounds
Approximately what percentage of infertility problems originate with men?
33 percent
Full-term pregnancies typically last:
38 weeks from the date of conception
If Max responds that "Heinz shouldn't steal because stealing is against the law,' he is exemplifying which Kohlberg stage?
4
The emotion of anger usually appears at the age of:
4-8 months.
Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about ______ pounds and grow about ______ inches per year.
4.5 ; 3
The average 6 year old from a developed nation weighs between:
40-50 pounds
The average 6-year-old from a developed nation weighs between:
40-50 pounds.
Define pragmatics.
Rules governing the appropriate use of language in different contexts.
Define Semantics.
Rules governing the meaning of words and sentences.
Define Phonology.
Rules governing the sound system of language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined.
Define Morphology.
Rules governing the units of meaning involved in word formation
Define Syntax.
Rules governing the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
social referencing
a girl watching her mother greet a friend, the firl then smiles because her mother is happy.
social learning
a theory that suggests we learn social behaviors by watching and imitating others ___Shyness may be inborn, but parents who model social interaction will help a withdrawn child become more outgoing.
"My computer doesn't like me—it keeps eating my pictures," says Sarah. This is an example of _______.
animism
Any superstitious behavior such as the belief that a black cat can bring bad luck is called:
animism
Rubella is:
another name for German measles
The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as...
anterograde amnesia.
Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)...
auditory code in long-term memory.
When parents expect unquestioning obedience from their children, their parenting pattern is:
authoritarian.
Identify the parenting style(s) high on warmth:
authoritative and permissive.
Parents who set limits, enforce rules, and listen receptively to their children are exhibiting the:
authoritative pattern of parenting
Maternal contraction of rubella (German measles) can lead to all of the following EXCEPT:
autism.
One of the major differences in brain development that distinguishes middle childhood is the development of:
automatization
extensive neural myelination allows:
automatization to improve
According to Jean Piaget, this is the second stage of moral development. Children become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
autonomous morality
Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of...
auditory coding in LTM.
In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was...
auditory from a female speaker
Children's "increasing ability to regulate themselves, to take responsibility, and to exercise self-control" all contribute to their sense of:
autonomy
Erikson's second stage of development is called:
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
The second "crisis of life," according to Erikson, is:
autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
Which of the following chatcteristics must be present before an infant can experince pride shame guilt
awareness of the people
Greti's little girl is deaf and, therefore, we would expect that she would:
babble manually at about the same time normal children babble.
Infants' repetition of certain syllables at the age of about 6 or 7 months is called:
babbling
The infant's repettion of syllables such as ba ba is called
babbling
infant's repetition of certain syllables at the age of 6 or 7 month is called:
babbling.
Assume that an abusvie caregiver shakes an infant to get her to stop crying. The infant stops crying because of which of the following mechanism
blood vessels in her brain rupture and neural connections break
Your text describes two experiments that measured people's memory for what they were doing when they heard about the terrorist attack on 9/11. Results of these experiments show that participants...
both believed their memories for the attack were accurate over a 52-week period and displayed memory for the flashbulb event that declined with time.
Emotional regulation develops due to:
both brain changes and learning.
The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with...
both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.
A recessive gene can only assert itself when:
both genes in a pair are recessive.
which of the following occurrences is a characteristic of situational couple violence?
both partners arguing
Child psychologists agree that drugs are:
both underused and overused with treating children with ADHD.
compared to 20-year-olds, 35-year-olds are less likely to:
bounce back quickly after a physiologically stressful activity.
the neural tube will become the:
brain and spinal cord.
analytic thinking requires a certain level of:
brain capacity, intellectual maturity, and motivation
experience dependent
brain functions that rely on specific experiences to develop
Many preschoolers have trouble dressing themselves, writing or stringing small beads. This can be explained by a lack of:
brain maturation and having short, stubby fingers
dendrites
brain weight triples in the first two years of life primarily because of this growth...
A typical activity of the oral stage is:
breast feeding
breast-fed vs. bottle-fed
breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomachaches
A breech baby is:
buttocks first going into the cervix when labor begins.
Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created...
by the person whose memory will be tested.
in developed nations, which of the following is/are most likely to be lacking in a child's diet?
calcium, iron, and zinc
Linda's baby is about to be born. The baby's head is at the top of the uterus, and the baby's lower extremities are on the cervix. This situation is:
called a breech position.
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.
calm
When capable of concrete operational thought, children:
can apply their reasoning to real situations
In their learning and problem-solving abilities, school-age children differ from preschoolers in that they:
can evaluate their own progress
the age of viability refers to the point when the preterm newborn:
can survive outside the uterus.
the leading cause of death for men and women is:
cardiovascular disease
The first organ system that shows any sign of activity is the:
cardiovascular system
the first organ system that shows any sign of activity is the:
cardiovascular system
family day care center
caregiver looks after a small group of young children in her home
Jeff's genome contains a recessive genes for cystic fibrosis. Jeff is said to be a ___ of the gene for cystic fibrosis.
carrier
Gisella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Gisella has:
cataracts
people who live to see their 100th birthday are referred to as:
centenarians
To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all others is called:
centration
having a developmental perspective on any special problem that a child might have makes it clear that the symptoms of the problem:
change as the child grows older.
What is the name of the thick, high-calorie fluid which is secreted by a new mother's breasts for a few days following birth?
colostrum
A child is shown two identical tall containers, half-filled with water. The contents of one container are then poured into a short, wide container. If the child states that both containers still have the same amount, that phenomenon would be called:
conservation
compared with younger children, when thinking about historical or other serious problems adolescents tend to:
consider more possibilities.
the common middle -school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes has the effect of:
creating a developmental mismatch.
thoughts; vaules
According to cognitive theory, ____ and ____ determine a person's perspective.
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear?
Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
This French obstetrician developed the prepared childbirth method.
Ferdinand Lamaze
Which of the following best summarizes the research conducted by Baillargeon and others regarding object permanence?
Her research indicates that children have a sense of object permanence much earlier than Piaget believed.
Five-year-old Drew has temper tantrums that are diminishing, and he is better able to control his emotions. From a brain development standpoint:
His prefrontal cortex is becoming more developed
Michelle is upset because she believes that her memory has been getting worse since she entered middle age. She finds it harder to remember a grocery list or telephone number, though she does not have difficulty with information she uses often, such as her address or Social Security number. Which of the following is probably TRUE about Michelle?
Michelle is typical of middle-aged person in her ability to remember information.
Define and discuss one effect of myelination.
Myelination is the process by which nerve cells become covered with a layer of fat cells. Myelination has the effect of increasing the speed and the efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. Myelination is related to a number of abilities in children, including hand-eye coordination.
The series of federally sponsored test in the United states is the:
NAEP.
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to
Play peek-a-boo and patty cake
Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children. Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?
Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.
When an emergent theory becomes a consistent and recurring source of research, and becomes comprehensive and widely applied, it has become what type of theory?
grand
When an emergent theory becomes a consistent and reoccuring source of research, and becomes comprehensive and widely applied, it has become what type of theory?
grand theory.
In adolescence, changes in heart and lung capacity include:
greater lung capacity
which of the following activities is one of the IADLs?
grocery shopping
Sanjay and Ryan are 4-year-old friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that this activity will:
help the boys develop gross motor skills.
The cerebral cortex has two __________, and each half is further divided into the four __________.
hemispheres; lobes
Tiffany is now 8 months old. Her mother has always been a very anxious person, as has her father. Tiffany's parents and siblings are all easily stressed and anxious. What effect might this environment have on Tiffany's brain development?
her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal
According to Jean Piaget, this is the first stage of moral development. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world.
heteronomous morality
Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?
heteronomous morality
Diabetes is to Latinos as __________ is to African Americans.
high blood pressure
A major safeguard of health, vitality, and reduced rates of chronic illness and disability is:
high socioeconomic status
Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
highlighting
Explicit memory depends on the maturation of which of the following brain structures?
hippocampus
Roger is 35 years old and has been married for 9 years. According to national trends, with whom does he spend the most time?
his wife's parents
An adult in middle age will do most POORLY on which of the following tasks?
hitting the brakes when the light turns red
Using the word "more" to mean "I want another cookie" is an example of a(n):
holophrase.
One of the genes for eye color from the mother matches exactly with a gene from the father at the moment of conception. This pair of genes is said to be:
homozygous
several recent trends have contributed to making a good death more likely than bad death. They are:
honest conversation, the hospice, and palliative care
The study of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:
how and why people change across the life span.
Piaget was most interested in:
how children think
17+ hours
how many hours per day do newbords spend sleeping
according to Freud individual's' lifelong patterns of behavior are determined by
how they experience and resolve psychosexual conflicts.
A partcular stage four baby does not like to get wet. If his mother turned on the faucet and got out his bath towel the baby might
howl and move away from her and the bathroom
A particular stage-four baby does not like to get wet. If his mother turned on the faucet and got out his bath towel, the baby might:
howl and move away from her and the bathroom.
Symptoms of maltreatment include:
hyper vigilance
symptoms of maltreatment include:
hypervigilance.
the biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the:
hypothalamus
hybrid theory of language learning
idea that "multiple attentional, social and linguistics cures" contribute to early language learning
During adulthood, intimacy:
is found primarily in friendship and sexual partnership
in comparison with grief, mourning
is more dependent on cultural practices.
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants...
make more errors in their recollections.
Five-month-old Patricia has learned to clap her hands and play patty-cake when her sister claps her hands and smiles. In which of the following behaviors is Patricia engaging?
making interesting sights last
An example of tertiary prevention is:
making laws against hit-and-run drivers.
Because most traits are polygenic, they are:
produced by many genes.
Twenty-month-old Hans is thinking carefully before pulling a pot out of the kitchen cupboard because the last time he did this all of the pans fell out and made a loud crashing sound. In which of the following behaviors is Hans engaging?
making mental combinations
The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is...
manipulated.
a reason why surveys might not be the most valid of research methods is because:
many people give inaccurate responses to impress the interviewers
Which of the following is a result of extensive, active play in young children?
mastery of gross and fine motor skills
The Reggio Emilia early-childhood program focuses on:
mastery of skills not typically accomplished until age 7
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they..
may differ from one task to another.
over time, consequences of bullying:
may lead to problems with relationships for the bullies and their victims.
STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)...
meaningful units.
Marhartia and roberto are warm nuruting parents who held their baby all of the time and cradles him. they are exhibing
proimal parenting
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that...
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.
Critics of eyewitness testimony could point to the ______ hypothesis to highlight the dangers of repeated questioning of eyewitnesses.
memory-trace replacement
which of the following statements about male menopause is true?
men suffer from sudden, stress-related shifts in hormone levels
Piaget's stage six of sensorimotor intelligence is known as:
mental combinations.
Evaluating a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish and monitor one's performance is called:
metacognition
Which of the following abilities is necessary in order for children to be aware of what they already know and what they still need to learn?
metacognition
Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of:
new adaptation and anticipation
Which of these reactions develops prior to new means through active experimentation?
new adaptation and anticipation
Which of these stages develops prior to new means through active experimentation?
new adaptation and anticipation
Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of:
new adaptation and anticipation.
Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of:
new adaptations and anticipation
The Apgar Scale uses which of the following measures?
newborn's heart rate
in the final stage of Alzheimer disease, patients:
no longer talk
goodness of fit
parents find a way to provide a smooth interaction between their child's temperament and his social, family, and school life
rapid speech develops because (10 mo)
parents' talk to child frequently
By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to his:
parents' talking to him frequently.
Researchers obtain informed consent of individuals participating in their studies to ensure the participants understand that:
participation is voluntarily, confidential, and harmless for all.
in all religions and cultures, death is regarded as a(n):
passage
which of the following lists states Sternberg's three dimension of love in the order in which they generally develop in a relationship?
passion, intimacy, commitment
early studies of adult intelligence led researchers to the conclusion that intelligence in adulthood:
peaks at about age 18, remains stable until the mid 20s, and declines thereafter.
Robert Plomin argues that nonshared environmental influences produce different personalities among siblings. Which of the following would be considered a nonshared environmental influence?
peer groups
Baby Genevieve has many colorful toys and books to look at but her very favorite sight is her big brother's face. She is demonsting the universal principle of infant perception called
people prefernce
Sensation occurs when a sensory detects a stimlus _occurs when the brain proceess the sensorty information
perception
The glands producing hormones that regulate growth and also directly activate the adrenal glands is the:
pituitary.
One of the most important ways in which children learn to control their aggression is through:
play
Which of the following emotions are apparent at birth?
pleasure and apin
Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some or-anges" in your mind AND...
pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?
a family that consist of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and woman is a(n):
polygamous family.
If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.
poor short-term
After he got his first job and a regular paycheck, Juan found himself buying more and more DVDs, especially as he got pay raises. The correlation between the size of his paycheck and the DVDs is:
positive
Children who are fearful, easily startled, and confused between reality and fantasy are expressing symptoms of:
post-traumatic stress disorder
Grappling with personal and social problems during late adolescence and emerging adulthood using both emotion and logic demonstrates _____ thought.
postformal
Kyoto's daughter is five days old. Kyoto is feeling sad an inadequate. she may be experiencing:
postpartum depression
Aptitude tests are designed to measure:
potential for learning
which of the following attributes is associated with wisdom?
practical life experience
if a man talks about his problems with his male friend, he is most likely to expect:
practical solutions
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is called:
pre operational
Carla is usually good because she is afraid that she will be punished if she isn't. Carla is in which level of Kohlberg's view of moral development?
preconventional
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
prefrontal cortex
The area in the brain that plans, anticpates, and control impusle and is the last part of the brain to mature is the
prefrontal cortex
Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the...
prefrontal cortex.
