COMM 305 EXAM 1
objectivist position
-realities can be observed and explained -the realities show regularities and causal relationships -the researcher must be independent of the phenomenon being observed -standardized and objective measurement -associated w realist
selection, spiral alternation, segmentation, integration
managing the tension: -___________: responding to one need and not the other -_________ _________: respond to one need now, other need later -____________: some activities address one need, other activities address the other (relatively healthy) -_________: integrate competing needs into one activity (ex: a predictable activity -every fri go on a date- w a novel activity -every date will be something different)
cultural criteria (cultures have varying values, beliefs, and communication)
many african americans value assertiveness and openness in sharing info. what privacy rule is this an example of?
A gender characterized by instrumental talk about and shared activities
masculinity
forms of assimilation
means to try to fit in and be accepted by the dominant group. "positive face" (avoid controversy) emphasize commonality (I'm not that different) censor self (ill be careful about what I say) non assertive assertive aggressive
cl
more satisfactory relationships have outcomes greater than the ___
clalt
more stable relationships have outcomes greater than the _____
What do we mean when we say language is mostly arbitrary?
• Most words literally mean whatever we as users of a language, choose for them to mean • Onomatopoeia- a word form by imitating the sound associated with its meaning
Communication sends a message, whether intentional or unintentional
• Much of what we communicate to others is deliberate • You might communicate a number of other things without meaning to
Communication is inherently good
• Neither good or bad- neutral • There's a dark side- saying "it's ok" when it isn't • Depends on the situation, context and people involved
Post-positivist paradigm
• Objective, logical empirical, social scientists • Objective reality can be discovered through research • Human behavior is patterned and predictable • Goal is to offer predictions and cause/effect explanations for human behavior • Attempts to be neutral and free of bias • Theory used to formulate and test hypothesis about human communication and behavior
Why do we communicate?
• Physical needs- helps us maintain physical and mental well-being • Relational needs- helps us form social and personal relationships • Identity needs- helps us decide who we are and who we want to be • Spiritual needs- lets us share our beliefs and values with others • Instrumental needs- helps us accomplish many day-to-day tasks
What influences our perceptual accuracy?
• Physiological states and traits • Culture and co-culture • Social roles
Common Attribution Errors
• Self serving bias • Fundamental attribution error • Over attribution
Enclaves
a portion of territory within or surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct. (pockets of culture within a culture...etc CHINA TOWN)
Self-reflexivity
a process of learning to understand oneself and one's position in society. (your intercultural experiences help you develop a sense of self and sense of culture)
rhetorical approach
a research method, dating back to ancient Greece, in which scholars try to interpret the meanings or persuasion used in text or oral discourses in the contexts in which they occur. usually used in the interpretive approach
class identity
a sense of belonging to a group that share similar economic, occupational, or social status.
minority identity
a sense of belonging to a non dominant group.
religious identity
a sense of belonging to a religious group.
communication rituals / "Scripts"
a set form of systematic interactions that take place on a regular basis. culture not only influences communication but also enacted through, and so influenced by communication.
critical definitions : culture as heterogeneous, dynamic, and a contested zone
emphasize that cultural boundaries are often contested and not easily agreed upon. various groups. we cannot gloss over the heterogeneous that resides in that culture.
history/past-present/future dialectic
emphasizes the need to focus simultaneously on the past and the present in understanding intercultural communication. we need to be aware of contemporary forces and reality that shape interactions of people from different cultural groups. we also need to realize that history has a significant impact on contemporary events.
Image management is a complex, collaborative process
false
Instrumental needs are the least important needs served by communication
false
Organization is the process of assigning meaning to something you have perceived
false
Words have inherent meanings
false
The need to feel connected to others
fellowship
A gender characterized by expressive talk and valued relationships
femininity
individualized consideration
focuses on individual needs an capacities, helps people achieve (leader as mentor) -"hallmark of transformational leadership" -leader considers each individuals needs and abilities while supporting development and mentoring efforts
motivational criteria (individual beliefs about the purpose of communication)
introverts may be less likely to share information than extroverts. what privacy rule is this an example of?
digital comm
linguistic symbols that are arbitrarily linked to meaning -usually words. more complex, flexible, and abstract that analogies
objectivist
An experiment testing whether a message using humor elicits more attitude change than a message using a logical appeal embraces which epistemology?
What are three approaches to dealing with Intercultural Communication?
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory, Expectancy Violations Theory, and Systems Theory
How to improve accurate responding skills
Ask appropriate questions, accurately paraphrase, provide well timed responses, appropriately adapt your responses
Interpretations
Assigning meaning to each piece of information
How do attributions help to explain what we perceive?
Attributions are the explanations we give for our own and other people's behaviors. Attributions vary according to their (all are related but distinct): • Locus: internal or external? (i.e. internal- forgetful, external- traffic) • Stability: degree → more or less stable • Controllability: can that person control themselves? (i.e. being late)
When Sheila asker her friend Tommy to help her move at the end of the semester, she may have threatened his _____ face needs A. Autonomy B. Competence C. Character D. Fellowship E. Face
Autonomy
internal dialectics
Autonomy - Connection Openness - Closedness Predictability - Novelty
Improving Perception Skills
Be aware of your personal perception barriers, be mindful of the behaviors that create meaning for you, link details with the big picture, check your perceptions, be other oriented
How can you improve your perceptual abilities?
Be mindful of your perceptions • Know yourself • Focus on others' characteristics: the influence of gender and culture • Consider the context Check your perceptions • Separate interpretations from facts • Generate alternative perceptions • Engage in perception-checking • Revise your perceptions as needed
Carmen would rather spend time interacting and relaxing with friends than working. In fact, she recently turned down a promotion because it would mean she would see her family and friends less. Carmen probably grew up in a culture with a _____ value orientation toward human activity.
Being
Gender is NOT the same as...
Biological Sex
The racial classification of a person is NOT largely determined by...
Biology
Origins of idea of intercultural communication
- Roots of the study of intercult. comm. can be traced back to post - WWII Era. Work abroad was difficult, language barriers did not prepare for challenges of working within a different culture. - FSI (Foreign Service Act) was developed, training materials were scarce in offering courses and training for intercultural comm, so FSI formed new ways of looking at culture and comm.
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY
- a dialectical view of identity emphasizes that identities are both static (social science) and dynamic (interpretive / critical) as well as personal and contextual. - identities also develop in relation to minority and majority group membership - identities are multiple and reflect gender, sexuality, age , race ,ethnicity ,religion , class, nationality, regionality, and other aspect of our lives. - increasing numbers of multicultural people live "on the borders" between two or more cultures -- based on race, ethnicity ,religion, and nationality/ - identity characteristics sometimes form the basis for stereotypes and prejudice - communication plays an important role in identity -- identities are formed and expressed through communication.
CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY
- the field of intercultural communication in the united states began with the establishment of the foreign service instate in 1946 (FSI) - this new filed was interdisciplinary and pragmatic. It emphasized non verbal communication in internal contexts. - the perception and worldview of scholars have an impact on the study of intercultural communication and have led to 3 contemporary approaches: social science/functional, interpretive, and critical approach. - this textbook advocates a dialectical approach that combines these three approaches - a dialectical approach emphasizes a processual, relational, and holistic view of intercultural communication and it requires a balance of the contradictory views. - intercultural communication is both cultural and individual, personal and contextual, characterized by differences and similarities, static and dynamic, oriented to both the present and the past, and characterized by both privilege and disadvantage.
comparison level alternative (clalt)
-anticipated value of alternatives to the relationship (eg. potential for future relationships) -either better or worse to not be in relationship
standpoint theory
-approach to comm that suggests we are who we are based on the experiences we have had (nurture) -to understand someone we need to be in their shoes
communobiological
-approach to comm that suggests we behave the way we do because of genetic characteristics (nature) -argues that neurobiological structures create dif temperaments in traits, these traits are genetic and are what cause variations in comm behavior
descriptive prejudice
-belief that men have more abilities than women -women have less leadership qualities -refers to stereotypes that women have less leadership potential than men because they lack agentic qualities
textual analysis
-content/thematic analysis of words and or images in messages (surveys, movies, etc) -reveals the content, nature, and structure of messages -conceals the effect of messages on receivers
the remediation procress
-how we manage face when there is a transgression -accusation--> account --> outcome (and may cycle back through)
experiment
-investigators manipulate a variable to see its effect on something -almost always quantitative -reveals cause and effect -conceals whether c/e relationship holds true in less controlled environments
Models of Communication Process
1. Communication is action: Message Transfer 2. Human communication as interaction: Message exchange 3. Human Communication as transaction:Message Creation
What are the three types of face?
1. Fellowship face- our need to have others like and accept us 2. Autonomy face- our need to not me imposed upon by others (free of imposition) 3. Competence face- our need to be respected for out intelligence and abilities
3 fundamental principles of image management
1. Image management is collaborative- each of us develops a life story, or a way of presenting ourselves to others that is based on our self-concept and also by other people. 2. We manage multiple identities- we show different parts of ourselves to different people in out lives. 3. Image management is complex- it is a collaborative process that often requires negotiating several identities in a complex way
Characteristics of IPC
1. It occurs within a relationship 2. It evolves within relationships 3. It negotiates and defines relationships 4. It is pervasive (universal) 5. It can improve our relationships 6. It can improve our health
What are the six primary characteristics of communication?
1. It relies on multiple channels 2. It passes through perceptual filters 3. People give communication its meaning 4. It has literal meanings and relational implications 5. It sends a message, whether intentional or unintentional 6. It is governed by rules
3 three characteristics of Self-Concept
1. Multifaceted- includes physical and social categories, skills, aspects or our relationships, and evaluations of ourselves 2. Partly subjective- based on our impressions of ourselves (rather than subjective facts) 3. Enduring but changeable- self-concepts develops slowly, especially in response to major life events
6 fundamental forces in interpersonal perception
1. Stereotyping relies on generalizations 2. Primacy effect 3. Regency effect 4. Our "perceptual set" limits perception 5. Egocentrism narrows perspective 6. Positivity and negativity biases after perception
3 stages of the perception process
1. selection 2. organization 3. interpretations
spitzberg
2 elements-effective and appropriate, it did what it needed to do and was able to accomplish goals, were they able to do it where it helped people and caused no harm 3 requirements- motivation, knowledge and skills, if you want to do this you have to want to, you know what to do, can you pull it off
spiral alternation
A couple that balances their needs for time alone vs. time together does so by spending weekends doing activities together followed by weekdays mostly doing their work alone followed by weekends together, etc. This represents which tension management strategy?
