Comm145 Exam 2

6.2 The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication

(1) body, (2) face, (3) eye, (4) space, (5) artifactual, (6) touch, (7) paralanguage, (8) silence, (9) time, and (10) smell.

18.1 Three Goals of Persuasive speaking

1. To strengthen or weaken attitudes, beliefs, or values. 2. To change attitudes, beliefs, or values. 3. To motivate to action

16.1 Style your speech, figures of speech, imagery

16.1 style speech, figures of speech, and imagery

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: 1a. Body Communication 1b. Body appearance 1c. Body Gestures

1a. First, the general appearance of your body communicates; second, the movements you make with your body communicate. 1b. Includes height, ethnicity (skin color and tone), and general attractiveness. 1c. Five major types: emblems (translate directly into words or phrases), illustrators (enhance verbal messages), affect displays (movements of face, hands, and body), regulators (monitor speaking of another individual), and adaptors (satisfy personal need or satisfy someone else).

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: 2a. Facial Communication 2b. Facial Management

2a. seems to communicate the degree of pleasantness, agreement, and sympathy you feel while the rest of the body doesn't provide any additional information. 2b. techniques used to mask certain emotions and to emphasize others (can intensify, deintensify, neutralize, mask, or simulate)

4.3 Four Styles of Effective Listening

4 styles of effective listening

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: 4a. Eye Communication 4b. Eye Contact 4c. Eye Avoidance

4a. these messages vary depending on the duration, direction, and quality of the eye behavior. 4b. One such function is to seek feedback. A second function is to inform the other person that the channel of communication is open and that he or she should now speak. psychologically lessen the physical distance between yourself and another person 4c. may help others maintain their privacy. can also signal lack of interest—in a person, a conversation, or some visual stimulus

Styling your speech: Clarity

A quality of language that makes messages understandable to listeners. Don't waste words. USE SPECIFIC TERMS AND NUMBERS Terms such as first, second, and also, although, and however will help your audience follow

Styling your speech: Vividness

A quality of language that makes your messages stand out. Favor verbs that communicate activity rather than passivity. The verb is the strongest part of your sentence. Choose verbs carefully, and choose them so they accomplish a lot. USE FIGURES OF SPEECH(Stylistic devices that give added life and emphasis to your messages.)

4.2 Five major Barriers to Listening

Barriers to Listening

18.2 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Developed in the late 1960's one of the most useful analyses of human motives A view of human needs that argues that certain basic needs(food and shelter) must be satisfied before higher-order needs (self-esteem&love) Order goes (from bottom to top): Physiological needs, Safety needs, belonging and love needs, self-esteem needs, and self actualization needs.

Process of Listening Stage 1: RECEIVING

Focus attention on the speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages, on both what is said and what is not said. Look for feedback in response to previous messages as well as feedforward, which can reveal how the speaker would like his or her message viewed. Avoid distractions in the environment and focus attention on the speaker rather than on what you'll say next. Maintain your role as listener and avoid interrupting the speaker until he or she is finishe

process of listening Stage 3: Remembering

Focus your attention on the central ideas. Even in the most casual of conversations, there are central ideas. Organize what you hear; summarize the message in a more easily retained form, but take care not to ignore crucial details or qualifications. If you chunk the material into categories, you'll be able to remember more information. Unite the new with the old; relate new information to what you already know. Avoid treating new information as totally apart from all else you know. Repeat names and key concepts to yourself or, if appropriate, aloud. By repeating the names or key concepts, you in effect rehearse these names and concepts, and as a result they'll be easier to learn and remember.

HURIER MODEL

Hearing Understanding Remembering Interpreting Evaluating Responding

4 styles of listening: Empathic Listening

If you're going to understand what a person means and what a person is feeling, you need to listen with some degree of

Principles of nonverbal comm: Helps Manage Impressions

It is largely through the nonverbal communications of others that you form impressions of them. Based on a person's body size, skin color, style of dress, eye contact, and facial expressions, you form an impression—you judge who the person is and what the person is like.

4 styles of listening: Polite Listening

Listening in a way that preserves the speaker's positive and negative face needs.

