Combo with "Psych Lesson 1" and 15 others

Five-year-old Jaime performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average four-year-old. Jaime's mental age is: A. 4 B. 4.5 C. 5 D. 80 E. 125

A. 4

Who is the best example of a Type A personality? A. Philip, a competitive, hard-driving corporation president B. Ho, a relaxed, easy-going mail carrier C. Valentin, a self-confident, intelligent journalist D. Thomas, an introverted, inhibited mental patient

A. Philip, a competitive, hard-driving corporation president

Which of the following best explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections? A. Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes. B. Stress hormones facilitate the depositing of cholesterol and fat around the heart. C. Stress hormones accelerate the "hardening" of the arteries. D. Stress hormones trigger release of digestive acids.

A. Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes.

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by: A. a built-in readiness to learn grammatical rules B. their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents C. the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities D. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly.

A. a built-in readiness to learn grammatical rules

Which of the following therapists would most likely try to understand an adult's psychological disorder by exploring that person's childhood experiences? A. a psychoanalyst B. a behavior therapist C. a person-centered therapist D. a rational-emotive therapist

A. a psychoanalyst

The parasympathetic nervous system _____ digestion and _____ heartbeat. A. accelerates; decelerates B. decelerates; accelerates C. accelerates; accelerates D. decelerates; decelerates

A. accelerates; decelerates

Botulin poisoning from improperly canned food causes paralysis by blocking the release of: A. acetylcholine B. epinephrine C. endorphins D. curare.

A. acetylcholine

The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as _____ parents. A. authoritarian B. egocentric C. rejecting-neglecting D. authoritative

A. authoritarian

A prototype is a: A. best example of a particular category B. step-by-step procedure for solving problems C. mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people D. rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems efficiently.

A. best example of a particular category

Performance of a task is typically _____ when arousal is _____. A. best; moderate B. worst; moderate C. best; low D. best; high E. mediocre; moderate

A. best; moderate

Research on cancer indicates that: A. cancer patients who bottle up their negative emotions have less chance of survival than those who are able to express them B. stress is linked with a greater incidence of cancer in white males only C. an increase in the production of B lymphocytes accounts for the link between stress and cancer D. cancer appears more often than usual among the widowed and less often than usual among the divorced

A. cancer patients who bottle up their negative emotions have less chance of survival than those who are able to express them

Psychotherapy is likely to be most effective when a client's problem is: A. clear-cut and specific B. the result of unconscious conflicts C. longstanding and habitual D. a response to a stressful life situation E. self-inflicted.

A. clear-cut and specific

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of _____ than does the James-Lange theory. A. cognitive activity B. facial expression C. physiological arousal D. catharsis

A. cognitive activity

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called: A. cognitive dissonance B. group polarization C. deindividuation D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon E. the fundamental attribution error.

A. cognitive dissonance

Repeated use of an opiate: A. decreases the brain's production of endorphins B. increases heart and breathing rates C. does not seem to be followed by serious withdrawal symptoms D. triggers auditory as well as visual hallucinations

A. decreases the brain's production of endorphins

Theories of human development have been most susceptible to criticism for overemphasizing: A. discrete age-linked stages B. the interaction of nature and nurture C. maturation during adolescent development D. personality changes during adulthood development.

A. discrete age-linked stages

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is: A. epinephrine B. acetylcholine C. testosterone D. insulin E. glycogen

A. epinephrine

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of _____ into the bloodstream. A. epinephrine and norepinephrine B. acetylcholine and endorphins C. lymphocytes and glucocorticoids D. estrogen and testosterone

A. epinephrine and norepinephrine

Evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease may be reduced by: A. estrogen supplements B. hospice care C. menopause D. all the above.

A. estrogen supplements

Research on the misinformation effect indicates that: A. events from the distant past are especially vulnerable to memory distortion B. people can easily distinguish between their own true and false memories C. hypnotic suggestion is an effective technique for accurate memory retrieval D. it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened.

A. events from the distant past are especially vulnerable to memory distortion

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the reproductive success of our female ancestors. This viewpoint best illustrates the _____ perspective. A. evolutionary B. behavioral C. cognitive D. social-cultural E. psychoanalytic

A. evolutionary

The cochlea is a: A. fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses B. fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of upright body position C. fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of body movement D. set of three tiny bones that amplify the vibrations of the eardrum.

A. fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

The approximate age at which babies begin to make speech sounds is: A. twelve months B. ten months C. one month D. four months.

A. four months

A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a(n): A. gene B. agonist C. chromosome D. motor neuron E. neurotransmitter

A. gene

The level of serotonin in the brain is _____ by a diet high in _____. A. increased; carbohydrates B. decreased; salt C. increased; protein D. decreased; sugar

A. increased; carbohydrates

Over the last twenty-five years, American college freshmen have expressed a(n) _____ desire to be wealthy and a(n) _____ desire to develop a meaningful life philosophy. A. increasing; decreasing B. increasing; increasing C. decreasing; decreasing D. decreasing; increasing

A. increasing; decreasing

According to Erikson, an older adult who feels his or her life has been satisfying, meaningful, and worthwhile has achieved a sense of: A. integrity B. autonomy C. identity D. intimacy.

A. integrity

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to: A. judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype B. judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered C. search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions D. cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited.

A. judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype

Research has found that an animal's sexual orientation can be altered by: A. manipulations of prenatal hormone conditions B. destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus C. injections of sex hormones in early adulthood D. destruction of the amygdala E. none of the above

A. manipulations of prenatal hormone conditions

People who are highly responsive to hypnotic THC, the active ingredient in _____, is classified as a _____. A. marijuana; hallucinogen B. marijuana; stimulant C. cocaine; stimulant D. cocaine; hallucinogen E. heroin; depressant

A. marijuana; hallucinogen

Prolonged stress due to sustained military combat is associated with a decrease in the size of a brain structure vital to: A. memory B. sexual behavior C. motor reflexes D. speech production.

A. memory

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n): A. myelin sheath B. association area C. endocrine gland D. neural network E. synaptic vesicle.

A. myelin sheath

This principle states which are more likely to lead to reproduction or survival are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations: A. natural selection B. evolution C. Big Bang D. survival.

A. natural selection

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because: A. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move B. we are deeply asleep, but can be awakened easily C. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular D. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.

A. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move

Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit: A. overconfidence B. the framing effect C. functional fixedness D. the representativeness heuristic E. the availability heuristic.

A. overconfidence

The body structures that enable reproduction are referred to as the: A. primary sex characteristics B. secondary sex characteristics C. masculine and feminine archetypes D. sex-linked genes E. gender schemas.

A. primary sex characteristics

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to: A. reason abstractly B. adhere to social norms C. distinguish between good and bad behaviors D. become aware of the positive and negative consequences of their own behaviors.

A. reason abstractly

Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different subjects and in different circumstances? A. replication B. correlational measurement C. random sampling D. naturalistic observation E. resurveying

A. replication

Which region of the brainstem arouses you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name? A. reticular formation B. cerebellum C. hypothalamus D. amygdala E. medulla

A. reticular formation

As people experience negative emotions, the _____ hemisphere of the brain becomes _____ electrically active. A. right; more B. right; less C. left; more D. left; less

A. right; more

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to: A. search for information consistent with our preconceptions B. judge the likelihood of events on the basis of how easily we can remember examples of them C. overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments D. overestimate the degree to which other people will confirm our beliefs.

A. search for information consistent with our preconceptions

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational B. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational C. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor D. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational E. preoperational, concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational

A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Prozac is an antidepressant drug that inhibits the reuptake of: A. serotonin B. dopamine C. acetylcholine D. chlorpromazine.

A. serotonin

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of _____ memory. A. short-term B. explicit C. flashbulb D. implicit E. sensory

A. short-term

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep? A. sleep apnea B. narcolepsy C. night terror D. insomnia

A. sleep apnea

The corrupt behavior of many ordinary people who served as Nazi concentration camp guards best illustrates that immorality often results from: A. social influence B. crystallized intelligence C. abnormal cognitive development D. inborn temperament E. postconventional moral thinking.

A. social influence

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of: A. social responsibility B. personal control C. self-actualization D. racial diversity E. free association.

A. social responsibility

After tripping over someone's book bag on the way into class, John felt embarrassed thinking that everyone in the room noticed. Actually, only the owner of the book bag saw John trip. John's thinking demonstrates: A. spotlight effect B. displacement C. projection D. self-esteem

A. spotlight effect

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of: A. successive approximations B. delayed reinforcement C. partial reinforcement D. classical conditioning E. secondary reinforcement.

A. successive approximations

Menopause refers to: A. the cessation of menstruation B. the loss of male sexual potency C. irregular timing of menstrual periods D. the loss of sexual interest in late adulthood.

A. the cessation of menstruation

In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. This reaction is best explained in terms of: A. the just-world phenomenon B. the bystander effect C. the scapegoat theory D. the mere exposure effect.