Interpersonal Communication
A distinctive, transactional form of human communication involving mutual influence, usually for the purpose of managing relationships. occurs when you treat others as unique and relate to them as authentic individuals
Self
A person's inner force
I-Thou
A relationship that is true dialogue and honest sharing. Involved in Interpersonal Communication
Feedback
A response to the message and without it, effective communication rarely occurs
The Action Model
A sender encodes a message and conveys it through a communication channel for a receiver to decode. Leaving someone a voice message illustrates the one-way process of the action
Gender roles
A set of expectations for appropriate behavior that a culture typically assigns to an individual based on their biological sex • Masculine- emphasizes strength, dominance, competition and logical thinking • Femininity- typically assigned to women that emphasizes expressive, nurturing behavior. • Androgyny- distinguished by a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics
What is language?
A structured system of symbols (words) used for communicating meaning
Ethnocentrism
A tendency to think that our own culture is superior to other cultures.
Subjective Self-Awaeness
Ability to differentiate self from social and physical enviroment
Symbolic Self-Awareness
Ability to use language (symbols) to represent ourselves to others
A person who doesn't question the basic racial inequities in society and who may even believe that minority groups need help to assimilate is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
Acceptance
Ted, a white American, doesn't think of himself as being white. He knows that minority groups are economically disadvantaged and supports educational efforts to expose minorities to European music, art, and literature. Ted is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
Acceptance
Attributes that an individual exhibits frequently that are also frequently observed by others
Actual Personal Identity
In the United States, a 40-year-old man who lives with his parents, spends most of his time playing video games and chasing women is generally not seen as enacting his _____ identity.
Age
The Spanish word "hola" and the American word "hello" mean the dame things in their respective cultures. These different symbols used for the same thing remind us that language is: A. Abstract B. Ambiguous C. Arbitrary D. Inherent E. Objective
Ambiguous
Selecting
Choosing one sound as you sort through the various sounds competing for your attention
"Trailer park trash" or "white trash" are terms used to mark _____ difference in U.S. society.
Class
Economic disparity among ethnic groups in the United States can best be understood by looking at ______.
Class Structure
Token stories of success and upward mobility (illustrated by Oprah Winfrey, J.K. Rowling and Steve Jobs) reinforce ____ and perpetuate the myth that there is equal opportunity for all to achieve upward mobility in the US.
Class Structure
Many Guatemalans place great emphasis on extended families and are more likely to consult with family members when making important decisions. This culture probably has a/an _____ relationship between humans.
Collectivist
The symbolic process by which meaning is shared and negotiated is called _____.
Communication
Beliefs
Conceptions of what is true and what is false
Compliment
Confirms our sense of worth
Responding
Conforming your understanding of a message
Agreement About Judgements
Conforms someone's evaluation of something and affirms that person's sense of taste and judgement
_____ multicultural people see themselves as choice makers. They seem to thrive in their lives on the margins of two cultures.
Constructive
Jeremy is always polite and courteous to his instructors at school but tends to be a bit rowdy with his friends at a party. The differences in Jeremy's communication illustrate the importance of _____ in determining behavior and communication.
Context
Dr. Wilder is a communication studies researcher who is interested in understanding how individuals with disabilities communicate to minimize discrimination based on their physical appearance. She spends time talking with 15 people to better understand their perspective. This is an example of studying communication from which paradigm? A. Post positivist B. Critical C. Interpretive D. Logical E. Socialist
Critical
White Americans think that there is greater equality between races than do African American. This difference between cultural groups illustrates which of the following?
Culture is Shared
Personal attributes that the individual considers to be assets in interaction
Desired Personal Identity
Combining ______________ means we should apply divergent thinking, and integrative, systems level thinking in solving an intercultural problem
Different Standpoints
A culture which values being productive and keeping busy tends to have a _____ orientation to human activity.
Doing
Low self esteem
Drawbacks • Researchers have speculated that it's related to antisocial behavior. • Those who view themselves negatively are more likely to act aggressively toward others, to abuse drugs and alcohol, and to become sexually active at a young age
The idea that we are constantly sending and receiving messages which may change midstream illustrates that communication is ____.
Dynamic
Maria had never really thought much about her Italian heritage until she became friends with Aylin, an American of Middle Eastern descent. Through conversation and visits to Aylin's family, Maria gradually began to realize how many of her own behaviors were culturally determined. Maria's experience illustrates the _____ imperative for studying intercultural communication.
Economic
The ________ imperative for studying intercultural communication refers to the need to understand differences in a diverse work environment, identify new business markets and develop new products for differing cultural contexts.
Economic
Duncan has a white father and a Korean mother. He feels torn between two different cultures. He has difficulty making decisions, is troubled by ambiguity, and feels pressure from both groups. Duncan is a(n) _____ multicultural person.
Encapsulated
Adopting patterns of a culture without realizing it
Enculturation
Values
Enduring concepts of good and bad, right from wrong
When is self-disclosure beneficial?
Enhancement of relationships and trust • We tend to disclose to those we like, and we tend to like people who disclose to us. Reciprocity • Disclosure is reciprocal so one way of getting to know someone is by telling them about yourself. Emotional release • Getting something "off your chest" Assistance to others as self support • You can self-disclose in ways that help other people, particularly when you're consoling people who are gong through hard rimes
Societies which are more likely to punish criminals than rehabilitate them probably see human nature as ______.
Essentially Evil
The study of intercultural communication in order to proselytize others without their consent illustrates a/an ________ issue about the application of intercultural knowledge, according to Martin & Nakayama.
Ethical
Principles of conduct that help govern the behavior of individuals and groups are known.
Ethics
Samantha was a fantastic softball player, but she rarely took credit for her success. Every time a reporter from the school paper would ask her to quote, Samantha would say, "I just got lucky today," or, "their pitcher just gave me something I could hit." What best describes Samantha's attributional behavior? A. Internal locus B. External locus C. Negative attribution D. Self-serving bias E. Stable attributions
External locus
Amanda's supervisor is very rude to her in the morning at work. While thinking about her boss' behavior, she concludes that her boss' boyfriend must pick a fight with her every single morning before she leaves for work, and that her boss really needs to leave that relationship. Amanda's attribution is: A. Internal, stable, and controllable B. External, stable, and uncontrollable C. Internal, unstable, and uncontrollable D. External, stable, and controllable E. External, unstable, and uncontrollable
External, stable, and controllable
Impervious Responses
Fail to acknowledge a statement or attempt to communicate and can make the other person feel a sense of awkwardness or embarrassment
** Dialogical approach
Focuses on the importance of dialogue in developing and maintaining relationships between individuals and communities.
Attending
Focusing on the sound you select
Women who join social groups exclusive to women are highlighting their _____ identity.
Gender
Speak about general tendencies, not expected to fit any given individual, often used as a hypothesis, etc.
Generalizations
The expansion of businesses into markets around the world is known as ______.
Globalization
Critical Listening Style
Good at evaluating information they hear. Spot inconsistencies, and second guessing
Everyone is an expert in communication
Having experience is not the same as having expertise
Many Native American students are soft spoken and hesitate to participate in classroom discussions. Amy, however, is a Native American who actively participates in class and often ask questions of her instructors. Amy's behavior illustrates that culture is ____ .
Heterogeneous
The idea that not all members of a particular group will behave or think in the same way illustrates culture is _____ .
Heterogeneous
Too much identity rootedness will turn a person into a...
Highly ethnocentric being
Too much identity change will turn a person into a...
Highly marginal type with no moral center
Culture is...
How people do their stuff together
Kyle doesn't understand why people in some countries don't make greater use of agricultural technology and why, if they have large populations, more people don't practice birth control. Kyle probably lives in a society with a _____ orientation
Humans Dominate Nature
US American individuals who see themselves as connected to an origin outside the United States are often called ______.
Hyphenated Americans
The cultural belief that if a child has a white and a non-white parent, the child is non-white.
Hypodescent
nominalist ontology with subjectivist epistemology
I'm going to create a theory of the culture of a motorcycle club to understand how status and power are created and sustained. To do this, I will interview various members of the club, take notes of what they do, and go along on some road trips. My theory could be described as:
Individuals tend to experience __________ trust when communicating with culturally similar others and __________ distrust when communicating with culturally dissimilar others; identity familiarity leads to trust, and identity unfamiliarity leads to distrust.
Identity
What is the self-concept or self-image that we derive from our cultural, ethnic, and gender socialization process?
Identity
What emphasizes Linkage Between Cultural Values and Self Conception?
Identity Negotiation Perspective
Barriers of Perception
Ignoring information, focusing on the negative, blaming, stereotyping, avoiding responsibility, imposing consistency
Your own understanding of who you are as a person compares your A. Face B. Image C. Reference group D. Self-concept E. Perception
Image
Cultural Context
Implies that information is not explicitly communicated through language but through environmental and nonverbal cues
Interrupting Responses
Imply that what you have to say is more important than what the other person's has to say
Interpersonal Communications Importance in life
Improved relationships with family, friends and lovers, colleagues, and improved physical and emotional health
satisfactory, but unstable
In the situation above, everyday language would put it this way. The relationship with Chris is? (CL < Outcome < CL (alt))
Individuals tend to feel _______ when their desired group membership identities are positively endorsed and experience differentiation when their desired group membership identities are stigmatized.