4 styles of listening: Critical Listening

Listening to evaluate, to separate truth from falsehood, fact from fiction. you think logically and dispassionately about, for example, the stories your friends tell you or the sales pitch of the car dealer.

Gender differences in listening: Listening Cues

Men and women give different types and consequently show that they're listening in different ways. In conversation, a woman is more apt to give lots of listening cues—interjecting "yeah" or "uh-huh," nodding in agreement, and smiling. A man is more likely to listen quietly, without giving lots of listening cues as feedback.

4.4 Gender Differences in listening

Men and women learn different styles of listening, just as they learn different styles for using verbal and nonverbal messages. Not surprisingly, these different styles can create difficulties in opposite-sex communication

Five barriers to listening Physical and mental distractions

Might include, for example, hearing impairment, a noisy environment, or loud music. In many ways similar to physical distractions; they get in the way of focused listening. These barriers are often seen when you're thinking about your upcoming Saturday night date or becoming too emotional to think (and listen) clearly

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: Touch Communication (or haptics)

Most primitive form of communication. Probably the first sense to be used includes emotional comm, playfulness, task-related, ritual, and control

Principles of nonverbal comm: Helps form Relationships

Much of your relationship life is lived nonverbally. You communicate affection, support, and love, in part at least, nonverbally At the same time, you also communicate your displeasure, anger, and animosity throughout nonverbal signals.

3 techniques of active listening

Paraphrase the speaker's meaning Express understanding of speaker's feelings Ask questions

five barriers to listening Hearing Impairment

People with hearing loss differ greatly in their hearing ability: Some are totally deaf and can hear nothing, others have some hearing loss and can hear some sounds, and still others have impaired hearing but can hear most speech.

five barriers to listening Premature judgement

Perhaps the most obvious form is assuming you know what the speaker is going to say and that there's no need to really listen

4 styles of listening: Active Listening

Process of putting together into some meaningful whole the listener's understanding of the speaker's total message- verbal and nonverbal, the content and the feelings.

Process of listening Stage 2: Understanding

Relate new information to what you already know. See the speaker's messages from the speaker's point of view. Avoid judging the message until you've fully understood it—as the speaker intended it. Ask questions to clarify or to secure additional details or examples if necessary. Rephrase (paraphrase) the speaker's ideas in your own words.

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: Encoding-Decoding Accuracy

Research in 11 different countries shows that women are better than men at both encoding and decoding nonverbal cues Some emotions are easier to encode and decode than others.

process of listening Stage 4: Evaluating

Resist evaluation until you fully understand the speaker's point of view. Assume that the speaker is a person of goodwill, and give the speaker the benefit of any doubt by asking for clarification on issues that you feel you must object to (are there any other reasons for accepting this new proposal?). Distinguish facts from inferences, opinions, and personal interpretations by the speaker. Identify any biases, self-interests, or prejudices that may lead the speaker to slant unfairly what is presented.

16.3 Methods of Presentation Impromptu Speech Manuscript Speech Memorized speech

Speakers vary widely Some speak off-the-cuff, others read their speeches from manuscript, Some memorize their speeches, others construct a detailed outline a speech given without any explicit prior preparation. speech where you read aloud the entire speech, which you've written out word for word

6.1 Principles of nonverbal communication

These functions make nonverbal messages of crucial importance in all communication interactions.

five barriers to listening Lack of appropriate focus

Try not to get detoured from the main idea; don't get hung up on unimportant details. Try to repeat the idea to yourself and see the details in relation to this main concept.