A. the just-world phenomenon

Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation? A. trait B. psychoanalytic C. humanistic D. social-cognitive

A. trait

A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of: A. validity B. standardization C. reliability D. normality

A. validity

When looking for someone to whom they can confide their personal worries, women usually turn to _____ and men usually turn to _____. A. women; women B. women; men C. men; men D. men; women

A. women; women

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink? A. "In order to proceed democratically, we need to know the honest opinions of all group members." B. "We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue." C. "Do any of you see any potential problem with our group's position?" D. "As a group, we have to think carefully about all the pros and cons surrounding this issue."

B. "We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."

Which of the following correlations affords the greatest predictive value? A. .00 B. +.50 C. -.10 D. +.01 E. -.05

B. +.50

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every: A. 30 minutes B. 90 minutes C. 2½ hours D. 4 hours.

B. 90 minutes

After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Carol experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Carol most likely experienced the effects of: A. cocaine B. LSD C. heroin D. marijuana.

B. LSD

In order to identify which of Lucy's brain areas was most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and a(n): A. CT scan B. PET scan C. EEG D. MRI.

B. PET scan

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as: A. the opponent-process theory B. Weber's law C. feature detection D. the difference threshold E. frequency theory.

B. Weber's law

When adults of varying ages were tested for their memory of a list of twenty-four words, the older adults demonstrated: A. no decline in either recall or recognition B. a decline in recall but not in recognition C. a decline in recognition but not in recall D. a decline in both recognition and recall.

B. a decline in recall but not in recognition

Motivation is defined by psychologists as: A. an impulse to accomplish something of significance B. a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal C. rigidly patterned behavioral urges characteristic of all people D. the cause of behavior

B. a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

Circadian rhythm refers to: A. the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience B. a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly twenty-four-hour cycle C. the experience of jet lag following an extensive transoceanic flight D. the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep.

B. a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly twenty-four-hour cycle

If a test is standardized, this means that: A. it accurately measures what it is intended to measure B. a person's test performance can be compared with that of a pretested group C. most test scores will cluster near the average D. the test will yield consistent results when administered on different occasions

B. a person's test performance can be compared with that of a pretested group

According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the: A. release of pain-killing endorphins in your brain B. activation of specific neural fibers in your spinal cord C. arousal of your autonomic nervous system and the release of adrenaline into your bloodstream D. deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of your skin.

B. activation of specific neural fibers in your spinal cord

Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of: A. conformity B. aggression C. social facilitation D. group polarization.

B. aggression

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are: A. attention, comprehension, and resistance B. alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion C. adrenal release, cognitive appraisal, and stomach ulceration D. reactive frustration, sympathetic arousal, and parasympathetic inhibition.

B. alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

Rabbits fail to react with fear to a signal of impending shock if they have suffered damage to the: A. hippocampus B. amygdala C. thalamus D. hypothalamus E. corpus callosum

B. amygdala

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy? A. announcing that even a small attack on an ally will result in a nuclear attack on the enemy B. announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise C. announcing that one has formed an alliance with several countries encircling the enemy D. announcing that the opposing party's invasion of a neutral country will be challenged in an international court of law

B. announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called: A. egocentrism B. assimilation C. imprinting D. attachment E. accommodation

B. assimilation

Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of: A. Gestalt therapy B. behavior therapy C. person-centered therapy D. psychoanalysis E. rational-emotive therapy.

B. behavior therapy

The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of this century was: A. psychoanalysis B. behaviorism C. humanistic psychology D. structuralism E. Gestalt psychology.

B. behaviorism

Attitudes are _____ that guide behavior. A. norms and roles B. beliefs and feelings C. superordinate goals D. dispositional attributions

B. beliefs and feelings

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by: A. cognitive processes B. biological predispositions C. environmental factors D. continuous reinforcement E. latent learning.

B. biological predispositions

When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by: A. depleting the brain's supply of serotonin B. blocking the reuptake of dopamine C. stimulating the release of excess norepinephrine D. triggering a state of dissociation.

B. blocking the reuptake of dopamine

Compared to environmentally impoverished rats, rats raised in an enriched environment show a greater development of: A. preoperational intelligence B. brain cortex C. nurturing behavior D. the number of neurons in their brains

B. brain cortex

In considering the nature of intelligence, experts would be most likely to agree that intelligence is a(n): A. inborn ability to perform well on standard intelligence tests B. capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior C. general trait that underlies success on nearly any task D. multiple array of completely independent adaptive traits

B. capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior

Studies of the conditioned eye-blink response in rabbits suggest that implicit memories are stored in the: A. hypothalamus B. cerebellum C. motor cortex D. hippocampus E. association areas.

B. cerebellum

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light? A. rods B. cones C. bipolar cells D. feature detectors

B. cones

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people: A. disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others B. consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses C. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development D. offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action

B. consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses

Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times each week, she had difficulty recognizing the professor when she happened to see her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of: A. visual capture B. context effects C. proximity D. relative clarity E. perceptual adaptation

B. context effects

Cross-sectional research indicated that during early and middle adulthood, aging is associated with _____ levels of verbal intelligence. Longitudinal research indicated that during this same period of life, aging is associated with _____ levels of verbal intelligence. A. increasing; declining B. declining; increasing C. increasing; increasing D. declining; declining

B. declining; increasing

Aerobic exercise has been closely linked to a(n): A. decrease in lymphocyte production B. decrease in depression C. increase in blood pressure in reaction to stress D. decrease in the production of endorphins.

B. decrease in depression

Habituation is the: A. awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived B. decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed C. adjustment of current schemas to make sense of new information D. interpretation of new information in terms of existing schemas E. biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.

B. decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed

After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of: A. the just-world phenomenon B. deindividuation C. the bystander effect D. groupthink E. social facilitation.

B. deindividuation

According to Kubler-Ross, the terminally ill pass through a series of stages that begins with _____ and ends with _____. A. anger; depression B. denial; acceptance C. depression; acceptance D. despair; integrity E. bargaining; depression

B. denial; acceptance

Teaching people to take personal credit for their successes and to blame circumstances when things go wrong has been found to be effective in the treatment of: A. dissociative disorders B. depression C. phobic disorders D. schizophrenia.

B. depression

A cross-sectional study is one in which: A. the same people are retested over a period of years B. different age groups are tested at the same time C. different characteristics of a given individual are assessed at the same time D. the behavior of a group is assessed by different researchers.

B. different age groups are tested at the same time

Sensory adaptation refers to: A. the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses B. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus C. the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information D. changes in the shape of the lens as it focuses on objects

B. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

In response to the statement, after menopause "women generally feel better than they have for years," most premenopausal women under 45 _____ and most older women who had experienced menopause _____. A. agreed; agreed B. disagreed; agreed C. agreed; disagreed D. disagreed; disagreed

B. disagreed; agreed

Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for: A. norepinephrine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. acetylcholine

B. dopamine

Hormones are the chemical messengers of the: A. cerebral cortex B. endocrine system C. autonomic nervous system D. limbic system E. reticular formation.

B. endocrine system

Researchers are most likely to question the value of hypnosis for: A. reducing fear B. enhancing memory C. relieving pain D. facilitating relaxation.

B. enhancing memory

Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce: A. aphasia B. epileptic seizures C. depression D. neural plasticity E. reward deficiency syndrome.

B. epileptic seizures

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that: A. people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive B. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction C. the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives D. people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something.

B. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction

The hippocampus plays a critical role in _____ memory. A. iconic B. explicit C. echoic D. implicit

B. explicit

Kathleen developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone: A. spontaneous recovery B. extinction C. generalization D. discrimination.

B. extinction

Joyce and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend time looking intently at one another's: A. lips B. eyes C. hand gestures D. body postures

B. eyes

Members of which group tend to score better on tests of spatial ability: A. homosexual men B. heterosexual men C. heterosexual women D. homosexual women

B. heterosexual men

People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to: A. the way they categorize basic emotions such as fear and anger B. how they interpret hand gestures such as the "thumbs up" signal C. the specific states of physiological arousal associated with their feelings of happiness or disgust D. their facial expressions of different emotions such as sadness or surprise

B. how they interpret hand gestures such as the "thumbs up" signal

In order to assess a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between _____ and _____. A. locus of control; self-actualization B. ideal self; actual self C. the client's values; the therapist's values D. unconditional positive regard; self-actualization E. self-esteem; locus of control

B. ideal self; actual self

Karen dreamed that a handsome young man she had met the previous day asked her for a date. When he actually did call for a date several days later, Karen concluded that most of her dreams accurately predict future events. Her belief best illustrates: A. replication B. illusory correlation C. random sampling D. the false consensus effect.

B. illusory correlation

The presence of others _____ a person's performance on well-learned tasks and _____ a person's performance on unmastered tasks. A. improves; has no effect on B. improves; hinders C. has no effect on; hinders D. hinders; improves E. improves; improves

B. improves; hinders

Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called: A. needs B. incentives C. goals D. drives

B. incentives

Employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. Research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will: A. calm their emotions and reduce their anger B. increase their hostility C. rechannel their anger into constructive motivation D. improve their relationships with management by allowing an open airing of differences

B. increase their hostility

Since the 1950s, the spendable income of Americans (adjusting for inflation) has _____ and their self-reported personal happiness has _____. A. remained almost unchanged; decreased B. increased; remained almost unchanged C. remained almost unchanged; increased D. remained almost unchanged; remained almost unchanged

B. increased; remained almost unchanged

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which: A. two subgroups of individuals have opposing opinions B. individuals share a similar opinion C. each individual has a unique perspective D. individuals have not formed any opinion.

