Comm 130 Test 2 study guide

Example

A specific case you represent a group of people ideas conditions experiences or the lake. Research has shown that David, concrete examples have a strong impact on listeners beliefs and actions. Without examples, ideas often seem personal and lifeless. With examples ideas become specific personal and lively.

Use statistics sparingly

As helpful statistics can be nothing put an audience to sleep faster than the speech cluttered with numbers from beginning to end. Insert statistics only when they are needed and then make sure they are easy to grasp. Even the most attentive Listener would not have trouble sorting out the barrage of figures.

What is the first step in speechmaking

Choosing a topic

Why should main points into points be written in full sentences in preparation outline extemporaneous speeches

Full since it's a show that the speakers Julie thought out each point that the speaker will say aloud, and full sentences clearly indicate the content of each main point and some point.

To inform obtuse persuade or example of what purpose of a speech?

General purpose of a speech

What are the four objectives of the introduction

Get the intention and interest of your audience, reveal the topic of your speech, establish your credibility and goodwill, and preview the body of the speech.

Academic databases

Colleges and universities around the world, experts are researching almost every subject of the natural world in human society. Their work appears in respected, peer reviewed journals. Academic databases make those journals available to you. The best place to find scholarly research is in either the academic one file, JSTOR, and Google scholar.

What is true about the introduction of a speech?

It should make a good first impression to avoid alienating audience member, it establishes rapport between the speaker and the audience, and it can be used to boost the speakers confidence. Reminder: it does not have to be written first.

Topics you know a lot about

Most people speak best about subjects in which they are most familiar. I'm thinking about a topic, draw on your own knowledge and experience. Everyone knows things or has done things that can be used in a speech. Think for a moment of unusual experiences you may have had or special expertise you may have acquired.

Statistics

Numerical data. When you can measure what you are speaking about an express it in Numbers you know something about it but when you cannot measure it and when you cannot express the numbers your knowledges meager and unsatisfactory. So when used properly, statistics can be an effective way to clarify and support your ideas. But like brief examples, statistics are often cited in passing to clarify or strengthen the speakers points. Statistics can also be used in combination to show the magnitude of seriousness of an issue

Transcribe your notes

Once you settle on the most important ideas and information from the interview, you should transcribe the material so it is in the same format as the rest. By putting all your research notes And a consistent format you can arrange and rearrange them easily when you start to organize your speech

Level transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews

One way to make sure you have strong transitions, internal some rice, and internal previews is to include them in the preparation outline. Usually they are not incorporated into the system of symbolization an indentation but are labeled separately and Inserted in the outline where they will appear in the speech.

What is accomplished in a preparation outline?

Organizing main points and supporting materials in the body, deciding what you'll see in the introduction, and determining what you'll see in the conclusion.

Once you've chosen a topic into general purpose, you must narrow your choices to determine the

Specific purpose of your speech. The specific purpose should focus on one aspect of a topic. You should be able to stay at your specific purpose in a single infinitive phrase that indicates precisely what you hope to accomplish with your speech.

What to keep in mind when selecting a topic

Start early. Pay attention to interesting subjects in conversation, on television and the Internet, and in newspapers and magazines. Chop down ideas for topics as they occur to you. Having an inventory of possible topics to choose from is much better than having to rack your brain At the last minute. If you get an early start on choosing a topic, you will have plenty of time to pick just the right one and prepare a first rate speech

What are the common ways of using the introduction to keep the attention of the audience?

State the importance of the topic, relate the topic to your audience, arouse the curiosity of the audience, and startle The audience.

Statement once in some points in full sentences

State the main points and some points in full sentences within your outline in the lists/pattern described and use a constant pattern of civilization and indentation. Use specific labels and distinct ideas. Do you need to clearly indicate the content of the main points and subways. And reveal whether the speaker has thought out their ideas. Stating your main points in full sentences with ensure you develop your ideas fully.

What are the guidelines for preparing the preparation outline?

State the specific purpose of your speech, identify the central idea, and level the introduction body and conclusion

Explain your statistics

Statistics do not speak for themselves. They need to be interpreted and related to your listeners. Explaining what statistics means is particularly important when you deal with large numbers since they are hard to visualize you might want to describe what $20 trillion looks like and visualize that for your audience to understand. Whenever you statistics in your speeches, Think of how you can make the meaningful to your audience. Rather than simply reciting the Figures find a way to bring those figures home to your audience. Be creative in thinking of ways to relate your statistics to your audience. This is probably the single most important step you can take to make your statistics work in your speeches

Reinforce your central idea

Summarize your speech by restating the main points is the easiest way to end a speech. Endwith a quotation which is particularly good because it's urgency is exactly students of the speech. When you run across a brief quotation that so perfectly captures your central idea, keep it in mind as a possible conclusion. Make a dramatic statement. Rivet your listeners. The audience will be stunned in the closing lines brought the speech to a dramatic conclusion. The speaker made it even more effective by pausing just a moment before the last words and by using your voice to give them just the right inflection. Referred to the introduction. It gives your speech psychological unity and concludes by referring to the ideas in the introduction restate your thesis or Preview statement. Another concluding technique is to make a direct appeal to your audience for action. This technique applies only to a particular type of persuasive speech. Speakers often combined two or more of these methods into their conclusion. Actually all four techniques can be used until one.

