Combo with Mnemonics and 27 others_10-25

Brachioradialis

BrachioRadialis: Function: Its the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer. Innervation: Breaks Rule: it's a flexor muscle, But Radial. (Radial nerve usually is for extensors: Recall BEST rule: B was for brachioradialis). Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa. Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of Radius.

Hand: nerve lesions

DR CUMA: Drop=Radial nerve Claw=Ulnar nerve Median nerve=Ape hand (or Apostol [preacher] hand)

Median and ulnar nerves: common features

Each supply 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus. Each supplies 2 lumbricals. Each has a palmar cutaneous nerve that pops off prematurely. Each supplies an eminence group of muscles [ulnar: hypothenar. median: thenar]. Each enters forearm through two heads [ulnar: heads of flexor carpi ulnaris. median: heads of pronator teres]. Each has no branches in upper arm. Each makes two fingers claw when cut at wrist. Each supplies a palmaris [median: palmaris longus. ulnar: palmaris brevis].

Where does the extrastriate visual cortex project to

V4

VACTERL

Vertebral, Anal, Cardiac, TEF, EA, Renal, Limbs

what causes accommodative esotropia

abnormal relationship between the medial recti and the ciliary body

acute painful loss of vision

acute angle closure glaucoma, ueitis, corneal ulcer

signs of retinal artery occlusion

afferent pupillary defect, cherry red spot within milky retina

risk factors for open angle glaucoma

age, AA, fm hx, diabetes

features of CRVO

all 4 quadrants of the retina affected, dilated venules and flame shaped intraretinal hemorrhages describes as blood and thunder.

definition of cataract

any opacity of the lens

describe atrophic macular degeneration

areas of focal atrophy of the RPE show up as areas of pallor, focal retinal detachment may occur

which AMD is associated with gradual progressive vision loss vs. acute nonpainful vision loss.

atrophic is gradual whereas exudative is acute

signs and symptoms of AMD

blurry vision, wavy or distored, intermittent shimmering lights, scotoma. Abnormal amsler grid test. Drusen, loss of pigmentation, subretinal bleeding

where does V1 project to

brodmans area 18 and 19 aka V2 and V3

a hx of DVT due to factor V leiden increases the risk of what

central retinal vein occlusion

signs of retinal detachment

change in the quality of the red reflex, afferent pupil defect and reduced visual acuity, distortions or folding on retinal exam

CRAO (central retinal artery occlusion)

sudden painless unilateral near complete loss of vision

BRAO (branched retinal artery occlusion)

sudden painless visual field loss that corresponds to the horizontal hemifield

Where else do retinal fibers terminate other than the LGN

superior colliculus, pretectal area, hypothalamus, SCN

pathophysiology of age related macular degeneration

supporting structures of the outer retina and photoreceptors degenerate. Drusen accumulates within the macula. Appears as scattered yellow subretinal deposits

treatment for congenital cataracts

surgery prior to 4 months of age

treatment of cataract

surgical extraction with plastic lens replacement

describe the generalized path from the eye to the visual cortex

temporal and nasal retina to optic nerve to optic chiasm to LGN to primary visual cortex or V1 in the inferior and superior bank of the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe

where do most retinal fibers terminate

the LGN

where is the primary visual cortex located

the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe

the meyers loop fibers represent what

the inferior retina or the superior part of the homologous visual fields for both eyes

where is the fovea represented in the calcarine sulcus

the most posterior half

what is the stria of gennari

the myelinated fibers in lamina IV B of the calcarine cortex

Where does V4 project to

the object recognition area of the ventral temporal cortex

Describe the pathway visual fibers take from the LGN to the cortex

the optic radiations (AKA geniculocalcarine or geniculostriate tracts) exit the LGN and divide into the superior(direct) or inferior (indirect) fibers. The superior tract goes through the parietal lobe to reach the occiptal cortex and terminate on the superior bank of the calcarine sulcus. The inferior fibers (the meyers loop) make a wide arc over the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and the proceed postieriorly to the inferior bank of teh calcarine sulcus.

binocular visual field is defined as

the space we see with both eyes when they are in the primary position

the direct fibers represent what

the superior part of the retina or the inferior part of the homologous visual fields for both eyes

halmark sign of congenital cataracts

irregular red reflex

Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches

"I Am Pretty Sexy" Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery. Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with Superior ulnar collateral artery.