Because of _ a 10 month old may later pick up and try to use the scissors his brother used to cut paper
deferred imitation
Because of ______, a 10-month-old may later pick up and try to use the scissors that his brother used to cut paper.
deferred imitation
When infants observe others' actions and then imitate them at a later time, they have exhibited:
deferred imitation.
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during...
delay.
The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as:
deliberate.
brain weigh triples in the first two years of the primaily because of the growth of
dendrite
the part of a neroun that acts as tiny antenne and conducts signals toward the axons of that cell is called the
dendrite
Mrs. Cannon has been diagnosed as terminally ill, but she insists that she will recover because her laboratory results were mixed up with someone else's. Kubler-Ross would say that Mrs. cannon is in the emotional stage of:
denial
experience-dependent brain functions
depend on exposure to particular events in an individual's enmironment. One person's brain will develop differently than anothers because of their unique experiences
Which of the following has been associated with cognitive decline?
depression
An infant's reaction to the visual cliff is supposed to measure her:
depth perception
An infant's reaction to the visual cliff is supposed to measure her:
depth perception.
experiments allow researchers to:
determine a cause-and-effect relationship.
now that Hank is 75, he uses selective optimization with compensation while driving, for example he:
drives more slowly
Synchrony can be best described as a:
duet.
new adaptation and anticipation
dvelops prior to new means through active experimentation
Perception primed to focous on movemnet and change is called
dyanamic perception
Sara, age 3, sees a little boy fall and hurt himself, and a look of concern appears on her face. She is probably experiencing:
empathy.
Verbal skills are necessary for which type of memory?
explicit
A young child will have the most difficult time understanding words which:
express the relationships of place and time
The average newborn doubles her birthweight in:
four months
The average newborn doubles her birth-weight in:
four months.
life satisfaction for the elderly correlates with:
friends more than family
The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a person first:
gain awareness of other people
The sperm and the ovum are:
gametes
aunt Emily is the family's kinkeeper. This means that she assumes responsibility for:
gathering the family for holidays, sending birthday reminders, and disseminating family communications.
sexual self-definition is comprised of three aspects:
gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation
The sense of self as being either male or female is known as:
gender identity.
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the...
generation effect.
according to recent research, personality through adulthood is a product of four major sources. The one that probably exerts the most influence is:
genes
All of a person's genetic makeup.
genotype
An organism's entire genetic inheritance is referred to as its:
genotype
The hormone that causes the ovaries and testes to greatly increase their production of estradiol and testosterone is:
gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning are referred to as:
grammar
The use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech are all parts of:
grammar.
the structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are referred to as:
grammar.
Coding refers to the way information is...
represented.
According to Freud, which of the following will 8-year-old Sven experience?
repression of his psychosexual needs
FIne motor skills are those that:
require small body movements
which of the following statements about hormone replacement therapy is true?
researchers now believed that the studies demonstrating its positive effects were invlid.
The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and somehow remains unscathed in the process is termed as:
resilient.
secondary prevention involves:
responding to the first warning signs of a problem.
Basically, the Strange Situation measures how a child:
responds to separations and reunions of a caregiver
basically, the strange situation measures how a child:
responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver.
Attachment staus appears to be determined by panent's
response to their child
Parenting styles are a negotiation between:
responsiveness and demands.
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.
retrieval cues
.Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of...
retroactive interference.
Loss of memory for things that have happened in the past is known as...
retrograde amnesia.
Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative. Although she would like to be married, there is no special person in her life right now. She would like to adopt a child. Recent changes in adoption regulations would mean that:
she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child.
A 9-month-old explores new environments when her mother is present but shows distress when her mother leaves the room. The child's behavior illustrates:
secure attachment
Harry's mother left him for a few minutes. When she returned, Harry climbed into her lap and then resumed playing. Harry is probably a(n):
secure child
Attachment studies find that most infants are:
securely attached.
According to research on babies and their emotional affordances, which of the following is most likely to cause babies to smile brightly?
seeing and hearing their mothers happy
social referencing
seeking emotions or information from other people
Authoritarian parents:
seem aloof from their children.
The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that, in old age, there is a reduced capacity and loss of functioning that mandate a reduction of performance in most domains of life?
selection
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are...
short and across several days.
Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:
selection, optimization, and compensation.
Sonja is studying for an exam while her roommate is talking to her boyfriend on the phone. Sonja cannot concentrate on her books because she is unable to use:
selective attention
The ability to concentrate on certain specific stimuli while ignoring others is:
selective attention
Sonja is studying for an exam while her room mate is talking to her boyfriend on the phone. Sonja cannot concentrate on her books because she is unable to use:
selective attention.
ignoring distractions and focusing on essential information is called:
selective attention.
Children's realizetion that they are seprate person with minds bodies and behavior seprate from those around them is called
self awarness
Distal parenting tends to produce chlildren who are
self ware
If we place a dot of rouge on an 18-month-old's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may ten touch her nose. This shows that the child has some:
self-awareness
If we place a dot of rouge on an 18-month-old's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her nose. This shows that the child has some:
self-awareness
if we place a dot of rouge on an 18-month-Old's nose and stand in front of the mirror, she may then touch her nose. this shows that the child has some:
self-awareness.
Jen had little to play with as an infant but developed into a curious, intelligent preschooler who concocted toys out of whatever she could find. she is developing her brain through:
self-righting
If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is...
semantic.
The predominant type of coding in LTM is...
semantic.
Observations that participants could do two tasks at once, such as focusing on a digit-span task while comprehending a paragraph, challenged the conceptualization of...
short-term memory.
Piaget's basic test for object permanence involves:
showing a baby an interesting toy and then covering it with a cloth.
New York Longitudinal Study
shows newborn's inborn traits
personality traits
shyness, aggression, honesty, humility
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true...
simply because we have been exposed to them before.
When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.
simultaneous
In general in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations DIFFER from white family orientations in that:
the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families.
the term "organ reserve" refers to:
the extra capacity available to an organ when subjected to stress.
In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described by:
the first acquired adaptations.
Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,
the more convincing the testimony is to a jury
Which of the following positively correlates with early onset of the naming explosion?
the mother's responsiveness to the child's language
According to psychoanltyic theroy the prime focus of pleasure in early infancy is
the mouth
According to the psychoanalytical theory, the prime focus of pleasure in early infancy is:
the mouth
Ben's grandmother gives him a shirt that she knows he has been admiring. When he opens her gift, he smiles and says, "This is so sick; thanks Gram!!" Ben's grandmother does not know what he means by "sick." Obviously Ben and his grandmother do not share the same ideas about __________.
semantics
The receiving of information from the surrounding environment is called __________.
sensation
Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, ___ has occurred.
sensation
the process that is involved when a sensory system first detects an external stimulus is:
sensation
the affordances that are actually perceived depend on the individual's:
sensations, past experiences, and immediate motivation.
Forty-five-year-old Angie loves going to the symphony, but she has been complaining that lately the quality of the symphony is not as good as it was a few years ago. Angie may be experiencing the middle-age decline in her:
sensitivity to high-pitched sounds.
sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating:
the invincibility fable
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
According to sociocultural theory, the zone of proximal development refers to the skills that:
the learner can master with assistance
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because...
the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.
3 & 4
these stages of sensorimotor development are secondary circular reactions and involve an infants response to objects and people
5 & 6
these stages of sensorimotor development are tertiary circular reactions and are unique because they combine actions and ideas
Infant day care is of high quality if caregivers emphasize among other things
sensorimotor exploration
Infant day care is of high quality if caregivers emphasize, among other things:
sensorimotor exploration
Piaget called the infants' first period of cognitive development:
sensorimotor intelligence
Piaget called the infants' first period of cognitive development:
sensorimotor intelligence.
Piaget called the infants; first preiod of congnitve development
sensormotor intelligence
the memory system in which signals are held for less than a second, yet long enough for one to process them further, if so desired, is called _____ memory.
sensory
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
Freud believed that all people experience _________ related to various parts of their bodies.
sensual satisfaction
When a baby is upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:
separation anxiety
when a baby is upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:
separation anxiety.
the pattern that limits sexual activity to one steady partner at a time is called:
serial monogamy
working model
set of assumptions that become a frame of reference for later life
Michael eats when he's hungry and stops eating when he's full. His body weight remains stable and is regulated by his:
set point
According to your text, _______ differences are biological and _____ differences are culturally prescribed.
sex; gender
Joan suffered a ministroke that left her mildly impaired. much to her delight and family's delight, she soon recovered. what is her likely prognosis?
she will most likely have other strokes ; first is just a warning.
Ron and his sister, Sarah, are both in their mid-50s and have a close personal relationship. Most research on sibling relationships suggests that:
they had a close relationship throughout childhood and early adulthood too.
what is unique about stem cells?
they have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell.
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos...
they took themselves.
according to erikson's theory which of the following is tru of most toddlers
they want to gain a sense of autonomy or control over their own bodies
Erikson's theory believes of toddlers
they want to gain a sense of autonomy, or control, over their own bodies
Once infants begin to interpret their perceptions through the process of adaptions, they
thinking
Metacognition refers to:
thinking about one's thinking processes.
cognition
thinking about what you have preceived
Jacob is 3 months old and is sucking on his pacifier. According to Piaget, he adapted to the pacifier since it does not provide food. This adaptation is a sign that Jacob is:
thinking.
Once infants begin to interpret their perceptions through the process of adaptation, they are:
thinking.
going outside barefoot in winter, walking through the neighborhood naked, or forgetting about the lighted stove are behaviors often found in the _____ stage of Alzheimer disease.
third
stage 1
this stage of sensorimotor development involves reflexes, sucking, grasping, listening, and staring
stage 2
this stage of sensorimotor development involves the first acquired adaptation is present such as, the assimilation and coordination of reflexes, for example sucking a pacifier instead of a nipple
stage 3
this stage of sensorimotor involves an awareness of things; responding to people and objects
stage 4
this stage of sensorimotor involves new adaptation and anticipation; more deliberate and purposeful responses to people and objects, develops object permanance
stage 6
this stage of sensorimotor involves new means through mental combinations, considering before doing that provides the child with new ways of acheivinga goal without resorting to trial and error method, deferred imitation occurs, a child pretends to be someone after that person is gone
stage 2
this stage of sensorimotor lasts from 1-4 months
stage 5
this stage of sensorimotor lasts from 12-18 months
stage 3
this stage of sensorimotor lasts from 4-8 months
stage 4
this stage of sensorimotor lasts from 8-12 months
stage 1
this stage of sensorimotor lasts from birth to 1 month
A cognitive theory focuses on:
thoughts
In the text in reference to Jacob, how did Jacob's parents learn to relate to him?
through the use of "floor time"
Lynn Hasher and her colleagues (2001) found that age-related memory differences declined when __________ was taken into consideration.
time of day
One of the most common language difficulties that older adults experience is:
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
When learning a second language, the basics of language learning such as the naming explosion, fast mapping, and over regularization apply:
to both the native and second language
30 pounds
typical child at 24 months weighs...
An image of an unborn fetus produced by using high-frequency sound waves is called a(n):
ultrasound
A prenatal test designed to assess whether a fetus is developing normally. With this procedure, high-frequency sound waves are directed into the women's abdomen. The echo from the sounds is transformed into a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures.
ultrasound or ultrasound sonography
This is a prenatal medical procedure where high-frequency sound waves are directed into the women's abdomen.
ultrasound sonography
During the sensorimotor stage, the main task is to:
use senses and motor skills to understand the world
sensorimotor stage
use senses and motor skills to understand the world
During the sensorimotor stage, the main task is to:
use senses and motor skills to understand the world.
Alisha's family was experiencing multiple problems , including her mother's illness, her father's loss of employment, and two relatives having moved into their home. Through the stress, her grades remained high and her study skills good. most likely Alisha was:
using school achievement as an escape from the stress of home.
cognitive theorists
values and thoughts determine one's perspective on the world
In general, adolescent egocentrism refers to the:
view that one is noticed by everyone.
By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is:
virtually limitless
The sense that is the least developed at birth is:
vision
the sense that is the least developed at birth is:
vision
Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to remember Chinese symbols called radicals (which have no sound) and symbols called characters (which consist of a radical plus another symbol). The fact that the participants were able to remember some of the radicals provides evidence for the operation of _____ coding.
visual
An illusion of a drop between one surface and another is called a(n):
visual cliff
An apparent (but not actual) drop between one surface and another is called a(n):
visual cliff.
an example of a gross motor skills is:
waving good-bye.
The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that...
we are not conscious we are using it.
ed and Janet have been married for 60 years. When asked to share their secret to a long marriage, Ed replied:
we have learned how to disagree
babies considered small for their gestational age (SGA):
weigh less than expected, given the length of pregnancy
In the Cardia study that followed 18- to 30-years-olds into middle age, those who were the least fit:
were four times as likely to have diabetes and high blood pressure 15 years later.
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that...
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that...
when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.
