COMM EXAM Ch. 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16

This is a short-cut version of systematic de-sensitization appropriate for public speaking preparation

"Breathe and Release"

A fallacy that occurs when a generally true statement is applied to a specific case that is unusual.

Accident Fallacy

The repetition of the initial sounds of words.

Alliteration

A fallacy that occurs when a word having more than one meaning appears in the argument.

Ambiguity Fallacy

The process of asking what is happening in a message through breaking it into its individual components and asking questions of each section.

Analysis

Rhetorical strategy that uses contrasting statements in order to make a rhetorical point.

Antithesis

A fallacy that occurs when the truth of a proposition is thought to rest in the opinion of a famous other or authority.

Appeal to Authority

A fallacy that occurs when we argue something must be accepted because it cannot be proven otherwise.

Appeal to Ignorance

A fallacy that occurs when an argument attempts to win acceptance by focusing on the unfortunate consequences that will occur if it is not accepted.

Appeal to Pity

The predisposition toward a particular viewpoint.

Bias

Words and symbols that illustrate the relationship between search terms and help the search engine expand or limit results

Boolean Operators

Phrases or expressions that, because of overuse, have lost their rhetorical power.

Clichés

CR is an internal process through which individuals can deliberately adjust how they perceive an action or experience.

Cognitive Restructuring (CR)

Words or phrases used in informal speech but not typically used in formal speech.

Colloquialisms

Research, claims, or anything else that is used to support the validity of an assertion.

Evidence

Testimony that comes from a recognized authority who has conducted extensive research on an issue.

Expert Testimony

- Hearing-refers to the process of receiving sound -listening-listening takes the sounds you here and allows you to comprehend them. To make sense of them - critical thinking allows us to consciously listen to the message that we are heading. After we heard said message we can make judgments off it

Explain how listening differs from hearing and why listening is the first component of practicing critical thinking.

- critical-Being critical is examing flaws and errors. Its when you evaluate something in a negative light. - critical thinking-Active, persistent, careful consideration of a belief or supposed form of knowledge in light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends" - The difference is that critical thinking has to be done by choice.

Explain the difference between critical thinking and being critical. Why should we care?

A flaw or error in reasoning.

Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when there exists a poor connection between two examples used in an argument.

False Analogy

A fallacy that occurs when there exists a flawed connection between two events

False Cause:

A frame of reference refers to the context, viewpoint, or set of presuppositions or of evaluative criteria within which a person's perception and thinking seem always to occur; and which constrains selectively the course and outcome of these activities.

Frame of Reference

Genetic Fallacy:

Genetic Fallacy:

The physiological process of receiving noise and sounds.

Hearing:

Powerless phrases such as "I thought we should," "I sort of think," or "Maybe we should" that communicate uncertainty.

Hedges

Language that assumes the heterosexual orientation of a person or group of people.

Heterosexist Language

-Internal process where you change the way an experience is perceived -ie. if i mess up on my speech people will sympathize with me rather than make fun of me

How does Cognitive Restructuring work? Does it work the same for every person who tries it?

The use of moderate exaggeration for effect.

Hyperbole

You would be implying that we have lots of pasta left because. Implying means there is a fact envolved in the statement

If I say, "There is plenty of pasta, so you should have some more," am I implying or inferring that you have not eaten enough?

To suggest or convey an idea.

Imply:

An argument in which the truth of its propositions lend support to the conclusion.

Induction:

To draw a conclusion that rests outside the message.

Infer:

The process of borrowing materials through one library that belong to another library.

Interlibrary Loan

Explaining and extrapolating the conclusions that we draw from a statement.

Interpretation:

Any testimony based on witnesses' opinions or perceptions in a given case

Lay Testimony

-We can use logic to determine if someone's statement is true or false -We can use logic to support a certain style of argument -Allows us as critical thinkers to reserve our judgements on a topic

List and discuss at least three ways that we use logic and argumentation in our daily lives.

The psychological process of attaching meaning to the sounds and noises we hear

Listening:

Terms such as "fireman" or "policemen" that incorrectly identify a job as linked only to a male.

Man-linked Terms

-formal fallacies-its when there is an error in a structure of an argument - fallacy of quantitative logic-they revolve around a grammatical structure using words like "all" and "we" - genetic fallacy (ad hominem)-Its when the attention of the argument is shifted away from the premises and placed upon the individual making the argument

Name, define, and give examples of three different fallacies you have heard recently.

Similarity of information across sources.

Parity

An individual's story concerning his or her lived experience, which can be used to illustrate the existence of a particular event or phenomenon.

Personal Testimony

Customary words or phrases used in different geographic regions.

Regionalisms

Anxiety resulting from being in a situation where one is being watched or observed, or where one perceives themselves as being watched, is known as scrutiny fear. This sort of anxiety does not necessarily involve interacting with other people

Scrutiny Fear

Type of language that most people understand but that is not considered acceptable in formal or polite conversation

Slang

A sentence summarizing the main idea, or claim, which the speech will support. It should be stated clearly toward the beginning of the speech.

Specific Purpose Statement

Language such as "male nurse" that suggests a person is deviating from the "normal" person who would do a particular job and implies that someone's sex is relevant to a particular job.

Spotlighting

State-anxiety is derived from the external situation within which individuals find themselves.

State-Anxiety

An established set of standards for formatting written documents and citing sources for information within the document.

Style Guide

A form of deductive argument in which the conclusion is inferred from the premises. Most syllogisms contain a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

Syllogism

Systematic de-sensitization is a multi-stage, therapeutic regimen to help patients deal with phobias through coping mechanisms.

Systematic De-sensitization

Powerless language exemplified by ending statements with questions such as "Don't you think?" or "Don't you agree?"

Tag Questions

they are fallacies of appeal

Television commercials that use pictures of starving children and sad music as a way to get you to donate money are an example of what type of fallacy?

Avoid miscommunication, clear up perceptions people have.

The use of concrete and precise language in your speeches helps prevent what sorts of problems?

Trait-anxiety is anxiety that is aligned with, or a manifestation of, an individual's personality.

Trait-Anxiety

fallacies-a flaw or error in reasoning. it's important to study them so we can avoid making them in our argument.

What are fallacies and why is it important that we study them?

Trait Anxiety- anxiety aligned with the personality, shy - state anxiety- derived from external situations.ex: audience member making distracting noises - scrutiny fear- fear of being watched. ex: doesn't want to be center of attention

What are some of the different ways researchers classify CA? What are the differences between these ideas?

Conversant is some one who is ready to discuss the topic intelligently

What does it mean to become conversant in your topic?

roughly 20% of the U.S population is dealing with CA

What percentage of the general population is likely dealing with CA?

Because there is as risk of forgetting. Introduction should be memorized though

Why is memorizing a presentation a risky move? Is there any part of your presentation that should be memorized?

because audiences can sense a fake and a using a short words helps you be more clear to your audience

Why should you use simple language in your speech?