Combo with Mnemonics and 27 others_10-25
Brachioradialis
BrachioRadialis: Function: Its the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer. Innervation: Breaks Rule: it's a flexor muscle, But Radial. (Radial nerve usually is for extensors: Recall BEST rule: B was for brachioradialis). Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa. Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of Radius.
Hand: nerve lesions
DR CUMA: Drop=Radial nerve Claw=Ulnar nerve Median nerve=Ape hand (or Apostol [preacher] hand)
Median and ulnar nerves: common features
Each supply 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus. Each supplies 2 lumbricals. Each has a palmar cutaneous nerve that pops off prematurely. Each supplies an eminence group of muscles [ulnar: hypothenar. median: thenar]. Each enters forearm through two heads [ulnar: heads of flexor carpi ulnaris. median: heads of pronator teres]. Each has no branches in upper arm. Each makes two fingers claw when cut at wrist. Each supplies a palmaris [median: palmaris longus. ulnar: palmaris brevis].
Where does the extrastriate visual cortex project to
V4
VACTERL
Vertebral, Anal, Cardiac, TEF, EA, Renal, Limbs
what causes accommodative esotropia
abnormal relationship between the medial recti and the ciliary body
acute painful loss of vision
acute angle closure glaucoma, ueitis, corneal ulcer
signs of retinal artery occlusion
afferent pupillary defect, cherry red spot within milky retina
risk factors for open angle glaucoma
age, AA, fm hx, diabetes
features of CRVO
all 4 quadrants of the retina affected, dilated venules and flame shaped intraretinal hemorrhages describes as blood and thunder.
definition of cataract
any opacity of the lens
describe atrophic macular degeneration
areas of focal atrophy of the RPE show up as areas of pallor, focal retinal detachment may occur
which AMD is associated with gradual progressive vision loss vs. acute nonpainful vision loss.
atrophic is gradual whereas exudative is acute
signs and symptoms of AMD
blurry vision, wavy or distored, intermittent shimmering lights, scotoma. Abnormal amsler grid test. Drusen, loss of pigmentation, subretinal bleeding
where does V1 project to
brodmans area 18 and 19 aka V2 and V3
a hx of DVT due to factor V leiden increases the risk of what
central retinal vein occlusion
signs of retinal detachment
change in the quality of the red reflex, afferent pupil defect and reduced visual acuity, distortions or folding on retinal exam
CRAO (central retinal artery occlusion)
sudden painless unilateral near complete loss of vision
BRAO (branched retinal artery occlusion)
sudden painless visual field loss that corresponds to the horizontal hemifield
Where else do retinal fibers terminate other than the LGN
superior colliculus, pretectal area, hypothalamus, SCN
pathophysiology of age related macular degeneration
supporting structures of the outer retina and photoreceptors degenerate. Drusen accumulates within the macula. Appears as scattered yellow subretinal deposits
treatment for congenital cataracts
surgery prior to 4 months of age
treatment of cataract
surgical extraction with plastic lens replacement
describe the generalized path from the eye to the visual cortex
temporal and nasal retina to optic nerve to optic chiasm to LGN to primary visual cortex or V1 in the inferior and superior bank of the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe
where do most retinal fibers terminate
the LGN
where is the primary visual cortex located
the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe
the meyers loop fibers represent what
the inferior retina or the superior part of the homologous visual fields for both eyes
where is the fovea represented in the calcarine sulcus
the most posterior half
what is the stria of gennari
the myelinated fibers in lamina IV B of the calcarine cortex
Where does V4 project to
the object recognition area of the ventral temporal cortex
Describe the pathway visual fibers take from the LGN to the cortex
the optic radiations (AKA geniculocalcarine or geniculostriate tracts) exit the LGN and divide into the superior(direct) or inferior (indirect) fibers. The superior tract goes through the parietal lobe to reach the occiptal cortex and terminate on the superior bank of the calcarine sulcus. The inferior fibers (the meyers loop) make a wide arc over the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and the proceed postieriorly to the inferior bank of teh calcarine sulcus.
binocular visual field is defined as
the space we see with both eyes when they are in the primary position
the direct fibers represent what
the superior part of the retina or the inferior part of the homologous visual fields for both eyes
halmark sign of congenital cataracts
irregular red reflex
Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches
"I Am Pretty Sexy" Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery. Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with Superior ulnar collateral artery.