B. individuals share a similar opinion

Increases in _____ increase hunger, whereas increases in _____ decrease hunger. A. glucose; insulin B. insulin; glucose C. glucose; testosterone D. testosterone; insulin E. serotonin; insulin

B. insulin; glucose

Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for: A. competence B. intimacy C. autonomy D. trust.

B. intimacy

Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense of identity by: A. seeking a lifelong romantic relationship B. investigating the personal suitability of various occupational roles C. severing the emotional ties between themselves and their childhood friends D. adopting whatever values and expectations their parents recommend.

B. investigating the personal suitability of various occupational roles

If both depressed and nondepressed individuals receive similar scores on a diagnostic test for depression, it is said that the test: A. has not been standardized B. is not valid C. is not reliable D. has not been factor-analyzed E. does not produce scores that form a normal distribution

B. is not valid

The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the: A. cerebellum B. medulla C. reticular formation D. thalamus.

B. medulla

Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told by experts that a hearing aid would restore his lost sense of hearing. It is likely that Joe's hearing loss involves problems within the: A. inner ear B. middle ear C. auditory nerve D. basilar membrane.

B. middle ear

Compared to their counterparts of forty years ago, today's average American woman weighs _____ and today's average Miss America contestant weighs _____. A. less; more B. more; less C. less; less D. more; more

B. more; less

A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage: A. altruism B. nonconformity C. ingroup bias D. groupthink E. superordinate goals.

B. nonconformity

Color constancy refers to the fact that: A. light waves reflected by an object remain constant despite changes in lighting B. objects are perceived to be the same color even if the light they reflect changes C. the perceived color of an object has a constant relation to its brightness D. the frequency of light waves is directly proportional to the light's wavelength.

B. objects are perceived to be the same color even if the light they reflect changes

Those who view intelligence as people's successful adaptation to their environment are most likely to be skeptical about the possibility: A. of predicting academic success with standard intelligence tests B. of creating "culture-free" tests of intelligence C. that intelligence is influenced by heredity D. that intelligence involves a diverse set of adaptive capacities.

B. of creating "culture-free" tests of intelligence

Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one's level of creativity? A. extroversion B. openness C. emotional stability D. agreeableness

B. openness

Consciousness is: A. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember B. our awareness of ourselves and our environment C. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information D. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory E. the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

B. our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with: A. sleep apnea B. paradoxical sleep C. Stage 4 sleep D. sleep spindles.

B. paradoxical sleep

Research on human fear indicates that: A. fear is more often a poisonous emotion than an adaptive one B. people seem to be biologically predisposed to learn some fears more quickly than others C. people but not animals may acquire fear through observational learning D. genetic factors are unimportant in understanding fearfulness

B. people seem to be biologically predisposed to learn some fears more quickly than others

Firewalking without the experience of severe pain results from the: A. distraction of attention away from one's feet B. poor heat conductivity of hot wood coals C. activation of nerves in the spinal cord that block transmission of pain signals D. alteration of body chemistry induced by a state of meditation.

B. poor heat conductivity of hot wood coals

An aversive consequence that decreases the recurrence of the behavior that precedes it is a: A. negative reinforcer B. punisher C. conditioned stimulus D. delayed reinforcer E. secondary reinforcer.

B. punisher

The function of dendrites is to: A. release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons B. receive incoming signals from other neurons C. coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems D. control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain.

B. receive incoming signals from other neurons

Which of the following factors contributes most positively to the development of secure attachment between human infants and their mothers? A. breast feeding B. responsive parenting C. family planning D. father absence E. authoritarian discipline

B. responsive parenting

A cluster of behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position is a(n): A. norm B. role C. attribution D. attitude.

B. role

According to the social-cognitive perspective, women are more vulnerable to depression than men because they are more likely to: A. have unrealistically optimistic goals in life B. sense a lack of personal control over their lives C. struggle with unresolved feelings of anger toward their mothers D. experience low levels of norepinephrine E. experience cyclical variations in hormone levels.

B. sense a lack of personal control over their lives

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? A. playing jump rope B. shivering in cold weather C. running through a maze to get a food reward D. clapping after a thrilling concert performance

B. shivering in cold weather

After finding his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his _____ memory. A. echoic B. short-term C. flashbulb D. long-term E. implicit

B. short-term

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as _____ each other and the members of an ingroup as _____ each other. A. different from; similar to B. similar to; different from C. similar to; similar to D. different from; different from

B. similar to; different from

As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the horse will appear to grow larger. This best illustrates the phenomenon of: A. visual capture B. size constancy C. closure D. convergence E. linear perspective.

B. size constancy

After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his frontal lobe in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty: A. remembering past events B. speaking fluently C. reading D. understanding other people when they speak.

B. speaking fluently

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Alice's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her _____ nervous system. A. central B. sympathetic C. skeletal D. parasympathetic

B. sympathetic

As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the _____ nervous system. A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. skeletal D. central

B. sympathetic

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the: A. skeletal nervous system B. sympathetic nervous system C. parasympathetic nervous system D. limbic system.

B. sympathetic nervous system

In order to combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, one needs to adhere to proper rules of: A. semantics B. syntax C. nomenclature D. phonics.

B. syntax

Female children have been observed to dress and play in ways more typical of males if they were exposed to excess _____ during their prenatal development. A. teratogens B. testosterone C. endorphins D. estrogen

B. testosterone

The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as: A. the halo effect B. the Barnum effect C. projection D. factor analysis E. unconditional positive regard.

B. the Barnum effect

Adolescence extends from: A. the beginning of concrete operations to the end of formal operations B. the beginnings of sexual maturity to independent adulthood C. 12 to 15 years of age D. the beginning to the end of the growth spurt.

B. the beginnings of sexual maturity to independent adulthood

In order to understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist has carefully investigated the client's current life situation and his physical, social, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist employed? A. the survey B. the case study C. experimentation D. naturalistic observation

B. the case study

Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-and-effect relationships? A. the survey B. the experiment C. correlational research D. naturalistic observation

B. the experiment

Gender identity refers to: A. one's biological sex B. the sense of being male or female C. the set of expected behaviors for males and for females D. how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is E. a person's identification with the parent of the opposite sex.

B. the sense of being male or female

Many sexually active American adolescents fail to avoid pregnancy because: A. low sex guilt inhibits the careful planning of contraceptive use B. they are ignorant concerning basic human reproductive functioning C. sex education courses have actually discouraged contraceptive use D. all of the above.

B. they are ignorant concerning basic human reproductive functioning

Saying that the difference between two groups is statistically significant means: A. the difference between the groups is larger B. this difference is probably not due to chance variation C. there is a large range between the highest score of one group and the lowest score of the other D. the standard deviation is large.

B. this difference is probably not due to chance variation.

The corpus callosum is a band of neural fibers that: A. enables the left hemisphere to control the right side of the body B. transmits information between the cerebral hemispheres C. controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs D. directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

B. transmits information between the cerebral hemispheres

When there is a conflict between bits of information received by two or more senses, which sense tends to dominate the others? A. hearing B. vision C. smell D. touch E. None of the above; the senses work together as equal partners.

B. vision

People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by _____ cases. A. randomly selected B. vivid C. representative D. the most frequently occurring

B. vivid

Lymphocytes are: A. harmful agents such as chemicals and viruses that cross the placenta from mother to fetus B. white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system C. cancer cells that form in the lymph glands D. stress hormones produced by the sympathetic nervous system.

B. white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system

Forty-year-old Roger insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably: A. experiences very little REM sleep B. would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep C. dreams during Stage 4 rather than during REM sleep D. experiences more Stage 4 sleep than most people E. passes through the sleep cycle much more rapidly than most people.

B. would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep

Alessandra's mother told her, "You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." This remark best illustrates the _____ theory of emotion. A. Cannon-Bard B. two-factor C. James-Lange D. opponent-process

C. James-Lange

Current research on sensory restriction indicates that: A. two days of sensory monotony typically results in a person experiencing dramatic hallucinations B. a day or two of sensory monotony makes people highly vulnerable to brainwashing C. a day of sensory monotony can reduce stress and facilitate self-control D. sensory monotony makes people less sensitive to new and changing sensory inputs.

C. a day of sensory monotony can reduce stress and facilitate self-control

The characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence is: A. culturally defined B. largely unpredictable and unmeasurable C. a diverse set of distinct abilities D. dependent upon the speed of cognitive processing

C. a diverse set of distinct abilities

We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel _____ sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally _____. A. little; disapprove B. little; approve C. a great; disapprove D. a great; approve

C. a great; disapprove

After a period of adjustment to special lenses that turn the visual field upside down: A. a frog could accurately retrieve flies with its tongue B. a pigeon could easily fly over a very low fence C. a person could successfully read a book D. all the above could occur.