Included
A person with a strong sense of his or her own group identity and an appreciation of other cultural groups is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
Integration
Noise
Interference's that keeps a message from being understood and achieving its intended effect
Dr. Wilder is a communication studies researcher who is interested in understanding how individuals with disabilities communicate about their physical challenges. She spends time talking with 15 people to better understand their perspective. This is an example of studying communication from which paradigm? A. Post positivist B. Critical C. Interpretive D. Logical E. Socialist
Interpretive
Intercultural Communication
Involves communication between or among people who have different cultures
Communication can break down
It can become ineffective
It negotiates and defines relationships
It includes all communication behaviors, verbal and nonverbal, that unfold over time to form and maintain relationships, whether those relationships are casual or intimate
Communication will solve any problem
It's not a solution for everyone; doesn't help in conflict, loss in family, opposing beliefs
Jason went to a party with several of is friends last weekend. While he was there, he made several inappropriate comments and did not notice that people were offended y what he was saying. Afterwards, several people at the party commented to Jason's friends that they were surprised and upset by his behavior. Which of the following statements is likely true of Jason? A. Jason has low self-esteem B. Jason is a low-self monitor C. Jason has a poor self-concept D. Jason does not engage in self-filling prophecies E. Jason lacks self-concept
Jason has a poor self-concept
autonomy-connection within their relationship
Jim and John are a gay couple. Jim likes to have time alone time, but John wishes they would do more things together. According to dialectical theory, the couple is experiencing which tension?
risk benefit
Kim was arrested for shoplifting as a college student, but the department store chose not to prosecute her. During a job interview, she is asked if she has had run ins with the law. She chooses not to reveal that information. Which privacy criteria accounts for her decision not to disclose?
It can improve our relationships
Lack of effective communication is the number one reason why relationships and marriages end
Ambiguous language
Language having more than one possible meaning
People with disabilities usually go through discernible stages of identity development because they are also members of...
Larger cultural groups
Culture is the...
Learned and shared values, beliefs, and behaviors of a group of interacting people
cl < O < clalt
Mary has just moved to college from a small town. She maintains a long distance romantic relationship with Chris. It meets expectations for a good relationship, but she now see a lot of possibilities for even better romantic relationships. Using terminology from social exchange theory, which best describes this situation?
Many people in Central America have a preference for gender specific roles (e.g. men should be primary bread winners and women are responsible for the family). They probably have a ______ value orientation.
Masculine
Gender effects on nonverbal communication
Men and women vary on: • Touch and body movement- -Men touch women more in conversation. -Other sex touch is more common than same-sex touch -In same sex pairs, women tough each other more than men do, but that difference is smaller in close friendships than among acquaintances. • Emotional communication- more women -Women use more affiliation behaviors- demonstrate feelings of closeness or attachment to someone else. • Affectionate behavior- more women -Includes those behaviors we use to express our love and appreciation for people we care about
Asynchronously
Message is not read, heard, or seen at the same time it is sent
Synchronous
Messages that are sent and received instantly and simultaneously
You liked most of everything about your new roommate when you first meet, but when you found out she smokes, that overshadowed all of her good qualities in your mind. What perception-making process are you displaying here? A. Primacy effect B. Negativity bias C. Stereotyping D. Egocentrism E. Face threats
Negativity bias
A transactional process whereby individuals in an intercultural situation define, modify, or challenge their own and others' self-images
Negotiation
It is pervasive (universal)
No matter how we do it, everyone engages in some form of interpersonal communication everyday
Martin disclosed something personal to his friend Tony. Afterward, Tony felt as though he had to disclose something personal in return. Tony's feelings exemplify which principle? A. Breadth B. Need for autonomy C. Need for competence D. Identity management E. Norm of reciprocity
Norm of reciprocity
Impersonal Communication
Occurs when you treat others as objects or relate to them as roles
Supportive Response
Offer's reassurance and understanding and confirms a persons right to his or her feelings
Our "perceptual set" limits perception
Perceptual set- a predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive
Reciever
Person who decodes the message and attempts to make sense of what the source has encoded
What are an individual's self-conceptions that "define the individual in relation to (or in comparison to) other individuals"?
Personal Identities
A threat to our cultural identity can be perceived as a threat to our own...
Personal self esteem level
Our _____ identity is determined by our height, weight, sex, age, and other corporeal characteristics.
Physical Ability
Positivity biases after perception
Positivity bias- the tendency to focus heavily on a person's positive attributes when forming a perception. • One form is the tendency people in love to look at each other "through rose-colored glasses," overestimating the partner's positive qualities while underestimating or ignoring their his or her faults or shortcomings.
Refers to the group that a person is assumed to be a member of
Proximal Host
Basic motivation, needs for identity, security, trust, inclusion, connection, and stability on both group-based and person-based identity levels
Qualities shared by individuals of all cultures
In the US, White people have an advantage of...
Race Privilege
The Transaction Model
Recognizes that both people in conversation are simultaneously senders and receivers. The doctor encodes messages for the doctor to decode
Dianna is comfortable being white although she can appreciate other groups. She recognizes that prejudice and racism are factors in our society but also realizes that blame, guilt or denial don't really help eliminate racism. Dianna is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development
Redefinition and Reintegration
One of the ways we figure out who we are is by seeing who others think we are. The term for that process is A. Social comparison B. Reflected appraisal C. Personality D. Evaluative assessment
Reflected appraisal
Belle is from South Carolina. She is proud that she speaks with an accent and has no real desire to visit or live in the West. Belle affirms her _____ identity.
Regional
When your roommate says, "We're out of detergent again" and you take that as a criticism, you are paying attention to which aspect of the message? A. Context dimension B. Relational dimension C. Representative dimension D. Content dimension E. Intuitive dimension
Relational dimension
People who believe that behavior can only be judged within the context in which it occurs are operating from a _____ position of ethics.
Relativist
When a person moves from blaming minority members for their conditions to blaming the social system as a source of racial or ethnic problems, he or she is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
Resistance
How important and relevant something is to you
Salience
The strength of affiliation we have with our larger culture
Salience
Clarifying Response
Seeks greater understanding of another's message and confirms that he or she is worth your time and trouble
Increased understanding of one's self as a cultural being illustrates the _____ imperative for studying intercultural communication.
Self-awareness
Culture Shock
Sense of confusion, anxiety, stress, and loss when you encounter a culture that has little in common with your own
Cultural or Ethnic Membership, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Social Class, Age, Disability, Professional
Social Identity
rhetorical
Someone who tries to balance their personal communication needs by also being sensitive constraints would be using which message design logic?
Stage of Perception
Stage one: Selecting Stage two: Organizing Stage three: Interpreting
Ethnocentrism
Stems from a conviction that your own cultural traditions and assumptions are superior to those of others
John, an engineer in a multinational corporation, emails coworkers from India and Taiwan on a weekly basis. John's communication illustrates the _____ imperative for studying intercultural communication.
Technological
The possibility of communicating with people from different cultures via email, fax, and the internet illustrates the ______ imperative for studying intercultural communication.
Technological
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality. This hypothesis was proposed by Edward Sapir, a linguist and his student, Benjamin Whorf, and represents the relativist view of language and perception. (example, informal / formal pronouns such as you) questions the basic assumption that we all inhabit the same perceptual world, the same social reality.
Source
The originator of a thought o emotion, who puts it into a code that can be understood by receiver
Enculturation
The process of communicating a group's culture from generation to generation
Identity Management
The way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social context. (technologies gives us more choices in how we express our identities than we typically have in face to face interaction. We can choose what we reveal as far as age gender etc.)
Message
The written, spoken, and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning.
using emotions to assist thinking
This type of emotional intelligence is the ability to guide emotions to direct attention to important information and to facilitate creativity.
negative face
This type of face represents a person's desire to act freely without constraints of trying to get someone's approval.
Ways to identify class distinctions
Way of life, family, job, money, and education
People give communication its meaning
We can't assume that other people understand the meanings we intend to communicate just because we ourselves understand what we mean
I-It
When you have a role to perform and there is mechanical,stilted interaction. Involved in Impersonal communications
Collectively, the values and perceptions of a cultural group represent its _____.
Worldview
Interpersonal perception
You decide what people are like and give meaning to their actions
individualized consideration
You have a supervisor who is a great mentor makes things happen through her relationships with employees. This is what kind of transformational leadership?
Co-Culture
a distinct culture within a larger culture
standpoint
a position from which you view and understand the world, groups of individuals who share similar viewpoints and understandings also share this
grand narrative
a unified history and view of human kind
regulation of emotions
ability to be open to all feelings, including pleasant and unpleasant emotions and ability to manage one's own or others emotional displays
understanding and analyzing emotions
ability to recognize connections between emotions and the ability to recognize emotional blends and transitions between emotions
communication competence
achieving a balance of effectiveness and appropriateness
analogic comm
all nonverbal communication, posture, gesture, facial expression, voice inflection, sequence, rhythm and cadence of words. rarely misunderstood
Incongruous Responses
are when the verbal message is inconsistent with nonverbal behavior
Self monitoring
awareness of how one looks, sounds, and how behavior affects others
critical approach
believe in subjective (as opposed to objective) may overlap with interpretive. Looks at power differentials and privilege differentials. the situation, background, or environment in which communication occurs. a metatheoretical approach approach that includes many assumptions of the interpretive approach but that focuses more on macrocontexts, such as political and social structures that influence communication. in this perspective, culture is in essence a battleground, a plan where multiple interpretations come together but dominant force always prevails.
Self-Absorbed
causes us to focus on our own needs rather than the needs of others
intellectual stimulation
challenge the status quo, take little for granted, work on new approaches (think outside the box) -status quo not taken for granted, leaders challenge their own assumptions and encourage new approaches
stage 2 of minority identity
characterized by the internalization of the values and norms of the dominant group and a strong desire to assimilate into the dominant culture. may be negative, self deprecating attitudes towards themselves and their group. this stage often continues until they encounter a situation that case them to question prodominant culture attitudes, which initiates movement to the next stage
greene
cognitive processes are the key, in our head we arrange our understanding of the world 4 elements: -knowledge of interaction situation -strategies for communicating -what specific words and nonverbal behaviors are needed -actual performance of behavior what counts- effective and appropriate have a lot more practice
transactional approach
communication goes back and forth and occurs over time look at communication as a relationship or group develops
Communication is inherently good
communication myth
High Culture
derive much information form nonverbal cues
linear approach
develop a message and then see the effect on the person receiving it message -------> effect ex: video games--> violent behavior
assertive assimilation
downplay differences and try to fit into existing structures but try to fit in while also let people know how he or she feels from time to time. extensive preparation, overcompensating, manipulating stereotypes, bargaining.