Parents of Secure Children
Consistently Responsive
Parents of Insecure AVOIDANT Children
Consistently Unavailable
____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
Consolidation
Explicit memory is to _______ as implicit memory is to _______ .
declarative; nondeclarative
when Schaie tested adults on the five primary mental abilities, the average scores after age 60.
decline in all areas
During the school years, self-esteem typically:
decreases.
Fourteen-month-old Tony would most likely be in a sensorimotor stage that involves:
experimentation.
The average adult in middle adulthood __________ height and __________ weight.
loses; gains
Larry is a normal 45-year-old male. Which of the following is Larry MOST likely to be experiencing?
loss in sight and hearing
Two factors that universally interfere with family function in every nation are:
low income and high conflict
The number of U.S. ninth- to twelfth- grade students who reported having intercourse in 2009 is _____ than 1991.
lower.
a woman in the United States today is most likely to die from what type of cancer?
lung
Deterioration of the retina is called:
macular degeneration.
an infant's growing awareness of vertical depths and their dangers is mostly due to:
the experience of crawling
An infant's growing awareness of vertical depths and their dangers is mostly due to:
the experience of crawling.
Freud claimed that during the anal stage:
there is pleasure in stimulating and controlling the bowels.
1 & 2
these stages of sensorimotor development are circular reactions and involve an infants resonse to its own body
An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following?
"Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E."
If you were to ask 10-year-old Stephen "WHo knows you best?"
"I know myself better than anyone"
Parents of a 5-year-old girl are likely to say:
"She isn't eating enough"
Parents of a 5-year-old girl are likely to say:
"She isn't eating enough."
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"
Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)...
"smashed."
Reciprocal
(18 months - onward) - interact with parent as a partner - cope with separation
True Attachment
(8 months - 18 months) - have an attachment figure
Attachment in the Making
(8 weeks - 8 months) - recognize parent
Preattachment
(birth - 8 weeks) - infants intrinsically signal for help
Proximal Parenting
- Care-giving; provide for children's basic needs - High physical contact
Distal Parenting
- Care-giving; provide for children's basic needs - Low physical contact
Insecure AVOIDANT
- child plays happily, no response when left, no response upon return - "You left me again. I always have to take care of myself."
Social Skills Children Learn Through Mother
- Taking turns - Emotional responsiveness - Being attentive
Secure
- child plays happily, sad when left, happy upon return - "I missed you, I'm glad you're here, I'll get back to what I was doing."
Disorganized
- child clings, confused when left, confused upon return - "I want you here, but you left. Even though you're back, I'm confused and afraid."
Insecure RESISTANT
- child clings, sad when left, angry upon return "I missed you desperately. I can't believe you left me. I cannot function without you."
3 Actions of Babies in Stage 4 of Attachment Formation
- initiate - negotiate - reciprocate
Secure Children as Adults
- large quantity and quality friends - socially competent - mature - better problem solvers - good parents
Mother-Child Synchrony
- parent and child's movement synchronizes - coordinated - smooth, rapid exchange of responses
Predictors of Secure Attachment
- responsive parent - good child-parent synchrony - parents are secure & not stressed
3 Characteristics of Babies in Stage 2 of Attachment Formation
- seek proximity with parent - high need for physical contact - easier to comfort
Turner syndrome occurs in approximately ________ live births.
1 in 2,500
The average child can walk well independently at about:
1 year
The average child can walk well unassisted at about:
1 year
briefly describe the characterisitics of each birth order.
1. 1st borns -> More mature, ^ Self Control, more guilty & anxiety
discuss the 4 parenting styles and how they affect children?
1. Authoritarian - Restrictive, Demand Obedience 2. Authoritative - Encourage independence, but set limits 3. Neglectful - Very uninvolved in children life 4. Indulgent - Involved but require few demands
discuss the possible contributing factors for mental disorders in adolescents
1. Depression 2. Substance Abuse 3. Traumatic experiences
list and explain 3 risk factors that could lead to drug use
1. Family History 2. Family Instability 3. Drug Availability
how important are habits obtained during the adolescent egocentrism stage in forming our lasting personality? why does this stage exsist?
1. Habits formed in adolescence -> same as adulthood 2. Solodifies personal beliefs 3. Primative stage of development in all cultures 4. Evolutionary drive to adapt something to individual requirements 5. Adolescence struggle with identity.
form Marcia's 4 stages of identity formation, which stage best applies to you?
1. Identity Achievement 2. Made a commitment to excel and prove parents wrong
explain the biological reasons that adolescents and young adults frequuently get less sleep than is necessary. How does lack of sleep effect overall functioning.
1. Melatonin Levels change due to shifting physiology Lack of sleep -> 1. irritability 2. Cognitive Impairment 3. Hallucinations 4. Impaired Immune system 5. Impaired Moral Judgement
decribe the social, biological, and economic factors that influence juvenile delinquency
1. Peer Groups 2. Being Poor 3. Minority (Race) 4. Drugs 5. Poor motor skills/ mental disability
how does having secure attachment in adolescence influence relationships outside of the family?
1. Provides Individuals with the capacity to explore the social world confidentality 2. Imitate own experiences in peer setting.
List (in order) Jean Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor thought
1. Simple Reflexes. 2. First habits and primary circular reactions. 3. Secondary Circular Reactions. 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions. 5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity. 6. Internalization of schemes.
Play therapy is used for all of the following reasons:
1. To allow the child to work of frustrations. 2. To analyze the child's conflicts. 3. To analyze the child's way of coping.
For eyes, brown color is dominant and blue color is recessive. Maria carries two genes for brown eyes, and John carries two genes for blue eyes. Their child will have a:
100% chance of having brown eyes.
4 Kinds of Attachment
1. insecure AVOIDANT 2. secure 3. insecure RESISTANT 4. disorganized
4 Stages of Attachment Formation
1. preattachment 2. attachment in the making 3. true attachment 4. reciprocal
Babies between 6 and 15 months understand about ______ times more words than they can actually say.
10
Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw ____ of the 12 letters in the display.
10
Implantation begins approximately how long after conception?
10 days
deferred imitation
10 mo old may later pick up and try to use scissors that his brother used to cut paper
Over the past 15 years, the percentage of older people living in poverty has held steady at about _______.
10%
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?
1492 911 1776
At what age does separation protest peak?
15 months
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is...
15-20 seconds.
most girls reach their maximum height by age _____, and most boys reach their maximum height by age _____.
16;18
approximately how many hours per day do newborns spend sleeping?
17+ hours
neurotic
2 year ols Ralphie is anxious and moody and his temperament is classified in the Big Five as...
Children reach half their adult height by age:
2 years.
The average North American newborn measures:
20 inches (51 cm)
Approximately how many genes are contained in the human genome?
20,000
At approximately what age will a child begin to utter her first two-word sentences?
21 months
with excellent medical care, a fetus can survive if it is born as early as:
22 weeks after conception.
Every normal human body cell contains how many chromosomes?
23 pairs
Every normal human body cell contains how many chromosomes?
23 pairs.
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of...
24 hours.
At birth, the newborn's brain is about __________ of its adult weight.
25%
Some studies have found that infants as young as ______ months old can remember.
3
Susan decides not to tell the teacher that her classmate Ian is cheating on the math exam because she's afraid the other kids will call her a snitch. This is an example of stage ____ of moral development.
3
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?
50 First Dates
After the child's vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, the vocabulary increases by approximately ______ words per month.
50-100
social smile
6 weeks, most recent emotional reaction
Studies conducted in 2006 revealed that approximately _________ retired Americans return to work after they have retired.
7 million
The "magic number," according to Miller, is...
7 plus or minus 2.
The average North American newborn weighs ______ at birth.
7-1/2 lbs at birth
What percentage of Americans considers themselves to be religious?
70%
What percentage of 75- to 79-year-olds have hearing difficulties?
75%
You roll a ball across the floor to a baby. The ball rolls out of sight behind a chair. For the first time, the baby crawls to search for it. The baby is probably about:
8 months old.
identify the scenario that best demonstrates learning theories:
Christine wears a dress, and both her parents tell how pretty she looks.
Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)
80% : 40% : 30% correct
Being overweight means having a body mass index (BMI) in the ___ percentile of growth charts; whereas obese means having a BMI in the _____ percentile.
85th; 95th
being overweight means having a BMI above the _____ percentile for age on growth charts whereas being obese means having above the _____ percentile.
85th; 95th
secondary circular reaction
9 mo old. reaches to grab something out of curiosity
The percentage of all 2-year-olds with a vocabulary of at least 100 words is:
90.
Saul and Joe are unrelated next-door neighbors. What percentage of human genome do they share?
99.9 percent
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his col-leagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates...
A build-up and release of proactive interference
Attachment Formation
A close, enduring bond that develops between child and parent during the first year
Synchrony
A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.
You've now learned about the serial position curve. The relevant research in your text describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose). Imagine that you conducted a "remembering a list" experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented). What would you predict for the results with the serial recall task?
A diminished recency effect, relative to free recall
Secure Attachment (Type B)
A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. -The caregiver becomes a base for exploration, providing assurance that enables exploration. -Almost 2/3 of all infants EX: A toddler might scramble down from the caregiver's lap to play with an intriguing toy but periodically look back, vocalize a few syllables, or return for a hug.
Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?
A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.
goodness of fit
A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community
Ethnotheory
A theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture.
A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?
APPLE
trust and autonomy
According to Erikson, what stages are toddlers experiencing?
oral and anal
According to Freud, what stages are toddlers experiencing?
Which of the following has been associated with children's vocabulary development?
All of these.
Jodee, age 5, insists on having all the different foods on her plate seperated. If the vegetables touch the meat, for example, she insists on a clean plate. Jodee's parents are concerned about this behavior. What advice would you offer them?
Allow Jodee to grow out of this "just-right" obsession
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?
Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.
the most common cause of dementia is:
Alzheimer disease
Fathers as Social Partners
Among low-income families in the United States, the best predictor of a father's involvement with his infant is the father's relationship with the mother. ___father's provide excitement
Clive Wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem?
An inability to form new long-term memories
stranger wariness
An infant's expression of concern-a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness-when a stranger appears
The researcher most associated with operant conditioning is:
B. F. Skinner
The ratio between a person's height and weight is expressed as:
BMI
Secure Base
Babies rely on parents for distant security
Safe Haven
Babies seek attachment figure when hurt, uncomfortable, scared, or weak
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
As I'm walking with my toddler son one day we see a beautiful rose, and I bend down to smell it. I notice, though, that there is a bee in the rose so I quickly back away. Before I can stop my son, he has already stuck his nose into the rose and has been stung by the bee. Which of the following best explains the differences in our behaviors?
Because of my life experience, my selective perception of the affordances offered by the combination of the rose and the bee allowed me to know the danger.
Allan and Jan are a middle-aged couple going through a divorce. They have both agreed that divorce is the best solution for them. Which of the following is likely?
Both Allen and Jan will be better able to use the divorce as a way to make positive changes in their lives than they could have several years ago.
By the age of 10, which of the following is true regarding friendships:
Both boys and girls want to have best friends
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
According to a recent study of more than 3,000 4- to 24-month-olds, which of the following statements about the nutritional status of babies in the United States is TRUE?
By 15 months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate.
proximal parenting
Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching. ___toddlers become less self-aware but more compliant = needed for interdependent and cooperative societies
distal parenting
Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching ___children become more self-aware but less obedient = independence and self-reliance
Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as...
C.
Since 1996, neural-tube defects have decreased by over 25 percent in the United States and Canada. No decrease has occurred in Europe. What is the reason for the decrease in the United States and Canada?
Cereals and breads in the United States and Canada are now fortified with folic acid.
Over the past 3 decades in Brazil, what has been the trend in children in terms of health and body growth?
Children have gone from being undernourished to over nourished.
Generally speaking, which of the following best explains why young children have difficulty thinking logically?
Children in this age group tend to focus on single aspects of an object or situation
Still Face Experiment
Children prefer happy faces
Zeke is reviewing a research study design for a co-worer. In it, he discovers a procedure that is questionable in terms of participant safety. For guidance, he turns to his academic discipline's:
Code of ethics
Which of the following is a common difficulty in cross-sectional research?
Cohort differences- that is, differences in background variables
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
One implication of Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is that to understand development, one must:
Consider the individual and the different levels of sociocultural contexts with which he or she interacts.
The molecular basis of heredity is:
DNA.
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing
Older adults in which country reported the highest self-control over their lives in the 60s and 70s?
Denmark
Trisomy-21 is also called:
Down syndrome
A technique that measures electrical activity in the cortex of the brain is a(n):
EEG.
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
The ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.
Emotional regulation
Parents of Disorganized Children
Emotionally Abusive
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt. ___like Freud, Erikson believed that problems in early infancy could last a lifetime, creating adults who are suspicious and pessimistic (mistrusting) or easily ashamed (lacking autonomy)
trust vs mistrust
Eriksons' first psychosocial crisis. infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met
Which of the following is TRUE of novices and experts?
Experts process information more automatically than novices.
________ memory refers to facts we consciously know, and ________ memory refers to memory without conscious recollection.
Explicit; implicit
Information is coded in STM exclusively through an auditory code.
False
Social interactions are the only foundations for emotional growth.
False
The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the postevent information may be incorrect.
False
The results of the New York Longitudinal Study conducted with infants and the results of the "Big Five" study conducted with adults contradict each other in their respective research on temperament.
