Communication Final

Define comparison level (relating to SET)

A set of expectations we have regarding the costs and benefits of a relationship

Define euphemism and how it can abuse language

A vague, mild expression that symbolizes and substitutes for something that is more blunt or harsh; people sometimes don't understand cultural idioms which may be a different literal meaning to the euphemistic meaning

List the first five logical fallacies

Abhominem fallacy: implies that if person has shortcomings, his/her arguments must be deficient Slippery slope fallacy: unfairly tries to shoot down arguments by taking it to such extreme that it seems ludicrous Either/or fallacy: identifies two alternatives and falsely suggest that if we reject one, we have to accept other False cause fallacy: if event occurs before outcome, event caused that outcome Bandwagon appeal: if a listener should accept argument because many other people have

List the six ways to use speech anxiety as an advantage

Accept it as a normal response Focus nervous energy on the goal of giving best speech possible Visualize successful performance Desensitization Practice in virtual reality Stay positive

Name different demographics of audiences and how they effect the speech

Age: can influence attitudes on # of topics (distinguish between Gen Z, millennials, boomers, etc) Sex and sexual orientation: women and men are different in their attitudes; men interested in finance and athletics, women interested in education and social justice Econ status: tailor your message to their priorities and experiences

Define persuasion

An attempt to motivate others through communication to adopt or maintain a specific manner of thinking or doing

Ways we are socialized into small groups

Antecedent phase: people develop beliefs, attitudes, and expectations about a group Anticipatory phase: deciding to join Encounter phase: joining a group and meeting Assimilation phase: accepting a group's culture Exit phase: leaving a group

Four other ways people are attracted to others:

Appearance Proximity Similarity Complementarity (beneficial supplement by another person of something we lack in ourselves)

Treatments for groupthink:

Awareness for potential groupthink Encourage dissenting viewpoints Sufficient timing in making decisions Seek input from outside group Give decisions second chances

Name the ways to become a better critical listener

Be a skeptic Evaluate speaker's credibility Understand Probability

To develop a strong thesis statement:

Be concrete, make a statement, treat it as a work in progress, and tell the truth

To develop a strong purpose statement:

Be specific, declarative, and concise

How to be an effective communicator

Because people pursue more than one goal at a time, being an effective communicator means using behaviors that meet all goals that people have

List and define what persuasion effects

Beliefs: perception about what is true or false Actions: behaviors we undertake Opinions: evaluations about what's good and bad

Define blind and hidden in the Johari Window

Bline is what others know but what you don't, and hidden is what you know but what others don't

Define communication as transaction

Both people in the conversation are simultaneously senders and receivers.

Three characteristics that should be in supporting material:

Credibility, objectivity, and currency

Define defamation (another way to abuse language)

Defamation: language that harms a person's reputation or gives that person a negative image

How is defining a type of informative speech?

Defining: providing meaning of word or concept; identify denotative or connotative meaning, provide the etymology (origin or history), giving synonyms or antonyms, etc

Define formal vs informal roles

Formal roles are specifically assigned to people to help group finish its mission and informal roles are not formally assigned and anyone in the group can choose to take them on

Name and describe the fourth barrier of listening

Glazing over; the gap that leaves a lot of spare time for the mind to wander (daydreaming)

Name and define different terms for intellectual theft

Global theft: stealing an entire speech from another source Patchwork theft: copying words from multiple sources and put them together Incremental theft: failing to give credit for small portions of your speech that you didn't write

Name and describe the second channel of NV communication

Eye behaviors; the eyes communicate more than any part of their face

List the other ways of giving an effective delivery:

Eye contact: avoiding eye contact is a response to fear Body posture and position: don't slouch or hang head Gestures: movements of the hands, arms, and head that express meaning and enhance effectiveness of speech Personal appearance: should be appropriate for speech

List and define the last six logical fallacies:

Hasty generalization: broad claim based on insufficient evidence, usually one or two isolated examples Red herring fallacy: when people are unable to respond legitimately to an argument and introduce irrelevant detail to divert attention away Straw man fallacy: when he or she refutes a claim that was never made Begging the question: supporting argument using the argument itself as evidence Non-sequitur: 'it does not follow' and is when the speaker makes an invalid deductive argument by offering a premise and then drawing conclusion that isn't logically supported Appeal to false authority: uses evidence the testimony of someone who isn't an expert on given topic.