Interossei muscles
"PAd and DAb": The Palmar Adduct and the Dorsal Abduct. · Use your hand to dab with a pad. "3 on the P, 4 on the Dor": There are 3 Palmar, and 4 Dorsal interossei.
Anterior forearm muscles: superficial group
"Pimps F*ck Prostitutes For Fun": Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longous Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis
most common intraocular cancer of childhood
retinoblastoma
Intrinsic muscles of hand (palmar surface)
"All For One And One For All": · Thenar: Abductor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Adductor pollicis. · Hypothenar: Opponens digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi
Brachial artery is medial to biceps tendon
"BAMBI": Brachial Artery is Medial to Biceps In elbow.
Carpal Bones
"Her C#nt's Too Tight So Lubricate The Penis": · Anticlockwise: Hamate Capate Trapezoid Trapezium Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform
Axillary artery branches
"Screw The Lawyer Save A Patient": Superior thoracic Thoracoacromiol Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral Posterior circumflex humeral
Median nerve: hand muscles innervated
"The LOAF muscles": Lumbricals 1 and 2 Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis · Alternatively: LLOAF, with 2 L's, to recall there's 2 lumbricals. · To remember that these are the Median nerve muscles, think "Meat LOAF".
Radial nerve: muscles innervated
"Try A Big Chocolate Chip Sundae, Double Dip Cherries And Peanuts Preferably Included": · In order of their innervation, proximal to distal: Triceps Anconeus Brachioradialis ext. Carpi radialis longus ext. Carpi radialis brevis Supinator ext. Digitorum ext.Digiti minimi ext. Carpi ulnaris Abductor poll. longus ext. Poll. brevis ext. P poll. longus ext. Indicis · For the neighboring words that start with the same letter (eg: chocolate and chip), notice that the longer word in the mnemonic, corresponds to the longer of the two muscle names (ex: ext. carpi radialis longus and ext. carpi radialis brevis)
Subclavian artery branches
"Very Tired Individuals Sip Strong Coffee Served Daily": Vertebral artery Thyrocervical trunk ---Inferior thyroid ---Superficial cervical ---Suprascapular Costocervical ---Superior intercostal ---Deep cervical
Biceps Brachii origin
"You walk shorter to a street corner. You ride longer on a superhighway.": · Short head originates from coracoid process. · Long head originates from the supraglenoid cavity.
which layers of the retinotopic map in the LGN are magnocellular layers
1,2
which layers receive inromation from the nasal fibers of the contralateral eye
1,4,6
What brodmans area is associated with the primary visual cortex V1
17
which layers reveive information from the temporal fibers of the ipsilateral eye
2,3,5
risk factors for closed angle glaucoma
55-70 years, female, hx of uveitis,
Arm fractures: nerves affected by humerus fracture location
ARM fracture: · From superior to inferior: Axillary: head of humerus Radial: mid shaft Median: supracondular
what area reponds to the shapes of objects
Lateral occipital complex
Lumbricals
Lumbrical action is to hold a pea, that is to flex the metacarpophalangeal joint and extend the interphalangeal joints. When look at hand in this position, can see this makes an "L" shape, since L is for Lumbrical.
Serratus anterior innervation
SALT: Serratus Anterior = Long Thoracic.