False
List four characteristics that are generally associated with the firstborn child. Discuss what accounts for these differences.
Firstborn children are more adult-oriented, helpful, conforming, and self-controlled than later-born children. They may also have more guilt, more anxiety, and more difficulty coping with life's stressors. Parents have higher expectations of firstborn children and place more pressure on them for achievement and responsibility.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Following birth, some synaptic connections become strengthened and survive, whereas unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the hemispheric specialization of speech in the cerebral cortex of the brain?
For most people, speech and grammar is localized in the left hemisphere, and the use of metaphor and humor is localized in the right hemisphere.
How long is the fetal period?
From nine weeks after conception until birth
How long is the fetal period?
From nine weeks after conception until birth.
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?
Graduating from college at age 22
Development includes:
Growth and decline.
_____ is generally considered a more mature emotion than _____ because the former one comes from within the individual and demonstrates self-awareness.
Guilt; shame
This theorist stressed the importance of "contact comfort" in the development of attachment between an infant and his or her caregiver.
Harry Harlow
If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?
He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics.
Low-income children are given preschool education through:
Head Start.
stresses parental example
How does social learning affect how a toddler may act?
mirror/rouge test
How to test self-awareness?
which of the following STIs can increase the risk of cervical cancer?
Human papilloma virus
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?
I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.
Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?
I was talking to that girl just before class.
A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
Briefly describe the characteristics of the Montessori and child-centered kindergarten approaches to early childhood education.
In the Montessori approach, children are allowed considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. They are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire. The teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director of learning. (b) Child-centered kindergarten education involves the whole child and includes concern for the child's physical, cognitive, and social development.
Which of the following statements is true?
In the final stage of sensorimotor intelligence, toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations
Which of the following statements is true?
In the final stage of sensorimotor intelligence, toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations.
temperament
Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. Originates in genes and prenatal development and is affected by early experiences.
A 9 year old girl learning to be competent at school would be in Erikson's psychosocial stage of :
Industry vs. inferiority
Which of the following statements regarding first words is NOT correct?
Infants recognize their name by age 3 months.
Erikson' stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years is called:
Initiative versus guilt
Which of the following is one of the explanations offered in your text as to why English-speaking children use more nouns than verbs when they begin to speak, as compared to children of Chinese or Korean descent?
Interactions between children and objects are more common in English-speaking cultures, while social interactions are more common in Asian cultures.
Which of the following statements about intergenerational relations is TRUE?
Intergenerational transmission of conduct disorder showed a higher connection for males than for females.
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
Which of the following best describes the cortex of the brain?
It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing
Learning adjectives is easiest in which languages?
Italian; Spanish
The scientist who first demonstrated classical conditioning was:
Ivan Pavlov
The Swiss scientist who emphasized that infants are active learners and that early learning is based on sensory and motor skills was:
Jean Piaget
1. The Swiss scientist who emphasized that infants are active learners and that early learning is based on sensory and motor skills was:
Jean Piaget.
self-righting
Jen had little toys to play w/ as an infant but feveloped into a curious, intelligent preschooler who concoocted toys out of whatever she could find. She is using...
Who originally developed the concept of attachment?
John Bowlby
Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.
Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
Kim performs better because of reactivation.
Which of the following children is most likely to be strongly affected by his or her mother's responsiveness?
Kim, who is high on the big five trait of neuroticism
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with...
LTM.
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.
The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because...
MPI impairs or replaces memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
School-age children would most admire:
Marla, who was punished for not telling the teacher who threw a paper airplane
This theorist was interested in individual differences in attachment and developed the observational measure called the Strange Situation in order to formulate and test his/her theories.
Mary Ainsworth
Prior to Piaget's research, which of the following was an erroneous assumption about children's cognitive abilities?
Most people believed that children understood objects the same was that adults do
what does current research tell us about the resolution of the nature-nurture controversy?
Nature is proving to be dominant over nurture in the understanding of human behavior.
in which of the following countries are dizygotic twins most common?
Nigeria
Which of the following statements about emotions and older adults is NOT true?
Older adults have more negative emotions than younger adults.
Which of the following statements about older adults and sexuality is NOT true?
Older couples emphasize sexual prowess over intimacy.
Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?
One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems fa-miliar so he decides that it must be right.
Parents of Insecure RESISTANT Children
Overprotective
A type of "baby cry" that is characterized by a sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning followed by breath holding.
Pain Cry
birth
Piaget believes children begin to develop cognitivity at
assimilation and accommodation
Piaget believes these are two elements of adaptation
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.
____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.
Pragmatic inference
Which of the following statements about prenatal care is TRUE?
Prenatal care includes classes and educational programs about pregnancy, Prenatal care may include information on breast feeding and bottle feeding, Prenatal care may include information on preparing for birth and infant care
Which of the following emotions requires the greatest sophistication in an infant?
Pride.
According to Jean Piaget, a scheme that is characterized by the infant attempting to reproduce a bodily event (e.g., kicking own feet) that initially occurred by chance.
Primary circular reaction
2 Kinds of Parenting
Proximal & Distal
Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE?
REM sleep may promote the brain's development in infancy.
Which of the following involves procedural memory?
Reading a sentence in a book
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory
Which of the following is an indicator that a mother's behavioral traits might have an influence on her child even after the child is born?
Research shows that maternal stress can affect the fetal nervous system, influencing the child's lifelong response to stress.
_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
Retrieval
____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.
Retroactive interference
Giovanna was found to be Rh incompatible with her first child. To prevent her body from producing antibodies that will attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses, her doctor gave her:
RhoGAM.
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with...
STM
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that...
STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
If a researcher watches one week old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using:
Scientific observation
The child most likely to be diagnosed with ADHD is:
Scott, a North American boy who has concentration difficulties and is very impulsive
Once an infant becomes responsive to other people and to objects and touches and moves them, she is engaging in:
Secondary circular reactions
Social Referencing
Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."
Semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
Semantic memory
When a baby is upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:
Separation anxiety
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
Which theorist was influenced by Greek drama and primitive art?
Sigmund Freud
Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?
Source monitoring
Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using surveys as a way to collect data.
Surveys can be used to study a wide range of topics and can collect data from a large number of people. Surveys can be conducted in person, over the telephone, or on the Internet. A disadvantage to survey research is that people sometimes respond in ways that they think is socially acceptable rather than to say what they honestly think and believe.
The ways that words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences in a language.
Syntax
assume that you are a college professor who teaches human sexuality courses. In one of your classes you have three teens who have recently come to the United States from Germany. The majority of your students were born and educated in the united states. Since you tailor your curriculum to meet the needs and knowledge level of your students, what might you discover in this particular class?
The German teens most likely already know much of what you are teaching in college.
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development.
The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the greatest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working its way down from top to bottom. The proximodistal pattern is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
The sleep list experiment, in which many people misremember the word "sleep" as being part of a list of words, is an example of...
a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect...
a failure of memory consolidation.
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
The propaganda effect
Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of nature and nurture in our development?
The relationship between the two is reciprocal. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture affects the manifestation of those genetic influences. Nurture , in turn, affects genes.
The awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
Theory of Mind
Which of following is a reason why children of African descent vary more in body size than children of other ethnicity?
They are more genetically diverse.
Which of the following is characteristic of the emotions that develop over the course of the first 2 years of life?
They are spontaneous and uncensored.
According to the information-processing theory, children learn concepts best if:
They are taught directly.
When do 2-year-olds typically need direct supervision?
They need supervision almost every waking moment.
Tony denied any involvement with Belinda but with a single drop of blood, his paternity for her child was confirmed. How?
Through his DNA
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
To carry information from one neuron to another.
What is the function of the placenta?
To protect and nourish the developing fetus
As early as 5 months old, babies seem to prefer:
adults who engage in child-directed speech.
Which of the following research results provides support for the social impulses theory of language learning?
Toddlers learn new words best when they are taught in person.
An 11-month-old baby is likely to display both fear of strangers and separation anxiety.
True
Self-recognition in the mirror test usually emerges at about 18 months.
True
The rooting reflex is a reflex that helps the newborn infant find a nipple.
True
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than her peers and was born without ovaries. Sandra most likely has:
Turner syndrome.
intimacy is best defined as:
affiliation
Objects offer various opportunities, termed by the Gibsons:
affordances.
Molecules of DNA make up which of the following?
chromosomes
The best example of an aggressive-rejected child is:
Veru, who is disliked by most children because she is uncooperative.
Molecules of DNA make up which of the following?
chromosomes.
Mr. McGinty works with his child, Edward, to put together a new puzzle, his father helps him less and less, and he requires less help from his father. this example best supports the view of development put forth by:
Vygotsky
each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be happy with Juan's father?
Vygotsky
Which of the following theorists stated that "failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders"?
Watson
"House tree could be learn fat left grass," Mary said. Mary has likely received brain damage to:
Wernike's area.
reinforcement or punishment
What does behaviorism say molds emotions and personality?
pleasure and pain; smiling and laughing; anger and sadness; fear
What emotions do infants experience?
concern when stranger appears; distress
What is stranger weariness and separation anxiety?
mutual interaction
a crucial aspect of synchrony
William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. William asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad of how good he is at building models with his Legos. Which of the following is demonstrated by this example?
William's strong sense of self-esteem
parasuicide refers to:
a deliberate act of self-destruction that does not end in death.
Why is life expectancy for women longer than for men?
Women engage in fewer high-risk behaviors.
Before delivery of her baby, Jawhara experiences several traumatic life changes. She separates from her husband, discovers that her mother is seriously ill, and begins a more stressful job. Will Jawhara's baby be significantly affected by all the stress in Jawhara's life?
Yes, the baby will be at risk for ADHD and language delays
which of the following statements regarding hospice care is true?
a diagnosis of terminally ill must be made order to qualify for services
Skills that a person can perform with assistance, but which they cannot quite perform on their own lie within the:
Zone of proximal development
summary
___Synchrony begins in the early months ___Synchrony evolves into attachment ___What allows infants to learn? secure attachments ___Insecure attachments --- less confident emotional impairments ___New experiences lead to social referencing to others
context
____ shapes behavior.
summary
___psychoanalytic theory---stresses a mother's responses to an infant's need for food and elimination (Freud) or for security and independence (Erikson) ___Behaviorism stresses caregiving--- especially as parents reinforce the behaviors they want their baby to learn or as they thoughtlessly teach unwanted behaviors ___Cognitive theory highlights the child's working model of the world. ___Sociocultural theory emphasizes --- that the the diversity of nurture explains much of the diversity of emotions ___child-rearing practices arise from ethnotheories
Which child will find the task of arranging objects in a precise pattern on a table most challenging?
a 3-year-old
The fragile and tiny cell mass that is composed of cells from the duplicated, divided, and differentiated zygote is called:
a blastocyst
The fragile and tiny cell mass that is composed of cells from the duplicated, divided, and differentiated zygote is called:
a blastocyst.
A researcher has just completed a study of Princess Diana, including her family background, life history, and expressed opinions. This is an example of:
a case study
The idea that "multiple attentional, social and linguistic cues" contribute to early language learning supports the idea of:
a hybrid theory of language learning
A significant delay in a specific area of learning not associated with a physical handicap, mental retardation, or stressful environment is indication of:
a learning disability
a significant delay in a specific area of learning not associated with a physical handicap, mental retardation, or stressful environment is an indication of:
a learning disability.
The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember...
a list of long words than a list of short words
Annabel drinks about two cups of brewed coffee a day. Her baby has an increased risk of:
a low birth weight.
Research on wisdom finds that:
a minority of adults are wise
According to dynamic perception, 1-year-old Diane would most prefer to look at:
a mobile spinning over her head
insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A)
a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return -1/3 of infants
insecure-resistant attachment (Type C)
a pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant is very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion. -1/3 of infants
Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting...
a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.
according to Erickson, each new experience throughout life requires:
a reassessment of identity
one of the effects of moderate drinking is:
a reduction in coronary heart disease.
According to Erikson, which of the following is typical of young children?
a sense of self-doubting and an immodest self-concept
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...
a sequence of actions.
The chief chromosomal feature or fragile-X syndrome is that:
a single gene has more than 200 repetitions of one triplet.
Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves...
a smaller response set.
An excellent early childhood program would have:
a staff trained in early childhood education.
a teratogen is:
a substance or a condition that can increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities.
when a sperm and ovum unite, what is formed?
a zygote
Male bullies are often:
above average in size.
Analytic intelligence involves:
abstract planning, focused attention, and verbal and logical skills
mouth
according to psychoanalytic theory, the prime focus of pleasure in early infancy is:
April is tested on her mastery of college chemistry. She is taking a(n):
achievement test
although the test you are taking measures many things, it is supposed to be a test of:
achievement.
An overwhelming worldwide health concern in the last decade has been death due to:
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
The study of human development is empirical, meaning that it is based on:
actual facts
The study of human development is empirical, meaning that it is based on:
actual facts.
According to Piaget, the core of intelligence is called:
adaptation
According to Piaget, the core of intelligence is:
adaptation.
According to Piaget, the core of intelligence is:
adaption.
By definition, evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of:
adaptive behavior.