Using a speaker's credibility to persuade
ethos
textual analysis
examination of cultural texts such as media -- television, movies, journalistic essays, and so on. usually used in the critical approach
Perception
experiencing the world, and then making sense of what you experience
Context and feedback are aspects of the action model of communication
false
If an attribution is internal then it must also be controllable
false
Self-concept is entirely subjective
false
Analytical Listening Style
focus on facts and tend to withhold judgment before reaching a specific conclusion
regional identity
identification with a specific geographic region of a nation.
spiritual identity
identification with feelings of connectedness to others and higher meanings in life
racial identity
identifying with a particular racial group. although in the past racial groups were classified on the basis biological characteristics most contests now recognize that races is constructed in fluid social and historical contexts.
power
if someone has more power over you, you will be more polite. less = less polite
risk benefit criteria (potential rewards and costs of disclosure)
in an environment of "dont ask, dont tell,", being ambiguous about your sexual orientation might minimize risks. what privacy rule is this an example of?
culture brokers
individuals who act as bridges between cultures, facilitating cross-cultural interaction and conflict. 3rd culture kids often develop resilience, tolerance, and worldliness, characteristics essential for successful living
totality
interdependence between relationship partners -assumption of dialectical theory
interpretive perspective on identity
is more dynamic and recognizes the important role of interaction with others as a factor in the development of self.
idealized influence
leaders as role models, serve as example of how to perform (doers) -establishing trust, pride, and respect among all members of the org
inspirational motivation
leaders as visionaries (ex MLK) -requires transformational leaders to present employees with a clear vision and desirable future
national identity
national citizenship. not to be confused with ethnic or racial, refers to one legal status in relation to a nation.
social science
objectivity is a central feature, believe that through careful standardization (objectivity), researchers can create generalizations, deductive theory development
family histories
occur at the same time as other history but on a more personal level. histories of individual families that are typically passed down through oral stories.
Passive Perception
occurs simply because your senses are in operation
sexual identity
ones identification with various categories of sexuality.
global nomads (third culture kids)
people who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated. unique challenges / unique opportunities.
Self-Concept
personal, self-description of who you think you are
grice
perspective of perceiver: relevant, informative, honest and appropriate im talking to someone and they are talking to me as im perceiving it
minimax principle
principle of social exchange theory, people want to make the most benefits while lessening costs
ex of receiver based perspective
professor becomes disfluent trying to come up with example because he is thinking about what to say but we see it as you needed to be more prepared or maybe he is tired today we do this to make sense out of what he's doing
Remembering
recalling information
In language, meaning that tells us something about the nature relationship
relational
Active Perception
specific information is sought out through intentional observation and questioning
humanistic approach
subjectivity is a hallmark, one's own interpretation is of interest. Meaning is presumed to be subjective and unique to the individual, inductive theory development
critical perspective on language
suggests that in order to use language effectively in intercultural encounters, we need to understand the role of power and of power differentials in the encounters. co-cultural communication (non dominant cultural groups that exist within a culture). we all take part in a variety of cultures. occurs between dominant and non dominant groups non dominant often have to adjust their communication (power issue) women in the work place.
***static - dynamic dialectic
suggests that intercultural communication tends to be at once static and dynamic. some communication patterns remain relatively constant or static, where as other aspects of culture (personal traits) shift over time and are dynamic.
perceiving emotions
the ability to accurately recognize one's own and other's emotions and ability to discriminate between sincere and insincere expressions of feelings
using emotions to assist thinking
the ability to use emotions to direct attention to important info and the ability to use emotions to facilitate creativity or engage in inductive reasoning
identity
the concept of who we are. characteristics of identity may be understood differently depending on the perspectives that people take -- for example social science, interpretive or critical perspectives.
sexual orientation histories
the historical experiences of gays and lesbians
ethnic histories
the histories of ethnic groups
gender histories
the histories of how cultural conventions of men and women are created, maintained, and or altered
Meta-message
the message about the mesage
contact hypothesis
the notion that better communication between groups is facilitated simply by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to interact. hopefully will result in a more positive intergroup attitudes and reduced prejudice will only work if certain conditions are met. 1- group members must be of equal status and relatively equal members 2- contact must be voluntary, extend beyond the superficial, have institutional support, and promote similarity and individuation of group members. 3- there should be maximum cooperation among participants
masculinity - femininity value
the social implications of having been born male or female. two-dimensional. refers to 1 - the degree to which gender-specific role are valued 2 - the degree to which cultural groups value so called masculine values (achievement, ambition, acquisition of material goods) or so called feminine values (quality of life service to others, nurturance, support for unfortunate)
receiver based perspective
this perspective makes the assumption that "one cannot not communicate", not intentional, you make sense of everything someone is putting out there
source based perspective
this perspective makes the assumption that communication is intentional, purposive, and goal directed, deliberate intent and output
Material Self
total of all the tangible things you own, including your body
conventional design logic
type of design logic, communicate according to rules and norms (eg politeness) doesn't really reflect how you feel -views comm as a rule-based game played cooperatively, concerned w appropriateness and guidelines
transactional leadership
type of leadership -process of bilateral exchange -fulfill employees needs and they will perform well in jobs whole depends on the sum of the parts
Collectivistic Culture
value group and team achievement
contradiction
we have contradictory needs as individuals in a couple and as a couple vs groups -assumption of dialectical theory
epistemology
what counts as knowing/knowledge?
personal identity
who we think we are and who others think we are.
intellectual histories
written histories that focus on the development of ideas
social histories
written histories that focus on the everyday life experiences of various groups in the past.
Social roles
• A set of behaviors that are expected of someone in a particular social situation. • i.e. Experience and occupation
What are the three models used to describe the process of communicating?
• Action Model • Interaction Model • Transaction Model
Communication is governed by rules
• Explicit rule- a rule about behavior that has been clearly articulated • Implicit rule- a rule about behavior that has not been clearly articulated but is nonetheless understood
Characteristics of Competent Communicators
• Self monitoring (awareness): awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others • Adaptability: recognizing what is appropriate and effective and changing your behavior • Empathy (the ability to think and feel as others do): the ability to be "other-oriented" and understand others' thoughts and feelings. -Sympathy- feel sorry for them -Empathy- understand or relate, puts self in their shoes • Cognitive complexity: the ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways -i.e. wave to someone who didn't wave back- you can come up with several ways why they didn't; it's not your initial reaction; think about different ideas • Ethics : a code of morality or a set of ideas about what is right
Channel
Pathways through which messages are sent
CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY
- there are four building blocks to understanding intercultural communication: culture, communication, context, and power - culture can be viewed as : 1 - learned patterns of group-related perceptions 2 - contextual symbolic patterns of meaning, involving emotions 3 - heterogeneous, dynamic, and site of contestation - communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed. - communication can be viewed as 1- components of speaker, sender, receiver, message and channel, and variables 2- symbolic and processual 3- involving power dynamics - the relationship between culture and communication is complex: 1- culture influences communication and is enacted and reinforced through communication 2- communication also may be a way of contesting and resisting the dominant culture - the context also influences communication: it is the physical and social setting in which communication occurs or the larger political, social, and historical environment. - power is pervasive and plays an enormous, although often hidden role in intercultural interactions.
CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY
-- Six reasons or imperatives for studying intercultural communication : * The self-awareness imperative involves increasing understanding of our own location in larger social, political, and historical contexts. * The demographic imperative includes the changing domestic and international migration -- raising questions of class and religious diversity. * the economic imperative highlights issues of globalization and the challenges for increased cultural understanding needed to reach the global market. * the technological imperative gives us increasing information and increased contact with people who re similar and different from us. Increased use of communication technology also raises questions about identity and access to these technologies. *the peace imperative involves working through issues of colonialism, economic disparities, and racial, ethnic, and religious differences. *the ethical imperative calls for an understanding of the universalist, relativist, and dialogic approach to ethical issues. -- being an ethical student of culture involves developing self-reflexivity, learning about others, and developing a sense of social justice and responsibility.
surveys and questionnaires
-people answer on paper, online, face to face or over phone -either using a scale (quantitative) -or open ended questions (qualitative) -reveals respondent's thoughts, feelings, and intentions -cannot establish causality, cannot determine what people actually do
humanities
-pragmatism -goal is to understand only -inductive theory development -holism focus of research -ethnography, qualitative survey, textual analysis
emotional intelligence
-considered an attribute of an individual, focuses on interplay of individual and social qualities, associated with the ability to monitor one's own and others emotions, discriminate between emotions, and use emotional info strategically to make decisions and achieve goals
social science
-determinism -goal is to understand and predict -deductive theory development -particularism focus of research -experiments, quantitative survey, textual analysis
prescriptive prejudice
-judge women in leadership negatively -women are judged as poorer leaders -actual evaluations of women as less effective than men (unable)
ethnography
-method of study where the research immerses themselves into a particular group in order to identify key practices, norms, and authority -reveals rules and meanings of comm in a culture or context -may provide a highly subjective (biased) view of the culture or context ex: research spends nights in ER to observe comm actions of er nurses and doctors
CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY
-multiple histories are important for empowering different cultural identities -multiple histories include 1- political histories 2- intellectual histories 3- social histories 4-family histories 5-national histories 6- cultural group histories -histories are constructed through narrative -hidden histories are those typically not conveyed in a widespread manner and are based on race/ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, diaspora, colonialism, socioeconomic class, and religion. - people bring four elements of personal history to intercultural interactions. 1- childhood experience 2- historical myth 3- language competence 4- memories of recent political events -contact hypothesis suggests that sim bringing people from diverse groups will only work if certain conditions are met. 1- group members must be of equal status and relatively equal members 2- contact must be voluntary, extend beyond the superficial, have institutional support, and promote similarity and individuation of group members. 3- there should be maximum cooperation among participants - a dialectical perspective helps negotiate histories in intercultural interaction
5 axioms of comm
-one cannot not communicate -comm has content and relational components -communication is punctuated -communication is digital and analogic -communication is symmetrical and complimentary
social constructivist position
-reality is constructed by the way people experience and perceive the world around them -there are differences in how aspects of comm are perceived and valued -these realities can be produced and reproduced, giving them a sense of objective reality ex: expectation of wearing a hat in class, aggie traditions
social exchange theory
-the motivational function for relationships -outcome = rewards - costs -Cl and Clalt -individualistic, focuses on selfish needs and wants
nomalist position
-the world is nothing more than the names, labels, and experiences, that people use to make sense of their reality -reality does not exist outside of human perception ex: duck to one group and rabbit to another (perceiving ambiguous images) -i understand it as i see it
subjectivist position
-the world is relative and can be best understood from the viewpoint of the people experiencing it -to know, one must put oneself in the place of the person or situation being studies -ethnography, participant observation, interviewing -associated w nominalist, "no absolute truth"
realist position
-there is a reality "out there" independent of our thoughts and feelings -the role of the theorist and researcher is to explain this reality and discover its order and regularity -understand, describe, and explain -I will believe it if i see it
comparison level (cl)
-threshold above which a relational outcome is attractive ( based on past experiences) -your standards -expectations for the relationship, level at which it is satisfactory
communication privacy management
-we experience a tension between public and private information -public is info we will share w others -private is info we keep to ourselves -5 rule critera
ethnic identity
1 - a set of ideas about ones own ethnic group membership 2 - a sense of belonging to a particular group and knowing something about the shared experience of the group. typically includes several dimensions - self identification - knowledge about the ethnic culture (traditions customs values behaviors) - feelings about belonging to a particular ethnic group. shared sense of origin and history
What are the three primary ways we can use words to persuade?