C. a person could successfully read a book

In order to encourage Mrs. Haan, a withdrawn schizophrenia patient, to be more socially active, institutional staff members give her small plastic cards whenever she talks to someone. She is allowed to exchange these cards for candy and cigarettes. Staff members are making use of: A. active listening B. systematic desensitization C. a token economy D. free association E. classical conditioning.

C. a token economy

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the: A. synapse B. threshold C. action potential D. myelin sheath E. refractory period.

C. action potential

Increasing the intensity of a stimulus above the threshold will not similarly increase the intensity of a neural response to that stimulus. This highlights the nature of the: A. synaptic gap B. myelin sheath C. all-or-none response D. reward deficiency syndrome E. glial cells.

C. all-or-none response

The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects: A. reciprocal determinism B. self-serving bias C. an external locus of control D. the pleasure principle E. the Barnum effect

C. an external locus of control

The most common personality disorder is the _____ personality disorder. A. histrionic B. narcissistic C. antisocial D. borderline

C. antisocial

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of: A. conscious and unconscious mental activity B. observable responses to the environment C. behavior and mental processes D. thoughts, feelings, and perceptions E. maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.

C. behavior and mental processes

The tendency for one's preexisting opinions to distort logical reasoning is known as: A. framing B. functional fixedness C. belief bias D. the availability heuristic E. linguistic relativity

C. belief bias

Maturation refers to: A. the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors B. any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development C. biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience D. the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.

C. biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience

The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the: A. conditioning of the immune response B. body's response to aerobic exercise C. body's response to prolonged stress D. process of biofeedback.

C. body's response to prolonged stress

The level of obedience in the Milgram experiments was highest when the "teacher" was _____ the experimenter and _____ the "learner." A. close to; close to B. far from; far from C. close to; far from D. far from; close to

C. close to; far from

Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity to: A. vocalize the most common vowel sounds B. acquire language vocabulary as rapidly as most children C. communicate meaning through the use of symbols D. all the above.

C. communicate meaning through the use of symbols

Susan, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Susan during their telephone conversation if he has just: A. awakened from a short nap B. finished eating a delicious meal C. completed a series of aerobic exercises D. been studying his history lecture notes.

C. completed a series of aerobic exercises

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to: A. neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group B. perform simple tasks more effectively in the presence of others C. comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request D. lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity E. experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar.

C. comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request

When grocery shopping with his mother, four-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent training experts would suggest that his mother should: A. threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums B. offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself C. continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums D. return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves. E. personality psychology

C. continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums

A statistical measure that indicates the extent to which changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another is called a(n): A. replication B. independent variable C. correlation D. dependent variable.

C. correlation

If those who watch a lot of TV violence are also particularly likely to behave aggressively, this would not necessarily indicate that watching TV violence influences aggressive behavior because: A. random sequences often don't look random B. sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations C. correlation does not prove causation D. events often seem more probable in hindsight.

C. correlation does not prove causation

Older people's capacity to learn and remember meaningless material shows greater decline than their capacity to learn and remember meaningful material. This best illustrates the value of: A. concrete operational thought B. formal operational thought C. crystallized intelligence D. fluid intelligence.

C. crystallized intelligence

Mr. Hunt believes that he is the President of the United States and that he will soon become the "King of the Universe." Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from: A. hallucinations B. obsessions C. delusions D. dissociative identity disorder.

C. delusions

Self-esteem is negatively correlated with: A. personal control B. self-serving bias C. depression D. individualism E. extroversion

C. depression

The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing _____ in infants. A. size constancy B. selective attention C. depth perception D. perceptual adaptation E. figure-ground perception

C. depth perception

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina? A. accommodation of the lens B. transduction of the cones C. dilation of the pupils D. sensory adaptation of feature detectors

C. dilation of the pupils

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called: A. shaping B. acquisition C. discrimination D. generalization E. latent learning.

C. discrimination

The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead: A. drug addicts to feel increased feelings of shame B. co-dependents to hide the drug abuse from public view C. drug addicts to feel powerless to overcome the addiction D. society as a whole to become increasingly hostile and prejudicial toward drug addicts.

C. drug addicts to feel powerless to overcome the addiction

According to the text, learning: A. always produces an improvement in behavior B. requires the ability to think abstractly C. enables us to adapt to our environment D. does not occur in simple animals

C. enables us to adapt to our environment

The best way to increase the production of serotonin is to: A. avoid high-carbohydrate foods B. make use of biofeedback C. engage in aerobic exercise D. receive training in meditation.

C. engage in aerobic exercise

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to: A. ignore disconfirming evidence B. reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested C. exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events D. assume that correlation proves causation E. overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.

C. exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events

Transference refers to a client's: A. conversion of psychological conflicts into physical and behavioral disorders B. replacement of self-centeredness with a genuine concern for others C. expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships D. translation of threatening dream content into non-threatening manifest symbols.

C. expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships

Ever since Lupe was scolded and punished by her teacher for misbehaving, Lupe has been fearful of being near the teacher. This illustrates that: A. fear is a biologically maladaptive response B. young children are biologically predisposed to fear almost anything C. fear can be learned D. emotions are most negative when we are only moderately aroused

C. fear can be learned

The perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings is called: A. perceptual set B. perceptual constancy C. figure-ground perception D. the phi phenomenon.

C. figure-ground perception

Pleasant memories are most likely to be evoked by exposure to: A. bright colors B. soft touches C. fragrant odors D. loud sounds.

C. fragrant odors

Joan forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Joan's oversight best illustrates: A. confirmation bias B. belief perseverance C. functional fixedness D. the availability heuristic E. overconfidence.

C. functional fixedness

The process of encoding refers to: A. the persistence of learning over time B. the recall of information previously learned C. getting information into memory D. the motivated forgetting of painful memories E. a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

C. getting information into memory

When children grow up and leave home, mothers most frequently report feeling: A. depressed B. bored C. happy D. anxious.

C. happy

Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by: A. neurotransmitters B. hormones C. heredity D. sexual behavior.

C. heredity

Which component of the limbic system plays an essential role in the formation of new memories? A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. hippocampus D. amygdala

C. hippocampus

The brain structure that detects sex-hormone levels and activates sexual arousal is the: A. cerebellum B. amygdala C. hypothalamus D. medulla E. thalamus.

C. hypothalamus

Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to: A. provide a quantitative estimate of inherited intellectual potential B. distinguish between academic and practical intelligence C. identify children likely to have difficulty learning in school D. assess general capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior

C. identify children likely to have difficulty learning in school

When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) _____ in hunger and a(n) _____ in its metabolic rate. A. increase; increase B. decrease; decrease C. increase; decrease D. decrease; increase

C. increase; decrease

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be _____ by injections of testosterone and _____ by consumption of alcohol. A. increased; decreased B. decreased; increased C. increased; increased D. decreased; decreased

C. increased; increased

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of: A. habituation B. egocentrism C. insecure attachment D. the rooting reflex E. object permanence.

C. insecure attachment

Fixed patterns of behavior characteristic of a species and developed without practice are called: A. intrinsic motives B. drives C. instincts D. extrinsic motives E. incentives

C. instincts

Research on gender and emotional intelligence suggests that women are more skilled than men at: A. avoiding the experience of emotional ambivalence B. preventing emotions from distorting reasoning C. interpreting others' facial expressions of emotion D. delaying emotional gratification in pursuit of long-term goals.

C. interpreting others' facial expressions of emotion

Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called: A. feature detection B. accommodation C. kinesthesis D. sensory interaction E. the vestibular sense

C. kinesthesis

Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed: A. a fixation B. a reaction formation C. learned helplessness D. a higher threshold of pain E. unrealistic optimism

C. learned helplessness

Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet: A. became apathetic and lost interest in food B. remained interested in food, but avoided talking or thinking about it C. lost interest in sex and social activities D. became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues

C. lost interest in sex and social activities

For a hungry person, the consumption of food serves to: A. lower the set point B. arouse needs C. maintain homeostasis D. reduce an instinct

C. maintain homeostasis

A condition in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as: A. fugue B. paranoia C. mania D. a panic attack E. catatonia.

C. mania

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that: A. an occasional cigarette smoker almost always becomes a heavy smoker B. regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for THC C. many people are able to stop using heroin without professional help D. individuals who receive morphine from physicians for pain relief usually develop the irresistible cravings of an addict.

C. many people are able to stop using heroin without professional help

Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that: A. women are more likely rape victims than are men B. most rapes are commonly committed by victims' dates or acquaintances C. many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters D. most rapes are never reported to the police.

C. many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters

One difficulty with a purely attributional explanation of depression is that negative attributions: A. have little effect on people's feelings of self-worth B. are more characteristic of men than of women C. may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression D. do not coincide with actual episodes of depression E. are more clearly associated with mania than with depression.

C. may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of: A. sounds B. visual images C. meanings D. unfamiliar units.

C. meanings

A slap on the back is more painful than a pat on the back because a slap triggers: A. faster neural impulses B. more intense neural impulses C. more frequent neural impulses D. all the above.