The period in the life span in which death is less feared is:
adolescence
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for...
adolescence and early adulthood.
a 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of:
adolescent egocentrism
The Electra complex causes girls to:
adore their father and resent their mother
most elderly abuse is committed by:
adult children
explore his or her world
after successfully resolving Erikon's first stage, a child can be expected to:
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...
after the event.
In cross-sectional research on development, each of the groups studied is of a different:
age
FAS is caused by which of the following teratogens?
alcohol
One of the surprising finding of the Human Genome Project is that:
all living creatures share genes.
which senses become less sharp in late adulthood? smell and taste; hearing and vision; touch and smell
all of the answers are correct
Your text's discussion of instances when people report a memory of being abused or witness abuse after years of having no memory for these events highlights the importance of considering...
all of these (how visualization exercises during therapy may lead to false memories, that there is no test that can accurately discriminate between true and false memories, the specific situation under which a person recalls the past.)
The misinformation effect can be explained by...
all of these (the memory-trace replacement hypothesis, retroactive interference, source monitoring.)
the changes in appearance that occur in middle adulthood:
all the answers are correct
which of the following conditions can cause reversible dementia? alcohol abuse; overmedication; undernourishment
all the answers are correct
which of the following conditions would Schaie say affects changes in intellectual functioning in adulthood? marital status, occupation, state of health
all the answers are correct
a DNR order:
allows a natural death
A way of measuring age that is defined as the number of years that have elapsed since birth.
chronological age
Genetic disorders that are dominant are:
always expressed
This is one of the life-support systems of the embryo. It is a bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.
amnion
The medial temporal lobe (MTL), involved in memory consolidation, includes all of the following structures EXCEPT the...
amygdala.
When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her...
amygdala.
goodness of fit
an adjustment that allows smooth infant-caregiver reaction
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation shown by: ___proximity-seeking --- approaching and following their caregivers ___contact-maintaining --- touching, snuggling, holding
Preconventional morality involves:
an emphasis on reward and punishment
A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared. This study was:
an experiment
What does a child get from peers that he or she typically cannot get from siblings?
an idea of how the child compares with other children the same age
Daniel and Guadalupe are angry with one another because of differences in their spending habits. Guadalupe snaps at their daughter and sends her to her room even though the little girl is not misbehaving. According to Jay Belsky's description of family interactions, this situation is an example of:
an indirect influence of the marital relationship on the child.
"I did it myyyyy way," the singer crooned. Which theory of adult development might this singer prefer?
an individual variations theory
Which of the following is a behavior that you would observe in the second of Piaget's sensorimotor stages?
an infant grabbing a bottle to suck on
Which of the following is a behavior that you would observe in the second of piaget's sensorimotor stages
an infant grabbing a bottle to suck on
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.
an organizational context during learning
Impulsiveness and perseveration are the same in that they both represent:
an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex
Impulsiveness and perseveration are the same in that they both represent:
an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex.
According to Freud, the stage that takes place in the second year is called:
anal stage
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...
are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system.
Cohort refers to a group of people who:
are born within a few years of one another
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably...
are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
In terms of visual development, newborns:
are legally blind
with regard to their grown children, most elderly people:
are more likely to give financial support than to receive it.
preforntal cortex
area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses and is the last part of the brain to mature
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as...
articulatory suppression.
Infants cared for in day care centers tend to be:
as securely attached to their mothers as infants cared for at home.
at 6 weeks jessica's most recent emontial reaction is likely to be
asocial smile
if you were to see a man from the nation of Fiji, but had never seen someone from there before, you would still recognize him as a human being. This cognitive process called:
assimilation
According to jean piaget the two element of adatption are
assimilation and accommodation
an intermediate form of care for older adult is:
assisted living
At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute?
at birth
Our genetic structure is set:
at the moment of conception
"Proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors are displays of:
attachment
disorganized attachment
attachment style in which infants give mixed responses when their caregiver leaves and then returns from a short absence -5 to 10% of infants
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had...
attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.
According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual en-codes _____ and is tested _____.
auditorially; auditorially
father-infant vs mother-infant interaction
babies seem to show more excitement for their fathers
The second stage of labor begins when the:
baby's head appears at the opening of the vagina.
neuron
basic nerve cell in the central nervous system
which of the following occurrences is a result of intimate terrorism?
battered-wife syndrome
An XX pattern in the 23rd pair of chromosomes indicates the fetus will:
be female
what is the most likely reason that parents would chosse a co sleeping arrangement for their infant
because of cultural norms
habituation
becoming boared w/ an object after repeated exposure to it
stranger anxiety
beginning at about eight months, the fear of strangers that infants commonly display
During sensorimotor stage two, an infant:
begins to adapt reflexes to the environment.
The young child's inability to grasp conservation explains his or her:
belief that an 8-oz. soup bowl holds less liquid than an 8-oz. glass.
the first phase of college students' thinking is:
believing in the existence of clear and perfect truths.
The average infant's visual system
benefits from stilution in the early months of life
Aisha uses "baby signing" to teach her infant son, Ahmed, how to communicate before he is old enough to talk. Ahmed has just started using a few signs in response to his mother. He can make the sign for "more" and "all done" during meals. Ahmed is most likely:
between 6 and 12 months old.
Eduardo is in the fourth grade. Part of the instruction in his classroom is conducted in English and part is conducted in Spanish. His classroom demonstrates:
bilingual education
The abilty to use both eyestogether to focus on an object is called _ vision
binocular
Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at:
birth
Piaget believed children begin to devlop cognity at
birth
Teratology is the study of:
birth defects
which of the following personal facts correlates with depth and flexibility of thought in adulthood?
college eduation
An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be considered unethical is:
changing the data to support the hypothesis
Research has found that "baby talk" is:
characterized by a high pitch, simple vocabulary, and short sentences.
The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that...
chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements.
Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be:
child-centered.
When Becky's mother speaks to her, she uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases, and lots of repetition. At four months of age, Becky delights in her mother's use of:
child-directed speech.
when Becky's mother speaks to her, she uses a high-pitched voice, simple words o phrases, and lots of repetition. at four months of age, Becky delights in her mother's use of:
child-directed speech.
Consumption of calcium by children is lower than it was 20 years ago because:
children are drinking more soda
Myelination is important in development because:
children cannot perform certain functions if the area of the brain controlling those functions is not myelinated.
language acquisition (chomsky)
children have an inborn ability to learn language
according to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition:
children have an inborn ability to learn language.
Children usually prefer to play with:
children of their own sex
2 years
children reach half their adult height by age
prior to Piaget, most people believed children's cognitive abilities were...
children understood objects the say way adults do
Which of the following statemnet is correct regarding toitlet training
children who begin toliet training at a later age take less time to train children who start training at a younger age
in contemporary society, foster care generally means:
children's removal from the original parents.
Chase and Simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. They found that the chess master remembered positions better when the arrangement of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed. The significance of this finding was that...
chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
several suicides committed within the same group of people in a brief period are referred to as:
cluster suicides
Angelo is 7 years old and has been diagnosed with a learning disability. In addition, he often seems highly excitable and is impulsive. It is possible that Angelo's mother used _______ while pregnant.
cocaine
The set of moral principles used by each academic discipline and professional society to protect the integrity of research is referred to as their:
code of ethics
Jean Piaget used detailed observation of his own children to develop his theory of:
cognitive development.
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the...
cognitive hypothesis
Information process therioist would decribes perception as a
cognitive process
Information-processing theorists would describe perception as a(n):
cognitive process.
Theorists who focus on children's thinking as opposed to observable behavior are:
cognitive theorists.
You and your high school classmates are part of the same:
cohort
the critical intellectual accomplishment of adulthood is:
combining emotion and logic
Clara and Gus have been married for 55 years. They share deep intimacy and commitment but are no longer passionate. According to Sternberg, their love is now:
companionate
Earl and Lynn enjoy babysitting their grandchild when their other commitments and their busy lifestyle give them time for it. Their grandparenting style is:
companionate
Which of the following tasks would the old-old have a difficult time successfully completing?
completing a set number of tasks in a specific time
The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most ef-fective if the generated sentence is...
complex.
The information-processing theory likens many aspects of human thinking to that of:
computers
the information-processing theory likens many aspects of human thinking to the functioning of:
computers.
Jocelyn is in an experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her later to recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates...
conceptual priming.
According to Piaget, a child between the ages of 5 and 7 can apply logical principles to:
concrete and visible examples.
In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, Trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of
concrete operational thought
In the school years, Piaget believed that children are in the period of:
concrete operational thought
According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
constructive
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.
constructive
In the "sleep list" false memory experiment, false memory occurs because of...
constructive memory processes.
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the...
constructive nature of memory.
According to Sternberg, when commitment, passion, and intimacy are all present, the form of love is:
consummate
The _________ approach emphasizes life events and mediating factors to help explain individual development.
contemporary life events
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.
control
in an experiment, the group of participants who do not receive the independent variable is called the:
control group
synchrony
coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant
Maribel's mother needs more services to allow her to continue to live in her own home. Her daughter, Susan, contacts various agencies to line up a home health aid, transportation to medical appointments and Meals-On-Wheels. Susan is acting in the role of _______ for her mother.
coordinator
A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable will result in a change in the other. What type of research is this person conducting?
correlational
Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence...
creates more connections.
Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved...
creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.
The Mullers have just had a baby. Both parents must now adapt to the new demands of caring for an infant. This will require the form of intelligence that Sternberg calls:
creative
During prenatal development, a particular organ or body part is most vulnerable to exposure to teratogens during its:
critical period
Research conducted by Robins and others (2002) on the self-esteem of different age groups is considered what type of research?
cross-sectional
At birth the infant is capable of:
crying and contentment.
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
cryptomnesia.
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on...
cultural expectations.
which of the following is listed in your text as one of the general elements that leads to disordered eating?
cultural images
The values, assumptions, customs, clothing, technologies, and art that a group of people have developed over the years as a design for living are referred to as their:
culture
Jefferson high school has rules and regulations that guarantee student representation in school affairs. John, a senior, has learned that the administration of his high school wants obedience. Obedience at John's school is an example of a hidden:
curriculum.
tammi age 4 and dawn age 13 months are left with babysitters. how will they react
dawn will probaly show more distress then tammi
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.
decay; interference
Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT...
deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention.
We are conscious of _____ memories.
declarative
the Apgar is used one minute and five minutes after birth to:
determine weather the newborn needs immediate medical care.
Within the scientific method, once a researcher poses a question, her next step is to:
develop a hypothesis
insights from normal development are applied to the study of childhood disorders in:
developmental psychopathology.
wasting and malnutrition
dies which lack adequate protein
Regina is easily disturbed, unhappy, hard to distract, and emotionally tense. The new York Longitudinal study researchers would say that Regina is:
difficult
which is most costly to society?
disability
Bill constantly talks to his 3-month-old infant. His friend Ted tells him that it is useless to do so, because an infant cannot understand language. Social-pragmatists would:
disagree with Ted, because Bill's behavior teaches communication
heterogamy refers to marriage between two people of:
dissimilar ethnicities, interests, attitudes, and religion
when Caitlin falls and hurts herself, she runs to her mother crying, Rather than comforting Caitlin, her mother offers her a toy to distract her. her mother is a(n):
distal parent.
self-aware
distal parents tends to produce children who are
The first recognizable emotion in an infant is:
distress.
Most zygotes with serious chromosomal problems:
do not begin to develop or are aborted spontaneously.
Large high schools are economical, and they:
do not increase student learning
When a particular inherited characteristic is controlled more by one genes of a pair than by the other, the stronger gene is called:
dominant
when a particular inherited characteristic is controlled more by one gene of a pair than by the other, the stronger gene is called:
dominant
Which of the following learning disabilities is difficult to diagnose and is characterized by unusual difficulty with reading?
dyslexia
In Erikson's third psychosocial stage, a child:
eagerly takes on new tasks.
increase in fat
early weight gain is mainly
Kyoko and Jason are going to have a child. Statistically speaking, their child will most likely have a(n) _______ temperament.
easy
A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who:
eats excessively
A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who:
eats excessively.
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as...
echoic memory.
Most developmental psychologists are:
eclectic, because each theory of human development has its limitations.
most developmental psychologist are
eclectic, because each theory of human development has its limitations.
The theory that states that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us is __________.
ecological
a particular lifestyle and social context that evokes and reinforces personality traits is called an
ecological niche
To understand levels of human development, Urie Brofenbrenner advocated a(n):
ecological-systems approach
The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which the child thinks about the world only from hod personal perspective is:
egocentrism
The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as _______.
egocentrism
Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides an example of...
elaborative rehearsal.
the term "free radicals" refers to:
electrons that are unattached to their nuclei
By one weeks after conception, the multiplying cells have divided into outer cells enclosing a mass of inner cells. The inner cells will become the:
embryo.
The second stage of childbirth begins with the _______ and ends with the _______.
emergence of the child's head; delivery of the child out of the mother
Graded amnesia occurs because...
emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories.
An angry 5-year-old might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed:
emotional regulation
an angry 5-year-old might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed:
emotional regulation.
Efrain and Theresa are both high school juniors and have been serious romantic partners for nearly 2 years. Research indicates that such early pairing signifies.
emotional trouble
emerging adults usually exhibit more mature reasoning ability than adolescents when a topic is:
emotionally charged
pleasure and pain
emotions that are apparent at birth
spontaneous and uncensored
emotions that develop over first 2 years
the amygdala is the brain structure that registers:
emotions.
