Comm Midterm

Hidden information of Johari window

Hidden information is what we know about ourselves but choose not to reveal to most others. You might not tell many people about your vulnerabilities or about traumas in your past because you consider this private information

2 levels of meaning

content and relational

Haptics

sense of touch

loaded language

refers to words that strongly slant perceptions and thus meanings. Terms such as geezer and old fogey incline us to regard older people with contempt or pity. Alternatives such as senior citizen and older person reflect more respectful attitudes.

selective communication

we don't communicate intimately with the majority of people we encounter. In some cases, we neither want nor need to communicate with others even at the I-You level. For instance, if we get a phone call from a pollster, we may only respond to the questions and not engage the caller in any personal way. We invest the effort and take the risks of opening ourselves fully with only a few people. As Buber realized, most of our communication occurs on I-It or I-You levels. This is fine because I-Thou relationships take more time, energy, and courage than we are willing to offer to everyone.

ambiguous symbols

what they mean isn't clear-cut. -there is no guarantee that people will agree on what words mean. ex. The term afford- able clothes means different things to people who earn the minimum wage and to people who are affluent.

Self-indication

when we call particular phenomena to our attention.

abstract symbols

which means that they are not concrete or tangible. Words stand for ideas, people, events, objects, feelings, and so forth, but they are not the things they represent. -through overgeneralization

arbritary symbols

words are not intrinsically connected to what they represent. - The arbitrary nature of language becomes obvious—sometimes humorously so—when we discover that our words don't mean the same thing in another culture. -meanings of words can change over time. -make up special words or to attach unconventional meanings to words. ex. gay meant "lighthearted" and "merry"; today it is generally understood to refer to people who prefer same-sex partners.

social media and personal identity

•Provide direct definitions and reflected appraisals .•Allow people to share mean comments that they wouldn't share face-to-face and to engage in cyberbullying .•Key sources for social comparison.

Guidelines for Improving Perception and Communication

•Recognize that all perceptions are partial and subjective .•Avoid mind reading. •Check perceptions with others. •Distinguish between facts and inferences. •Guard against the self-serving bias. •Guard against the fundamental attribution error. •Monitor labels.

Social Media and Verbal Communication

•Social media give rise to new words. •Rules governing verbal communication also regulate social media: -Regulative rules -Constitutive rules

Participating Effectively in a Diverse Society

•The likelihood of meeting our needs depends on our ability to participate effectively in a very diverse social world. •We need to understand and learn from others who differ from us.

Other Perspectives of Self

•The self is multidimensional. •The self is a process. •The self arises in communication via socially constructed views.

gendered speech communities

•We are socialized into gendered speech communities •Gendered speech communities may lead to different ways of communication •Misunderstanding may arise between gendered speech communities -men view communication as instrumental whereas woman wants empathy and discussion of feelings. woman listen expressively and men listen responsively

I/you language

"You make me nervous on the job." (you) "When you watch me work, I feel nervous." (I) "You hurt me." "I feel hurt when you ignore what I say." "You make me feel small.""I feel small when you tell me that I'm selfish." "You're so domineering." "When you shout, I feel dominated." "You humiliated me." "I felt humiliated when you mentioned my problems in front of our friends."

interpersonal communication

"a distinct type of interaction between people" selective, systemic process that allows people to reflect and build personal knowledge of one another and create shared meanings.

What is the self?

-A multidimensional process of internalizing and acting from social perspectives. -How we see ourselves depends on the culture in which we live. -The self arises in communication with others Perspective of particular others Perspective of the generalized other

Language defines phenomena

-It shapes perceptions. -It can totalize. -It shapes and reflects relationships.

impact of reflected appraisals

1.Appraiser is perceived as a highly credible source 2.Appraiser takes a very personal interest in the person being appraised 3.Appraiser is very discrepant with the person's self-concept at the moment 4.Number of confirmations of a given appraisal is high 5.Appraisals coming from a variety of sources are consistent 6.Appraisals are supportive of the person's own beliefs about himself or herself.