Use testimony from unbiased sources

be careful because listeners are suspicious of testimonies from biased or self interested Sources. Be sure to use testimony from credible and objective authorities

Peer testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experiences for insight on the topic. This is the opinions from people like ourselves and not prominent figures. This kind of testimony is especially valuable because it gives more personal viewpoint on the issue and can be gained from expert testimony.

Expert testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their field. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to lend credibility to your speeches. It shows that you are not just mouthing your own opinions but that your position is supported by people who are knowledgeable about the topic

Citing Sources Orally

Unlike a written bibliography, oral citations do not follow a standard format. What are you include depends on your topic, your audience, the kind of supporting material you are using, and the claim you're making. The key is to tell your audience enough that they will know where you got your information and why they should except it as qualified in credible. You will need to identify with some combination of the following: the book magazine newspaper or web document you were citing, the author or sponsoring organization of the document, doctors qualification with regard to the topic, and the date on which the document was published, posted, or updated. Make sure to skillfully blend quotes in citations into your speeches: you do not always have to say according to as stated by or "and". Usually you have to modify your tone of voice or use brief pause is to let your listeners know when you are making a direct quotation. You can use any of the methods with any of the sources and as with other aspects of public speaking, citing sources earlier in your speeches is not a matter of following a rigid formula but adapting general principles to specific circumstances

What are tips for using examples?

Use examples to clarify your ideas, use examples to reinforce your ideas, use examples to personalize your ideas, make examples vivid and richly textured, and practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Extended examples Often called the narrative illustrations, or anecdotes

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. By telling you start vividly and dramatically, they pull listeners speech.

Hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation. This describes an imaginary situation. The hypothetical example is especially effective. The speaker create a realistic scenario, related directly to their listeners, and get them involved in the speech. In addition, they can say research published in order to show their points. Whenever you use a hypothetical example, it's good to follow it with testimony or statistics show that the example is not far-fetched.

Attach a Bibliography

Include an outline with a bibliography that shows all the books, magazines, newspapers, and Internet sources you consulted as well as any interviews or field research you conducted. To bibliographic formats are those developed by MLA and APA. No matter which format you adopt, make sure your statement of sources is clear, accurate, and consistent.

What is the best way to ensure that your speech includes all the necessary parts

Include labels in the preparation outline

What are the guidelines for the speaking outline

-Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline -Make sure the outline is legible -Keep the outline as brief as possible -Give yourself cues for delivering the speech

Reference works

Encyclopedias, yearbooks, quotation books, and Biographical aids.

Define the purpose of the interview

If you still have questions about a subject you have already researched on the Internet and library and have a good grasp on the major points of view on it and you decide to get your answers by interviewing then you have begun to formulate the purpose for the interview.

Who's examples to personalize your ideas

People are interested in people. Most people are more deeply influenced by one clear and vivid personal example then by an abundance of statistical data so when you talk to a general audience you can include examples double add human interest in your speech. The abstract becomes more meaningful when applied to a person try using examples with human interest in your speeches to discover why accomplish speakers consider than the very life of speech

What are methods of brainstorming for topics

Personal inventory, clustering, and Internet search

During the interview

There are several steps you can take to make things pretty smoothly including dress up appropriately and be on time, repeat the purpose of the interview, set up the recorder if you are using one, keep the interview on track, listen carefully, don't overstay you're welcome

Understanding statistics

There is usually more statistics than meets the eye. When you track down statistics for your speeches be sure to evaluate them in light of the following questions: are the statistics representative are the statistics measures used correctly and are the statistics from a reliable source

Are statistical measures used correctly

Be sure to use the three basic measures correctly these are the mean, the median, and the moon. All these measures have the same goal to indicate what is Tamil or characteristic of a certain group of numbers. In the results can be different depending on which measure you use. You can use the different measures in order to use the different results in order to support your points

Critically evaluate in your research can alter your speech by doing what?

Helping Speech, changing your perspective, and showing you new connections between ideas

What are the two broad categories of potential topics in your classroom speeches?

Subjects you know a lot about and subjects you want to know more about

What nonverbal signals can be used to signal the end of your speech

Turn, rhythm, the pacing of voice

Use examples to reinforce your ideas

By using a situation that actually happened in order to prove your point you are putting facts and figures about your subject and putting it in vivid human terms that everyone could understand. When you use this example you have to make sure it is representative and that it does not deal with rare or exceptional cases. Your listeners are likely to feel betrayed if they suspect that you've chosen a typical example to prove a General point

What are the two types of testimony?

Expert testimony impaired testimony

What should be included in a speech bibliography?

Interviews and field research conducted, websites visited, and print resources consultant.

How should a transition be represented within an outline

Is it separately labeled item in between the introduction and the body

The preparation outline

It is an outline that helps to prepare your speech. Writing your preparation outline means putting your speech together: deciding what you will say in the introduction, how do you organize the main points in supporting the materials in the body and what you will say in the conclusion

What describes is speaking outline?