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is...
encoded.
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...
encoding specificity.
The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as...
encoding specificity.
Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...
encoding.
Which of the following capabilities is listed in the text as an example of where a baby's goal-directed behavior comes from?
enhanced awareness of cause and effect memory for actions already completed understanding of other people's intentions
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of...
enhanced firing in the neurons.
" Our traits and behaviors are the result of interaction between genes and early experience" is the textbook quote for the _____ theory of childhood development
epigenetic
Which of the following theories holds that genes and environmental influences work hand in hand to eventually allow or prevent developmental behaviors?
epigenetic
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.
episodic
Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory.
episodic
Remembering where you went on vacation last summer is an example of _______ memory.
episodic
Knowing the capital of California, but not being able to remember when you first learned it, is an example of how...
episodic memory can be a "gateway" to semantic memory.
Two types of declarative memory are _____ and _____ memory.
episodic; semantic
which of the following states is the goal of homeostasis?
equilibrium
Which of the following government policies contributed MOST to the increase in the number of Americans who retire?
establishment of the Social Security system in 1935
If a group of people have the same ancestors, religion, and language, they are said to be part of the same:
ethnic group
if a group of people have the same ancestors, religion, and language, they are said to be part of the same:
ethnic group
What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?
ethnic origin and nutrition
A theory of child rearing that is embedded in culture or ethnicty is
ethnotheory
Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI...
even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.
when evaluating the effects of college, it becomes clear that:
even some college benefits emerging adults' cognitive development
Psychoanalytic theory views intrinsic drives and motives as the foundation for:
every aspect of thinking and behavior.
social smile
evoked by human face-around 6 weeks
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.
evolutionary psychology
The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT:
evolutionary psychology view.
secure attachment
ex: child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver
An example of a dissociation is evidenced by a brain-injured patient who...
exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect.
in the second stage of Alzheimer disease, a person:
exhibits aimless and repetitious speech.
The four dimensions of parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and:
expectations for maturity
Brain functions that rely on specific experiences to develop are called:
experience dependent
Children with attention-deficit disorders:
experience difficulty in concentrating
In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the ____ group.
experimental
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that...
extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.
The macrosystem is defined as the culture in which an individual lives. Which of the following would NOT be included in one's culture?
eye color
Monique contracted rubella early in her pregnancy. Damage is most likely to affect the embryo's:
eyes
sensation
eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus
The technique that measures changes in blood flow anywhere in the brain is called:
fMRI.
Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT...
failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
Paul, age 76, turns the television volume up so that it is at an uncomfortable level for the rest of the family. When his son suggests that he may have a hearing problem, Paul says that he does not and that the volume is "just right." Paul's reaction to having a decline in his ability to hear it is:
fairly common in older adults.
n-home day care is always preferable to out-of-home day care.
false
the study in which adults were asked to suggest solutions to 15 real-life problems demonstrated that:
familiarity with situations enabled adults to be more flexible
the belief that family members should be close and supportive of one another even if it means sacrificing individual freedom and success is referred to as:
familism
Which of the following groups is most likely to ascribe to the idea that "children should be seen but not heard"?
fathers from low-SES households
Research suggests that mothers who drink more than 300 milligrams of caffeine a day increase their unborn baby's risk of:
fetal death
The longest period of prenatal development is the:
fetal period
The longest period of prenatal development is the:
fetal period.,
When studying infants, there are always problems with:
fidelity and credibility.
Writing your name is a _____, whereas kicking a ball is a(n) _____.
fine motor skill; gross motor skill
In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described as:
first acquired adaptations
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.
first five and the last five words
According to Jean Piaget, this is the second substage of sensorimotor thought. This substage is apparent in children between about 1 month to 4 months of age. Two primary schemes are apparent. First, the infant repeats an action that was once associated with a reflex, but is now completely separated from its eliciting stimulus (e.g., sucking when no bottle or nipples are present). Second, after accidentally causing an interesting event with one's own body (e.g., kicking feet), the infant repeats the action many times.
first habits and primary circular reactions
Marty is developing rapidly in her size and abilities to sit and stand. Many of the reflexes with which she was born are fading, but she is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marty is probably in the __________ of life.
first year
K. Warner Schaie traced which of the following intelligences over the years of adulthood?
five primary abilities
the type of basic intelligence that makes learning quickly and thorough is referred to as _____ intelligence.
fluid
A crucial element of the science of human development is the:
focus on all kinds of people, young and old
A crucial element of the science of human development is the:
focus on all kinds of people, young and old.
binocular vision refers to the ability to:
focus on an object with both eyes
If a preschool child thinks a tall 20-year-old is older than a short 40-year-old, this is an example of:
focus on appearance
Specify the preoperational characteristic:
focus on appearance
Which of the following is NOT a type of attention?
focused
The lack of ______ in maternal nutrition has been associated with neural tube defects in offspring.
folic acid
Children all over the world usually:
follow the same sequence of language development.
adoption of parents' or society's roles and values, rather than questioning and exploring a personal identity, is referred to as identity.
foreclosure
According to Jean Piaget, this stage is marked by the development of logical, organized reasoning skills.
formal operational
The most advanced stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is the:
formal operational
according to Dunphy, which of the following descriptions lists the sequence of heterosexual relationships during childhood and adolescence?
groups of same-sex friends , public interactions within a crowd of mixed- sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd, formation of couples with private intimacies.
The process by which a skilled person helps a novice learn by engaging the learner in joint activities is referred to as:
guided participation
which of the following processes depends heavily on exploration and social experiences?
guided participation
A decreased responsiveness to a stimulus that has been repeatedly presented.
habituation
A scientific term for becoming bored with an object after repeated exposure to it is:
habituation
The process of getting used to objet or event through repeated exposure to it is reddered to as
habituation
The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it is referred to as:
habituation.
After repeated exposures to an event or an object the child tends to experinces
habitution
A sperm has ____ as many chromosomes as a normal body cell.
half
Romy understands that if she has 4 pieces of pizza and we give her 2 more, she will have 6. However, she does not know what happens if she has 6 and we take away 2. Piaget would say that Romy:
has demonstrated irreversible thinking
romy understands that if she has a 4 pieces of pizza and we give her 2 more, she will have 6. However, she does not know what happens if she has 6 and we take away 2. Piaget would say Romy:
has demonstrated the concept of irreversibility.
Rachel is a young child who has been given a vaccination each time she has been to the doctor's office. She now starts to scream and cry each time she sees the doctor's office building. According to the principles of classical conditioning, she is screaming and crying because she:
has learned to associate the building with the pain she feels when she gets a shot.
Makesha is 8 months old. Research on object permanence would suggest that she:
has limited search abilities.
Barbara's relationship with her two adult sons is prepared with conflict and tension over choices they make in their lives. they rarely listen to her advise. Barbara is typical to many parents with grown independent, children in that she:
hasn't stopped parenting
research indicates that remarried people:
have a greater chance of divorce than do people in first marriages
Janet and Carlos are both in their growth spurt. If they are typical of their sex, compared with Carlos, Janet will:
have a higher proportion of body fat.
Yan Yan is 17, a moderate drinker, and pregnant. Research would suggest that her child may:
have a preterm birth.
Vanna is 14 months old and does not yet respond to any specific words. When she began to babble, she did not respond to her parents' voices and soon she stopped. Her parents should:
have her hearing tested.
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...
have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
Which of the following is the biggest determinant of whether a child will develop healthy lifestyle habits?
having parents, teachers, and peers who demonstrate healthy lifestyle habits
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Vygotsky's theory?
he overemphasized autonomy and self-discovered learning
A newborn is lying in crib . Someone across the rooom speaks. how will the newborn react to vocie
he will turn his head in the direction of the voice
A newborn is lying in his crib. Someone across the room speaks. How will the newborn react to the voice?
he will turn his head in the direction of the voice
In a normal uncomplicated birth, the position of presentation is:
head first
the biological protection of brain when malnutrition tempority affects body growth is known as
head sparing
low income children are given preschool education through:
head start.
The biological protection of the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth is known as:
head-sparing
same motor skills in the same sequence
healthy infants develop motor skills in what type of order...
the five vital signs that are evaluated in the Apgar are:
heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes.
According to Freud, little boys cope with the guilt of wanting to kill their fathers by:
identifying with their fathers.
Jeremy understands that his sister Sarah is still a girl whether she wears a dress or pants. This is an example of Jeremy's understanding of:
identity
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because...
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
In Erik Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense of _______.
immortality
The production of antibodies is stimulated by
immuization
A process stimulating the body's immune system to defend the body against a contagious disease is called:
immunization
a process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend the body against a contagious disease is called:
immunization
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory
implicit and procedural
8 month han has learned that shaking his crib rail bring his mother into his bedroom. His crib rail brings his mother to mind, demonstracting his
implict memory
Freud and Erikson agree on the:
importance of early experience.
Senior Odyssey is a 20-week program designed to:
improve problem-solving skills in older adults.
working model
in cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are trustworthy, and be surprised when this model of human behavior seems in error. ___early relationships help develop this ___according to cognitive theory, it is not necessarily a child's early experiences themselves that are crucial but rather the child's INTERPRETATION of them
Research studies conducted in 2007 by UNICEF suggest that:
in most cultures, men have a higher status and more power than women do.
identify the accurate statement regarding prenatal development and birth.
in the last months of prenatal life, the lungs begin to expand and contract and the valves of the heart undergo final maturation.
stage 5
in this stage of sensorimotor, new means through active experimentation. Paigets "little scientist" who actively experimented without anticipating hte results
temperament
inborn differences in emotions, activity, and self regulation; genetic
Maria has dyslexia. Maria is taught in the regular classroom, where she has her own reading tutor for the part of the dy. This is an example of:
inclusion.
Early weight gain is mainly:
increase in fat.
early weight gain is mainly
increase in fat.
an example of homeostasis is the:
increase in heart rate and breathing that occurs during physical exertion.
Sex education for elderly people has been found to:
increase sexual activity among the elderly.
When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace...
increases the primacy effect.
Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, ____ similarity between the "fillers" and the suspect does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people.
increasing
Piaget has provided us with the _____of children's concepts, whereas Vygotsky has provided us with the _____.
individual context; social context
Piaget has provided us with the _____ context of children's concepts, whereas Vygotsky has provided us with the _____ context.
individual; social
According to Erickson's theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either:
industrious or inferior
According to Erikson's theory, children is middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either.
industrious or inferior
A 9 year old girl learning to be competent at school would be in Erikson's psychosocial stage of :
industry vs. inferiority
secondary circular reaction
infant becoming responsive to toher people and to objects and touches and moving them
sensorimotor exploration
infant day care is of high quality if caregivers emphasis
second of Piaget's sesnorimotor stage
infant grabbing a bottle to suck on
stranger wariness
infant's distress at an unfamiliar person
depth perception
infant's reaction to the visual cliff measures
social awareness and reactions to stress
infants' emotional development is directly connected to brain development in these areas
Asthma is a disorder caused by _____ of the airways.
inflammation
brain maturation
influences an infant's sleep patterns
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that...
information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.
The persective of congnion modled on computer functioning is called
information proceesing
Dr. Marquette is a researcher who studies the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information throughout life. What approach to cognitive development does she take?
information processing
Which of the following theories compares human thinking processes to the processes of a computer?
information-processing theory
a main symptom in Lewy body dementia is loss of:
inhibition
Jerome Kagan's way of classifying temperament that focuses on the differences between a shy, timid child and a sociable, extraverted child.
inhibition to the unfamiliar
Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:
inhibition to the unfamiliar.
The presence of imaginary friends positively correlates with an increase in:
initiative
Erickson's stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age is called:
initiative vs. guilt.
public health expert recognize that while injuries to children occur, their effects may be minimized through:
injury control.
In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as:
insecure avoidant.
Agression used to obtain or retain a toy or other object is called:
instrumental aggression
aggression used to obtain or retain a toy or other object is called:
instrumental aggression.
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty re-membering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests...
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
A person's mental age and chronological age are factors used to determine their:
intelligence quotient.
The condition where one substance intensifies the effects of another substance is the:
interaction effect
why do English-speaking children use more nouns that verbs when they speak (compared to Chinese or Korean)
interactions between children and objects are more common in English-speaking cultures, while social interactions are more common in Asian cultures
Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it...
interferes with semantic coding.
The experience of our world as a smooth episode is made possible by:
intermodal perception.
A drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from inside a person is called:
intrinsic motivation
after nearly 20 years with his company, mike's job was outsourced . he wants his new job to offer not only a good wage but also job satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment. he focused on the:
intrinsic rewards of work
A reflex is a(n):
involuntary response to a stimulus
The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size 5 to 6 weeks after birth.
involution
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about John fixing a birdhouse and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory...
involves making inferences.
Failure to understand that undoing a sequence of events will bring about the original conditions or situation is called:
irreversibility
anger
is a healthy response to his frustration
using elderspeak when engaging in conversation with an older adult:
is demeaning
Co-sleeping may be harmful to the baby when the mother:
is drugged or drunk
Information-processing theorists believe that perception:
is something each individual experiences in his or her own way.
According to Jerome Kagan (2002, 2003), temperament:
is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment.
Babbling:
is universal.
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because:
it advances the child's cognitive development.
One of the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that...
it involves mental time travel.