Interossei muscles

"PAd and DAb": The Palmar Adduct and the Dorsal Abduct. · Use your hand to dab with a pad. "3 on the P, 4 on the Dor": There are 3 Palmar, and 4 Dorsal interossei.

Anterior forearm muscles: superficial group

"Pimps F*ck Prostitutes For Fun": Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longous Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis

most common intraocular cancer of childhood

retinoblastoma

Intrinsic muscles of hand (palmar surface)

"All For One And One For All": · Thenar: Abductor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Adductor pollicis. · Hypothenar: Opponens digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi

Brachial artery is medial to biceps tendon

"BAMBI": Brachial Artery is Medial to Biceps In elbow.

Carpal Bones

"Her C#nt's Too Tight So Lubricate The Penis": · Anticlockwise: Hamate Capate Trapezoid Trapezium Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform

Axillary artery branches

"Screw The Lawyer Save A Patient": Superior thoracic Thoracoacromiol Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral Posterior circumflex humeral

Median nerve: hand muscles innervated

"The LOAF muscles": Lumbricals 1 and 2 Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis · Alternatively: LLOAF, with 2 L's, to recall there's 2 lumbricals. · To remember that these are the Median nerve muscles, think "Meat LOAF".

Radial nerve: muscles innervated

"Try A Big Chocolate Chip Sundae, Double Dip Cherries And Peanuts Preferably Included": · In order of their innervation, proximal to distal: Triceps Anconeus Brachioradialis ext. Carpi radialis longus ext. Carpi radialis brevis Supinator ext. Digitorum ext.Digiti minimi ext. Carpi ulnaris Abductor poll. longus ext. Poll. brevis ext. P poll. longus ext. Indicis · For the neighboring words that start with the same letter (eg: chocolate and chip), notice that the longer word in the mnemonic, corresponds to the longer of the two muscle names (ex: ext. carpi radialis longus and ext. carpi radialis brevis)

Subclavian artery branches

"Very Tired Individuals Sip Strong Coffee Served Daily": Vertebral artery Thyrocervical trunk ---Inferior thyroid ---Superficial cervical ---Suprascapular Costocervical ---Superior intercostal ---Deep cervical

Biceps Brachii origin

"You walk shorter to a street corner. You ride longer on a superhighway.": · Short head originates from coracoid process. · Long head originates from the supraglenoid cavity.

which layers of the retinotopic map in the LGN are magnocellular layers

1,2

which layers receive inromation from the nasal fibers of the contralateral eye

1,4,6

What brodmans area is associated with the primary visual cortex V1

17

which layers reveive information from the temporal fibers of the ipsilateral eye

2,3,5

risk factors for closed angle glaucoma

55-70 years, female, hx of uveitis,

Arm fractures: nerves affected by humerus fracture location

ARM fracture: · From superior to inferior: Axillary: head of humerus Radial: mid shaft Median: supracondular

what area reponds to the shapes of objects

Lateral occipital complex

Lumbricals

Lumbrical action is to hold a pea, that is to flex the metacarpophalangeal joint and extend the interphalangeal joints. When look at hand in this position, can see this makes an "L" shape, since L is for Lumbrical.

Serratus anterior innervation

SALT: Serratus Anterior = Long Thoracic.