Appeal to ethos- a speaker's respectability, trustworthiness, and moral character. Appeal to pathos- listener's emotions Appeal to logos- listener's ability to reason • Reason- to make judgments about the world based on evidence rather than emotion or intuition
Understanding
Assigning meaning to sounds you select and to which you attend
The term _______ refers to the ability of southern and Eastern European immigrants to "blend" into the general US population.
Assimilatable
High self esteem
Benefits • Generally more outgoing and more willing to communicate. • Try harder to accomplish tasks a second time if they failed at it before • More comfortable initiating relationship, and more likely to believe their partner's expressions of love and support are genuine • Happier, Have lower risk of depression, Enhanced ability to recognize and manage emotions called emotional intelligence. Drawbacks • Doesn't mean you have more friends • When relationships have problems, they are more likely to end those relationships and seek out new ones. • Are more prone to be sexually active younger and to engage in risky sexual behaviors
Organization
Categorize each piece of information by comparing to other pieces of information. • Physical constructs: objective vs. subjective- emphasizes people's appearance, causing us to notice objective characteristics such as height, age, ethnicity, and body shape, as well as subjective characteristics such ad physical attractiveness. • Role constructs- emphasizes people's social or professional position, so we notice that a person is a teacher, an accountant, a father, a community leader, and so on. • Interaction construction- emphasize people's behavior, so we notice that a person is outgoing, aggressive, shy, sarcastic, or considerate. • Psychological- emphasizes people's thoughts and feelings, causing us to perceive that a person is angry, self-assured, insecure, envious, or worried.
Individuals tend to experience identity scrutiny in a culturally familiar environment and experience identity vulnerability in a...
Culturally unfamiliar environment
Communication Competence
Communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate for a given situation • Appropriate- attending to rules and expectations that apply in social situations • Effective- how well you communication achieves its goals. Example Living with 3 roommates; one causes problem, you all want them to move out -Appropriate options: ask nicely, ask them to "do their part", choose one to talk to them, write them a letter, ask RA to intervene. -Effective options: tell them to move out, move them out yourself, change locks, be blunt, give them deadlines
Social Science
Communication influenced by culture. functionalist approach. collective method. Gathers facts and information, quantitative techniques. Scientists assume culture is a variable that can be measured. A study of intercultural communication, based on the assumptions that (1) there is a describable external reality (2) human behaviors are predictable and (3) culture is a variable that can be measured. This aims to identify and explain culture variations in communication and to predict future communication.
In the _____ stage of minority identity development, individuals internalize the values and norms of the dominant group and may have negative attitudes toward themselves or toward their group in general.
Conformity
Manuel accepts the values and attitudes of the majority culture. Although he is Mexican American, he is often embarrassed by other members of his group. He has a strong desire to assimilate into the mainstream. Manuel is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
Conformity
The learned patterns of perception, values and behaviors shared by a group of people are known as _____.
Culture
The relatively short-term feeling of disorientation or discomfort due to the unfamiliarity of surroundings or lack of familiar cues in an environment is known as _____.
Culture Shock
Which of the following would be considered an instrumental need that can be met through communication? A. Developing a romantic relationship with someone you find attractive B. Convincing your roommate to turn off her music by midnight each night C. Talking with your grandfather on the telephone after not speaking with him for a while D. Consoling a friend whose relative has passed away
Convincing your roommate to turn off her music by midnight each night
_______________ are negotiated, co-created, reinforced, and challenged through communication
Cultural Identities
The emotional significance that we attach to our sense of belonging or affiliation with the larger culture
Cultural Identity
Interpretive approach
Culture created and maintained through communication. Our sense of identity is created and maintained through interaction with others. the goal is the understand and describe human behavior (predicting is not the goal) emphasis on AVOWAL AND ASCRIPTION an approach to intercultural communication that aims to understand and describe human behavior within specific cultural groups based on the assumptions that (1) human experience is subjective (2) human behavior is creative rather than determined or easily predicted and (3) culture is created and maintained through communication.
John and Nancy were raised in Illinois and speak only English. Many of their neighbors, however, have immigrated from countries outside the United States and speak English as a second language. John and Nancy's desire to have a positive relationship with their diverse neighbors illustrates the _____ imperative for studying intercultural communication.
Demographic
What are the layers of meaning in language, and how do they differ?
Denotative meanings: a world's literal meaning or dictionary definition. • i.e. the word 'home' = a shelter as a residence, when we hear it, we think it as a place where we feel safe, accepted and loved. Connotative meanings: a word's implied or secondary meaning, in addition to its literal meaning. The semantic triangle • Symbol is the word bring communicated. • 2nd corner is the referent, which is the word's denotative meaning • 3rd is reference, the connotative meaning. Loaded language-terms that carry strongly positive or strongly negative connotations.
It evolves within relationships
Depending on the amount and types of conversations we have
The need to market products effectively in different countries illustrates the ____ imperative for studying intercultural communication.
Economic
Typically, _____ identity includes knowledge of a group's, traditions, customs, values, and a feeling of belonging to that group.
Ethnic
A matter of ancestry, beliefs about one's origins such as national race, religion, or language
Ethnic Identity
Subjective allegiance to a group
Ethnic Identity Allegiance
Diasporic groups
Ethnic and / or national groups that are geographically dispersed throughout the world. Increased contact with people who are similar
The belief that one's own cultural group is superior to all other cultural groups is known as ____.
Ethnocentrism
The Interaction Model
Explains that our messages are shaped by the feedback we receive from others and by the context in which we are interacting. Here we see speakers paying attention to their friend's feedback and communication in a way that is appropriate for a public restaurant
Gender effects on communication
Expressive vs. instrumental talk • Expressive- communication is to express emotions and build relationships • Instrumental- communication to solve problems and accomplish tasks Language and power • Think: who is more likely to interrupt? Use hedges? Ask questions? Express opinions? Give directions? Gender linguistic styles • Women use more 2nd and 3rd person pronouns, emotion words, intense adjectives (really, so) • Men use more self-reference, judgmental adjectives (good, worthless), and more specific references to quantity and location
Rule
Followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain communication situations or contexts
Explanations for gender communication
Gender cultures: each gender has different relational values • Women tend to value the communication of intimacy and emotional support • Men tend to value shared activities Gender clash: Each sex not understanding each other because of inherently different values
Primacy effect
The tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions when forming a perception • First impressions govern all future interactions • Powerful, but may be changeable
Regency effect
The tendency to emphasize the most recent impression is more powerful than earlier impressions, but not as powerful as the first impression
Vivian, an African American, is proud to be black. She admires, however, many Latin Americans' emphasis on family and applauds the successes of many Asian Americans. Vivian is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
Integration
Culture
Learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values and norms that is shared by a group of people
Bertina, a Native American, believes that Navajo customs and traditions provide the most effective responses to every day issues. She rejects Westernized medicine when she is sick and refuses to be cured by anyone but a traditional healer. Bertina is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
Resistance and Separatism
In the _____ stage of minority identity development, individuals may reject the values and norms associated with the dominant group while embracing all the attitudes and values attributed to his or her own group.
Resistance and Separatism
To engage in a ______________, individuals need to be open to new information and ideas, be aware that multiple perspectives typically exist in viewing a situation, and learn to create different standpoints, categories, and contexts to interpret an encounter
Mindful State
Negativity biases after perception
Negativity bias- the tendency to focus heavily on a person's negative attributes when forming a perception. • Negative information is often "most" powerful. • If you are calling references to check up on a person you just interviewed, if the candidate is described as "innovative" you'll probably form a positive impression about them; if they were described as "rigid" your impression will probably be negative. If they are described as "innovative" and "rigid" then you'll most likely see the negative only. The negative information will override the positive.
Stereotyping relies on generalizations
Not always bad, without it we'd be overwhelmed by not drawing on memory and experience, not always harmful • Identify a person as being part of a certain group. (You are a blonde) • Recalling a generalization about that group. (Blondes have more fun) • Applying generalization to that group. (therefore, you must have more fun)
Objective Self-Awareness
Object to ones own thoughts and attention
What is self-esteem?
One's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person. • People with high self-esteem tend to be happier with life (in the US), less judgmental of others and have greater emotional intelligence • But, high self-esteem isn't necessarily related to academic performance, and relationship to happiness depends on culture
Social Self
Part of you that interacts with others
Ethnic conflicts in Bosnia and the Soviet Union as well as ethnic tensions in other multicultural nations illustrate the _____ imperative for studying intercultural communication.
Peace
Violence, conflict and tension between differing cultural groups in constant contact illustrates the ______ imperative for studying intercultural communication.