Because adolescents regard themselves as uniquely special:
it is difficult for them to envision another person's perspective
which of the following best describes the cortex of the brain
it makes up the outer layers of the brain
One reason that leisure is important in middle adulthood is that:
it prepares middle-aged adults for retirement.
a gene is recessive when:
its influence can be hidden by a more powerful gene.
The Swiss scientist who emphasized that infants are active learners and that early learning is based on sensory and motor skills was:
jean Piaget
the term "ageism" refers to:
judging people on the basis of chronological age.
Kindra, age 4, is very particular about her daily routines, especially at mealtime. She will only eat from one certain plate, drink from one certain cup, and must have folded napkin next to her plate. She is exhibiting the phenomenon of:
jus right.
Bil is a genetic counselor. In his position, he has an ethical obligation to:
keep results of client's tests confidential, away form insurance companies and public records.
if the government pays grandparents to provide for grandchildren because the parents have been judged neglectful and abusive, the practice is called:
kinship care
unusual swelling of a toddler's face and abdomen and thin, colorless hair are symptoms of:
kwashiorkor
Which of the following personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality is associated with mortality (an earlier death)?
low conscientiousness
You are visiting Chile on your vacation. While you are there, you see a child on the side of the street begging for money and holding a sign that reads "Need money for food—malnourished." You look at the child and think that he looks normal; then you suddenly remember what you learned in a life-span development class and conclude that the child must have:
kwashiorkor.
According to your text, students often overlook functions of memory they take for granted such as...
labeling familiar objects.
A common characteristic of bullies is that they:
lack empathy
infants can't remember their infancy because
language is an important tool in memory formation, and infants have not yet developed language skills
attachment
lasting emotional bond between people
The specialization of the functioning the two halves of the brain is called:
lateralization
motor skill
learned ability to move and control some parts of the body
Behaviorists believe that language is:
learned through reinforcement.
In Erikson's theory the infant's earliest task is decribed as that of
learning trust or mistrust
In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of:
learning trust vs mistrust
Social learning is:
learning via observing others
Family structure refers to:
legal and genetic relationships of family members.
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ efficiently than normal.
less
center day care
licensed and educated adults care for several infants in a place designed for children
Professor Weinstein teaches his life-span psychology students that each stage of development from birth to old age involves significant changes. Professor Weinstein is taking a(n): __________ approach.
life-span
factors that contribute to a long life include:
lifelong work and a diet rich in fresh vegetables
The area of the brain that is crucial in expressing and regulating emotions is the:
limbic system
temperament
linked to biological patters that appear in infancy
Nothing that children between 12 and 18 months of age enage in acutal experimention and explosion piaget decribes the tollors o fhis age
little scenist
Piaget refferned to toddlers in stage as
little sciencts
According to Piaget, which of the following abilities do children gain during middle childhood?
logic
Piaget believed that between the ages of 2 and 6, it is difficult for children to think:
logically.
From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in...
long-term memory acquisition.
A researcher who tests the same individuals over thirty years, when they are 10,20,30, and 40 years old, is conducting:
longitudinal research
An example of stage-three behavior is:
looking for a smile and smiling back.
Girls who bully typically:
mock and ridicule their victim.
According to behaviorist theorists, parents are:
models for behavior.
research studies on alcohol use have shown that:
moderate use of alcohol may increase longetivity
According to traditional behaviorism, personality is:
molded by parents
personality
molded by parents
According to traditional behaviorism, personality is:
molded by parents.
Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote's cells have:
more or fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes.
chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote's cells have:
more or fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes.
Geoffrey enjoys spending time with his 1 year old son. go with his wife Geoffrey's interaction with their son likely to be
more playful
Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the...
neurotransmitters.
Which of the following statements is true regarding new discoveries about genotypes and phenotypes.
most environmental influences on children raised in the same home are not shared.
Elain communicates with her new baby in child-directed speech, also known as:
motherese.
Elaine communicates with her new baby in child-directed speech, also known as:
motherese.
The learned ability to move and control some parts of the body is referred to as:
motor skill
The learned abitbiy to move and control some parts of the body is refeered to as
motor skill
the idea that the study of development involves several academic fields defines the _______ characteristic of development.
multidisciplinary
the dominant traits of commitment are:
mutual caregiving and dedication
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...
narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
at a recent physical exam, janet was told that she is an inch shorter than she was five years ago at age 50. What would cause her decrease in height?
natural collapse of vertebrae in the spine
Traits, capacities, and limitations that we each receive from our biological parents are said to be a result of:
nature
Developmentalists' argument over the relative importance of hereditary and environmental influences is called the:
nature-nurture controversy
The developmental issue (controversy) over whether development is influenced by biology or environment.
nature-nurture issue
Traits, capacities, and limitations that we each receive from our biological parents are said to be a result of:
nature.
Larry is 30 years old and will play tennis with 18-year-old Chris. They are equally matched inability. Larry will probably:
need more rest afterward to allow bodily functions to return to normal.
The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The type of correlation between his food intake and his hunger is a:
negative
Pete's father is physically abusive toward Pete, often leaving bruises. His mother, also living in the home, witness the abuse but says nothing. She is:
neglectful
Pete's father is physically abusive toward Pete, often leaving bruises. his mother, also living in the home, witnesses the abuse but says nothing. she is:
neglectful.
A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called
neroun
2 year old ralphie i sanxious and moody most of the time. according to big five study his temperment would be classifed as
neurotic
Two-year-old Ralphie is anxious and moody most of the time. According to the "Big Five" study, his temperament would be classified as:
neurotic
The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder...
none of the above (is largely a blessing because no event would be erased, is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording remembering some events and forgetting others, which provides no useful service to humans, helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base.)
An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from many individuals within a specific group or population is known as a:
norm
An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from many individuals within a specific group or population is known as a:
norm.
cultural norms
nost likely reason that parents would choose a co-sleeping arrangement for their infant
The view that the oldest-old are physically deteriorated, mentally disabled, sad, and unproductive is:
not true.
As infants acquire language, they say more ______ than any other parts of speech.
nouns
which of the following primary abilities declines the earliest in adulthood?
number ability
A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for 8 weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is:
number of minutes on the treadmill
Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children are emphasizing the importance of:
nurture
Even though both of LaMont's parents are less than 5ft, LaMont has grown to a height of 5'11''. His parents lived through the depression era, and LaMont has always had plenty of food and good medical care. His tall height is most likely a result of which of the following?
nurture.
the Flynn effect is probably due to changes in:
nutrition, education, and family size
Hugh enjoys playing with your keys. When you take them away and place them in your pocket, Hugh does not search for them. Piaget would say that Hugh does not understand:
object permanence
Hugh enjoys playing with your keys. When you tke them away and place i your pocket Hugh does not search for them. Piaget would say that Hugh does not understand
object permanence
That objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen defines:
object permanence
Hugh enjoys playing with your keys. When you take them away and place them in your pocket, Hugh does not search for them. Piaget would say that Hugh does not understand:
object permanence.
That objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen defines:
object permanence.
Behaviorism focuses on which of the following?
observable behavior
Social learning theory emphasizes:
observation and imitation
which of the following does not contribeute to the ability to walk
parental teaching
In general, the situation of adult children living in their parents' home is MOST successful when:
parents and children agree to treat one another as adults.
Cohabitation is increasing among ________ and is expected to continue to increase. Cohabitation for this age group may be based on a need for companionship and a legal sharing of resources without finances being legally joined.
older adults
While Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes cognitive changes in 6 distinct stages of infancy, information-processing researchers have demonstrated cognitive advances:
on a day-to-day basis during infancy.
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...
one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
synesthesia
one sense trigger another in the brain
When children demonstrate centration, they:
only look at one aspect of a problem.
A person who seems to thrive on changes in his or her work, lifestyle, and relationships would most likely be rated high on the personality dimension called:
openness
According to Costa and McCrae's study on adult personality development, in early adulthood _________ INCREASES.
openness to experience
Early childhood education curriculum design is at the center of a controversy between those who believe it should take a constructivist approach, and those who believe in the direct instruction approach. Lilian Katz argues that they are both overlooking children's:
opportunity to actively construct knowledge
In order, Freud's first three stages of development are:
oral, anal, phallic
Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order cognitive system.
organization
The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.
organization
Loss of bone mass is associated with _______.
osteoporosis
A criticism of attachment theory is that:
other factors may be more important to an infant's adaptations to life.
According to psychoanalytical theories, human development is mainly determined by:
our unconscious motives and drives
according to psychoanalytic theories, human development is mainly determined by:
our unconscious motives and drives
According to psychoanalytic theories, human development is mainly determined by:
our unconscious motives and drives.
cortex
outer layer of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing
one difference between sperm cells and ova is that:
ova carry an X chromosome, whereas sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome.
Evolution takes place:
over many generations.
"I catched two mices in a trap"is an example of:
over regularization
Michael was subjected to much stress as an infant due to repeated episodes of family violence. Now, as an adult, he shuts down emotionally whenever he starts to experience any type of stress. this response may be because during infancy stress hormones in his brain were:
overproduced
parents' awareness of where their children are, what they are doing , and with whom they are doing it is referred to as:
parental monitoring
Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who are:
permissive.
Mrs. Kaminsky is a very nurturing parent and has good communication with he children whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is:
permissive.
once a young child starts to cry, the child may continue to do so long after the initial cause is no longer present, which sometimes frustrates the parent. This behavior is an example of :
perseveration
Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying...
perseveration.
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...
persistence of vision.
In discussing the survival value of the memory system, your text highlights the undesirability of...
photographic memory.
proximal parenting; distal parenting
physically close; remaining distant
George is terminally ill and in constant pain. He asked his doctor for pain-killing medication that his doctor knows George will use to end his life. if the doctor gives the prescription and George uses it to die, it is considered:
physician-assisted suicide
Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the...
physiological approach to coding.
Any birth which occurs 35 or fewer weeks after conception is considered to be:
preterm
Which of the following emotions requries the greatest sophistcation in a infant
pride
the irreversible changes that naturally occur with time are called _____ aging
primary
Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him. This causes the mobile to begin to move. Antonio continues to swing his arms but is unable to strike the mobile again. This is an example of a:
primary circular reaction
Which of the following represents the first type of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence that involves the infant's own body?
primary circular reactions
According to Vygotsky, the internal dialogue that we have with ourselves either silently or out loud is referred to as:
private speech
Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thurs-day, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as...
proactive interference.
Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to...
proactive interference.
Compared to the first year growth the second year
proceeds at a slower rate
marasmus results from:
protein-calorie malnutrition in early infancy.
Long strings of amino acids make up which of the following?
proteins.
The genetic code directs the synthesis of hundreds of different kinds of:
proteins.
palliative care:
provide relief from physical pain
The concept of the zone of proximal development suggests that the parent or teacher:
provide support as the child takes on new challenges
Breast milk:
provides antibodies to fight diseases
Brest milk:
provides antibodies to fight diseases.
The innovative prenatal care program Centering Pregnancy:
provides prenatal care in group settings.
margarita and Roberto are warm, nurturing parents who hold their baby all of the time and cradle him. They are exhibiting:
proximal parenting.
The process through which unused and misconnected dendrites atrophy and die is called:
pruning
The process through which unused and misconnected dentrites arthopy and die called
prunning
Sigmund Freud was a(n):
psychoanalytic theorist.
The concept of continuity is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
qualitative change.
Research data that may be categorized, ranked, or numbered is:
quantitative
Freud believed that preschool boys:
secretly want to replace their fathers.
researchers who have subsequently investigated Kubler-Ross stages have:
rarely found the same stages occurring in sequence
Frequently, school-age children on a baseball field will shout, "Think fast!" and immediately throw a baseball in the direction of a teammate. What is being tested is the teammate's:
reaction time
the time that takes for someone to respond to a particular stimulus is called:
reaction time.
Joey is participating in an experiment on memory. He is asked to read a sentence and then hold the last word in his memory while he reads the next sentence. The experimenter measures the maximum number of sentences Joey can read while doing this memory task. Joey is doing the task.
reading span
self-awareness
realization of one's body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people
self-awareness
realization that one's existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things ___between 15 and 24 months
The primacy effect is attributed to...
recall of information stored in LTM.
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.
recent and remote episodic
Socialization that is bidirectional; that is, children socialize parents just as parents socialize children.
reciprocal socialization
This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.
recognition
compared with that of preadolescents, adolescents' thinking about science is more likely to:
recognize alternative possibilities
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
reconsolidation.
The usual order of the development of spoken langue is
reflex cooing babling spoken words
When newborns are cold they shiver cry and tuck their legs close on the body. these are examlpes of _ that help maintrain constant body tempture
reflexes
development of spoken language
reflexes, cooing, babbling, sopken words
The usual order of the development of spoken language is:
reflexes, cooing, babbling, spoken words.
The infant's first sensorimotor activities are:
reflexes.
Salma is 10 month old who is being tested on the visual cliff. we would expect her to:
refuse to cross over the visual cliff.
A 6-year-old child is likely to use _____ to remember a new activity or a new concept.
rehearsal
Fir drills, soccer practice, and reading out loud all use _____ to become automatic processes.
rehearsal
three girls start a rumor that 7-year-old Heather is a bed-wetter who still uses a pacifier. they are demonstrating:
relational aggression.
Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing...
release from proactive interference.
