Comm Final

Know what self-disclosure is and in what stage of relational development it largely takes place

Knaps relations model for stages of coming together- initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding. -Experimenting stage- make an effort to find some common ground including background, interests, attitudes, values. - also known as the probing stage which they both probe for information to allow them to develop further social connection. Some relationships end here as acquittances . if they do move forward -> Intensifying stage: When the communication between people changes and deepens.at this point people being to.. Self-Disclosure: Process of making intentional revelations about yourself that other would be unlikely to know and generally constitute as private, sensitive, or confidential information. The 3 rules for appropriate self-disclosure: Disclosure generally increases as relational intimacy increases, 2.) Discloser tends to be reciprocal, 3.) Negative disclosure is directly related to the intimacy of a relationship

types of small groups

Small group communication: the interaction among 3-9 people who are working together to achieve aninterdependent goal. Types of small groups: Assigned groups: occur when individuals are appointed to be members. Emergent groups: occur when individuals decide to form a cohesive group out of personal need ordesire Function they serve ( is it all 4 or just the 2) Task oriented groups: are formed for the purpose of completing tasks such as solving a problem or making a decision. Relationship- oriented groups: long term group that exists to meet individual needs.

Know the stages of relational deterioration

1. Hurtful messages: Create emotional pain and upset and they can encourage the end of a relationship. 2. Deceptive communication: The practice of deliberately making somebody believe things are untrue. 3. Aggressiveness: Occurs when people stand up for their rights at the expense of others' and care about their own needs but no one else's. 4. Argumentativeness: predisposition to recognize controversial issues, advocate positions, and refute opposing positions. 5. Defensiveness: Occurs when a person feels attacked. (Reducing defensiveness is essential to building trust.) Knapp's relational model for the stages of Coming apart: Differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoidance, termination

5 characteristics of interpersonal communication

1. It begins with self Who you are and what you have experienced: culture, language, attitudes. 2. It's is transactional Taking turns speaking, listening, listening to non-verbal. -> observations shape our message 3. It has both content and relationship dimensions Limiting exchanges of impersonal communication and how personal relationship communication is more complex in content and your relationship. 4. It generally requires that communicators share a physical proximity You are in position to hear and see your conversational partner- consider how electronics keep us close in proximity even across the globe. 5. It is irreversible and unrepeatable Can never perfectly duplicate an original experience

factors that contribute to relational development in the initiating stage

1. Proximity-The location, distance, or range between person and things-you are more likely to have a relationship with someone who is physically, emotionally, attitudinally close to you. 2. Attractiveness-includes physical attractiveness, how desirable a person is to work with, and how much "social values" the person has for others. (social values increases attraction of 2 people) 3. Responsiveness-the idea that we tend to develop relationship with people who demonstrate positive interest in us. (ex. Quickly responding to someone's text that you are interested in) 4. Similarity-The idea that our relational partners usually like or dislike the same things we do. ( liking the same movies- powerful in initiating stage) 5. Complementary- We sometimes bond with people who provide something we do not have; in turn we may have qualities or charteristics they lack. (you may be shy they may be assertive-in situations that call for assertiveness your friend may play that role for you.)

Know the characteristics of an individualistic culture

4 Charteristics that distinguish cultures from each other; 1.) individualistic vs collectivist culture, 2.) uncertainty vs uncertainty-rejecting cultures, 3.) Implicit rule vs Explicit rule, 4.) M-time vs P-Time cultures. Individualistic cultures: values individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence. (These cultures place "I" before "we" and value competition over cooperation, private property or public or state owns and individual achievement over group accomplishments and individual opinion over what anyone else might think. Likely to leave home geographic to pursue dreams, limited loyalty to organization, unafraid of moving for advancements , leave religious institutions that no linger meet their needs, U.s, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, Netherlands)

Know the difference between M-time and P-time cultures

4 Charteristics that distinguish cultures from each other; 1.) individualistic vs collectivist culture, 2.) uncertainty vs uncertainty-rejecting cultures, 3.) Implicit rule vs Explicit rule, 4.) M-time vs P-Time cultures. M-Time vs P-Time: (perceptions of time): M-Time: Monochronic time schedule, compartmentalize time to meet personal needs, and they separate tasks from social activities (Dominant in Canada, U.S, Northern Europe- see time as something that can be wasted or saved. Americans- schedule time for working out, going to the doctor, holding meeting, taking family out to dinner, time segmented for work or social life but usually not both and thought out in terms of future events and activities getting to an appointment on time is treated with considerable importance, task over relationship) P-time: Polychronic time schedules, view time as contextually based and relationally oriented. ( Dominant in Latin America, middle east, Asia , France, Africa, Greece. Time is not saved or wasted rather it is only one factor in a much larger and more complicated social context. Someone is this culture would wonder." Why halt a conversation with an old friend to hurry off to an appointment on a relatively unimportant issues? Relationships trump considerations in some contexts. Relationship over task.)