16.1 Imagery Visual Imagery Auditory Imagery Tactile Imagery

Used to create word "pictures" of people or objects. Describe such visual qualities as height, weight, color, size, shape, length, and contour. to describe sounds; let your listeners hear the car's tires screeching, the wind whistling, the bells chiming, the angry professor roaring. to let the audience feel the temperature and texture of the object you're talking about. Let your listeners feel the cool water

Principles of nonverbal comm: Helps Structure Conversation

When you're in conversation, you give and receive cues that you're ready to speak, listen, or comment on what the speaker just said. These cues regulate and structure the interaction. These turn-taking cues may be verbal (as when you say, "What do you think?"), but most often they're nonverbal

Principles of nonverbal comm: Can Influence and Deceive

You not only can influence others through what you say, but you also exert influence through your nonverbal signals. A focused glance that says you're committed, gestures that further explain what you're saying, and appropriate dress that says, "I'll easily fit in with this organization" are a few examples of ways in which you can exert

16.3 Body action 4 most important aspects of Body Action

You speak with your body as well as with your mouth eye contact, facial expression, gestures and posture, and movement.

Spiral of Science Theory

You're more likely to voice agreement than disagreement

18.1 Negative Social Proof Positive social proof

a generally ineffective persuasive technique in which examples of other people doing what the speaker does not the audience to do are presented. a persuasive strategy in which the speaker gives examples of people who do as you wish your listeners to do.

18.1 Motivated Sequence

a persuasive strategy and way of organizing your speech. you do five things: (1) gain attention, (2) establish a need for a change, (3) advance a proposal to satisfy the need, (4) visualize for the audience what things would be like were they to do what you suggest, and (5) move them to action

18.2 The Three Persuasive Proofs: a. Logical Proof (Logos) b. Emotional Proof (Pathos) c. Credibility proof (Ethos)

a. arguments based on facts and evidence rather than emotions or credibility claims. (3 main categories: reasoning from specific instances, from cause and effects, and from sign) b. appeals to your listeners' feelings, needs, desires, and wants and can be powerful means of persuasion . includes maslows hierarchy of needs. c. is the degree to which your audience regards you as a believable spokesperson. Deals with a speakers competence, character, & charisma.

18.3 a. Sample Fallacies of Logic b. Anecdotal evidence c. Straw Man d. Appeal to Tradition e. Bandwagon f. Testimonial g. thin entering wedge

a. arguments that appear to address issues but really don't. b. a fallacious persuasive tactic in which the speakers offers specific examples or illustrations as "proof" c. an argument that is set up only to be knocked down by the speaker. d. a fallacy often used as an argument against change, as when a speaker claims a proposed plan shouldnt be adopted bc it hasnt been done before. e. A persuasive technique where speaker tries to gain compliance by saying "everyone is doing it" f. persuasive tactic in which speaker tries to use the authority or image of some positive person to gain approval. g. persuasive fallacy in which a speaker argues against a position on the grounds that it is a thin entering wedge that will open floodgates to catastrophes.

16.3 Strategies of Presentation: a.Be Natural b. Use Presentation Style to Reinforce your Message c.Vary Your Presentation (avoid monotonous and predictable patterns) d.Dress appropriately e. Be Conversational and Expressive Other strats to follow: Avoid common mistakes, use notes appropiately, voice, volume, rate, articulate(phys movements of speech organs) and pronunciate(production of syllables), use pauses, and handle audience questions.

a.Listeners will enjoy and believe you more if you speak naturally, as if you were conversing with a small group of people. b.Effective presentation style should aid instant intelligibility. c.Flexible and varied presentation eases the listeners' task. (MP-speech patterns w/o variation; PP- speech patterns that vary but always in same sequence). d.your attire will figure significantly in the way audience members assess your credibility and even the extent to which they give you attention e. Make your listeners feel that you're talking directly and individually to each of them& communicate genuine involvement in the public speaking situation.

five barriers to listening Biases and Prejudices

against groups or individuals who are members of such groups will invariably distort listening. Another type is closed mindedness, which is seen, for example, in the person who refuses to hear any feminist argument or anything about gun control

Listening

an active process of receiving messages sent orally

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: Space Communication

called this research area proxemics. We can examine this broad area by looking at (1) proxemic distances (spatial distances ppl maintain in comm and social interation) and (2) territoriality (possessive reaction to an area of space or objects)

The Process of Listening 4.1

can be described as a series of five overlapping stages: (1) receiving (hearing and attending to the message), (2) understanding (deciphering meaning from the message you hear), (3) remembering (retaining what you hear in memory), (4) evaluating (thinking critically about and judging the message), and (5) responding (answering or giving feedback to the speaker).