Thomas Hess and his colleagues (2003) found that age-related memory differences declined when __________ was taken into consideration.
relevance of material
as we age, the resting heart rate:
remains stable
the golden rule of netiquette is:
remember the human
A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in...
remembering where a best friend had moved.
A ______ is an experience that helps people recollect an idea, thing, or event.
reminder session
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for memories.
remote
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of...
remote, episodic memories.
Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is...
repeated recall.
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by...
repeating it over and over.
In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of
repetition priming.
the Flynn effect refers to the:
rise in average IQ over the generations
What are the two major forms of love?
romantic and affectionate
When infants trun their heads and suck in reponse to a touch on the check they are demobnsrating the
rooting reflex
When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the:
rooting reflex
Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but is not intended to harm is called:
rough-and-tumble play
relationship challenges of marriage are quite the same for:
same sex partners as for heterosexual partners
Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because...
saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.
Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND...
saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?
When parents select and attend to certain behaviors, initially demonstrating them for their child, then gradually turning over more of the responsibility for the behavior to the child, the parents are engaging in:
scaffolding.
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
schema.
In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.
schemas
According to Piaget, the stage-five infant is like a:
scientist who experiments to see
According to Piaget, the stage-five infant is like a:
scientist who experiments to see.
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____ that is stored in _______ long-term memory.
script; semantic
The principle of object permanence is demonstrated by an infant's:
searching for a toy that has fallen from sight
The principle of object permanence is demonstrated by an infant's:
searching for a toy that has fallen from sight.
Once an infant becomes reponsive to other people and to objects and touches and moves thme she is engaing in
secondary circluar reactions
You are holding your 9-month-old son on your lap. You pluck a dandelion that has gone to seed out of the grass and blow the seeds into the air. Your son is fascinated by the flying seeds and reaches out to grab them. This is an example of which of the following?
secondary circular reactions
A baby sticks out its tongue and another person laughs. The baby joins in the laughter and deliberately sticks out its tongue again. Piaget would call this behavior:
secondary circular reactions.
Information remains in sensory memory for...
seconds or a fraction of a second.
Sasha's pediatrian informs her parents that Sasha's 1 year old barian exhibitint transient exubernce. in reponse to this newa sahasa' parents
smile becasue they know their daugher's brain is developing new neural connections
Later theorist in the bebavorist tradion incoprated the role of _ learning to explain how personality traits are formed
social
Developmentalists agree that infants' emotional development is directly connected to brain development in the areas of:
social awareness and reactions to stress
When children are able to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of behavior, they have acquired a measure of:
social cognition.
When one assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers, one is engaging in:
social comparison
the group of people who move through life with an individual providing protection and encouragement is their:
social convoy
What two goals are accomplished by the adaptability of an infant's five senses?
social interaction and comfort
A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called:
social referencing.
In which of the following areas will deficits be most apparent in a child who is maltreated?
social skills
Which type of smiling occurs as a response to an external stimulus?
social smiling
As the benefits of evolution decrease, the need for culture increases. Which of the following is NOT a culture-based resource for older adults?
social support, medical technology, cognitive training and support
Compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced most by _________ factors.
sociocultural
Lev Vygotsky is best known for his contributions to ____ theory.
sociocultural
WHich of the following theories holds that a person's behavior cannot be understood without studying the context in which he lives in?
sociocultural
Emil was taught as a child to surrender his chair to elderly if there were an insufficient number of chairs in a room. His action demonstrates the application of:
sociocultural theory
A person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
socioeconomic status
The code for short-term memory is most commonly based on the _____ of the stimulus.
sound
Phonology is to __________ as morphology is to __________.
sound; meaning
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and...
source misattribution.
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.
source misattributions
Newborns prefer:
speech over most other sounds
Newborns prefer:
speech over most other sounds.
newborns prefer:
speech over most other sounds.
Myelination
speeds up the transmission of neural impulses
Myelination:
speeds up the transmission of neural impulses.
Sarah is a 20-year-old college student who is paralyzed from her waist down. She can walk with difficulty with crutches but prefers her wheelchair. Sarah tells you that her condition is due to a birth defect. Which of the following birth defects did Sarah MOST likely have?
spina bifida
The developmental issue (controversy) over the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist throughout life or change.
stability-change issue
Attempting to eat spaghetti by trying to put a piece in the ears as well as in the mouth is typical of sensorimotor stage:
stage five.
In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants become aware of things and respond to people and objects?
stage three
The first acquired adaptation that includes grabbing a bottle to suck on is in:
stage two of Piaget's sensorimotor stages.
The Piagetian sensorimotor stages that involve the infant's responses to her own body are:
stages one and two.
According to Erickson, failure to achieve generativity results in:
stagnation and personal impoverishment
To assume that the world is unchanging is to engage in:
static reasoning
Alicia is a chemical engineer who has endured sexism throughout her career. her 14 year old daughter would like also to go into chemical engineering. Alicia supports her daughter's goals but worries that she, too, will be subjected to _____ as Alicia had been.
stereotype threat
The goal in dealing with child maltreatment is to:
stop it before it begins
Sylvia has severe cystic acne and is taking Accutane, a drug prescribed by her doctor. She has just discovered that she is pregnant. Her doctor told her that she should:
stop taking Accutane immediately.
An infant's distress at an unfamiliar person is called:
stranger wariness
An infant's distress at an unfamiliar person is called:
stranger wariness.
In operant conditioning, reinforcers:
strengthen behaviors which they follow
The primary effect of chunking is to...
stretch the capacity of STM.
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is...
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
Primary prevention is described as:
structure situations to make injuries less likely.
In Central European countries, such as Hungary, teachers are developing exercises designed to improve:
students' attention.
Jean Piaget was interested in:
studying how children think.
If a reported incident of child maltreatment has been investigated and verified, it is considered to be:
substantiated
The acronym "SIDS" stands for:
sudden infant death syndrome.
The central thesis of sociocultural theory is that human development is the result of a dynamic interaction between developing persons and their:
surrounding society and culture
A _______ is an internal sensory image or word that represents an event.
symbol
The _is the point where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of another neron
synapes
Coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called:
synchrony
a new idea that integrates an original idea and its opposite is referred to as a(n):
synthesis
The best policy regarding prescription drugs during pregnancy is:
take drugs only if medically necessary, prescribed by a knowledgeable doctor.
Two factors that are associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson disease are ________ and _______.
taking ibuprofen; drinking coffee
to increase her sexual desire following menopause, Janine has begun:
taking testosterone supplements
to find a good preschool, a parent should look for:
teachers responsive to children's need; high teacher-child ratios.
To find a good preschool, a parent should look for:
teachers responsive to children's needs; low teacher-child ratios
Given the importance of metacognition, it is helpful for educators to:
tech cognitive strategies
"Constitutionally based individual differences in emotions, activity, and self-control" would be a useful and appropriate definition of:
temperament
Concerning temperment and personaliy reseach has found that
temperament is linked to biologcial patterns that appear in infancy
Concerning temperament and personality, research has found that:
temperament is linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy
Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the...
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
A toddler experimentally varies the way she handles a ball—first squeezing it, then throwing it—to learn what effect each variation has. This child is demonstrating:
tertiary circular reactions.
Once an infant becomes responsive to other people and to objects, and touches and moves them, she is engaging in:
tertiary circular reactions.
Once infants become active in exploration and experimentation within their environment, they are engaging in:
tertiary circular reactions.
Once infants become active in exploration and emperimention within their enviroment they engaging in
tertiary reactions
a person's sex is determined by:
the 23rd pair of chromosomes.
The issue of local control of curriculum and national standards is a controversial aspect of:
the No Child Left Behind Act
of the following, the best example of fluid intelligence is:
the ability to quickly perceive logical relationships between words
Phenotype refers to:
the actual expression of genetic traits
phenotype refers to:
the actual expression of genetic traits.
Freud's second stage is called:
the anal stage.
All of the following have been identified has ways in which the aging brain adapts EXCEPT:
the brain becomes more lateralized.
One function of ____ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information.
the central executive
The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is:
the corpus collosum.
Suppose a particular couple has a 50/50 chance of having a child with a lifelong, painful disease that will require expensive medical care. Who makes the decision about whether the couple tries to conceive?
the couple
The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by...
the encoding specificity principle.
While Sally's mother was pregnant with her, she smoked and drank alcohol which adversely effected Sally's lung development. After Sally was born, she was placed into an environment with two parents who smoked. As Sally continued to develop, she was diagnosed with asthma, a breathing disorder. The development of this disorder could be explained by the concept of:
the epigenetic view.
a genome is:
the full set of genes for a particular organism.
When a baby is first born, it is bluish in color. As soon as it cries, it will begin to turn pink. Which of the following body parts will be the last to turn pink?
the hands and feet
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.
the hippocampus
the belief that our society's obsession with cleanliness and sterile environments may actually increase the risk of asthma is referred to as:
the hygiene hypothesis.
Which of the following is the scientific definition of infertility?
the inability to conceive after at least a year of trying to do so via sexual intercourse
The first two stages of sensorimotor thought involve:
the infant's own body.
The term holophrase is used to denote:
the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
the number of vowels in a word.
a critical-period view the language learning refers to:
the only time language can be learned.
Which of the following best defines the term affordance
the opportunity for perception and interection that is offered by people the envirment and ojects
affordance
the opportunity for preception and interaction that is offered by people, the environment, and objects
Danielle sucks her thumb because she finds it very pleasurable. According to Freud, Danielle is most likely in:
the oral stage
When doing research with children, which of the following must be obtained?
the parent's informed consent
The word-length effect reveals that...
the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying...
the phonological loop.
The Piagetian stage of development that is similar to Kohlberg's stage of pre conventional morality is:
the preoperational stage
Stany and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that...
the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
heathly infants usually devlop
the same motor skill i the same sequence
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves
the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.
In order to draw conclusions that are based on evidence, rather than opinion or wishful thinking, researchers use:
the scientific method
The baby is born at the end of:
the second stage of labor
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on...
the self-reference effect.
in Erickson's psychosocial theory, resolutions to developmental crises depend on the interaction between the individual and:
the social environment
Which of the following develops at around 6 weeks of age?
the social smile
Which of the following develops at around 6 weeks of age?
the social smile.
Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because...
the stimulus category remained the same.
A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:
the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.
Memory enhancement due to conceptual priming is a result of...
the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of...
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if...
the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.
The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain:
the universal inborn ability to learn language.
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on...
the visuospatial sketch pad.
which of the following has the largest impact on weather adolescent sexual discovery and exploration is healthy and enjoyable or shameful and frightening?
their culture
how do people become fixated in Freudian stage?
their normal developmental urges are frustrated.
How do people become fixated in freudian stage
their normal developtal urges are frusted
Because school children judge their own talents and limitations more realistically than preschoolers:
their self-confidence may suffer as they compare themselves to others
A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called:
theory of mind
a persons understanding of the thoughts of other people is called:
theory of mind.
ethnotheory
theory that is embedded in a particular culture or ethnic group
preschoolers have a tendency to try to make up a reason for why things that they see and hear occur. This tendency is known as:
theory-theory.
Identify the accurate statement about adolescent crime.
there are many one-time offenders.
Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that:
there is greater pressure for boys.
Sensorimotor intelligence (final stage)
toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations
Which of the following research results provides support for the social impulses theory of language learning?
toddlers learn new words best when they are taught in person
During the growth spurt, the last part(s) of the body to grow is (are) the:
torso.
The term child maltreatment includes all of the following possibilities EXCEPT:
tough love.
Brain damage, loss of vision, and mental retardation which may be caused by eating undercooked meat and handling cat feces or garden dirt is attributed to:
toxoplasmosis
The scientfic method used by an infant in stage five is
trail and error
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at re-trieval. This is called...
transfer-appropriate processing.
fine motor skills
transfering objects from one hand to another
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
transition points
The ability to understand connections between one fact and another, even though it is not stated, is called:
transitive interference
By 8 months of age, infants have a firm grasp of object permanence.
true
By about 30 months of age, toddlers can remember and re-enact complex sequences of activities they have witnessed.
true
Infants usually triple their birthweight by the end of their first year.
true
The social smile, in response to another person, begins to appear at about 6 weeks after birth.
true
The first "crisis of life," according to Erikson, is:
trust vs. mistrust.
The autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis involves the child's:
trying to control his or her own actions
Gabriella, an average 10-year-old, can probably throw a ball _____ she could when she was 6.
twice as far
The germinal period ends approximately:
two weeks after conception
The germinal period ends approximately:
two weeks after conception.
the so-called reading wars are most specifically related to:
whole language vs. phonics.
Secure attachment makes a toddler:
willing to explore
in developed nations, the most common living arrangement for people over age 65 is living:
with a spouse or alone
Research shows that a child is most likely to be a victim of bullying if the child is:
withdraw-rejected
Kai is 2 years old and weighs 30 pounds. She is __________ for her age.
within the normal range
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that...
working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information.
According to cognitive theory, infants use their early relationships to develop a set of assumptions that become a frame of reference they may use later in life. Such a set of assumptions is called a:
working model
Vygotsky's theory includes the idea of:
young children as "apprentices in thinking"
Vygotsky's theory includes the idea of:
young children as "apprentices in thinking."
Vygotsky's theory includes the idea of:
young children as apprentices in thinking.