According to Maslow ____________________ needs must be fulfilled before you can strive for belonging needs.

A & B

age

Compared with a person of 20, a 60-year-old has a more complex fund of experiences to draw on in perceiving situations and people.

interpersonal communication success

Competent interpersonal communicators interact in ways that are effective, appropriate, and ethical.

physiological noise

Distraction caused by hunger, fatigue, headaches, medications, and other factors that affect how we feel and think.

physical appearence

For this reason, in face-to-face interactions, most of us notice how others look, and we often base our initial evaluations of others on their appearance. The emphasis Western culture places on physical attractiveness and youthful appearance con- tributes to eating disorders, abuse of steroids and other drugs, and the popularity of cosmetic surgery

personal qualifications

Generalizations about nonverbal behavior tell us only what is generally the case. They may not apply to particular individuals. Although eye contact generally indicates responsiveness in Western culture, some people close their eyes to concentrate when listening.

cognitive abilities

How elaborately we think about situations and people, and our personal knowledge of others, affect how we perceive them. -Cognitive complexity -Person-centeredness

In _______________________ communication we recognize others as people but do not fully engage others and unique individuals.

I-you

Physiology

If you are tired or stressed, you're likely to perceive things more negatively than you normally would. For instance, a playful insult from a coworker might anger you if you were feeling down but wouldn't bother you if you were feel- ing good.

The ________________________ model of communication was illustrated when the class was playing catch with tennis balls.

Interactive or Transactional

interpersonal needs theory

Psychologist William Schutz (1966) asserts that we create and sustain relationships to meet three basic needs. 1. affection, the desire to give and receive love and liking. 2. inclusion, the desire to be social and to be included in groups. 3. control, Most which is a desire to influence the people and events in our lives.

The qualities of the phenomena

Tend to be things that stand out to us

blind area of Johari window

The blind area contains information that others know about us but we don't know about ourselves. For example, others may see that we are insecure even though we think we've hidden that well. Others may also recognize needs or feelings that we haven't acknowledged to ourselves.

attachment styles

The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

generalized other

The views generally held by others in society. Important categories influencing identity include: -culture -Race -Gender -Sexual orientation -Socioeconomic class

Personal Knowledge

To connect as unique individuals, we have to get to know others personally and understand their thoughts and feelings.

The ________________________ model of communication was illustrated when the class was playing monkey in the middle.

Transactional

An example of physiological noise is

a headache

static evaluation

an assessment that suggests that something is unchanging or fixed. These are particularly troublesome when applied to people: "Ann is selfish," "Don is irresponsible,""Bob is generous,""Vy is dependent." Whenever we use the word is, we suggest that something is inherent and fixed. In reality, we aren't static but continuously changing.

direct definition

communication that explicitly tells us who we are by labeling us and our behaviors "you're smart" "you're strong"

content meaning

deals with literal, or denotative, meaning. If a parent says to a 5-year-old child,"Clean your room now," the content meaning is that the room is to be cleaned immediately.

Individuals who have physiological needs, safety, belonging, and esteem needs met seek self-actualization because humans thrive on ______________________.

growth

social location

the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society -standpoint -roles

social comparison

the process of assessing our- selves in relation to others to form judgments of our own talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth.

semantic noise

words themselves are not mutually understood. Authors sometimes create semantic noise by using jargon or unnecessarily technical language.

benefits of self disclosure

•Cathartic •Affirm Self-Definition •Ethical •Increase Positive Regard in Relationships

social media and perception

•Choices of media shape our perceptions •Content of our digital media is influenced by our cultural memberships •Our senses of time and space are altered by social media

Guidelines for healthy self-disclosure:

•Disclose When Appropriate •Gain Self-Knowledge

guid;ines for improving verbal communication

•Engage in dual perspective -self-centerness •Own your feelings and thoughts -Rely on / language rather than you language •Respect what others say about their feelings and thoughts. •Strive for accuracy and clarity. -Be aware of levels of abstraction -Qualify language•Static evaluations•Mental indexing

influences on perception

•Physiology •Age •Expectations •Culture -Social location -Roles

How Are Perspectives of the Generalized Other Revealed to Us?