Peace
How do self-concepts develop?
Personality and biology • Personality- the pattern of behaviors and ways of thinking that characterize a person • Nature and nurture Culture and gender roles • Socially constructed ideas of how we are 'supposed' to act based on the groups to which we belong. Reflected appraisal • Self-concept is influenced by your own perception of how others view you. Social comparison • Process of comparing self to others (reference groups) • Reference groups- the groups of people with whom one compares oneself in the process of social comparison
Haley thinks it is funny that her mom says the word pecan as "PEE-can." While Haley says the same work "pa-CAHN." This is an example of differing ___ rules A. Semantic B. Constitutive C. Pronunciative D. Phonological E. Syntactic
Phonological
Language is governed by rules
Phonological- pronunciation • Australians way of saying 'aluminum' Syntactic- order of words • French and Spanish- adjective is after noun Semantic- connects letters and words to the meaning • The word 'set' has over 200 meanings Pragmatic - way we understand varies in situation; implications/interpretations • Asking how someone is in passing vs. in an office
Context
Physical and psychological environment for communication
Which type of noise is associated with distractions that result from feeling sick or unwell? A. Physical noise B. Psychological noise C. Physiological noise D. Emotional noise E. None
Physiological noise
Physiological states and traits
Physiological states: are conditions that are temporary. • We wake up and leave various physiological states, meaning that their influence comes and goes over time. • i.e. When you're tired, being at the store waiting in line for 5 minutes can seem longer. Physiological traits: are conditions that affect us on an ongoing basis. • Compared with states, which are continually changing, traits are more enduring. • i.e. food that is spicy to you can be bland to someone else
Cohesive, challenged, or fractured / positive or negative
Possibilities for a person's identity
Dr. Wilder is a communication studies researcher who is interested in explaining and predicting how individuals with disabilities communicate about their physical challenges based on their personality traits she asks 300 people to answer questions about their personality characteristics and their communication behaviors by responding to questions online. This is an example of studying communication from which paradigm? A. Post positivist B. Critical C. Interpretive D. Logical E. Socialist
Post positivist
The extent to which less powerful members of a society expect and accept power is known as _____.
Power Distance
Our sense of familiarity and comfort within our own cultures is ______.
Prejudice and Embodied Ethnocentrism
Daniel offended a classmate by trying to help her with her books. She told him he was sexist and that he should quit patronizing her. In trying to be helpful, Daniel has illustrated that communication is _____.
Receiver Oriented
When is self-disclosure harmful or risky?
Rejection • Especially if disclosure is personal Chance of obligating others • Reciprocity can be uncomfortable for some people Hurt to others • Too much honesty can be hurtful Violation of privacy • Who "owns" private information? • Inappropriate disclosures can even hurt people who aren't participating in the conversation. • Gossip- the sharing of an individual's personal information with a third party without the individuals consent. Online disclosure has its own risks • Disinhibition effect- encouraging people t say or do things that they wouldn't do if they were in face-to-face settings. • Postcyberdisclosure panic- regret of distress about information that they or others disclose online.
Which of the following is NOT a necessary characteristic of interpersonal communication? A. Defines relationships B. It happens over time C. It satisfies instrumental needs D. Occurs between people E. Relates to intimate information
Relates to intimate information
Toni tells her Chinese friend Guiwen that he should not be angry about his perceived superficial friendliness of many Americans without first understanding the cultural context of the behavior. Toni has taken a _____ position of ethics.
Relativist
A person who wears a crucifix around their neck is probably communicating their _____ identity.
Religious
Selection
Select sensory information for attention. The process of perception begins when one or more of your senses are stimulated. Can't observe everything at once, select the ones that stand out or catch attention. • Unusual/unexpected • Repetition • Intensity
The process by which we "look in the mirror" to see ourselves as cultural beings is known as
Self Reflexivity
After fifteen minutes of their first conversation, Chris tells MacKenzie that he (Chris) is gay. Clearly, _____ is an important aspect of how Chris identifies.
Sexual Identity
An "easy" class or quiz can mean different things to different people. This illustrates that communication is...
Sharing and negotiating meaning
Refer to role, relationship, framework, and symbolic interactions that are adaptive self-images and highly situational dependent
Situational Identities
Ethnicity
Social classification based on a variety of factors that are shared by a group of people who also share a common geographic origin
Widely held beliefs or generalizations about a group of people are known as _____.
Stereotypes
How to improve listening skills
Stop, look,listen, determine you listening goal, transform listenign barriers into listening goals, mentally summarize the details of the message, practice listening to challenging material
Ethnic groups who conceive of themselves as being a part of a distinctive group, and united by a common historical, emotional, or symbolic ties
Subjective Layers of Identity
Linguistic relativity
Suggests that because language determines our perceptions of reality, people who speak different languages will see the world differently
Linguistic determinism
Suggests that the structure of language determines how we think
descriptive
Suppose you believe that women are incapable of flying combat missions. This belief would be what kind of prejudice?
The fact that Berta uses her lips instead of her finger to point at an object across the room illustrates that communication is _______.
Symbolic
The core dynamics of people's group membership identities and personal identities are formed via...
Symbolic interaction with others
translation
TEXT. the process of producing a written text that refers to something said or written in another language. original language text of translation is the source text, the text into which it is translated is the target text.
Communication context includes all of the following except: A. The number of people who might overhear the conversation B. The emotional climate of the situation C. The connotation of the message D. The location where communication occurs E. All the above
The connotation of the message
communication is digital and analogic
The fact that you can use nonverbal information to help interpret the real meaning of verbal communication represents which axiom of communication?
predict and understand
The goal of a social science theory is to: (from the book)
Self serving bias
The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes. • Our successes are earned and deserved • Our failures are not our fault • Our way of making excuses/awarding ourselves for behavior- neither are accurate
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
The idea that language influences the ways that members of a culture see and think about the world
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal rather than external causes. • Other people's behaviors are due to internal, stable causes. • Our way of making excuses/awarding ourselves for behavior- neither are accurate
What is interpersonal perception?
The process of making meaning from the people in our environment an dour relationships with them
What is a self-concept?
The set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is; also known as our identity, your understanding of who you are
acuity
The similarity-attraction theory has one primary claim: people who see themselves are similar to another person are more attracted to that person (e.g., see them as likeable, have commonalities). Based on the criteria for evaluation theories, a strength of this theory is its:
Over attribution
The tendency to attribute a range of behaviors to a single characteristic of a person. • Identify one prominent characteristic of a person • Attribute most of what the person says and does to that characteristic
People who go out of their way to engage in unimportant but positive intergroup behaviors (saying "I'm not prejudiced") in order to convince themselves and others that they are not prejudiced, illustrate the subtle form of prejudice known as_______.
Tokenism
This model considers both people in a conversation to be senders and receivers simultaneously: A. Action B. Transaction C. Interaction D. Reaction E. None
Transaction
The degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and try to ensure certainty by establishing more structure is referred to as ______, a value orientation.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Worldview
Underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and human behavior. (research philosophies)
Simone, an African American, is not interested or concerned with ethnicity. "Why would I need to learn about black history?" she asks. "I'm just into my own thing." Simone is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
Unexamined Identity
The stage of minority identity development characterized by the lack of exploration of ethnicity is known as _____.
Unexamined Identity
Jeff accidentally insulted the parents of his roommate Mohammed by putting his feet up on the desk when they were visiting their dorm room. Jeff's behavior (and subsequent apology) illustrates that communication can be ______.
Unintentional
People who believe that cultural differences are only superficial and that there are certain rules that apply across cultures are operating from a ___ position of ethics.
Universalist
Rebecca is appalled that in some countries, girls regularly marry before the age of fifteen. She believes that all females should be adults before they marry regardless of their culture because of issues of education, prenatal health and economic rights. Rebecca has assumed the _____ position of ethics.
Universalist
Many "common sense" behaviors are based on...
Unwritten rules
Unquestioned assumptions about how life works, and may incorporate religious, philosophical, or other related beliefs
Values
Anglocentrism
Using Anglo or white cultural standards as the criteria for interpretations and judgements of behaviors and attitudes.
interpretation
VERBAL. refers to the process of verbally expressing what is said or written in another language. can be either simultaneous with the interpreter speaking at the same time, or consecutive with the interpreter speaking during the breaks provided by the speaker.
The ways in which a culture judges good or bad, or right or wrong is often determined by ______.
Values
Direct Acknowledgment
When you respond directly to someting another person says and acknowledges the person is worth responding to
realist
Which ontological position assumes there is a reality that exists independent of our personal thoughts and feelings?
agentic, communal
______ qualities: associated with masculinity (ex: strength) __________ qualities: associated with femininity (ex: caring)
sex, gender
______: biological differences between men and women _________: set of behavior and attitudes
abusive, unstable
_______ and _______ relationships have outcomes <cl but >clalt
National histories
a body of knowledge based on past events that influenced a country's development.