Extensor expansion location in the hand
The eXtensor eXpansion is on the proXimal phalynX.
features of retinal vein occlusion
common, after age 60 in pts with HTN, DM ASCVD, slower onset of symptoms
signs of angle closure glaucoma
conjunctival injection, lid edema, cornal edema with blurring of red reflex, mid dilated pupil, IOP elevated
definition of amblyopia
decreased vision, usually unilateral to the range of legal blindness
signs and symptoms of open angle glaucoma
decreased visual acuity late in disease course, incrased IOP, optic nerve cupping
symptoms of presbyopia
difficulty reading, holding books farther away, distance bision is blurry after reading
treatment of angle closure glaucoma
drugs covered in gayers lecture, laser iridectomy
What does this crossing of information on the retinotopic map mean
each point in space is represented 6 times in the LGN
triad of signs in congenital glaucoma
epiphora, photophobia, blepharospasm
acute painless loss of vision
exudative wet MD, retinal detchment, retinal vein and artery occlusion, vitreous hemorrhage, cerebral vision loss (infarct), funcitonal vision los
nasolacrimal duct obstruction cause and treatment
eye discharge due to failure of the valve of hasner to open, generally bilateral. Daily massage is usual treatment
which area is for facial recognition
fulsiform face area on the ventral surface of the temporal lobe
evaluation for open angle glaucoma
gold standard is goldmann applanation tonometry
definition of glaucoma
group of diseases with progressive optic nerve damage and visual field loss and increased IOP
risk factors for retinal detachment
hx of myopia, cataract extraction, proliferative eye disorder
cause of congenital glaucoma
improper development of the eyes aqueous outflow system
a very dense cataract will cause
leukocoria (white pupil)
more than 75% of children with retinoblastoma are found to have
leukocoria or strabismus
prevention of amd
luttein and DHA
which area is important for motion perception
middle temporal area
what is strabismus
misalignment of the pupils
symptoms of angle closure glaucoma
monocular blurred vision, halos around lights, intense ocular pain, photophobia, vasovagal symptoms
describe exudative macular degeration
neovascularization from the choroidal vasculature. Lipids and fluids leak into the subretinal layer. End stage is assoc. with subretinal scar and destruction of overlying retina
in what three ways is visual information processed
object motion, fine special information about object shape, object color
esotropia
one or both eyes are deviated inward
exotropia
one or both eyes are deviated outward
features of BRVO
one quadrant shows the same signs as CRVO, possibly at the site of AV nicking
what are layers 3-6 in the LGN retinotopic map
parvocellular
where is the fovea represented
parvocellular layers 3-6
what is V4 known for
perception of color, curvature of lines or lines that meet at a specific angle
what is the greatest risk associated with long term inhaled corticosteroids
posterior subcapsular cataract
symptoms of cataract
progressive visual loss, glare at night, monocular diplopia, reduced color perception
symptoms and cause of amaurosis fugax
rapid fading vision like curtain descending, embolus that becomes stuck within a retinal arteriole
signs of presbyopia
reduction of near vision acuity
signs of cataract
reduction of red reflex and opacification of the lens
these cause chronic gradually worsening loss of vision
refractive error or presbyopia, atrophic dry MD, cataracts, open angle glaucoma, brain tumor
what is the difference between the ventral and dorsal pathways
the ventral pathway is the where pathway, used for analysis of motion and spatial relations. The dorsal pathway is the what pathway used for analysis of form and color
cause of CRVO
thrombus at the exit site of blood flow within the optic nerve
surgery for open angle glaucoma
trabeculectomy, presence of a filtering bleb is a sign of a successfu lsurgery
definition of amaurosis fugax
transient ischemic attack of the retina resulting in transient monocular blindness
what are the fibers going to the pretectal area and superior colliculus important for
visual reflexes
definition of presbyopia
with age, lens becomes increasingly inelastic and can no longer focus, onset at 40-45
what is the difference between nuclear and subcapsular cataract
with nuclear near vision improves
Flexor digitorum muscles
· A little rhyme: Superficialis Splits in two, To Permit Profundus Passing through.
Carpal bones: trapezium vs. trapezoid location
· Since there's two T's in carpal bone mnemonic sentences, need to know which T is where: TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapeziOID is inSIDE. · Alternatively, TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapezOID is by its SIDE.