•We learn them as we interact with others who have internalized cultural values and pass them on to us. •We learn them through media and institutions that reflect cultural values. •The institutions that organize our society communicate the views of the Generalized Other by the values they uphold/reinforce.

According to Shutz, humans require affection, ___________________ and control.

inclusion

Which technique involves reminding ourselves that our evaluations of people apply only to specific times and circumstances?

indexing

Presenting and negotiating identity

-Face—impression we want others to have of us. -Impression Management—how we persuade others to see us as we want to be seen. ex. dress well, eye contact

language organizes perceptions

-Language allows abstract thought .-Language can stereotype.

Language evaluates

-Language reflects and shapes perceptions .-Language can be loaded. -Language can degrade others.

Language Allows Self-Reflection

-Self-reflection allows us to monitor communication. -Self-reflection allows us to manage our image.

common attributional errors

-Self-serving bias: This is a bias toward ourselves and our interests. -Fundamental attribution error: This involves the dimension of locus.

Guidelines for Interpersonal Communication Competence

-The ability to communicate effectively, appropriately, and ethically -Develop a range of skills -Adapt communication appropriately -Engage in dual perspective -Monitor your communication -Commit to ethical communication

Language allows hypothetical thought

-We can think beyond immediate, concrete situations. -We live in three dimensions of time .-We can foster personal growth.

fearful attachment style

-caregiver in the first bond is unavailable or communicates in negative, rejecting, or even abusive ways to the child. -Children who are treated this way often infer that they are unworthy of love and that others are not loving or trustworthy. Thus, they learn to see themselves as unlovable and others as rejecting. -fearfully attached individuals also tend to feel less hope, disclose less, and experience less satisfaction with relationships than people with other attachment styles

secure attachment style

-caregiver responds in a consistently attentive and loving way to the child. -In response, the child develops a positive sense of self-worth ("I am lovable") and a positive view of others ("People are loving and can be trusted"). -People with secure attachment styles tend to be outgoing, affectionate, and able to handle the challenges and disappointments of close relationships without losing self-esteem. -couples in which both partners had secure attachment styles had the most mutually constructive communication.

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

-most complex -The anxious/ambivalent style, however, is fostered by inconsistent treatment from the caregiver. Sometimes the caregiver is loving and attentive; at other times, the caregiver is indifferent or rejecting. The caregiver's communication is not only inconsistent but also unpredictable. -people of this attachment style believe themselves to be the source of any problem—that they are unlovable or deserve abuse. As a result, they may avoid or minimize attachments

Models of Interpersonal Communication

1. Linear Models 2. Interactive Models 3. Transactional Models

Scripts

A script is a guide to action. Scripts consist of sequences of activities that are expected of us and others in particular situations. They are based on our experiences and observations of interaction in various contexts. ex. ("Hey, what's up?""Not much"). You also have scripts for managing conflict, talking with professors, dealing with clerks, and interacting with coworkers on the job

Liking

A second dimension of relationship meaning is liking. Nonverbal behaviors often are keen indicators of how positively or negatively we feel toward others. Smiles and friendly touching convey positive feelings, whereas frowns and belligerent postures express antagonism.

I-You

Accounts for the majority of our interactions. People acknowledge one another as more than objects, but they don't fully engage each other as unique individuals *For example, suppose you go shopping, and a salesclerk asks, "May I help you?" It's unlikely you will have a deep conversation with the clerk, but you might treat him or her as more than an object -teachers and students, work colleagues

nonverbal communication

All aspects of communication other than words (65%-95% of the total meaning of communication): -Gestures -Body language -How we utter words -Appearance -Facial expressions

Roles

Both the training we receive to fulfill a role and the actual demands of the role affect what we notice and how we interpret and evaluate the role.

Which of the following is a personal construct?