Extensor expansion location in the hand

The eXtensor eXpansion is on the proXimal phalynX.

features of retinal vein occlusion

common, after age 60 in pts with HTN, DM ASCVD, slower onset of symptoms

signs of angle closure glaucoma

conjunctival injection, lid edema, cornal edema with blurring of red reflex, mid dilated pupil, IOP elevated

definition of amblyopia

decreased vision, usually unilateral to the range of legal blindness

signs and symptoms of open angle glaucoma

decreased visual acuity late in disease course, incrased IOP, optic nerve cupping

symptoms of presbyopia

difficulty reading, holding books farther away, distance bision is blurry after reading

treatment of angle closure glaucoma

drugs covered in gayers lecture, laser iridectomy

What does this crossing of information on the retinotopic map mean

each point in space is represented 6 times in the LGN

triad of signs in congenital glaucoma

epiphora, photophobia, blepharospasm

acute painless loss of vision

exudative wet MD, retinal detchment, retinal vein and artery occlusion, vitreous hemorrhage, cerebral vision loss (infarct), funcitonal vision los

nasolacrimal duct obstruction cause and treatment

eye discharge due to failure of the valve of hasner to open, generally bilateral. Daily massage is usual treatment

which area is for facial recognition

fulsiform face area on the ventral surface of the temporal lobe

evaluation for open angle glaucoma

gold standard is goldmann applanation tonometry

definition of glaucoma

group of diseases with progressive optic nerve damage and visual field loss and increased IOP

risk factors for retinal detachment

hx of myopia, cataract extraction, proliferative eye disorder

cause of congenital glaucoma

improper development of the eyes aqueous outflow system

a very dense cataract will cause

leukocoria (white pupil)

more than 75% of children with retinoblastoma are found to have

leukocoria or strabismus

prevention of amd

luttein and DHA

which area is important for motion perception

middle temporal area

what is strabismus

misalignment of the pupils

symptoms of angle closure glaucoma

monocular blurred vision, halos around lights, intense ocular pain, photophobia, vasovagal symptoms

describe exudative macular degeration

neovascularization from the choroidal vasculature. Lipids and fluids leak into the subretinal layer. End stage is assoc. with subretinal scar and destruction of overlying retina

in what three ways is visual information processed

object motion, fine special information about object shape, object color

esotropia

one or both eyes are deviated inward

exotropia

one or both eyes are deviated outward

features of BRVO

one quadrant shows the same signs as CRVO, possibly at the site of AV nicking

what are layers 3-6 in the LGN retinotopic map

parvocellular

where is the fovea represented

parvocellular layers 3-6

what is V4 known for

perception of color, curvature of lines or lines that meet at a specific angle

what is the greatest risk associated with long term inhaled corticosteroids

posterior subcapsular cataract

symptoms of cataract

progressive visual loss, glare at night, monocular diplopia, reduced color perception

symptoms and cause of amaurosis fugax

rapid fading vision like curtain descending, embolus that becomes stuck within a retinal arteriole

signs of presbyopia

reduction of near vision acuity

signs of cataract

reduction of red reflex and opacification of the lens

these cause chronic gradually worsening loss of vision

refractive error or presbyopia, atrophic dry MD, cataracts, open angle glaucoma, brain tumor

what is the difference between the ventral and dorsal pathways

the ventral pathway is the where pathway, used for analysis of motion and spatial relations. The dorsal pathway is the what pathway used for analysis of form and color

cause of CRVO

thrombus at the exit site of blood flow within the optic nerve

surgery for open angle glaucoma

trabeculectomy, presence of a filtering bleb is a sign of a successfu lsurgery

definition of amaurosis fugax

transient ischemic attack of the retina resulting in transient monocular blindness

what are the fibers going to the pretectal area and superior colliculus important for

visual reflexes

definition of presbyopia

with age, lens becomes increasingly inelastic and can no longer focus, onset at 40-45

what is the difference between nuclear and subcapsular cataract

with nuclear near vision improves

Flexor digitorum muscles

· A little rhyme: Superficialis Splits in two, To Permit Profundus Passing through.

Carpal bones: trapezium vs. trapezoid location

· Since there's two T's in carpal bone mnemonic sentences, need to know which T is where: TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapeziOID is inSIDE. · Alternatively, TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapezOID is by its SIDE.