It is used during the presentation of the speech, contains only keywords and phrases, and is typically used in extemporaneous speech is.

Don't overstay you're welcome

Keep within the stipulated time. For the interview, unless your subject clearly wants to prolong the session. When the interview is over, you think the person for taking the time to talk with you

What is the speech topic determined by?

Occasion, the audience, and the speakers qualifications

Getting attention and interest

Relate the topic to your audience, State the importance of your topic, startle your audience with an arresting or intriguing statement, there's usually a build up, arouse the curiosity of the audience (building suspense and making them want more information based off of what you stated), question the audience by asking a rhetorical question (be sure to pause just for a moment after each question in order to add a dramatic impact and give the question Time to sink in) , begin with a quotation, tell a story , use visual aids,

After the interview

Review your notes as soon as possible and transcribe your notes

Round off complicated statistics

Simplify your numbers in order for them to be readily understood by your listeners round up to the nearest number.

Dress up appropriately and on time

Since your choice has a busy schedule and is doing you a favor by agreeing to an interview you show up on time. And since the interview is a special occasion you dress appropriately. This is one way of confirming that you were guard the interview as serious business

Identify the central idea

Some instructors prefer that the central idea be given immediately after the purpose statement. Others prefer that it be given and identified in the text of the outline. Check to see if your instructor wants.

When using cost or other monetary measures From different years as a statistic in speech, it is important to consider the what of the dollar in terms of inflation.

Value

Year books

Your books are published annually. They contain an amazing amount of current information that would otherwise be all but impossible to track down. Two of the most valuable yearbooks are facts on file and world almanac and book a fax.

How does the speaker initially gain attention from the audience

By stepping onto the lectern and being introduced invite standing quietly and waiting for the audience to quiet down

Quoting versus paraphrasing

Direct quotation is the testimony that is presented word by word. Paraphrasing is the restating or summarizing another's ideas in ones own words. So, Rather than quoting someone verbatim, you Present the just of that person's ideas in your own words.

Give your speech a title, if one is

If you decide to use a title it should be brief, attract the attention of your audience, and encapsulate the main thrust of your speech.

What is likely to appear in the speaking outline but not in the preparation outline?

Keywords or phrases and delivery cues. However there is a bibliography citation in the preparation outline but not the speaking outline.

Clustering

Take a sheet of paper and divide it into nine columns: people, places, things, events, processes, concepts, natural phenomenon, problems, and plans, and policies. Then list in each column the first four orfive items that come to mind. Several items on your list will strike you as potential topics. If not, take the items you find most intriguing and compose sublist for each. Try to free associate. Write down a word or idea. What does that trigger in your mind? Whatever it is write that down next and keep going until you have four or five ideas on your list.

What are the topics of speeches outside of the classroom usually determined by

The audience, the occasion, the speakers

Sydney is preparing a speaking outline for speech to her English literature class. Which of the following should she Include between the introduction and the main body?

-pause- since it is an example of a delivery Q which appears in a speaking outline And body since the sections of the speech should have their own label to make it easy for the speaker to keep track of them.

Tips for using testimony

1) Quote or paraphrase accurately. 2) Use Testimony from qualified sources. 3) Use testimony from unbiased sources. 4) Identify the people you quote or paraphrase.

What is a speech is specific purpose statement?

A single infinitive phrase that's precisely states what you hope to accomplish in your speech

Guidelines for the preparation outline

1. State the specific purpose of your speech 2. Identify the central idea 3. Label the introduction, body, and conclusion 4. Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation 5. State main points and subpoints in full sentences 6. Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews 7. Attach a bibliography 8. Give your speech a title, if one is desired

What should a preparation outline include in order to keep the speech focused and effective?

A central idea

What's describes best the preparation outline

A detailed outline used to help you prepare a speech

Brainstorming

A method of generating ideas buy free association of words and thoughts

Quote or paraphrase accurately

Accurate quotations involve 3:1, make sure you do not miss "someone, too, make sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase, and three, make sure you do not "out of context. Of these, the last is the most subtle in the most dangerous. By quoting out of context you can twist someone's remarks so as to prove almost anythingAnd quoting out of context can have serious consequences. You can create false impressions doing so and such behavior is highly unethical. Be sure when you restate for someone that you represent his or her words and ideas with complete accuracy.

Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

An extended example is just like a story or narrative. It impacts demands as much on delivery as content. Many students have discovered this the hard way. After spending much time on energy developing a splendid example, they have seen it fall flat because they did not make it vivid or gripping for the listeners don't rush your examples as though you were reading the newspaper. Use your voice to get listeners involved. Speak faster here To create a sense of action, slower there to build suspense. Raise your voice and some places in lower and others. Pause occasionally for dramatic affect. Most importantly maintain eye contact with your audience. The easiest way to ruin a fine example is to read it from your notes. As you practice the speech talk to your extended examples without relying on your notes. By the day of your speech you should be able to deliver your extended examples as naturally as if you were telling a story to a group of friends.

What are tips for preparing the conclusion of your speech?

And strongly, don't be too long-winded, and work out your conclusion in detail.