How a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent

Interpersonal communication is important for thriving in a world with diverse people. (True/False)

true

Jan had the best first date of her entire life last Friday. She was so looking forward to the next date, but for some reason, it didn't go as well. The sparks didn't fly. The chemistry disappeared. After the date, Jess didn't to Jan's texts. What started as so promising appeared to have died. This demonstrates that communication is ___________________________________.

unrepeatable

In general, masculine-gender speech communities follow this communication rule:

use talk to accomplish practical goals.

I-It Communication

we do not acknowledge the humanity of other people; we may not even affirm their existence example: salespeople, servers, clerical staff we think of them only as instruments to take our orders and deliver what we want

expectations

Imagine that a friend tells you she wants you to meet a "really cool guy. He's funny and considerate and so easy to talk to. I know you'll like him." It's likely that you'll expect to like the new person and will perceive the good qualities your friend has called to your attention.

interactive models

Interactive models portrayed communication as a process in which listeners give feedback, which is a response to a message. In addition, interactive models recognize that communicators create and interpret messages within personal fields of experience Although the interactive model is an improvement over the linear model, it still portrays communication as a sequential process in which one person is a sender and another is a receiver. In reality, everyone who is involved in communication both sends and receives messages

Processual Communication

Interpersonal communication is an ongoing, continuous process. This means, first, that communication evolves over time, becoming more personal as people interact.

transactional models

MORE ACCURATE it emphasizes the dynamism of interpersonal communication and the multiple roles people assume during the process. - Includes the feature of time to call our attention to the fact that messages, noise, and fields of experience vary over time

Responsiveness

One dimension of relationship-level meaning that is often conveyed by nonverbal communication is responsiveness. Key to responsiveness is immediacy, which is hat increases perceptions of closeness between communicators. In face-to-face interaction, immediacy behaviors include smiling, making eye contact, head nodding, and attentive posture.

self-fulfilling prophecies

One particularly powerful way in which direct definitions and reflected appraisals can affect our self-concept is through self-fulfilling prophecies, which occur when we internalize others' expectations or judgments about us and then behave in ways that are consistent with those expectations and judgments

Linear models

One-way, process in which one person acts on another person. This was a verbal model that consisted of five questions describing a sequence of acts that make up communication: Who? Says what? In what channel? To whom? With what effect? (Had shortcomings) portrayed communication as flowing in only one direction—from a sender to a passive receiver. This implies that listeners never send messages and that they absorb only passively what speakers say. But this isn't how communication really occurs. Listeners nod, frown, smile, look bored or interested, and so forth, and they actively work to make sense of others' messages. -revised the model with noise; Noise might be spam in online communication, regional accents, or background conversations in the workplace.

open area of Johari Window

Open, or public, information is known both to us and to others. Your name, height, major, and tastes in music prob- ably are open information that you share easily with others.

Contextual Qualifications

Our nonverbal communication also reflects the settings we inhabit. Most people are more at ease on their own turf than on some- one else's, so we tend to be friendlier and more outgoing in our homes than in business meetings and public places. We also dress according to context. Students who see me in professional clothing on campus often are surprised to find me in jeans or a running suit when they come to my home or see me in town.

identity scripts

Particular others also influence our identity by providing identity scripts, which are rules for living and identity. Like the scripts for plays, identity scripts define our roles, how we are to play them, and the basic elements in the plots of our lives. examples: :"We are responsible people," "Our family always helps those in need,""A good education is the key to success," "Look out for number one," or "Live by God's word"? =others rules and guidelines to live your life

particular others

Particular others are specific people who are significant to us, such as family and friends -Direct definition -Reflected appraisal Self-fulfilling prophecies -Identity scripts -Attachment styles

meaning creating

The heart of interpersonal communication is shared meanings between people. We don't merely exchange words when we communicate. Instead, we create meanings as we figure out what each other's words and behaviors stand for, represent, or imply. Meanings grow out of histories of interaction between unique persons.