Listening Defined
a complex process of selecting, attending to, creating meaning from, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages, while hearing is the physiological process of decoding sounds
Identity Tourism
a concept that refers to people taking on identities of other races, genders, classes, or sexual orientations for recreational purposes.
theory
a conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon; that is, what it is, how it works, what it does
Interlanguage
a kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language. The native languages semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap and create a third way of communicating. overlapping two aspects of different languages like grammar. germans combining two words to create new word.
diaspora
a massive migration often caused by war, famine, or perfection that results in the dispersal of a unified group
dialect
a method of logic based on the principle that an idea generates its opposite, leading to a reconciliation of the opposites. the complex and paradoxical relationship between two opposite qualities or entities which may also be referred to as a dialect.
high context communication
a style of communication in which much of the information is contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues rather than expressed explicitly in words. body language eye contact tone of voice gestures can all change the message
low context communication
a style of communication in which much of the information is conveyed in words rather than in nonverbal cues and context. majority of meaning is in spoken code say it like it is "the exam is Tuesday"
Code switching
a technical term in communication that refers to the phenomenon of changing languages dialects, or even accents. People code switch for several reasons 1- to accomodate the other speakers 2- to avoid accommodating others 3- to express another aspect of their cultural identity often done to accommodate the more powerful group, less dominant group is expected to make changes.
identity negotiation theory
a theory that emphasizes the process of communication ones own desired identities while reinforcing or resisting others identities as the core of intercultural communication. influences our sense of self and ultimately influences how successful we are in intercultural interactions. individuals define themselves in relation to groups they belong to to due to the basic human need for security and inclusion. at the same time humans also need differentiation from these same groups. managing relationships to these various groups involves boundary regulation and working through the tension between inclusion and differentiation can make us feel secure or vulnerable.
aggressive assimilation
emphasize fitting in, go to great lengths to prove that they are like the others in the dominant group. dissociating with minority group mirroring dominant group strategic distancing and self ridicule
Spiritual Self
all you internal thoughts and analysis about your values and moral standards
dialectical approach
an approach to intercultural communication that integrates three approaches -- social science/functionalist, interpretive, and critical -- in understanding culture and communication. It re agonizes and accepts that the three approaches are all interconnected and sometimes contradictory.
prejudice
an attitude (usually negative) toward a cultural group based on little or no evidence. stereotypes tell us what a group is like, prejudice tells how we are likely to feel about that group
comm is digital and analogic
axiom of comm,
comm is punctuated
axiom of comm, comm has a beginning and an end
comm has content and relational components
axiom of comm, everything we say has both substance and tells us something about a relationship with the person we're talking to. reflecting attitude and relationship towards that person
one cannot not communicate
axiom of comm, everything you do has communicative significance, even if it isnt intentional (receiver approach)
comm is symmetrical and complimentary
axiom of comm, first part = similarity, reciprocity, second part = when people have different comm styles in an interaction same manner in a conversation = first part behaving in dif ways (ex job interview) = second part
social science perspective on identity
based largely on research in psychology, views in the self in a relatively static fashion in relation the various communities to which a person belongs: nationality, r ace, ethnicity, religion, gender etc. identity is created in part by the self and in part in relation to group membership. the self is composed of multiple identities, and these notions of identity are culture bound. our identities are created in spurts with some events providing insights onto who we are and long periods intervening during which we may not think much about ourselves or our identities.
Race
based on the genetically transmitted physical characteristics of a group of people who are classified together
Electronically Mediated Communication (EMC)
communication that is not face to face, but rather sent via cell phone or the internet
Communicators who are both appropriate and effective
competent
Face needs
components of one's desired public image
Interpersonal Communication Principles
connects us to others; is irreversible; and is complicated
accuracy, practicality, succinctness, consistency, acuity
criteria for evaluation theory: -a_______: has research supported that the theory works the way it says it does? -P_______: have real world applications been found for the theory (can it be helpful/useful)? -s________: has the theory been formulated with the fewest possible number of concepts/steps (straightforward)? -c_________: will not be right test answer, does the theory demonstrate coherence within its own premises and with other theories? -a______: to what extent does the theory make clear and otherwise complex experience? (make complex things more simple)
social science definitions : culture as learned group-related perceptions.
culture as "collective programming of the mind". each individual carries patterns that are learned and acquired in childhood / throughout life
interpretive definitions: culture as contextual symbolic patterns of meaning, involving emotions
culture is shared and learned, but focused on contextual patterns of communication behavior, rather than on group related perceptions. a historically transmitted pattern of meaning embodied in symbols, as system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life. symbolic meaning of verbal / nonverbal activities and rules to communication. definitions of culture are influenced by communication.
Low Culture
derive much information from the words of a message and less information from nonverbal or contextual cues
Self-Concept vs Self-esteem
description of who you are vs evaluation of who you are
praxis, change, contradiction, totality
dialectical theory assumptions (p, c ,c t)
Heterogeneous Cultures
differences in a group, culture, or population. (it is more useful to think about cultures as more or less hetero/homogeneous than another culture. Cultures can change over time.)
non assertive assimilation
downplay differences and try to fit into existing structures. emphasizing commonalities and developing a positive face. censoring themselves and avoiding controversy.
Unchecked emotions
emotional noise occurs when emotional arousal interes with communications effectiveness
social science perspective on language
focuses on the individual aspects of language : the components of language, language perception and thought, the way culture groups use language in different ways and the barriers presented by these variations. building blocks of language : grammar pronunciation (linguistics) semantics - (meaning) if you have language at all syntactics (structure) referring to grammer or sentence structure, structure can change entire meaning of a sentence pragmatics (meaning in context) means practical / useful. do we have the same context? (pink slip) phonetics (sound)
Impression Formation Theory
formed through noticing physical qualities and behavior, information people disclose about themselves, and information that the third parties tell us
interaction approach
going back and forth, conversation message ----> effect <------ feedback ex: employment interview
cuture as a contested zone
helps us understand the struggles of various groups -- native americans, asian americansm pacific islanders, african americans, women, gays, lesbians. etc. -- as they attempt to negotiate their relationships and promote their well being within society. by studying the communication that springs from these ongoing struggles we can better understand several intercultural concerns. opens up new ways of thinking about intercultural communication. the individuals in a given culture are not identical, which suggests that culture is replete with cultural struggles. we risk glossing over the heterogeneity the diversity that resides in the culture. two cultures struggles may not be the same, so we become more sensitive to understanding different cultures when we view them as a contested zone.
prestige
if someone has more prestige than you, you will be more polite. less= not so polite
risk
if what you are going to say has a high chance of hurting someone, (ex firing someone) you will be more polite, if not then not
double blind
if women conform to traditional gender roles, perceived as not potential leaders; if they adopt agentic qualities, perceived as not feminine (cant wint0 (ex: hillary clinton)
gender criteria (men and women have different understandings of disclosure)
in the US, many women are socialized to disclose more than men. what privacy rule is this an example of?
external dialectics
inclusion - seclusion conventionality - uniqueness revelation - concealment
stage 4 of minority identity
integration the ideal outcome of the identity development process is the final stage - an achieved identity. strong sense of their own group identity and appreciation of other cultural groups. racism and forms of oppression occur, but try to redirect in more positive directions. confident secured identity
cultural - individual dialect
intercultural communication is both cultural and individual, or idiosyncratic. communication is cultural. - we share communication patterns with members of the groups to which we belong. example. - I have american speaking habits, but habits that are specific to me as well. we need to keep this dialect in mind as we try to understand and develop relationships across cultural differences.
differences - similarities dialectic
intercultural communication is characterized by both similarities and differences, in that people are simultaneously similar to and different from each other. differences in values, language, nonverbal behavior, conflict resolution, and so on. emphasizing only on differences can lead to stereotypes and prejudice (example women being more emotional men more rational) emphasizing only on similarities can lead us to ignore the important cultural variations that exist.
Task-Oriented Listening Style
interested in focusing more on achieving specific outcome or accomplishing a task tan focusing on the communication relationship when they listen to others and emphasize completing a specific transaction, such as solving a problem, taking action, or making a purchase
*** personal - contextual dialectic
involves the role of context in intercultural relationships and focuses simultaneously on the persona and the context. although we communicate on individual/personal levels, context of this communication is important as well. - we enact specific roles that give meanings to our messages.
culture
learned patterns of behavior and attitudes shared by a group of people.
Attitude
learned predisposition to respond to a person, object, or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way. Likes-dislikes
orientation to time
most cultural communities, particularly european american middle class, seem to emphasize the future. other societies, spain or greece, seem to emphasize the importance of the present. others, erupoean and asian societies emphasize the past, believing that knowledge and awareness of history has something to contribute to understanding contemporary life.
critical perspective on identity
most dynamic. as a result of contexts quite distant from the individual.
Accommodation
nonassertive accommodation emphasize blending into the dominating culture but tactfully challenging the dominant structure to recognize co-cultural practices. (putting up a jewish star) assertive accommodation try to strike a balance between the concerns of co-cultural and dominant group members. communicating self, doing intragroup networking, using liaisons and educating on what may be offensive. aggressive accommodation stratagies involve moving into the dominant structures then working from within to promote significant changes. no matter what the personal cost may seem confrontational or self promoting, while reflecting genuine desire to work with not against dominant group. run the risk of being alienated from both groups for being confrontational.
change
relationships are always in motion; not static -only guarantee in a relationship is that it will change over time -assumption of dialectical theory
ex of source based perspective
professor does lectures with the intent to help us understand the concepts
privilege-disadvantage dialectic
recognizes that many people may be simultaneously privileged and disadvantaged in some aspects at the same time. example tourists can afford to have the privilege to travel, but are at a disadvantage of not speaking the local language. gender, race, age, socioeconomic status, and other identities may make us privileged and disadvantaged at the same time.
Gender
refers to psychological and emotional characteristic that cause people to assume masculine, feminine, or androgynous roles
Content Message
refers to the information ideas and suggested actions the speaker wishes to share - what is said
praxis
relationship are neither linear or cyclical, they evolve over time -development of relationships is neither linear nor repetitive -assumption of dialectical theory
qualitative method
research methods that attempt to capture people's own meanings for their everyday behavior in specific contexts. These methods use participant observation and field studies. rhetorical approach, interviewing, observing, being active in interacting extensively with the cultural group being studied. used in the interpretive approach
quantitative methods
research methods that use numerical indicators to capture and ascertain the relationships among variables. These methods use survey and observation. used in the social science approach
stage 3 of minority identity
resistance and separatism, characterized by a blanket endorsement of ones group and all the values and attitudes attributed to the group. many kinds of events can trigger the move to the 3rd stage. negative discrimination, name calling etc. a period of dissonance or growing awareness that not all dominant values are beneficial to minorities, may also precede this stage. individuals might meet someone who has a strong identity, which encourages this stage.
Looking Glass
seeing ourselves in a figurative looking glass when we interact with others
transformational leadership (book def)
seeks to inspire exceptional performance, founded in particular attitudes and behaviors that support organized changes. 4 facets of this
The first stage of interpersonal perception
selection
Homogeneous Cultures
similarity in a group, culture, or population.
Self-disclosure
the act of giving others information about oneself that one believes they do not already have
power distance
social inequality, including the relationship with authority. refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept the unequal distribution of power. some people value less power distance, equality is for the better with decision making. others like a higher power distance, decision making should be left higher up, managers and subordinates is more formalized.