Librarians

Are the experts and I don'n field, trained in library use in research methods. If you have a question, don't hesitate to ask a librarian. They can help you find your Way, locate resources, and even track down a specific piece of information

Tips for the conclusion

As with the introduction, keep an eye out for possible concluding material as your research and develop your speech. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. Be creative and devising a conclusion that hits the hearts and minds of your audience. Work on several possible endings, and select the one that seems likely to have the greatest impact. Don't be long-winded. The conclusions will normally make up no more than 5 to 10% of your speech. Don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance. Work it out in detail and give yourself plenty of time to practice delivering it. Many students like to write up the conclusion Word for Word to guarantee it is just right. If you do this, make sure you can present it smoothly, confidently, and was feeling: without relying on your notes or sounding wooden. Make your last impression as forceful and as favorable as you can.

Quotation books

Bar lights familiar quotations. With more than 25,000 quotations from historical and contemporary figures, it has been long regarded as an indispensable source for speakers and writers alike. Other books include Oxford dictionary of quotations, the new quarter of a woman, and ancient echoes: Native American words of wisdom

What are appropriate strategies for titling a speech

Be figurative and provocative, be straightforward and descriptive, and be questioned based

Arrange the interview

Because your choice may be a busy person, you have to Work out a plan for setting up the interview. Knowing that it's easier to brush off someone over Email or telephone then in person, you go to their office to request the interview. There you both agreed on whether or not you do the interview and when you do it.

Repeat the purpose of the interview

Before you go into your questions you take a moment to restate the purpose of the interview. You are more likely to get clear, helpful answers if your subject knows why you are following a certain line of questioning

Internet search

Browse through a subject-based website, and online encyclopedia, or some other reference portal until you come across what might be a good topic.

What is the best way to evaluate how well his speech accomplish Your goals?

Include a specific purpose statement in the preparation outline

The central idea is a

Concise statement of what you expect to say. Sometimes does cause a thesis statement, subject sentence, or major thought. It is usually expressed as a simple, declarative sentence that refine some sharp and specific purpose statement. Essentially it is a one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

Research can be a what?

Creative process

Establish Credibility/Goodwill

Credibility is mostly another being qualified to speak on a given topic and of being perceived as a qualified to your listeners. In order to build credibility you must display knowledge and experience on the subject. It can come from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends and more. Establishing goodwill is crucial outside the classroom with speakers have well-established reputations and it may be Identified with causes that arouse hostility among listeners. Tried to defuse hostility at the start of your speech. Be clear about your intentions and reasonable in expectations. By the end audience will know you have the best interest at heart.

Ola finds golf boring, has never played cricket but thinks it would be interesting to learn it out, loves playing lacrosse, and thinks basketball is a waste of time. Of the sports which two would be the best potential topics for Olaf?

Cricket and lacrosse

Prepare your questions

Devise questions that are sensible, intelligent, and meaningful. Avoid questions you can answer without an interview, leading questions, for example you do think it's a problem, too, don't you?, And hostile loaded questions where are you add your opinion with forward and aggressive questions. However, do not shy away from the tough questions just phrase them as neutrally as possible and save them until near the end of the interview. That way if your interviewee becomes irritated or uncooperative you'll still get most of the information you want. Do you want to be sure not to forget anything during the interview so you arrange your questions in the order you want to ask them and take the list with you during the interview.

What should you do to make sure your statistics a representative

Different groups of a population sample must be in corrects proportion and the sample size must be large enough

What's might be found on a list about how do use the best testimony in speech

Do I give credit to the original source of all quotes, do I identify the source of all testimony, and do I use testimony from unbiased sources

Newspaper and periodical databases

Do use allow you to locate articles in thousands of publications including the time, Atlantic, and the New York Times, and the Wall Street Journal. Type of subject in your database is search box, and citations for articles on your subjects will appear on the screen. In some cases you might get an abstract of the article in addition to or instead of the article in full. Keep in mind that the abstract is only a summary of the article. You should never cite an article in your speech on the basis of the abstract alone Always consult the full article. There are three major databases in which At least one will be in your library: ProQuest, LEXIS-NEXIS academic, and world news digest.

Tips for using statistics

Do you statistics to quantify your ideas, use the distich sparingly, identify the sources of your statistics, explain your statistics, round off complicated statistics, and use visual aids to clarify statistical trends.

take plenty of exercise

Do you things are more aggravating than just trying to recall some bit of information you ran across in your research but neglected to record. If there is even an outside chance that you may need a piece of information make a note of it. This will take a little extra time in the short run but in the long run it could save you much Grief

Listen Carefully

During the interview, you listen attentively to your subjects answers. When you do not understand something, you ask for clarification. There are chances your subject has been missed quoted more than once in the press, so he or she will be happy to ohBlige.

Encyclopedia's

Encyclopedia Britannica, African-American encyclopedia, encyclopedia of religion, and the McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology

Which actions should you take as you start your presentation?

Establish eye iContact with the audience before you begin speaking and wait until the audience is quite it down to begin speaking.