Know the strategies for improving intercultural and co-cultural communication

Conduct a self-assessment: attitudes toward other co cultures? Discomforts. Lack of info, honest asses of communication style, beliefs, prejudices 1st step to be more open and have respectful communication. 2.) Practice supportive communication behaviors: empathizing with the situation of another person, encourage success in intercultural co-cultural exchanges. 3.) Develop sensitivity toward diversity: recognize you can learn from other countries and cultures, don't be afraid to ask respectful questions. 4.) Avoid stereotypes: Don't make assumptions about another culture, get to know induvial themselves. 5.) Avoid ethnocentrism: Learning about other cultures will help you realize the strengths and weakness of your own culture thus elimination culture superiority. 6.) Develop code sensitivity: code sensitivity: the ability to adapt to the verbal and non- verbal language of this individual you are communicating with, regardless of cultural or co cultural differences. The more you know about a person's culture the more you will adapt, be open-minded about differences. 7.) Use and encourage descriptive feedback: feedback is essential in interculturalcommunication to make sure the message got across clear and understood. Feedback should be immediate, honest specific, and clear." I don't understand. Can you repeat that?" 8.) Make time to open communication channels: some cultures encourage tea or coffee time together as a way to connect and get to know one another in a relaxed atmosphere. Patience is key to mutual understanding. 9.) Mange conflicts that arise over beliefs and practices: Think ahead as to how to will handle minor (different conceptions of time, appropriate touching ,or dressing) and major differences.(beliefs- appropriate role of woman or acceptable behavior of children. Exercise cation about judging other cultures and practices no culture is above criticism. 10.) Be reflexive : Reflexivity: being self-aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interactions.-> assess interactions-> identify what went well and what didn't -> learn from observations= will be an effective communicator with intercultural communication and in every situation. 11.) Practice intercultural communication competence (Most effective) Practice!! Increasing diversity of cultures means that we can practice anywhere; market, class, work.

Know the difference between culture, race and ethnicity.

Culture: is a unique combination of traditions and customs that is transmitted through learning and that shapes the beliefs and behavior of the people who live within it. ( cultures develop in countries or nation states over time that people who live in them share similarities that come to characterize them. Such as: language religion, customs, dietary practices.) Race: Biological Charteristics- in this sense refers to a category of people distinguished by inherited physical features, such as skin color, facial features, or quality of hair. Ethnic Group: (difference between race and ethnicity is cultural) Consists of people who share common cultural elements- such as: language or religion, or even common history. Ex.) Jew, Irish, Poles, Greeks are referred to as ethnic groups) -Further overall explanation: within the category " Asian" which was once considered a single race, there are multiple ,diverse cultures and ethnicity's: Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese Thai, Korean and so on. The term race, ethnicity, and culture can overlap. Some identify race where parents or grandparents came from but many of us don't know all the thread on ancestry that produced us- that we aren't ' just Irish, native America, Italian, but a mix of many over time.

Know the 5 steps involved in the group decision making and problem-solving process

Discussing criteria for an acceptable solution: The standards by which a group must judge potential solutions to a problem. Brainstorming and identifying alternatives: Promote innovations and creative thoughts- groups members a re free to identify multiple, succinct ideas and are asked to deter judgement until all idea have been identified. Evaluating each alternative: The groups uses the criteria they identified earlier to judge the efficacy of the ideas generated through brainstorming, analyze listed ideas. 4.) Implementing the plan and ..: time to test and fully implement ideas- test on a smaller group. 5.) Evaluating the outcomes based on the original criteria.: After plan is carried out you will need to reconvene as a group to evaluate it. Discuss and analyze outcome vs expectations. -Learning and evaluating at the end of project helps ensure groups continue to grow + learn in work together.

Know what the dominant culture consists of in the United States

Dominant culture: The group that has the most, power, influence, and rights. Ex.) In America the dominant culture is comprised of white educated males who are employed in managerial or professional corporations. The dominant group tends to make rules that work to its advantage, whether in the context of business, government, school for family- those outside the dominant culture (co cultural groups ) are often subjected to inequal treatment.