I-Thou

The rarest kind of relationship involves as cherished and unique. I-Thou communication regarded this as the highest form of human dialogue, because each person affirms the other. we see them as unique human beings whom we know and accept in their totality. In I-Thou communication, we open ourselves fully, trusting others to accept us as we are, with our virtues and vices, hopes and fears, and strengths and weaknesses.

Power

The third dimension of relationship-level meaning is power. We use nonverbal behaviors to assert dominance and to negotiate for status and influence. Given what we have learned about gender socialization, it is not surprising that men generally assume greater amounts of space than women and use greater volume and more forceful gestures to assert themselves

unknown area of Johari Window

The unknown area is made up of information about our- selves that neither we nor others know. This consists of your untapped resources, your untried talents, and your reactions to experiences you've never had. You don't know how you will manage a crisis until you've been in one, and you can't tell what kind of parent you would be unless you've had a child.

affection

This concerns the degree of positive or negative feeling that is communicated. We communicate that we like or dislike others by what we actually say as well as by tone of voice, facial expressions, how close we sit to them, and so forth. ex. glaring or scowling, which indicate we are attentive to the other person but we are not affectionate.

relationship meaning

This refers to what communication expresses about relationships between communicators. The relationship meaning of "Clean your room now" is that the parent has the right to order the child; the parent and child have an unequal power relationship. If the parent says, "Would you mind cleaning your room?" the relationship meaning reflects a more equal relationship.

constructivism

We organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata. -Prototype -Personal construct -Stereotype -Script

Selection

We select to attend to certain stimuli based on a number of factors: -The qualities of the phenomena -Self-indication -Our motives and needs -Culture

symbolic nature of language

Words are symbols: -Symbols are arbitrary. -Symbols are ambiguous. -Symbols are abstract. ex. your name is a symbol that represents you. The word house is a symbol that stands for a particular kind of building. Love is a symbol that represents certain intense feelings.

personal constructs

a "mental yardstick" we use to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgment ex. intelligent-not intelligent, kind-not kind, responsible-not responsible, assertive-not assertive, and attractive-not attractive. We rely on personal constructs to size up people and other phenomena. How intelligent, kind, responsible, and attractive is this person?

implicit personality theory

a collection of unspoken and sometimes unconscious assumptions about how various qualities fit together in human personalities. ex. you might think that people who are outgoing are also friendly, confident, and fun. The assumption that outgoing people are friendly, confident, and fun reflects your implicit personality theory of the qualities that accompany outgoingness.

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category -defines the clearest or most representative example of some category ex. ideal friend, ideal best teacher

standpoint

a point of view that grows out of political awareness of the social location of a group—the material, social, and symbolic conditions common for members of a social group

stereotype

a predictive generalization applied to a person or situation. Based on the category in which we place someone or something and how that person or thing measures up against the personal constructs we apply, we predict what he, she, or it will do. ex. stereotypes of fraternity and sorority members, military personnel, athletes, and people from other cultures.

Proxemics

refers to space and how we use it. Every culture has norms that prescribe how people should use space, how close people should be to one an- other, and how much space different people are entitled to have.

indexing

a technique developed by early communication scholars to remind us that our evaluations apply only to specific times and circumstances -Mental indexing reminds us that we and others are able to change in remarkable ways.

Johari Window

a visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others

Monitor Labels: The Ladder of Abstraction

action- avoid interacting with Sally or offer supportive comments judgement- "sally is unlikeable" or "sally is needy" label- sally is selfish or sally is insecure perception- sally asks a lot of questions total reality - sally asks a lot of question to clarify because she is having trouble understanding and is worried about making a good grade in the course

motives and needs

affect what we see and don't see. ex. if you have ended a romantic relationship, you're more likely to notice attractive people at a party than if you are committed to someone.

Attribution

an explanation of why something happened or why someone acts a certain way -locus -stability -specificity -responsibility

The French word rue and the American word road mean the same thing in their respective cultures. These different symbols used for the same thing remind us that language is

arbritary

locus

attributes a person's actions to internal factors ("He has no patience with people who are late") or external factors ("The traffic jam frustrated him").