Identify the source of your statistics

Figures are easy to manipulate and this is why you should be careful listeners and keep an ear out for the sources of a speaker statistics. If you forget to list the source of The specific and it seems severe than your audience might not find it reliable. By stating the source then just statistic seems more reliable to your audience.

Before the interview

Five steps you should take ahead of time to ensure a successful outcome: defined the purpose of the interview, decide who to interview, arrange the interview, decide whether to record the interview, and prepare your questions

Make a preliminary bibliography

For each item you find in your preliminary bibliography which is a list compiled early in the research process of work that look as if they might contain helpful research information for your speech topic, even if you don't know whether you use it in your speech. As a result, you may have 15 or 20 words in your preliminary bibliography. But remember that you have not yet examined all these works. Of the 15 or 20 preliminary sources, only seven or eight are likely to be of much use. Those final sources will be listed on the bibliography you turn in with your Speech outline.

Tips for doing research

For guaranteed ways to help start early, make a preliminary bibliography take notes efficiently and think about your materials as you do research

Give your self cues for delivering speech

Give yourself cues on your speech on how you want to say your speech. You should include certain ideas and phrases that need special emphasis on whether they should be spoken loudly, Saufley, slowly, or rapidly than other parts of the speech. This will help you determine how you want to space to speech, control timing, rhythm, and momentum. You should include delivery cues in your speaking outline, directions for delivering the speech. One way to do this is by underlining or highlighting key ideas that you want to be sure to emphasize. Then when you reach them in the outline, you will be reminded to stress them. Another way is to jot down on the outline cues such as pause, repeat, slow down, loud, and so on.

Specialized research sources

Government resources and Wikipedia,

The research or investigative interview.

I'm on journalist, it is a time honored way to collect information. It is also an excellent way to gather materials for speeches. When done well, interviewing looks deceptively easy. In practice, it is a complex and demanding art. The principles of effective interviewing fine to three groups go and what to do before the interview what to do during the interview and what to do after the interview

Label the introduction, body, and conclusion

If you label the parts of your speech, you'll be sure that you indeed have an introduction and conclusion and have accomplished essential objects of each. Usually the names of the speech parts are placed in the middle of the page or in the far left margin. They are technical labels only and are not included in the system of civilization be used to identify the main points and supporting materials.

Keep the outline as brief as possible

If your notes are too detailed, you will have difficulty maintaining eye contact with your audience. A detailed outline will tend you to look at it far too often. To guard against using too many notes, keep your speaking outline brief. It should contain keywords or phrases to help you remember your major points, sub points, and connectives. If you're citing statistics you'll probably want to include them in your notes. Unless you are good at memorizing quotations, write them down out fully as well. Finally, there are 23 or four key ideas whose wording is so important that you want to state them and simple complete sentences. The best rules that you're not should be the minimum you need to jog your memory and keep you on track.

Set up the recorder if you are using one

If your subject has a greed to being recorded keep one principle in mind: the reporter should be as casual and inconspicuous as possible. Using the audio recording Option on your phone is the easiest way to do this.

In a preparation outline following a standard format where could labels appear?

In the far left margin and in the middle of the page.

Reveal the topic of your speech

In the process of gaining attention and be sure to clearly state the topic of your speech. If you do not, your listeners will be confused. Make it clear

What to places in the speech are the central idea often placed?

In the text of the outline and immediately after the purpose statement.

Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your aunt

It's easy to plagiarize accidentally by not taking careful research notes. As you do your research for your speeches, be sure to use a quotation mark when you copy the exact words of a source. If you paraphrase rather than "verbatim, be sure to include the source when you record the note. By keeping track of quotations and paraphrases you'll be able to separate your own words and ideas from those of other people that's what help you avoid the trap of inadvertent plagiarism when you put your speech together.

Tips for the introduction

Keep the introduction relatively brief. Under normal circumstances it should not constitute more than 10 to 20% of your speech. Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. File them with your notes so they will be handy when you are ready for them. Be creative in devising your introduction. Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seems most likely to get your audience interested in your speech. Don't worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech. After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech. Work out your introduction in detail. Some teachers recommend that you write it out Word for Word: others prefer that you outline it. Which ever method you use, practice the introduction over and over until you deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong iContact. When you present a speech don't start talking too soon. Make sure the audience has quieted down and is focused on you before you begin. Establish iContact with the audience, smile, and then launch into your opening words. give yourself a chance to make sure your audience has a desired impact.

The catalog

Let's all the books, periodicals, and other sources and in the library. Although there are many different computer systems for library catalogs, Most allowed you to search for books by author, title, subject, or keyword. The catalog also tells you whether the book you want is available or is already checked out.

Doing Library Research

Librarians, the catalog, reference works, and databases

Use testimonies from qualified sources

Listeners will find your speech is more credible if you use testimony from sources qualified on the subject at hand. This may include either recognized expert or ordinary citizens with special experience on the topic.

What are the two major formats when making a preliminary bibliography?

MLA the modern language Association and APA the American psychological Association. Both are widely used by communication scholars so ask your instructor What they prefer. Whatever format you adopt make sure your bibliography is clear and consistent.

personal inventory

Make a quick inventory of your experience, interests, hobbies, skills, beliefs, and so forth. John done anything that comes to mind, no matter how silly or a relevant it may seem. From this list may come a general subject area of which you can fashion a specific topic.