Know the different types of communication flows that are represented in formal communication andorganizational

Formal communication : messages that follow prescribed channels of communicationthroughout the organization. The most common wat of depicting formal communication networks is with Organizationalcharts Organizations charts: clearly indicate who is responsible for a given task and which employee are responsible for others' performance. They typically flow in 1 of 3 ways: Downward communication-occurs whenever superiors initiate message to subordinates.Includes job instructions, rationales, polices, procedures, performance, feedback, motivational appeals. Upward communication: Occurs when message flow from subordinate to superiors. Includes:monthly reports, scheduling issues, feedback to supervisors about things like effectiveness ofpolicies and procedures. Horizontal communication: flows between people who are at the same level of theorganization hierarchy. Includes: task coordination, problem solving, info sharing, conflict resolution.

Know what the research indicates about the effects of mass media on violence

Forms of mediated communication (2.): Mass communication: use of print and electronic tech by professional communicators to share messages over great distances for large audiences -Mass media: the specific means by which we use print and electronic technology to communicate (CMC) computer mediated communication: human to human interaction using network computer environments. Effects: Scholars research consistently finds a link between consumption of media violence/exposure and aggressive /violent behavior. Hypothesis offered: programming of it desensitized us and making it more tolerant and more likely to respond with aggressive/ violent acts.

examples of groupthink

Group think: a phenomenon that occurs when the desire for cohesion and agreement take precedenceover critical analysis and discussion. Observable signs of group think: An illusion of invulnerability An unquestioned belief on the mortality of the group Collective efforts to rationalize faulty decisions Stereotypical views of enemy leaders as evil, weak , ineffective Censorship of alternative viewpoints A shared illusion that all member think the same thing Direct pressure on members expressing divergent opinions Once groups make decisions, members try to create and reinforce a consensus in support of the decisioneven in the face of evidence that the decisions was poor, which leads to group think Charteristics.

organizational structure features that impact communication

Hierarchy: comprises the levels of responsibility and relationships within an organization. Differentiation and specialization: the division of labor in an organization and the degree to which each individual has a unique role and responsibility. Or they implement strategic ambiguity: intentionaluncertainty and vagueness ( so they can adapt more easily to changing circumstances) 3.)Formalization the rules, procedure and norms that exists for carrying out work practices.

three basic types of leaders and their characteristics

Leadership: process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others. Types of leaders: Democratic: Encourage member to participate in group decisions even major ones. "What suggestions do you have for solving our problem" Laissez-faire: takes almost no initiative in structuring group sessions or actions Non-leader, " I don't care, whatever you want to do is fine with me." Autocratic: maintain strict control over their group, including making assignment andgiving orders. "Here's how well solve the problem. First you will.." they ask fewer questions than do democratic leaders but they answer more; compared with democratic leaders, they make more attempts to coerce and fewerattempts to get others to participate. - Most people In U.S prefer democratic groups and are more satisfied in democratically ran groups ratherthan autocratically. However the style should match the need of the situation. Communication competencies: (Charteristics?) The ability to communicate ideas to the group clearly and appropriately without dominating the conversation. The ability to communicate a clear grasp of the task facing the group The ability to facilitate discussion The ability to encourage dialogue rather than forcing their own idea on the group The ability to place group needs over personal concerns The ability to display respect for others during interaction The ability to share in the successes sand failure of the group.

define mediated communication and know what it consists of

Mediated Communication: messages that are transmitted not directly from person to person but through some other communication tool, such as print, electronic, or digital communication devices. Some mediated message are generated for masses of people to consume- Like tv shows others to small groups- emails. Messages converted through tv, print, (newspaper magazines ) radio, and computer + Internet based means : email, message, text, website, discussion board, etc. The focus is on mediated communication for rest of chap

Know why women are considered a unique co-cultural group in the United States

Nondominant or Co cultural groups: Include but are not limited to woman, ethnic minorities, gay and lesbian individuals, immigrants, refuges, persons who are physically and mentally challenged, and even neighborhood gangs and political groups that have formed to promote a cause. Woman: an unusual "co-culture" in US because they outnumber men. Yet are classified as co culture because they have not been equal to men in terms of power , influence, and earning ability. "muted group" -ignored and unheard Ex.) Never had a female president even though 3rd world countries have, senate and house have less woman than parliaments of other countries do, large corporations of board directors are very heavily male and woman have never received equal pay. Other co-cultures: Amish, gays and lesbians.- if we don't not learn to accept and appreciate those who differ from us we limit our opportunities to advance both personally and professionally.