An example of psychological noise is

being preoccupied with a problem

Kinsesics

body position and body motions, including those of the face. --Clearly, we signal a great deal about how we feel and see ourselves by how we hold our bodies.

dismissive attachment style

caregivers who are disinterested in, rejecting of, or unavailable to children. Yet people who develop this style do not accept the caregiver's view of them as unlovable. Instead, they typically dismiss others as unworthy. Children develop a positive view of themselves and a low regard for others and relationships. Those with a dismissive attachment style may view relationships as unnecessary or undesirable.

One example discussed in class is how today's teachers treat disruptive students in class. In the past, these students were labeled as bad and punished. Today, teachers will refer the student for testing to understand the cause of the student's behavior and find interventions to redirect the student to focus and succeed in class. This shift in attitude and teacher response reflects the _______________________ of today's teachers.

cognitive complexity

scilence

communicate powerful messages. "I'm not speaking to you" actually speaks volumes. We use silence to communicate different meanings. For instance, it can symbolize contentment when intimates are so comfortable they don't need to talk. Silence can also communicate awkwardness, as you know if you've ever had trouble keeping conversation going on a first date. In some cultures, including many Eastern ones, silence indicates respect and thoughtfulness.

Paralanguage

communication that is vocal but does not use words. It includes sounds, such as murmurs and gasps, and vocal qualities, such as volume, pitch, and inflection. Paralanguage also includes accents, pronunciation, and the complexity of sentences.

A dual-perspective is a ______________________________________.

considering both your perspective and that of the other person

Devin is surprised when his friend burps and belches after their dinner together. Devin says, "Burping and belching are so rude." Devin's perception of his friend's behavior is based on a(n) ________ rule.

consitutive

Which type of rule specifies how to interpret different kinds of communication?

constituitive

punctuation

defines beginnings and endings of interaction episodes - To because punctuate communication, we define when interaction begins and who starts it. When we don't agree on punctuation, misunderstandings may arise. If you've ever heard children arguing about who started a fight you understand the importance of punctuation. -demand withdraw pattern

Symbolic Abilities

definition evaluation organization hypothetical thought self-reflection

speech community

exists when people share norms about how to use talk and what purposes it serves -Defined by shared understandings of how to communicate rather than by countries or geographic locations.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

expanding on Schutz idea, Maslow proposed that we communicate to meet a range of human needs. (level 1) PhysicalNeeds for survival (air,food,sex) (level 2) Safety and protection (shelter) (level 3) Belonging needs (inclusion, fun) (level 4) Self Esteem (respect) (level 5) Self Actualization( fully developing and using our unique "talents, capacities, potentialities")

stability

explains actions as a result of stable factors that won't change over time ("She's a Type A personality") or unstable factors that may or will be different at another time ("She acted that way because she has a headache right now"). -concerns time

Specificity

explains behavior in terms of whether the behavior has global implications that apply in most or all situations ("He's a big spender") or specific implications that apply only in certain situations or under certain conditions ("He spends a lot of money on clothes."). -the breadth of the explanation (all situations, events, and places, or particular or limited situations and places).

The interactive model is more comprehensive than the linear model because it includes ____________________________.

feedback

communication rules

hared understandings of what communication means and what kinds of communication are appropriate in particular situations. For example, we understand that people take turns speaking, that flaming can get us kicked out of some chat rooms, and that we should speak softly in libraries.