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: Time Communication (or chronemics)

concerns the use of time—how you organize it, react to it, and communicate messages through it

Styling your speech: Choosing words

doing this helps o achieve clarity, vividness, appropriateness, a personal style, and forcefulness.

pitch voice qualities rate volume

highness or lowness of the vocal tone pitch range, vocal lip control, glottis control, pitch control, resonance, and tempo the speed at which you speak relative loudness of the voice

Principles of nonverbal communication: Interact with Verbal Messages

interact with each other in six major ways: to accent, to complement, to contradict, to control, to repeat, and to substitute for each other.

16.2 Phrasing Sentences Extemporaneous speech

involves thorough preparation but no commitment to the exact wording to be used during the speech. recommended method for your classroom speeches and most of the speeches you'll deliver outside this class.

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: Artifactual Communication

is communication via objects made by human hands. Thus, color (affects us physi and psychologically), clothing (affect how people perceive you), jewelry (same as clothing), and the decoration of space (same as clothing) would all be considered _____

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: 10. Smell Communication (or olfactory comm)

is extremely important in a wide variety of situations and is now big business. he smell of lemon contributes to a perception of health, the smells of lavender and eucalyptus increase alertness, and the smell of rose oil reduces blood pressure. Findings such as these have contributed to the growth of aromatherapy and to a new profession of aromatherapists Research also finds that smells can influence your body's chemistry, which in turn influences your emotional state.

16.1 Figures of speech Antithesis Metonymy Synecdoche

is the presentation of contrary ideas in parallel form, as in "My loves are many, my enemies are few." is the substitution of a name for a title with which it's closely associated is the use of a part of an object to stand for the whole object, as in "All hands were on deck"

16.4 Speech Criticism Culture and criticism Guidelines for criticizing more effectively

is the process of evaluating a speech; of rendering a judgment of its value criticism will be viewed very differently depending on whether members come from an individualist culture or a collectivist culture. Stress the positive, be specific, be objective, be constructive, focus on behavior, own your criticism.

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: Paralanguage

is the vocal but nonverbal dimension of speech. It has to do not with what you say but with how you say it. Often used as a basis for judgements about people.

Gender differences in listening: Amount and purposes of listening

men listen less to women than women listen to men. listening places the person in an inferior position, whereas speaking places the person in a superior position. Men may seem to assume a more confrontational posture while listening and to ask questions that are argumentative or seek to puncture holes in the speaker's position as a way to play up their own expertise. Women are more likely than men to ask supportive questions and offer constructive criticism

process of listening Stage 5: Responding

occurs in two phases: (1) responses you make while the speaker is talking and (2) responses you make after the speaker has stopped talking. Be supportive of the speaker throughout the speaker's talk by using and varying backchanneling cues; Express support for the speaker in your final responses. Be honest; the speaker has a right to expect honest responses, even if these express anger or disagreement State your thoughts and feelings as your own, using I-messages.

Interpersonal Time

refers to a wide variety of time related elements that figure into interpersonal interaction

Oral Style

refers to the degree to which a communication style resembles that of informal conversation

Functions of active listening

serves several important functions enables you to check understanding. helps you as a listener check your understanding of what the speaker said and, more important, what he or she meant.

The 10 channels of NonVerbal Communication: Silence

the absence of vocal comm. mistakenly thought to be absence of any and all comm, can actually communicate feelings or prevent comm about certain topics. Gives times to think, to hurt, to lessen anxiety, to prevent comm, and to communicate emotions

Gender differences in listening: Rapport and Report talk

women seek to share feelings, build rapport, and establish closer relationships, and they use listening to achieve these ends. Men, on the other hand, play up their expertise, emphasize it, and use it to dominate the interaction. Their focus is on reporting information.

Principles of nonverbal comm: Crucial for Emotional Expression

you reveal your level of happiness, sadness, or confusion largely through facial expressions You also reveal your feelings by posture (for example, whether tense or relaxed), gestures, eye movements, and even the dilation of your pupils. often help people communicate unpleasant messages but also hide emotions