Make a separate entry for each note

Make a separate note for each quotation or each piece of information you record. Although you may end up with several notes from the same document you will find that this approach allows you to keep better track of your research. Do not try to record all of the information from one source on the single notes it'll make it almost impossible to review and organize.

Are the statistics representative

Make sure your statistics are representative of what they claim to measure. You have to make sure that your samples are big enough and representative enough of the population you're talking about and or speaking to.

Take notes efficiently

Methods that help prevent confusing notes is to take plenty of notes, record notes in a consistent format, Make a separate entry for each note, and distinguish among direct quotations, phrases, and your ideas

The speaking outline

People normally speak extemporaneously which means the speeches carefully prepared and practiced in advance where much of the exact wording is selected while the speech is being delivered. In this case the speaking outline is the most widely recommended form of notes for these type of seizures. The aim is to help you remember what you say. It is the condensed version of your preparation outline. It should contain keywords or phrases to jog your memory as well as essential statistics and quotations that you don't want to risk forgetting. It should also include material not in your preparation outline especially cues to direct and sharpen your delivery. Feel free to experiment because most speakers develop their own variations on the speaking outline.

Mark, an army veteran who Were stationed in Iraq, decides to give an informative speech about that country. What is he basing his choice of topic on?

Personal experience

In the preparation outline, transitions an internal previews of the speech should be

Placed in the outline where they will be used in the speech and label separately from the civilization and indentation system of the speech

What should be fully written out in your outline

Quotations and statistics

Record notes in a consistent format

Record the note, the source of the note, and a heading indicating the subject of the note. The importance of the subject heading cannot be over emphasized. It is the first step to take more efficient notetaking. Been telling you at a glance what it's no Isabell, it'll simplify the task of organizing your nails when you start to compose your speech. Once you start using the subject headings, you'll see how helpful they

If you begin your speech by startling your audience with a provocative or shocking statement, you should be certain that this statement is

Relevant to your speech topic

Recency

The Internet has the advantage of having more recent information that you can find in print resources. However just because a document is on the Internet does not mean it's facts and figures are up to the minute. The best way to determine the recency of an Internet document is to look for the copyright date, the publication date, or the last revision at the top or bottom of the document. If you are using a source located through a campus library, you can usually be confidence of it currency, As well as his objectivity and Reliability. News and government sites usually include the date on which a document was last updated. Want to know the date of the document, you can determine whether it is current enough to use in your speech. This is especially important with regard to statistics, what do you should never site from an undated source whether in print or on the Internet. If you already have verified the credibility of the author in sponsoring organization, you can usually assume that the date of the information is valid. If you can't find the date on which a word document was created or last modified, Search for another work who's recency you can verify.

Start early

The biggest mistake students make when faced with a research project is waiting too long to begin. The longer you wait, the more problems you will encounter. You may find that a vital book has been checked out of the library or that you no longer have time to arrange a crucial interview. No matter what kind of research you do, you can be sure of one thing: it will always take longer than you expect. Starting early also gives you plenty of time to think about what you find. In researching, you'll collect more material then you'll actually use. Preparing a speech is a little like Constructing a jigsaw puzzle. Once you gather the pieces, you have to decide how they fit together. The more time you give yourself, the more likely you are to get the pieces to fit just right

What is the key to finding the books on the shelves?

The call number, a number used in library to classify books and periodicals into indicate where they can be found on shelves

What are guidelines for the central idea (what makes a well worded central idea?)

The central ideas should be expressed in a full sentence. Should not be in the form of a question. Should avoid figurative language. And should not be vague or overly general.

Use statistics to quantify your ideas

The main value statistics to give you ideas numerical precision. This can be especially important when you were trying to document the existence of a problem. Examples can bring the problem live in dramatic size it in personal terms but your listeners may still wonder how many people the problem actually affects. In such a situation, trying to Statistics. Research has shown that the impact of examples is enhanced when they are combined with statistics to show that examples maybe typical.

Decide whether to record the interview

The major advantage of recording an interview is that it gives you an exact record you can check later for drug court and important facts. Even if you record the interview, however, you should still take notes by hand in case of technical malfunctions. If your choice does not want to be recorded, you'll have to rely solely on your hand written notes. Whatever you do, never recorded situation without the knowledge or consent of the person being interviewed. Not only is it an ethical to do so but the interview is bound to find out and you will only cause yourself trouble

Preview the body of your speech

The preview statement To state the main points of your speech (this is not your central idea that can wait until later in the speech) this comes at the end of the introduction and they provide a smooth lead into the body of the speech and it signals that the body of the speech is about to begin. You can use your introduction to give specialized information either definitions or background, that your listeners will need if they are to understand the rest of your speech. You may also have to explain an important term in more detail.

What is another way to think of your central idea

The residual message, what a speaker wants the audience to remember after they have forgotten everything else in the speech. Most of the time the central idea will encapsulate the main points that are to be developed in the body of the speech.