Relational Listening Style
tend to prefer listening to people feelings and emotions.
racial histories
the histories of nonmainstream racial groups
diasporic histories
the histories of the ways in which international cultural groups were created the transitional migrations, slavery, religious crusades, or other historical forces.
hidden histories
the histories that are hidden from or forgotten by the mainstream representation of past events.
colonial histories
the histories that legitimate international invasions and annexations
cultural-group histories.
the history of each cultural group within a nation that includes, for example, the history of where the group originated, why the people migrated, and how they came to develop and maintain their cultural traits. help us understand the identities of various groups within a culture.
age identity
the identification with the cultural conventions of how we should act, look, and behave according to our age.
gender identity
the identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or woman.
Interpretive perspective on language
the interpretive perspective focuses on an in-depth understanding of communication use in context and how communication practices may vary from one cultural context to another. brings the idea of context in which communication happens makes a difference combines verbal / nonverbal expressions cultures differ in the amount of emphasis they put on the nonverbal expressions
ontology
the nature of being
stage 1 of minority identity
unexamined identity - characterized by the lack of exploration of identity, be it racial, ethnic, or sexual, gender etc. individuals may simply lack interest in the identity issue. (gay people acting straight bashing gays)
avowal
the process by which an individual portrays himself or herself
ascription
the process by which others attribute identities to an individual.
Image management
the process of projecting one's desired public image
Relationship Message
the relationship dimension of a communication message offers cues about the emotion, attitudes, and amount of power and control the speaker feels; it is how the message is communicated
Absent history
the result of concealing the past. any part of history that was not recorded or that is missing. Not everything that happened in the pas is accessible to us today because only some voices were documented and only some perspectives were recorded. (slavery)
familial identity
the sense of self as always connected to family and others
individualized identity
the sense of self as independent and self reliant.
individualistic cultures
the tendency to emphasize individual identities, beliefs, needs, goals, and views rather than those of the group. (US CULTURE)
collectivistic cultures
the tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the in-group rather than individuals' own goals, needs, and views. (JAPANESE CULTURE)
nominalist position
the view that perception is not shaped by the particular language one speaks. - we express the same thoughts in different languages -direct translation where rods are equivalent -perception is the same (tree is a tree)
relativist position
the view that the particular language individuals speak especially the str true of language , shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns . the language we speak and the structure of that language affects our thought patterns (whether we read from right to left or vise versa) how we consider relationships "talking, dating, going steady etc" attention span, meaning of friend, words for possession or future. metaphors illustrate the relationship between language and thought (white as snow) multilingual = multiple means of expression. (gendered language, french is le and la , english just is.)
qualified relativist position
the view that the particular language we speak influences our perception but does not completely determine our perception.
Image
the way one wishes to be seen or perceived by others
politeness theory
theory -maintaining face (positive and negative) -managing impressions -people are rationale and goal oriented with respect to achieving face needs
rhetorical design logic
type of design logic, communication creates and negotiates self and situations (eg talk that works through self and other interests) -views comm as a powerful tool used to create situations and negotiate multiple goals, focuses on the effect of the message on the recipient
expressive design logic
type of design logic, language is a medium used to express thoughts and feelings (self expression) just say what's on your mind, no filter, how you feel -sender focused pattern, values self-expression, appreciates openness, honestly, and clarity
transformational leadership
type of leadership -use people's ideas forward for greater good of the organization -idealized influence -inspirational motivation -intellectual stimulation -individualized consideration
together-alone
type of tension within relationship: autonomy-connection couple/community: inclusive-seclusive
public-private
type of tension within relationship: open-closed couple/community: reveal-conceal
certain-uncertain
type of tension within relationship: predictable-novel couple/community: conventional-unique
outcome
types of _______: accepted, rejected, re- or modified accusation
account
types of ________: accept, apology, excuse, justification, denial
primary, recency, exceptional performance
types of effects: -_________: first impression -________: most recent impression -________ ________: standing out, either really good or really bad
positive. negative, face threatening events
types of face: -________: need to be liked -________: need to act freely ________ ___________ ______: when someone criticizes
Masculine cultures
value achievement, assertiveness, heroism, and material wealth
Feminine Culture
value caring for the less fortunate, being sensitive toward others, and overall quality of life
Individualistic Culture
value individual achievement and personal accomplishment
uncertainty avoidance
ways of dealing with uncertainty ,controlling aggression, and expressing emotions concerns the degree t which people who feel threatened by ambiguous situations respond by avoiding them or trying to establish more structure to compensate for the uncertainty. low uncertainty avoidance orientation prefer to limit rules, accept dissent, and take risks. (USA) high uncertainty avoidance orientation usually prefer more extensive rules and regulations in organizational settings and seek consensus about goals. (JAPAN)
stereotypes
widely held beliefs about a group of people. Help us know what to expect from others. They may be positive or negative. Operate on a subconscious level, so we have to consciously work the reject them. even positive can be damaging, creating unrealistic expectations for individuals. Picked up in many ways, shows, tv movies, or can develop from negative experiences.
contextual criteria (where you are/who with/situation)
working in a cubicle might make an individual less likely to share information than working in a private office. what privacy rule is this an example of?
power of texts/language
writing can shape views as we are learning about culture. the way americans learn history as a white mans game. how does power function in determining which stories are told.
political histories
written histories that focus on political events
face
your desired self image, the identity you wish to present to others
Self-fulfilling prophecy
• An expectation or prediction that causes people to act or communicate in ways that causes people to act or communicate in ways that makes that prediction come true. • The secret: what you think about, you bring about
Communication passes through perceptual filters
• Anything you put through a filter comes out a little different from how it went in. • What one person says is not always exactly what the other person hears.
How do gender roles differ from biological sex?
• Biological sex refers to being female or male rather than feminine and masculine. • Transgendered describes individuals who experience seeing themselves as a different sex than they were born with, can undergo hormone therapy or sex reassignment surgery to bring their physical body in line with their self image and are then called transsexual. • Intersex refers to people who do have internal sexual organs that do not match their external appearance. It can be delayed physical development or hormonal problems. • Like gender roles, biological sex is a fundamental part of a person's identity
Communication relies on multiple channels
• Channel-rich context: a communication context involving many channels at once. • Channel-lean context: a communication context involving few channels at once.
How is interpersonal communication different from other forms of communication?
• Communication that occurs between two people (dyad) within the context of their relationship and as it evolves, helps to negotiate and define their relationship. • Content of conversation is sometimes highly intimate. • Can focus on duller, impersonal content as well
Communication has literal meanings and relational implications
• Content dimension- literal information that is communicated by a message • Relational dimension- signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated
Culture and co-culture
• Cultural values and norms have many different effects on the way we communicate interpersonally. • In addition to affecting our behavior, culture influences our perceptions and interpretations of other people's behaviors. • i.e. cultural differences in personal space.
Egocentrism narrows perspective
• Egocentric: unable to take another's perspective • We think others should react in the way we would. • According to developmental psychologist Jean Piaget, egocentrism is a normal part of development for children 2-6. Timmy doesn't understand that he is blocking your view because he assumes you can see it because he can. Susie asks you questions while you're on the phone.
What are the most common communication myths?
• Everyone is an expert in communication • Communication will solve any problem • Communication can break down • Communication is inherently good • More communication is always better
Gender is a function of
• Gender roles- masculinity, femininity, and androgyny • Biological sex- biologically female and biologically male • Sexual orientation- heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual
Four patterns of sexual behavior
• Heterosexuality- a sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in members of the other sex. • Homosexuality- a sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest of one's own sex. • Bisexuality- a sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in both women and men. • Asexuality- a sexual orientation characterized by a general lack of interest in sex
What are the principles of self-disclosure?
• Intentional and truthful • Varies in breadth and depth • Varies among relationships • Is a gradual process • Online Self-disclosure follows a different pattern • Is usually reciprocal • Can serve many purposes • Is influenced by cultural and gender roles
More communication is always better
• It can make matters worse- talking about politics • End conversation- bad if dragged out. • The *effectiveness rather than *amount of communication is what matters
It occurs within a relationship
• May be close (friendship) or not so close. • What is the difference between interpersonal and impersonal communication? Doesn't matter role (ie. Ordering coffee, tech support)
What is the role of sexual orientation in understanding gender roles?
• Sexual orientation- a characteristic determining the sex or sexes to which someone s sexually attracted. • No matter the person's biological sex and gender roles, however, interpersonal behavior can also be influenced by a third aspect of gender: sexual orientation
Critical
• Social construction of reality serves some groups/people/perspectives more than others • Focuses on interests of predetermined groups: women, minorities, underprivileged • Goal is to give voice and power to these groups • Theory is used to accomplish social change and assist oppressed groups
Low self-monitor
• Spend less time and energy thinking about their appearance and behavior so are more relaxed. • "What you see is what you get" • The impressions they make, they are more straightforward communicators and can be seen a more sincere and trustworthy. • Because low self monitors are less skilled than high monitors in adjusting their behavior to the demands of the situation, they frequently appear unsophisticated and socially awkward and are more likely to make a poor first impression.
It can improve our health
• Studies show that married people live longer lives than single, divorced, or widowed. • Close friendships help manage stress and stay healthy
Interpretive
• Subjective, humanistic, includes rhetoric • No single reality that can be discovered- multiple realities that depend on perspective • Values the "native's (people you're studying) point of view" • "Truth" is socially constructed through communication. • What we view as true depends on our personal experiences, beliefs, standpoints, so biases are natural. • Theory is used to offer insight into the meaning and meanings- making process of the particular group of study
Benefits of being a high self monitor
• Tend to be better at making whatever kind of impression they want to make, because they are aware of their behaviors and of other's responses to them. • Find it easier than low self monitors to put other people at ease in social situations. • Tend to be good at figuring out what others are thinking and feeling, which gives them a clear advantage in many social settings. • Because of constant awareness of themselves and others, they may have hard time relaxing and living in the moment. • Because they can adjust their behaviors, it can be difficult to tell what they are genuinely thinking or feeling. • "What you see is what I want you to see"