Responsiveness

how aware of others and involved with them we are. ex. eye contact, nodding, and feedback that indicates involvement

Chronomics

how we perceive and use time. In Western culture, there is a norm that important people with high status can keep others waiting

culture

influence what we select to perceive. ex. Assertiveness and competitiveness are encouraged and considered good in the United States, so we don't perceive it as unusual when people compete and try to surpass one another. By contrast, because some traditional Asian cultures empha- size group loyalty, cooperation, and face saving, competitiveness stands out as unusual and is judged negatively

The communication models that include the field of experience of the senders and receivers are ______________________________________.

interactional and transactional

physical noise

interference in our environments, such as noises made by others, overly dim or bright lights, spam and pop-up ads, extreme temperatures, and crowded conditions

Jim and Mark were good friends. They had a conflict and Mark said to Jim, "Everyone can see your personality always has a very dark side." Even though they resolved the conflict and were back to hanging out, Jim can't get those words out of his head and he keeps wondering who thinks he's dark and why. This demonstrates that communication is _________________________.

irreversable

systematic communication

it takes place within various systems, or contexts, that influence what happens and the meanings we attribute to interaction. Because interpersonal communication is systemic, situation, time, people, culture, personal histories, and so forth interact to affect meanings.In other words, elements of communication systems are interdependent; each element is tied to all the other elements. -Includes 4 types of noise; physiological, physical, psychological and semantic

linguistic determinism

language determines what we can perceive and think. According to this theory, we cannot perceive or think about things for which we don't have names.

hate speech

language that radically dehumanizes members of particular groups.

When playing monkey in the middle, the ball represented the __________________ in the communication model it illustrated.

message

Sherrie and Alex are roommates. After 3 weeks of happy co-existence, a disagreement emerges over chores. .Sherrie yells, "I always do your dishes. It's not fair!" Alex responds. "I'm noticing you are raising your voice and seem very upset." By responding to the yelling that way, Alex is engaging in ____________________.

metacommunication

When playing monkey in the middle, the monkeys represented _________________ in the communication model it illustrated.

noise

totalising

occurs when we respond to a person as if one label (one we have chosen or accepted from others) totally represents who he or she is.

reflected appraisal

our perceptions of others' views of us. How we think others appraise us affects how we see ourselves. This concept is similar to the looking-glass self

Evaluating a person as kind or unkind, intelligent or unintelligent, etc., involves using

personal constructs

artifacts

personal objects we use to announce our identities and heritage and to personalize our environments. Many people use avatars to symbolize online identities.

Robert and Izzy met through OKCupid. They went out for coffee and were both so nervous they found it hard to find things to say. On the second date, they went bowling and since they were both pretty bad at this sport, they had a lot of laughs. This led to a third date where they went dancing, and again, had a lot of laughs since they were both amateurs in that sport as well. Now they had a good rhythm going and no matter what they did together, they always had some fun and laughed quite a bit. The feature of interpersonal communication that best explains Robert and Izzy's experience is communication is

processual

psychological noise

qualities in us that affect how we communicate and how we interpret others. The thoughts and feelings that distract people from listening to what is said

Some couples have a rule that prohibits the adults from arguing in front of their children. This is a(n) ________ rule.

regulative rule

A cornerstone of effective interpersonal communication is

respecting what others say about what they feel and think.

three general dimensions of relationship-level meanings

responsiveness affection power

Samantha used a lot of jargon in a presentation and 50% of the audience could not understand her. Samantha created ________________ noise with her jargon.

semantic

Constituitive Rules

specify how to interpret and perform different kinds of communication. -We learn what counts as respect (listening, eye contact), friendliness (smiles or smiley emoticons in online communication), affection (kisses, hugs), and professionalism (punctuality, assertive communication).

regulative rules

specify when, where, and with whom to talk about certain things. ex. some families have a rule that people cannot argue at the dinner table. Families also teach us rules about when we can engage in conflict—for example, were you allowed to disagree with parents or elders, in general? Regulative rules vary across cultures and social groups, so what is acceptable in one context may be regarded as inappropriate elsewhere.