Name and describe the first channel of NV communication

Facial displays; facial expressions-serve three imp functions 1. Identity 2. Attractiveness 3. Emotion

Name the ways to become a better listening online

Finding an effective listener online Being an effective listener online

Describe the Semantic Triangle

First: symbol is the word being communicated Second: reference is the word's connotative meaning Third: referent is the denotative meaning

How can humor be an abuse of language?

Humor can demean people and social groups, like racial jokes and gags about certain groups; even when they are not made to offend, jokes can be told at another's expense

Define I-statements vs you-statements

I-statement: claims ownership of what a communicator is feeling or thinking you-statement: shifts responsibility to the other person

Define and explain the Need to Belong Theory

Says that each person is born with a drive to seek, form, maintain, and protect strong social relationships in every aspect of life

What are the characteristics of competent communicators?

Self awareness, adaptive, emphatic, cognitively complex, and ethical

What three psycho social traits effect who is a leader?

Self-esteem (confidence) Self-monitoring (good awareness) Expressiveness (more outgoing)

Describe the Interaction Model of Communication

Sender encodes to channel; receiver decodes and encodes another message to send feedback and the receiver decodes that message

Name the ways to become a better informational listener:

Separate what is and isn't said Avoid confirmation bias (paying attention only to info that supports our beliefs) Listen for substance more than style

What three physical traits usually effect who is a leader?

Sex (male in favor) Height (taller in favor) Physical appearance (more attractive in favor)

Define slang and jargon and how they are used to abuse language

Slang: use of informal and unconventional words Jargon: technical vocab of a certain occupation or profession Using slang and jargon around people who don't understand it can make them feel like outsiders

Describe the Transaction Model of Communication

Source/receiver is sending message while receiving message and vise versa for other source/receiver

Define Relational Maintenance Behaviors Theory

Specifies primary behaviors people use to maintain their relationships, there are five maintenance behaviors: Social Networks Openness Assurances Positivity Sharing Tasks

Define selective memory bias

Remembering information that supports our stereotypes while forgetting information that does not

Small group challenges

Require sacrifices (social loafing is contributing less to group than others) Can experience conflict Can be difficult to coordinate

Define stereotyping

a generalization of a group or category of people that can have powerful influence on perception of them

Define attribution

an explanation of an observed behavior (Why did this occur?)

Define self-concept

an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others.

Define non-verbal channels

behavioral forms of expression

Define self-monitoring

being aware of their own behavior and its effects on others

Define Nominal Group Technique (generating ideas)

calls for groups members to generate their initial ideas silently and independently

Define immediacy behaviors

nonverbal signals of affection and affiliation

List the low tech presentation aids:

objects, flavors, textures, odors, handouts, volunteers

Define reward power

operates when leader has ability to reward another for doing what leader says

Define communication

process by which we use signs, symbols, and behaviors to exchange info and create meaning

Define brainstorming (generating ideas)

process in which group members offer whatever ideas they wish before any are debated

Define civil dialogue

process of engaging in honest, authentic, and respectful conversations with others, even in disagreement

Define expert opinion (decision-making)

recommendations of people with expertise in a certain area

Define Communication as action

A sender encodes message and conveys it through communication channel for a receiver to decode

How to avoid anger:

-consider whether anger comes from misunderstanding -write a draft, then set it aside

Five functions of NV communication

-helps us manage conversations -helps us maintain relationships -helps us form impressions -helps us influence others -helps us conceal info

Six characteristics of non-verbal communication:

-present in most communication contexts -conveys more info than verbal communication -usually believed over verbal communication -is the primary means of expressing emotion -NV communication metacommunicates (communication about communication) -serves multiple functions

Guidelines for using channel-lean media:

-review message before sharing it -clarify meaning wherever possible -use emoji to convey emotion

Ways to improve use of language:

-separate opinions from factual claims -practice civil dialogue -use clearly understandable language -own your thoughts and feelings

Guidelines for communicating electronically:

-write like others will read your words -double-check who you're sending to -take sensitive messages offline

List and explain the first five stages of Knapp's Relational Development

1. Initiating-meeting and interacting 2. Experimenting-learning more about the person 3. Intensifying-becoming friends 4. Integrating-deep commitment has formed 5. Bonding-partners making a public announcement of their commitment

Describe the steps of perception:

1. Selection- when mind and body help you isolate certain stimuli to pay attention to 2. Organization- classification of info 3. Interpretation- assigning meaning to info that has been selected for attention

How are facial expressions important in effective delivery?

1. Should match the tone of your words 2. Expressions should vary so listeners don't tune you out

List and explain the last five stages of Knapp's Relational Development

6. Differentiating-partners view their differences 7. Circumscribing-decrease quality and quantity of their communication with each other 8. Stagnating-relationship stops growing 9. Avoiding-creating emotional and physical distance from each other 10. Terminating-relationship is officially over

Describe the action model of communication

A sender encodes (put idea into form of language) message through a channel (pathway for conveying messages) and receiver will decode the message (interpret it)

Describe different forms of language that diminish credibility

Cliches-words or phrases that were novel at one time but have lost their effect due to overuse Dialects-language variations shared by people of a certain region or social class Equivocation-language that disguises speaker's true intentions through strategic ambiguity Weasel words-terms or phrases intended to mislead listeners by implying something they don't actually say Allness statements-statement imply that a claim is true w/i exception

Name and describe the sixth barrier of listening

Close-mindedness; tendency not to listen to anything with which we disagree

Explain autonomy vs connection

Common tension in intimate relations is between autonomy (desire to be own person) and connection (desire to be close to others)

Name and define the five styles of conflict

Competing-high concern for our own needs and desires and low concern for those of other parties Avoiding-low concern for both self and other party Accommodating-high concern for other party and low concern for self Compromising-moderate concern for everyone's needs and desires Collaborating-high concern for both sides in conflict

Name and describe the seventh barrier of listening

Competitive interrupting; practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversation

How to establish credibility

Demonstrate competence, accent character, communicate charisma

How is demonstration a type of informative speech?

Demonstrating meaning showing how to do something as it is explained

Define the two layers of meanings:

Denotative: the way a dictionary defines Connotative: ideas and concepts the word suggests in addition to its literal definition

Characteristics of small groups

Distinguished in size Interdependent (one person affects everyone else in the relationship) Cohesive Enforce rules and norms Include individual roles Have their own identities Have distinctive communication practices Often interact online

What are the three forms of rhetorical proof?

Ethos (status and authority), pathos (emotions), and logos (logic and reasoning)

Explain the democratic style of leadership

Every member has the right to participate in decision making

How is explaining a type of informative speech?

Explaining the meaning of revealing why something occurred or how something works

List and define different delivery styles

Impromptu: delivered on the spot with little or no preparation Extemporaneous: carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously Scripted: composed word for word on a manuscript and then read aloud exactly as written Memorized: composed word for word and delivered from memory

Define low context culture vs high context culture

In low context culture, people are expected to be direct and say what they mean. In high context culture, people are taught to speak in a much less direct way

Name and define the two types of reasoning

Inductive: considering specific evidence and then draw a conclusion from it Deductive: starting w/ general conclusion and then using it to explain specific individual cases

Name and describe the third barrier of listening

Information overload; the state of being overwhelmed by the huge amount of info each person takes in every day

Name the five characteristics of self disclosure

Intentional and Truthful Varies in breadth and depth (range of topics and how personal disclosures are) Varies among relationships Usually Reciprocal (returning the favor) Influenced by cultural and gender roles

List features of an organized presentation

Introduction that previews info Body composed of main points Transitions that connect main points to another Conclusion that summarizes the main point