C. more frequent neural impulses

Information is carried from the central nervous system to the tissues by: A. interneurons B. sensory neurons C. motor neurons D. the limbic system.

C. motor neurons

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzees in the jungle are using a research method known as: A. the survey B. experimentation C. naturalistic observation D. the case study E. random sampling.

C. naturalistic observation

Dendrites are branching extensions of: A. chromosomes B. genes C. neurons D. glial cells E. endocrine glands.

C. neurons

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: A. genetic predispositions B. cognitive processes C. observable behavior D. all the above.

C. observable behavior

Antidepressant drugs that affect the availability of the neurotransmitter serotonin have been found especially useful in the treatment of _____ disorders. A. schizophrenia B. dissociative C. obsessive-compulsive D. antisocial personality

C. obsessive-compulsive

The rooting reflex refers to a baby's tendency to: A. withdraw a limb to escape pain B. turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face C. open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek D. be startled by a loud noise E. look longer at human faces than at inanimate objects.

C. open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek

Response-stimulus associations are to _____ as stimulus-stimulus associations are to _____. A. latent learning; observational learning B. generalization; discrimination C. operant conditioning; classical conditioning D. secondary reinforcement; primary reinforcement E. acquisition; extinction

C. operant conditioning; classical conditioning

It is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children: A. acquire language even in the absence of social interaction B. resent being corrected for grammatical mistakes C. overgeneralize grammatical rules, producing speech errors they have never heard before D. employ telegraphic speech patterns before speaking in complex sentences.

C. overgeneralize grammatical rules, producing speech errors they have never heard before

While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from a(n): A. bipolar disorder B. dissociative disorder C. panic disorder D. obsessive-compulsive disorder E. dysthymic disorder.

C. panic disorder

Experiments in which hypnotized individuals have been encouraged to perform apparently dangerous acts best illustrate that: A. hypnosis is a special state of dissociated consciousness B. information processing during hypnosis occurs only at a subconscious level C. people are surprisingly susceptible to destructive social influence D. the use of hypnosis as a form of entertainment is clearly inappropriate.

C. people are surprisingly susceptible to destructive social influence

Research on susceptibility to hypnosis indicates that: A. very few people can actually be hypnotized B. people who are most easily hypnotized usually have difficulty paying attention to their own personal thoughts and feelings C. people who are highly responsive to hypnotic suggestion tend to have rich fantasy lives D. how well a person responds to hypnotic suggestion depends primarily on the skill and experience of the hypnotist.

C. people who are highly responsive to hypnotic suggestion tend to have rich fantasy lives

According to Piaget, schemas are: A. fixed sequences of cognitive developmental stages B. children's ways of coming to terms with their sexuality C. people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences D. problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed until the formal operational stage.

C. people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced, or even inverted, visual field is called: A. perceptual set B. selective attention C. perceptual adaptation D. visual capture E. shape constancy

C. perceptual adaptation

Narcolepsy is a disorder involving: A. the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep B. sudden uncontrollable seizures followed by a collapse into deep sleep C. periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness D. difficulty falling and staying asleep.

C. periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

The importance of central nervous system activity for the experience of pain is best highlighted by: A. Weber's law B. frequency theory C. phantom limb sensations D. the opponent-process theory.

C. phantom limb sensations

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted alcoholic. This nonalcoholic drink was a: A. dependent variable B. replication C. placebo D. random sample E. double blind.

C. placebo

Compared to "late bloomers," boys who mature sexually at an early age tend to be more: A. physically uncoordinated B. sexually inhibited C. popular and self-assured D. academically successful.

C. popular and self-assured

Near-death experiences are: A. typically recalled as very scary and unpleasant B. recalled by nearly all who have been revived from a cardiac arrest C. quite similar to drug-induced hallucinogenic experiences D. explained from a duelist perspective by most scientists today.

C. quite similar to drug-induced hallucinogenic experiences

The best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction is the: A. frequency of their sexual intimacy B. intensity of their passionate feelings C. ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other D. experience or nonexperience of a prior marriage.

C. ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to: A. deal with the discipline of toilet training B. see things from the point of view of another person C. recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape D. retain earlier schemas when confronted by new experiences.

C. recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape

If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of: A. standardization B. predictive validity C. reliability D. content validity E. heritability.

C. reliability

Holding two index fingers in front of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of: A. convergence B. relative clarity C. retinal disparity D. interposition E. visual capture.

C. retinal disparity

The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one's successes than for one's failures best illustrates: A. reaction formation B. an external locus of control C. self-serving bias D. reciprocal determinism E. the Barnum effect

C. self-serving bias

Perception is the process by which: A. stimulus energies are detected B. stimulus energies are transformed into neural activity C. sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted D. nerve cells respond to specific features of a stimulus.

C. sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted

According to the medical model, psychological disorders are: A. purely imaginary symptoms of distress B. maladaptive responses to a troubling environment C. sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured D. learned habits that need to be extinguished.

C. sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured

Which of the following is most likely to cause premature death? A. the failure to use automobile seat belts B. alcohol abuse C. smoking D. obesity E. lack of exercise

C. smoking

Children who form a positive self-concept are more likely to be: A. obedient B. egocentric C. sociable D. cautious

C. sociable

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that: A. our thoughts are not influenced by our emotional states B. our normal feelings of love and anger are often irrational C. sometimes emotions precede cognition D. the two-factor theory of emotion is essentially correct E. emotional reactions bias our perceptions of the world

C. sometimes emotions precede cognition

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n): A. specified time period has elapsed B. unpredictable time period has elapsed C. specified number of responses have been made D. unpredictable number of responses have been made.

C. specified number of responses have been made

Which of the following is not a protective factor for mental disorders? A. aerobic exercise B. literacy C. substance abuse D. economic independence E. work skills

C. substance abuse

Most experts would agree that intelligence tests are "biased" in the sense that: A. the heritability of intelligence is 100 percent B. the reliability of intelligence tests is close to zero C. test performance is influenced by cultural experiences D. numerical scores of intelligence serve to dehumanize individuals.

C. test performance is influenced by cultural experiences

A hypothesis is a(n): A. observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables B. set of principles that organizes and explains newly discovered facts C. testable prediction that gives direction to research D. unprovable assumption about the unseen processes that underlie psychological functioning.

C. testable prediction that gives direction to research

The value of generating positive first impressions in your initial interactions with a new employer is best underscored by the research on: A. overconfidence B. the framing effect C. the belief perseverance phenomenon D. functional fixedness E. the representativeness heuristic.

C. the belief perseverance phenomenon

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our own attitudes is known as: A. the hindsight bias B. illusory correlation C. the false consensus effect D. an illusion of control.

C. the false consensus effect

The heritability of intelligence refers to: A. the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors B. the extent to which a group's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors C. the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors D. a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

C. the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors

The phi phenomenon refers to: A. the tendency for visual information to dominate other types of sensory information B. the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field C. the perception of movement created by the successive blinking of adjacent lights D. the tendency to fill in gaps so as to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object.

C. the perception of movement created by the successive blinking of adjacent lights

A social trap is a situation in which: A. there are not enough resources to satisfy the needs of all members of a social group B. false stereotypes influence how people interpret the behavior of others C. the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm D. the rich get richer and the poor get poorer E. all people in a conflict situation suffer, no matter how cooperatively they behave.

C. the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm

Morphemes are: A. the smallest distinctive sound units of a language B. the best examples of particular categories of objects C. the smallest speech units that carry meaning D. rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences.

C. the smallest speech units that carry meaning

Gestalt psychologists emphasized that: A. perception is the same as sensation B. we learn to perceive the world through experience C. the whole is more than the sum of its parts D. sensation has no effect on perception.

C. the whole is more than the sum of its parts

In 1942, reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1,500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when: A. they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong B. their victims are distant and depersonalized C. they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures D. they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts.

C. they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the: A. reflex B. synapse C. threshold D. action potential.

C. threshold

The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called: A. accommodation B. sensory adaptation C. transduction D. parallel processing E. sensory interaction.

C. transduction

The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to: A. cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited B. search for information consistent with our preconceptions C. underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are erroneous D. judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered.

C. underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are erroneous

After Paul's serious snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his temporal lobe in Wernicke's area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in: A. remembering past events B. pronouncing words correctly C. understanding what others are saying D. recognizing familiar faces.

C. understanding what others are saying

A homosexual orientation is: A. equally likely among members of both sexes B. associated with a lack of clear gender identity C. very persistent and difficult to change D. a result of being sexually victimized during childhood E. characteristic of over 10% of American males

C. very persistent and difficult to change

Identical twins develop from a single: A. gene B. neuron C. zygote D. chromosome.

C. zygote

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their six-year-old son? A. "Encourage your son to express his anger by slugging a punching bag." B. "Encourage your son to watch the devastating consequences of violence portrayed on TV." C. "Be consistent in spanking your child after every outburst, so he'll realize that aggression never pays." D. "Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic." E. "Don't be concerned about your child's aggressiveness, unless the behavior pattern continues beyond the fifth grade."