Mike was responsible for taking care of his two younger siblings while Mike was growing up. As an adult, he is more nurturing and more attentive to others' needs than most of his male peers. Mike's greater care-giving inclination is best explained by his

standpoint

Person Centerness

the ability to perceive another as a unique individual -not empathy -ability to perceive others as unique depends, first, on how well we make cognitive distinctions. People who are cognitively complex rely on more numerous and more abstract schemata to interpret others. Second, person-centered communicators use knowledge of particular others to guide their communication.

self-disclosure

the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others One way to get information about how others do and might see us is through self- disclosure. For instance, you might disclose an embarrassing experience or a fear to a close friend

perception

the active process of creating meaning by selecting,organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and other phenomena

cognitive complexity

the number of personal constructs used (remem- ber, these are bipolar dimensions of judgment), how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions. the ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways

power

the power balance between communicators. Friends and romantic partners sometimes engage in covert power struggles on the relationship level. If arguments over what to do or eat are recurrent, however, chances are the couple is negotiating power

interpretation

the subjective process of explaining our perceptions in ways that make sense to us. To interpret the meaning of another's actions, we construct explanations, or attributions, for them.

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

Culture

the totality of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a number of people. The influence of culture is so pervasive that it's hard to realize how powerfully it shapes our perceptions. ex. American culture emphasizes technology and its offspring, speed. Most Americans expect things to happen fast, almost instantly. We text mes- sages and send letters by email attachment, we jet across the country, and we microwave meals. In countries such as Nepal and Mexico, life often proceeds at a more leisurely pace, and people spend more time talking, relaxing, and engaging in low-key activity.

When we respond to a person as if one label fully represents who that person is, we are

totalizing

The communication model that recognizes that communication exists in a social system is ______________________________.

transactional

Interpersonal Communication & Social Media

•Human needs are satisfied by social media in much the same way as they are in face-to-face interaction. •Social networking sites are a major source for satisfying our needs for belonging and self-esteem. •Online communication has evolved and will continue evolving over time.

Types of Nonverbal Communication

•Kinesics-Body position and body motions •Haptics-Use of touch •Physical appearance •Artifacts-Personal objects that signal our identities •Environmental factors-Elements of a setting that affect how we feel •Proxemics and personal space-How we use space •Chronemics-How we use time •Paralanguage-Sounds and vocal qualities •Silence

Symbols in Verbal communication

•Language and culture reflect each other. •The meanings of language are subjective. •Language use is rule-guided. -Communication rules Regulative rules Constitutive rules •Punctuation shapes meaning.

Guidelines for Improving Self-Concept

•Make a firm commitment to personal growth. •Gain and use knowledge to support personal growth. -Learn how your self-concept is formed. -Learn about yourself. •Set goals that are realistic and fair. •Self-disclose when appropriate. •Seek contexts that support personal change. •Make a firm commitment. •Seek contexts that support personal change. -Avoid self-sabotage. -Accept constructive criticism.

Guidelines for Improving Nonverbal Communication

•Monitor your nonverbal communication •Interpret others' nonverbal communication tentatively -Personal qualifications -Contextual qualifications

Social Media and Nonverbal Communication

•More restricted in the digital context•Size of electronic footprint demonstrates engagement•Can compete with, or interfere with, face-to-face communication

Similarities between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

•Nonverbal communication is symbolic. •Nonverbal communication is rule-guided. •Nonverbal communication may be intentional or unintentional. •Nonverbal communication reflects culture.

Principles of Verbal Communication

•Nonverbal communication may supplement or replace verbal communication. •Nonverbal communication may regulate interaction. •Nonverbal communication often establishes relationship-level meanings. -Responsiveness -Liking -Power •Nonverbal communication reflects and expresses cultural values.

Differences between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

•Nonverbal communication tends to be perceived as more believable. •Nonverbal communication is multichanneled. •Nonverbal communication is continuous.

risks of self disclosure

•Others may not accept or like what we reveal •Others may use disclosed information against us •What we disclose may hurt others

principles of interpersonal communication

•We cannot not communicate. •Interpersonal communication is irreversible. •Interpersonal communication involves ethical choices. •People construct meanings in interpersonal communication.(symbols) •Metacommunication affects meaning. (communication about communication.) •Interpersonal communication develops and sustains relationships •Interpersonal communication is not a panacea. (isn't a cure all) •Interpersonal communication effectiveness can be learned.