How to communicate appropriately

Know and respect social and cultural context

Explain the laissez-faire style of leadership

Leaders offer minimal supervision

Explain the autocratic style of leadership

Leaders see themselves as having both authority and responsibility to take action on group's behalf

Name the ways to become a better empathic listener

Listen nonjudgmentally Acknowledge feelings Communicate support nonverbally

Define listening vs hearing

Listening is the active process of making meaning from another person's spoken message and hearing is the sensory process of receiving and perceiving sounds

Define low power distance vs high power distance cultures

Low power: believe that all men and women are equal and no one person should have excessive power High power: distribute power less evenly (groups like royal families have more power than the average citizen)

Define communication as interaction

Messages are shaped by the feedback we receive from others and by the context in which we interact.

Define Monochronic vs Polychronic societies

Monochronic: people who view time as a commodity Polychronic: view time as more holistic and fluid and less structured

Name and describe the third channel of NV communication

Movement and gestures; kinesics is the definition of the study of movement Gesticulation is the use of arm and hand movements Gestures are divided into five forms: Emblems are any gestures that have a direct verbal translation Illustrators are gestures that go along with verbal message to clarify it Affect displays are gestures that communicate emotion Regulators are gestures that control the flow of conversation Adaptors are gestures used to satisfy some personal need

Name and describe the first barrier of listening

Noise; anything that interferes with encoding or decoding a message

Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making.

Occurs when group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts Symptoms: illusion of invulnerability, collective rationalization, illusion of morality, excessive stereotyping, pressure for conformity, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, mind guards

What is defined as open and blind in the johari window?

Open is what you know and other people know, unknown is what neither you nor other people know

Explain openness vs closedness

Openness (desire for disclosure and honesty) and closedness (desire to keep certain facts)

Define comparison level for alternatives (relating to SET)

Our perception of how much better or worse our current relationship is than our other options

Define the four different types of language rules:

Phonological rules: deal with correct pronunciation Syntactic rules: govern order of words within phrases and clauses Semantic rules: the meaning of individual words Pragmatic rules: deal with implications or interpretations of statements

Name and describe the eighth channel of NV communication

Physical appearance; the halo effect refers to the strong predisposition to attribute positive qualities to more attractive people.

Explain predictability vs novelty

Predictability (desire for consistency and stability) and novelty (desire for fresh new experiences)

List and define the different transitions

Preview transition: statement alerting listeners that you're about to shift to new topic Summary transition: statement reminding listeners of points already made Signpost: words and phrases that serve as signs to help listeners follow path and outline of the speech

Describe differences between primary and recency effects

Primary: tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions Recency: tendency to emphasize later impressions over earlier impressions

List and describe the four ways to organize a persuasive message:

Problem solving pattern: establishing the existence of a problem and then proposing solution Refutational approach: beginning by presenting the main arguments against position and then immediately refute them Comparative advantage method: explaining why your point of view is superior to others on same topic Monroe's motivational sequence: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

Define and describe effects of Image Management

Process of behavioral adjustment to project the desired image; people with high self-esteem are more willing to communicate and build relationships with others

Small group advantages

Provides resources (assets that enable us to be productive) Experience synergy (collab that produces more than the sum of its parts) Expose us to diversity

Name and describe the second barrier of listening

Pseudolistening and selective attention; pretending to pay attention to someone when you aren't actually listening is pseudolistening and listening only to what you want to hear and ignoring the rest is selective listening

Define a purpose statement vs thesis statement

Purpose statement: is a declaration of specific goal for your speech and expresses exactly what wants to be accomplished in the speech Thesis statement: is one sentence version of the message in your speech

Name and describe the fifth barrier of listening

Rebuttal tendency; the propensity to debate a speakers point and formulate a reply while that person is still speaking

Name and describe the four listening styles

Relational: emphasizes concern for other people's emotions and interests Task-oriented: when someone sees listening as part of a transaction Critical: emphasizes intellectual challenges Analytical: people withhold judgement while listening and consider all sides of issue before responding