D. "Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."

During the last few years, 75-year-old Mrs. Yamaguchi has gradually become so mentally disoriented that she can't find her way around her own house and often fails to recognize her husband. It is most likely that Mrs. Yamaguchi is suffering the effects of: A. crystallized intelligence B. menopause C. psychogenic amnesia D. Alzheimer's disease.

D. Alzheimer's disease.

Light exposure therapy may help someone suffering from: A. major depression B. bipolar disorder C. chronic pain D. SAD E. obesity.

D. SAD

A dissociative identity disorder is most likely to be characterized by: A. a lack of guilt feelings B. offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person C. delusions of persecution and grandeur D. a massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness E. alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.

D. a massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness

Meta-analysis refers to: A. a procedure for identifying the common factors that underlie many different disorders B. the use of a variety of therapeutic techniques in the treatment of a single client C. counseling and treatment of troubled individuals by friends, family, and other nonprofessional helpers D. a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies E. the technique of simply rephrasing much of what a client says during the course of therapy.

D. a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the: A. sensory adaptation threshold B. difference threshold C. subliminal threshold D. absolute threshold.

D. absolute threshold.

According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the: A. toddler B. preschooler C. elementary school child D. adolescent.

D. adolescent.

The use of physical punishment may: A. lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior B. demonstrate that aggression is a way of coping with problems C. lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent D. all the above.

D. all the above.

Tests designed to predict ability to learn new skills are called _____ tests. A. achievement B. interest C. reliability D. aptitude E. standardized

D. aptitude

The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel happy they: A. experience a more positive self-image B. perceive the world as a safer place C. make decisions more effectively D. are more willing to help others E. report greater satisfaction with their whole lives

D. are more willing to help others

Achievement tests are designed to: A. measure desire and potential capacity to meet challenges successfully B. assess ability to produce novel and valuable ideas C. compare an individual's personality with those of highly successful people D. assess learned knowledge or skills

D. assess learned knowledge or skills

Systematic desensitization involves: A. depriving a client access to an addictive drug B. associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences C. replacing a positive response to a harmful stimulus with a negative response D. associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli E. vigorously challenging clients' illogical ways of thinking.

D. associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli

The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her: A. individualism B. ideal self C. gender identity D. attributional style E. unconditional positive regard

D. attributional style

Mental health workers label behavior psychologically disordered when they judge it: A. prejudicial, unconsciously motivated, ingenuine, and insane B. biologically based, unconsciously motivated, aggressive, and difficult to change C. selfish, habitual and avoidable, yet psychologically understandable D. atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable.

D. atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable.

Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your heart muscles by the: A. limbic system B. skeletal nervous system C. central nervous system D. autonomic nervous system.

D. autonomic nervous system.

Yang just spent an evening watching pornographic movies of attractive women who appeared to enjoy being sexually molested. This experience is most likely to lead Yang to: A. see his own girlfriend as sexually unreceptive B. perceive himself as sexually impotent C. feel unsure about his gender identity D. be more willing to hurt women E. view sexual promiscuity as morally wrong

D. be more willing to hurt women

In terms of brain evolution, the sequence of brain regions from oldest to newest is: A. limbic system, brainstem, cerebral cortex B. brainstem, cerebral cortex, limbic system C. limbic system, cerebral cortex, brainstem D. brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex E. cerebral cortex, brainstem, limbic system.

D. brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex

DSM-IV is a widely used system for: A. identifying the causes of psychological abnormality B. distinguishing sanity from insanity C. treating depression D. classifying psychological disorders E. doing all the above.

D. classifying psychological disorders

The most common ingredient underlying the success of diverse psychotherapies is the: A. professional training and experience of the therapist B. temporary escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy C. length of time the client spends in psychotherapy D. client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.

D. client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.

As a rock musician who has experienced prolonged exposure to high-amplitude music, Rodney is beginning to lose his hearing. It is most likely that this hearing loss involves problems in the: A. auditory canal B. eardrum C. tiny bones of the middle ear D. cochlea.

D. cochlea

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are _____ and _____. A. facial expressions; cognitive labels B. emotion-arousing events; physical arousal C. physical arousal; overt behavior D. cognitive labels; physical arousal

D. cognitive labels; physical arousal

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-UCS associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of _____ in conditioning. A. shaping B. discrimination C. generalization D. cognitive processes E. partial reinforcement

D. cognitive processes

Which psychological specialty is most directly concerned with the systematic study of problem solving, decision making, concept formation, and forming judgments? A. developmental psychology B. social psychology C. clinical psychology D. cognitive psychology E. personality psychology

D. cognitive psychology

George is a college sophomore who feels so personally incompetent that he believes his life is worthless and hopeless. George would probably profit the most from: A. psychoanalysis B. person-centered therapy C. systematic desensitization D. cognitive therapy E. a token economy.

D. cognitive therapy

Compared to deaf adults exposed to sign language from birth, those who first learn sign language as teens are less likely to: A. imitate correctly the signs they are shown B. use signs to indicate concrete objects C. mentally associate signs with written words D. comprehend grammatical subtleties of sign language.

D. comprehend grammatical subtleties of sign language.

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents a(n) _____ morality. A. egocentric B. conventional C. preconventional D. concrete operational E. postconventional

D. concrete operational

Which of the following terms refers to a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills? A. fluid intelligence B. concrete operational intelligence C. formal operational intelligence D. crystallized intelligence

D. crystallized intelligence

Electroconvulsive therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of: A. phobic disorders B. dissociative disorders C. schizophrenia D. depression E. somatoform disorders.

D. depression

Semantics refers to the: A. logical and methodical procedures for solving problems B. orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences C. rule-of-thumb strategies that facilitate quick decision making D. derivation of meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

D. derivation of meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a: A. rectangular shape B. circular shape C. bull's-eye pattern D. drawing of a human face.

D. drawing of a human face.

An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by physiological deprivation is called a(n): A. instinct B. need C. incentive D. drive E. intrinsic motive

D. drive

Which form of therapy has most directly contributed to the sharp reduction in the number of residents in American mental hospitals? A. psychosurgery B. cognitive therapy C. electroconvulsive therapy D. drug therapy E. behavior therapy

D. drug therapy

Imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate: A. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon B. the catharsis of aggressive feelings C. parasympathetic nervous system activity D. empathy

D. empathy

Parents who wish to strengthen their children's achievement motivation should be advised to: A. recognize that young children can't be expected to do things successfully without parental help B. tell their children that failure in life brings suffering C. warmly accept and praise their children regardless of whether they succeed or fail D. encourage children at an early age to handle responsibility without parental help

D. encourage children at an early age to handle responsibility without parental help

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as: A. acetylcholine B. curare C. dopamine D. endorphins E. epinephrine.

D. endorphins

Which of the following substances is likely to facilitate the formation of new memories? A. alcohol, which often makes people feel relaxed and uninhibited B. Valium, a prescription drug that reduces tension and anxiety C. marijuana, which sometimes produces feelings of euphoria D. epinephrine, a physically and emotionally arousing hormone

D. epinephrine, a physically and emotionally arousing hormone

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people: A. perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others B. become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion C. more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request D. experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar E. often fail to notice the influence they exert on others.

D. experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar

In the control condition of an experiment, the: A. experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior B. research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments C. research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment D. experimental treatment is absent.

D. experimental treatment is absent.

Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by: A. bringing the members of both groups into close contact B. having one group make conciliatory gestures to the other group C. allowing leaders of the two groups to communicate D. exposing the groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation.

D. exposing the groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation.

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for: A. self-esteem B. love and friendship C. religious fulfillment D. food and drink E. achievement

D. food and drink

The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the _____ stage of development. A. conventional B. preconventional C. preoperational D. formal operational

D. formal operational

Changes in Phineas Gage's behavior post-accident were likely the result of damage to his: A. angular gyrus B. motor cortex C. hippocampus D. frontal lobes.

D. frontal lobes.

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of: A. secondary reinforcement B. latent learning C. shaping D. generalization E. spontaneous recovery.

D. generalization

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates: A. latent learning B. secondary reinforcement C. shaping D. generalization E. spontaneous recovery.

D. generalization

Rule-of-thumb strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called: A. semantics B. algorithms C. prototypes D. heuristics E. fixations.

D. heuristics

This lymbic system structure is responsible for regulating hunger, thirst, body temperature and sexual behavior. A. pituitary gland B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. hypothalamus

D. hypothalamus

The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the: A. sympathetic nervous system B. parasympathetic nervous system C. limbic system D. immune system E. reticular system.

D. immune system

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as _____ memory. A. state-dependent B. flashbulb C. short-term D. implicit E. sensory

D. implicit

In a psychological experiment, the factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the _____ variable. A. dependent B. experimental C. control D. independent

D. independent

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in their town. This best illustrates: A. the just-world phenomenon B. the reciprocity norm C. the fundamental attribution error D. ingroup bias E. scapegoating

D. ingroup bias

A synapse is a(n): A. chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions B. automatic response to sensory input C. neural network D. junction between a sending and a receiving neuron E. neural cable containing many axons.