Make your examples vivid and richly textured

The richly textured example supplies every day details that help pull you're listening to the speech. Provide details about specific events and occurrences in your example and add feeling to that. Make your example compelling. The more vivid your examples the more impact they are likely to have on your audience.

State the specific purpose of your speech

The specific purpose statement should be a separate unit that comes before the outline itself. Including the specific purpose makes it easier to assess how well you've constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose.

When should you use direct quotation as Opposed to paraphrasing?

The standard rules that quotations are most effective when they are brief, when they convey your meaning better than you can, And when they are particularly eloquent, witty, or compelling. If you find a quotation that fits his criteria, then write the quotation Word for Word.

Evaluating Internet documents

The three criteria to help distinguish between the jewels in junk of the Internet include authorship, sponsorship, recency

Identify people you quote or paraphrase

The usual way to identify a source is to name the person in sketch his or her qualifications before presenting the testimony. Had the speaker not identified the source then the listeners would not have the idea who they are or why their opinion should be qualified. Identifying the source of the testimony is also and important Ethical responsibility. If you use another persons words or ideas without giving credit to that person then you would be guilty of plagiarism. This is true whether you paraphrase the original source or quote it verbatim.

Why is paraphrasing better than direct quotations in certain situations?

There are only two situations in which paraphrasing is better: one, when the wording of a quotation is Obscure and cumbersome, and 2, When a quotation is longer than two or three sentences. Audiences tune out partway through lengthy quotations which tends to interrupt the flow of a speakers ideas. Since the rest of the speeches in your own words you should put longer quotations in your own words as well.

Search engine

They are key to finding materials on the Internet. There are numerous search engines but most widely use is by far Google which provides access to billions of webpages. Google and other search engines systematically find what you need by developing a search strategy that will allow you to zero in precisely on the information required for your speech. Google also lets you focus your efforts by identifying the kind a research source that Will serve you best. Once your terms are in the Google search box, you can just click on News to explore recent new stories. You can also click on images, videos, blogs, and books to research those kinds of resources.

What is an essential part of doing research?

Thinking about the material you find

What 2 categories will your general purpose of your speech Fall into?

To inform or to persuade

What are the two major functions of the conclusion

To let the audience know you are ending the speech and to reinforce the audiences understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

Use a constant pattern of civilization and indentation

Use sub points and even sub sub points. Make lists and capitalize letters And indent equally in order to make lists and structure your speech. This visual framework immediately shows the relationship among the ideas in your speech. The most important ideas or your main points, are the farthest to the left. The last important ideas such as disappoints the subject points and so on are progressively farther to the right. This pattern reveals the structure of your entire speech. Once you have organize the body of your speech, you should've identified The main points. You only need to flush out your outline big with some points and some sub points to support the main points.

Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

Visual aids can save you a lot of time as well as make your statistics easier to comprehend when you string your statistics together in a few sentences they are hard to digest so by showing them in a graph then the statistics are easier and more clear to point out.

Testimony

We are often influenced by the testimony of other people: quotations and paraphrases used to support a point. Just as you are likely to be swayed by your friends recommendation about which class to take, so are the audience 210 to respect the opinions of people who have special knowledge or experience on the topic at hand. By putting in paraphrasing such people, you can give your ideas greater strength and impact.

Government resources

What are the great strengths of the Internet as a tool is the access it provides to government documents and publications. Whether you were looking for information from the federal government or from a state or local agency, chances are you can find it by starting your search on one of these websites: if you were say.gov, United States Census Bureau or census.gov. I'm finally the world factbook or cia.gov/library/publications/the-work-factbook

Biographical aids

What do you need information about people in the news, you can turn to one of the many reference works that contain brief life and career facts about contemporary men and women. The most popular biographical aids are published by who's who Which produces such titles as international who's who and who's who in America. More specialized biographical aids include contemporary black biography, dictionary of Hispanic biography and who's who among Asian Americans.

Review your notes as soon as possible

When do you leave the subjects office, the interview is fresh in your mind. You know what the cryptic comments and squirrels in your notes mean. But as time passes, the details will become hazy. Don't In reviewing your notes, try to concentrate on two things discovering the main point that emerged an interview and pulling specific information that might be useful in your speech.

Wikipedia

Wikipedia is the biggest encyclopedia in human history. Each month the site serves over 15 billion pages, making it the fifth most visited website in the world. There is a debate on whether Wikipedia is a reliable source of information. Several years ago, it was not. Today, however, its reliability ratings compare favorably with those for prince encyclopedias. Major articles have been edited and refined overtime to improve currency and accuracy. Article still in development or flags and readers know not to take their information at face value. Wikipedia can be a good place to start learning about a topic, but it is not a good place to end. Because of its convenience, Wikipedia is used by many people including teachers and journals as a source of basic information. But experienced researchers know not to rely on it as their sole source of information. The benefit of Wikipedia is that it's major articles are followed by an extensive set of additional resources. Those resources include footnotes, it was the references, External links, and, in some cases, video or still images. This will lead you to a vast amount of information beyond that in Wikipedia.

When your general purpose is to inform,

You act as a teacher or lecture. Your goal is to convey information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. you are speaking to inform. Your aim is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners to give them information they did not have before.