Know what dialectic theory

Once individuals have bonded they enter the stage of relational maintenance; - establishing strategies for keeping the relationship together. Dialectic theory: relationships include contrary tendencies or opposing values. Opposing values include. -Autonomy and connectedness: an interest in being close to others, but we also need to maintain a separate identity. We also move between need to be open and the need to be closed we wish to.. -Self-disclose: provide info about ourselves as we want be private and keep secrets. Most relations partners also experience... -Novelty and predictivity: that is, they wish, to be able to predict events in their relationships, and they yearn for the original and new. ( dynamic, moving forward and back, they are not stagnant or stable) -Turning point: a transformative event that alters the relationship in some way

Be able to define prejudice

Recap: Where ethnocentrism involves thinking that your culture is better than others and stereotyping is viewing all member as a group alike they closely related to the concept of prejudice. Prejudice: in a negative attitude toward a group of people just because they belong to that group. ( the people being marginalized often belong to a minority group such as: people of poverty, color, speak a language other than English, gay/lesbian.. but sometimes the minority or smaller group is the one discriminating against the larger group. Ex.) man( not woman) is manger, African American standing by luxury car is the driver ( not the owner), or that the Mexican man on the street comer must be a day laborer.

Know what the text suggests should be done when someone is being stereotyped

Stereotype: generalize , to all individuals in a group from the Charteristics of a few. Results of stereotyping: all members of group are viewed in a limited wat: especially if negatively. may be treated negatively or disrespectfully. (ex. muslin / middle eastern people are violent extremists)-1.6 billion Muslims in world) or positive stereotype (ex.( Jews-wealthy, Asians, gifted at math etc.) people don't like being robbed of individuality and being diminished to one aspect of their identity. Confrontation: as a strategy for both parties when being stereotyped. ( always carried out with respect, never aggressive words , or behaviors. After the person that made the stereotyped comment receives confrontation they may respond negatively , but they may hesitate to make such comments in future.

difference between synchronous and asynchronous communication, and be able to examples of each

Synchronous: (Same time) Occurs when the people involved interact with one another at the same time as both senders and receivers of information. Ex.) Face to face communication, Skype/Facetime, Cell phone conversations, instant messaging, Online chat sessions Asynchronous:(different time) Occurs when the people involved experience a delay in interacting with one another and take turns being senders and receivers of information. Ex.)Email, Discussion boards, Online support groups Social media websites

Be able to define ethnocentrism

The belief that your own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. Common examples: attitude everyone should speak the same English language. People in us should not have to learn any other language. Foods eaten in other cultures are disgusting rather than practical, nutritious or delicious, that Asian custom of bowing is odd, rather than trying to understand.

media literacy

ability to think critically about mediated messages and how they influence us. Efforts focus on increasing our understanding of how mass media messages are frames and created. Because almost anyone can produce mass media content it makes the task of finding accurate unbiased information all the more challenging.

recognize examples of the three ways in which organizational members communicatetheir cultural values

anguage + storytelling: The way employees use language and stories they tell. Ex.) what terms do people commonly use? How do people refer to one another( coworker, college, associate, friend) Who is discussed as hero or role model? Who is villain? How often do people talk formally (meeting) vs informally (lunch area) How to people prefer to communicate?- email, face to face? Rituals + routines: The rituals and routines the adhere to Ex.) What procedures are followed for evaluating work? Who makes decisions and how many people are involved in decision making? How do people get disciplined or rewarded?- what procedure are in place for rewards or correction? What are some prominent rules in handbook?-anti frat-dating polices, are things spelled out or flexible? What kind of celebrations are in place to bring people together? -acknowledge hero's? Bring people together? Cultural markers: The symbols and artifacts on display in the environment, Ex.) Do offices differ in size based on position on individual? Do all office look the same? Do people ever bring children or pets? Do you have to pass security or receptionist to get access to organization? How do people dress. Formal vs casual, earrings, tattoos, unusual hair colors. Are executive mangers separated from general employees? What is the level of function of technology?- access to phones, computers, internet based tech? -All 3 are critical to understanding organizational culture. Weight eh benefits and drawbacks of a companyorganizational culture in relation to your own preferences. In addition to culture a organizations structure ...affects communication->

interpersonal communication

exchanging meaning in interpersonal relationships. It is a process because it is characterized by change and action. Your communication with your parents is not the same today as it was when you were 5 yrs. old. Your communication with a romantic partner does not stay at the same level or intensity's the day you met. It is an exchange because the people interacting changes roles- sometimes acting as the speaker and other times acting as the lister, jointly giving and taking, exchanging meaning not simply messages.