D. junction between a sending and a receiving neuron

Compared with Asian parents, North American parents place _____ emphasis on obedience and _____ emphasis on family loyalty. A. more; less B. less; more C. more; more D. less; less

D. less; less

The level of arousal typically associated with optimal performance tends to be _____ on tasks that are _____. A. lower; frequently practiced B. higher; relatively difficult C. lower; relatively easy D. lower; relatively difficult

D. lower; relatively difficult

Four-year-old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that: A. the trauma of birth interfered with the subsequent formation of memories B. most brain cells do not yet exist at the time of birth C. experiences shortly after birth are a meaningless blur of darkness and light D. many neural connections that underlie memories are only beginning to form shortly after birth.

D. many neural connections that underlie memories are only beginning to form shortly after birth.

A mnemonic device is a: A. mental picture B. test or measure of memory C. technique for encoding language sounds D. memory aid E. word, event, or place that triggers a memory of the past.

D. memory aid

The more depressed Betty feels, the more easily she remembers many of the sad events in her life. This best illustrates: A. the self-reference effect B. the spacing effect C. retroactive interference D. mood-congruent memory E. source amnesia.

D. mood-congruent memory

Which of the following provides convincing evidence that past experiences are permanently and accurately stored in memory? A. the detailed reports of childhood experiences given by adults under hypnosis B. the recovery of painful unconscious childhood memories by Freud's adult clients C. Penfield's discovery that electrical stimulation of the brain activates vivid recollections of the distant past D. none of the above

D. none of the above

The bell-shaped pattern that represents the frequency of occurrence of intelligence test scores in the general population is called a: A. standardization sample B. reliability coefficient C. factor analysis D. normal curve E. savant syndrome

D. normal curve

Our ability to learn by witnessing and imitating the behavior of others best illustrates: A. respondent behavior B. prosocial behavior C. operant conditioning D. observational learning.

D. observational learning.

Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. In order to reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing a(n) _____ disorder. A. panic B. bipolar C. generalized anxiety D. obsessive-compulsive E. phobic

D. obsessive-compulsive

Subconscious information processing is more likely than conscious processing to: A. occur slowly B. be limited in its capacity C. contribute to effective problem solving D. occur simultaneously on several parallel dimensions.

D. occur simultaneously on several parallel dimensions.

A gestalt is best described as a(n): A. binocular cue B. texture gradient C. perceptual adaptation D. organized whole E. perceptual set.

D. organized whole

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _____ reinforcement. A. delayed B. negative C. secondary D. partial

D. partial

The cognitive perspective in psychology emphasizes how: A. feelings are influenced by brain chemistry B. people try to understand their own unconscious motives C. behavior is influenced by environmental conditions D. people process, store, and retrieve information.

D. people process, store, and retrieve information.

Observation of a badly blurred picture has been found to interfere with correctly perceiving the same picture when it is subsequently only slightly blurred. The text suggests that this illustrates the powerful influence of: A. retinal disparity B. relative clarity C. stroboscopic clarity D. perceptual set E. shape constancy

D. perceptual set

The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a: A. prototype B. phenotype C. morpheme D. phoneme.

D. phoneme.

At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than four feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the: A. pancreas B. thyroid C. adrenal gland D. pituitary gland E. hypothalamus.

D. pituitary gland

Mark's intrinsic motivation to play baseball in college is most likely to be reduced when his attention is focused on: A. mastering the physical skills necessary to play effectively B. learning the essential rules of the game C. developing the comradery with fellow players necessary for effective teamwork D. playing well enough to secure an athletic scholarship E. engaging in entertaining practice drills that prepare him for competitive play

D. playing well enough to secure an athletic scholarship

Frequent nightmares, insomnia, and the intrusion of painful memories are symptoms most commonly associated with: A. bipolar disorder B. dissociative amnesia C. anorexia nervosa D. post-traumatic stress disorder E. histrionic personality disorder.

D. post-traumatic stress disorder

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget novel information is initially _____ and subsequently _____. A. slow; stays slow B. slow; speeds up C. rapid; stays rapid D. rapid; slows down

D. rapid; slows down

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is: A. projection B. reaction formation C. repression D. rationalization E. displacement

D. rationalization

The proper use of condoms: A. completely prevents HIV infections and reduces the risk of all other STDs B. reduces the risk of HIV infections and completely prevents transmission of all other STDs C. fails to reduce the risk of HIV infections, but completely prevents transmission of all other STDs D. reduces the risk of HIV infections, but fails to prevent the transmission of certain other STDs.

D. reduces the risk of HIV infections, but fails to prevent the transmission of certain other STDs.

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n): A. conditioned stimulus B. respondent C. unconditioned stimulus D. reinforcer E. operant.

D. reinforcer

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called: A. context effects B. déjà vu C. iconic traces D. retrieval cues E. schemas.

D. retrieval cues

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to: A. fear cars in the street B. dislike the taste of dead birds C. wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited D. retrieve sticks and balls.

D. retrieve sticks and balls.

Elaine recalls last year's Paris vacation more positively than she evaluated it when it occurred. This best illustrates: A. the self-reference effect B. source amnesia C. proactive interference D. rosy retrospection E. the spacing effect.

D. rosy retrospection

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with another reinforcer is called a _____ reinforcer. A. negative B. primary C. partial D. secondary E. positive

D. secondary

An unrealistic optimism about future life events could best be described as a(n): A. Electra complex B. fixation C. reaction formation D. self-serving bias E. external locus of control

D. self-serving bias

Ernest Hilgard discovered that when hypnosis is used to induce deafness, the hidden observer is surprisingly _____ to sound. When hypnosis is used to reduce pain, the hidden observer is surprisingly _____ to pain. A. insensitive; insensitive B. insensitive; sensitive C. sensitive; insensitive D. sensitive; sensitive

D. sensitive; sensitive

Which of the following is not a predictor of sexual restraint in teenagers? A. high intelligence B. father presence C. volunteer activities D. sexual activity of siblings

D. sexual activity of siblings

Because the two teams wore different-colored uniforms, Cheri perceived the ten basketball players as two distinct groups. This best illustrates the principle of: A. proximity B. color constancy C. closure D. similarity E. convergence.

D. similarity

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of _____ and to overestimate the impact of _____ in explaining the behavior of others. A. normative influences; informational influences B. informational influences; normative influences C. personal dispositions; situational influences D. situational influences; personal dispositions

D. situational influences; personal dispositions

The standard deviation of intelligence scores at Harvard is likely _____ than the standard deviation of intelligence scores at a community college. A. significant B. range C. larger D. smaller

D. smaller

A human _____ contains 23 chromosomes; a human _____ contains 46 chromosomes. A. zygote; egg cell B. egg cell; sperm cell C. sperm cell; egg cell D. sperm cell; zygote

D. sperm cell; zygote

According to the opponent-process theory of emotion, repetitions of an emotion-arousing event tend to: A. weaken the experience of both the primary and the opposing emotion B. weaken the experience of only the opposing emotion C. strengthen the experience of both the primary and the opposing emotion D. strengthen the experience of only the opposing emotion

D. strengthen the experience of only the opposing emotion

A teratogen is a(n): A. fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division B. unborn child with one or more physical defects or abnormalities C. chromosomal abnormality D. substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child

D. substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child

One of the best warning signs of an attempt at suicide is: A. generalized anxiety B. hallucinations and delusions C. the use of illegal drugs D. suicidal talk E. repeated academic failure.

D. suicidal talk

According to Freud, the personality system that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the: A. collective unconscious B. ego C. self-concept D. superego E. id

D. superego

The most widely used form of behavior therapy is: A. active listening B. aversive conditioning C. the token economy D. systematic desensitization E. stress inoculation training.

D. systematic desensitization

Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to: A. focus more on other people's feelings than on their own B. adapt more readily to social norms and expectations C. imitate the behavior of others who are happy and successful D. take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions E. do all the above.

D. take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions

Luis is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children apparently differ in: A. maturation B. egocentrism C. assimilation D. temperament E. accommodation.

D. temperament

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because: A. the "learners" made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances B. the "teachers" actually enjoyed shocking another person C. the "learners" obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest D. the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted E. of all the above reasons.

D. the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted

The placebo effect refers to: A. relief from symptoms without psychotherapy B. the alleviation of depression and anxiety by means of aerobic exercise C. the use of drugs in the therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders D. the beneficial consequences of merely expecting that a treatment will be effective E. the use of a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods.

D. the beneficial consequences of merely expecting that a treatment will be effective

Researchers and subjects in a drug-evaluation study are both ignorant about which subjects have actually received an experimental drug and which were given a placebo. This investigation involves the use of: A. the false consensus effect B. the hindsight bias C. random sampling D. the double-blind procedure E. replication

D. the double-blind procedure

Participants in an experiment were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other. Many of these participants subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated: A. proactive interference B. the self-reference effect C. the spacing effect D. the misinformation effect E. state-dependent memory.

D. the misinformation effect

Chunking refers to: A. getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery B. the effortless processing of familiar information to get it into long-term memory storage C. the combined use of automatic and effortful processing to ensure the retention of unfamiliar information D. the organization of information into meaningful units.