When your general purpose is to persuade,

You act as an advocate or a partisan. You go beyond giving information to espousing a cause. Do you want to change or structure of the attitudes or actions of your audience. In doing so, you cannot help but give information, but your primary Goal is to win over your listeners to your point of you, to get them to believe something or do something as a result of your speech.

Make sure the outline is legible

You are speaking outline is all but worthless unless it is instantly readable at a distance. When you make your outline, use large lettering, leave extra space in between lines, provide ample margins, and write or type on only one side of the paper. Some speakers put their notes on index cards. Other people write their speaking outlines on regular paper. Either practice is fine, as long as your notes are immediately legible to you while you're speaking.

Signaling the end of the speech

You could say in conclusion or my purpose has been or let me end by saying. You can also let your audience know the end is insight by deliveryManner of delivery. The conclusion is the climax of a speech. I speaker who is carefully built to a peak of interest and involvement will not need to say anything like in conclusion. By use of the voice its tone, pacing, internation, and rhythm- hey speaker can build momentum of a speech so there's no doubt when it is over. A method of doing that is called the musical Crescendo. Another method might be compared to dissolve ending of a concert song that evokes deep emotions: the song seems to fade away while the light of nursing are shrinks gradually into a smaller and smaller circle until it lights only the face then ice. Finally it is a pinpoint and disappears with the last note of the song. The final words will fade like the spotlight, bringing the speech to an emotional close. Keep in mind: both the crescendo and dissolve endings must be worked out with great care. Practice until you can get the words and timing just right. The benefits will be well worth your time

Decide Whom to interview

You elect to start at the top but if they seem too presumptuous then go to the leaders first. They are likely to have a broad understanding of the issues. And if you need more specific information, they can get it for you or put you in touch with the right person.

Topics you want to know more about

You may choose a subject about which you arty have some knowledge or expertise but not enough to prepare a speech without doing additional research. You may even select a topic that you want to explore for the first time. Or suppose you run across a subject in one of your other classes that catches your fancy. Why not investigate it further for your speech class? Still another possibility is to think of subjects about what you've held strong opinions and beliefs, this is especially for persuasive speeches.

Are the statistics from a reliable source?

You must be aware of the passwords in these numbers. Because statistics can be interpreted many issues, you should seek figures gathered by objective, non-partisan sources

brief example (specific instances)

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

Sponsorship

You must judge whether the sponsoring organization is impartial enough to cite your speech. Determine if the organization is objective in its research and fair minded and it statements. Determine whether it is economically unbiased with regard to the issue under discussion and whether it has a history of accuracy and nonpartisanship. Be wary of groups that may sound respectable but are in fact not. Don't let A fancy sounding name trick you into excepting a sponsoring organizations credibility at face value. One way to gauge the credibility of an organization is to type it's name into Google. If commentators have very serious questions about an organization, those questions will usually service in the first few pages of search results. You can also check the about link on the organizations homepage. Often the resulting screen will identify the science founders, purpose, and philosophy. If you can't verify the credentials of an author or identify A credible Sponsor for an Internet document then do not use that document in your speech.

Authorship

You must notice the authors name, his or her qualifications, whether the Author is an expert on the topic, and decide if their data and opinions can be excepted as objective and unbiased. Just as you should not cite a book or magazine article without identifying the author or their credentials, you should not cite an electronica work in the absence of this information. If you cannot find information about the author in the document it's off look for a link to the authors homepage or to another site that explains the authors credentials. Often you can learn about an author by typing his or her name in the Google search box. If the author is an excepted authority on the subject, there's a good chance Google turn up information about his or her credentials, publications, and affiliation.

Along with choosing a topic,

You must the time in the general purpose of your speech.

Use examples to clarify your ideas

You probably use clarifying examples all the time in every day situations. If you were explaining to a friend about different body types he might say look up professor Shankar. He is typical ectomorph tall thin and bony. Examples are an excellent way to clarify unfamiliar or complex ideas. They put abstract ideas into concrete terms that listeners can easily understand. It is better to visualize what's the technical description is in order to relate to your audiences knowledge about the subject.

Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline

You're speaking outline should use the same visual framework. The same symbols and the same pattern of indentation as a preparation outline. This will make it much easier to prepare the speaking outline. More important it will allow you to see instantly where you are in your speech at any given moment while you were speaking. As you speak, you will look down at your outline periodically to make sure you are covering the right ideas in the right order. The visual framework makes it easier to take in at a glance and reduces the odds of the speaker losing his or her place.

How is your central idea of your speech more precise than your topic and your specific purpose statement?

You're stating exactly what three major problems are, the central idea sons of your speech in a single sentence.

Keep interview on track

Your goal is in the interview is to get answers to the questions you have prepared. Suppose that in answering one of your questions, your subject brings up an important point that is not covered on your list of Questions. Rather than ignoring the point, you decide to pursue the new issue. You pose a couple questions about it, get helpful answers, and then return to you prepared questions. Throughout the interview, you pursue new leads when they appear, and provides follow up questions one called for, then move on again in an orderly fashion. When the interview is over, you have all the answers Do you prepared questions and even more than that