D. the organization of information into meaningful units.

Stress is defined in the text as: A. a physiological reaction to any negative life event B. the experience of conflicting motives that produce anxiety and tension C. the blocking of an attempt to reach some important goal D. the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges E. physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.

D. the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges

Kathy performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material fifteen minutes every day for eight days than if she crams for two hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as: A. chunking B. the serial position effect C. mood-congruent memory D. the spacing effect E. automatic processing.

D. the spacing effect

The set point is: A. the stage of the sexual response cycle that occurs just before orgasm B. the body temperature of a healthy organism, for example, 98.6° F in humans C. the point at which energy expenditures from exercise and from metabolism are equal D. the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time

D. the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time

Those with a narcissistic personality disorder are likely to be preoccupied with: A. an irrational fear of people B. delusions of persecution C. physical symptoms of distress D. their own self-importance E. sexual fantasies.

D. their own self-importance

People's response to subliminal stimulation indicates that: A. they experience a sense of discomfort whenever they are exposed to subliminal stimuli B. their subconscious minds are incapable of resisting subliminally presented suggestions C. they are more sensitive to subliminal sounds than to subliminal sights D. they are capable of processing information without any conscious awareness of doing so.

D. they are capable of processing information without any conscious awareness of doing so.

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effect is an indication of: A. withdrawal B. dissociation C. resistance D. tolerance E. narcolepsy.

D. tolerance

Characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation are called: A. aptitudes B. fixations C. projections D. traits

D. traits

An eclectic therapist is one who: A. prescribes the use of drugs as part of psychotherapy B. emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies C. prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting D. uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.

D. uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.

Research on self-perception indicates that most people: A. suffer extensively from feelings of unrealistically low self-esteem B. feel more personally responsible for their failures than for their successes C. underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgments D. view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others E. are unrealistically pessimistic about their personal future

D. view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events during _____ sleep. A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 E. REM

E. REM

Alicia insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of: A. the bystander effect B. deindividuation C. ingroup bias D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon E. a dispositional attribution.

E. a dispositional attribution.

An antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by: A. delusions of grandeur B. a persistent, irrational fear of people C. episodes of intense autonomic nervous system arousal D. disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity E. a lack of guilt feelings.

E. a lack of guilt feelings.

For the last month, Mary has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Mary is most likely suffering from: A. agoraphobia B. anorexia nervosa C. schizophrenia D. an antisocial personality disorder E. a mood disorder.

E. a mood disorder

"The technique reduces people to puppets controlled by therapists! It doesn't respect human freedom." This criticism is most likely to be directed at: A. systematic desensitization B. rational-emotive therapy C. eclectic therapy D. psychoanalysis E. a token economy

E. a token economy

Rannilt was euphoric after learning of her acceptance into the medical school of her choice. After a few weeks, however, she feels no emotional excitement when she thinks about her admission to medical school. This change in her feelings can best be explained in terms of the: A. catharsis hypothesis B. relative deprivation principle C. opponent-process theory D. Cannon-Bard theory E. adaptation-level principle

E. adaptation-level principle

Which of the following best explains why million-dollar lottery winners and paraplegics report similar levels of happiness? A. James-Lange theory B. opponent-process theory C. relative deprivation principle D. two-factor theory E. adaptation-level principle

E. adaptation-level principle

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input from the thalamus directly to the: A. hippocampus B. hypothalamus C. cerebellum D. brainstem E. amygdala

E. amygdala

Anorexia nervosa is typically characterized by: A. an unusually high rate of metabolism B. cyclical fluctuations between extreme thinness and obesity C. frequent migraine headaches D. the absence of a stable set point E. an inappropriate fear of becoming obese

E. an inappropriate fear of becoming obese

The most extensive regions of the brain, which enable judging and planning, are called the: A. reticular formation B. projection areas C. sensory areas D. temporal lobes E. association areas.

E. association areas.

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the: A. confirmation bias B. representativeness heuristic C. belief perseverance phenomenon D. framing effect E. availability heuristic

E. availability heuristic

Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has learned to play the piano because she consistently rewards his efforts to learn with praise and affection. Her belief best illustrates a _____ perspective. A. behavior genetics B. cognitive C. neuroscience D. psychoanalytic E. behavioral

E. behavioral

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear guns. This best illustrates the impact of _____ on learning. A. spontaneous recovery B. secondary reinforcers C. shaping D. cognitive processes E. biological predispositions

E. biological predispositions

Although Mrs. Petrides usually sits passively in a motionless stupor, she sometimes repetitiously shakes her head or waves her arms. She most likely suffers from: A. paranoia B. a bipolar disorder C. major depressive disorder D. an obsessive-compulsive disorder E. catatonia.

E. catatonia.

Which of the following pain-control techniques is emphasized in the Lamaze method of childbirth training? A. accommodation B. acupuncture C. subliminal stimulation D. kinesthesis E. distraction

E. distraction

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of: A. accommodation B. attachment C. object permanence D. conservation E. egocentrism.

E. egocentrism.

The ability to control one's impulses and delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-term goals is most clearly a characteristic of: A. the g factor B. heritability C. mental age D. savant syndrome E. emotional intelligence

E. emotional intelligence

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by: A. the representativeness heuristic B. the belief perseverance phenomenon C. confirmation bias D. the availability heuristic E. framing.

E. framing.

Attribution theory was designed to account for: A. the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others B. the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior C. social facilitation and social loafing D. the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations E. how people explain others' behavior.

E. how people explain others' behavior.

People are somewhat more likely to demonstrate self-serving bias in a culture that values: A. role playing B. collectivism C. reciprocal determinism D. conformity E. individualism.

E. individualism.

Dr. Lewis is involved in an applied research study of customer satisfaction with a newly developed line of facial cosmetics and other beauty aids. Dr. Lewis is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. A. clinical B. developmental C. biological D. personality E. industrial/organizational

E. industrial/organizational

Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the _____ of a sound. A. timbre B. pitch C. loudness D. amplitude E. location

E. location

Freud might say that a person who couldn't quit smoking was fixated at the: A. phallic stage B. anal stage C. neural stage D. Oedipal stage E. oral stage

E. oral stage

Experiments have shown that children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy subsequently lose interest in the toy. These experiments provide an example of: A. spontaneous recovery B. respondent behavior C. observational learning D. negative reinforcement E. overjustification effect.

E. overjustification effect.

Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a: A. feature detector B. stereogram C. perceptual adaptation D. texture gradient E. perceptual set.

E. perceptual set.

Learned helplessness is most likely to promote: A. collectivism B. unconditional positive regard C. an internal locus of control D. the Barnum effect E. pessimism.

E. pessimism

Which of the following is characterized by persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation? A. generalized anxiety disorder B. catatonia C. dysthymic disorder D. histrionic personality disorder E. phobia

E. phobia

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another, damaged brain area is known as brain: A. assimilation B. conservation C. maturation D. habituation E. plasticity

E. plasticity

After Greg's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Greg is most likely to have difficulty: A. experiencing intense emotions B. reading a book C. understanding what others are saying D. tasting the flavors of foods E. playing his guitar.

E. playing his guitar.

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called: A. state-dependent memory B. retroactive interference C. the serial position effect D. the spacing effect E. proactive interference.

E. proactive interference.

Freudian psychologists may use _____ tests to evaluate personality characteristics: A. aptitude B. empirically derived C. inventory D. reaction E. projective

E. projective

In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Susan sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Susan employed the technique of: A. random assignment B. naturalistic observation C. replication D. correlation E. random sampling.

E. random sampling.

Women are more likely than men to: A. criticize and insult their marital partner B. stare at people who make them angry C. interrupt others while they are talking D. misperceive simple friendliness as a sexual come-on E. recognize nonverbal expressions of emotion

E. recognize nonverbal expressions of emotion

George, a thirty-three-year-old lawyer, experiences premature ejaculation. Research suggests that his disorder can be eliminated by: A. engaging in sexual activity less frequently B. eliminating his high level of sexual guilt C. uncovering the unconscious fears that underlie his problem D. providing therapy designed to raise his self-esteem E. repeatedly engaging in genital stimulation that is discontinued as the urge to ejaculate arises

E. repeatedly engaging in genital stimulation that is discontinued as the urge to ejaculate arises

Reading a story involves brain activity in the _____ cerebral hemisphere(s). Producing a creative artistic drawing involves brain activity in the _____ cerebral hemisphere(s). A. left; right B. right; left C. left; right and left D. right and left; right E. right and left; right and left

E. right and left; right and left

In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men playing basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. This illustrated the impact of: A. perceptual adaptation B. visual capture C. retinal disparity D. stroboscopic movement E. selective attention.

E. selective attention.

Homeostasis is: A. a rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of an entire species B. an aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need C. a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake D. a physical need that usually triggers motivational arousal E. the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state

E. the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state

When twelve-year-old Jack saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in: A. the mere exposure effect B. the fundamental attribution error C. social loafing D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon E. the bystander effect.

E. the bystander effect.