Define social penetration theory

Suggests that the breadth and depth of self-disclosure help us learn about a person we're getting to know

The different natures of language

Symbolic (each word represents a particular object or idea) Arbitrary Governed by rules Has layers in meaning Varies in clarity Bound by context and culture

Define self-disclosure

The act of intentionally giving others info about ourselves that we believe is true but that we think they don't already have

Define information hunger

The desire to learn and as a speaker you can do it by sparking their curiosity and giving them a reason to want info you have

Explain Interpersonal attraction and it's three forms

The force that draws people together; 1. physical attraction is being drawn to someone bc of his or her looks 2. Social attraction is being attracted to someone's personality 3. Task attraction is being attracted to someone's abilities and dependability.

What is caused by speech anxiety?

The mind goes blank and one is motivated to try to escape the situation

Define the attraction theory

Theory that explains why individuals are drawn to others

What are the different purposes of speech?

To inform, persuade, entertain, introduce, to give honor

Name and define the different speech patterns

Topic pattern: organizing points to represent different categories Time pattern: arranging points in chronological order Space pattern: arranging points according to area Cause and effect pattern: arranging points by describing cause of an event and then explaining its effect Problem-solution pattern: Introducing a problem and then ending with a solution(s)

Name and describe the fourth channel of NV communication

Touch behaviors; haptics is the study of how we use touch to communicate There are five major areas of touch: affection, care giving, power and control, aggression, and ritual

Define unanimous consensus (decision-making)

Uncontested support for a decision

Name and describe the tenth channel of NV communication

Use of artifacts; different ways we decorate with artifacts in spaces and other things

Name and describe the sixth channel of NV communication

Use of smell; olfactics is the definition for your sense of smell and can affect memory and sexual attraction

Name and describe the seventh channel of NV communication

Use of space; proxemics is the study of spatial use and use four different spatial zones: Intimate distance: ranges from 0 to 1 1/2 feet Personal distance: from 1 1/2 to 4 feet Social distance: from 4 to 12 feet Public distance: 12 to 25 feet or greater

Name and describe the ninth channel of NV communication

Use of time; chonemics is the way we use time (the way we give our time to others)

How is describing a type of informative speech?

Using words to depict or portray a person, place, object, or experience; representation (describing something in terms of physical or psychological attributes) and narration (describes series of events in sequence)

How does one cite a source during a speech?

Verbal footnote: an oral statement that gives credit to original source of info

Name and describe the fifth channel of NV communication

Vocal behaviors; vocalics are tones and characteristics of voice Other characteristics are nonverbal: pitch, inflection, volume, rate, filler words, pronunciation, articulation, accent, silence

Define minority rule (decision-making)

a small number of members makes decision on behalf of group

Define the general search engine vs the research search engine

a website that allows you to search for other websites containing info on a specific topic while the RSE only looks for research published in books, journals, etc

Define deception

act of leading someone to believe something one knows to be untrue

Define Communication Competence

communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate in a given situation

Define dialectical tensions

conflicts between two imp but opposing needs or desires

Define database

electronic storehouse of specific info that people can search and is similar to an RSE

Define credibility

extent to which others perceive us to be competent and trustworthy

Define co-culture

groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics other than their nationality.

Define profanity (another way to abuse language)

language that is considered vulgar, rude, or obscene in the context in which it is used

Define a logical fallacy

line of reasoning that doesn't genuinely support a speaker's point

Define ambiguous language

making a statement that people can interpret to have more than one meaning

Define stalemate (decision-making)

member's opinions are so sharply divided that unanimity is impossible to achieve

Define idea-writing (generating ideas)

members independently list their own ideas and systematically evaluate one another's ideas before they are considered by group

Define referent power

power of attraction, idea that people tend to comply with requests made by people we like, admire, etc

Define coercive power

power that comes from ability to punish

Define code switching

practice of using one form of language and switching it to another form. Can be an expression of ethnic or co-cultural identification. It's a habit that develops when people feel apart of two or more worlds. - adapting language to the situation and people in it

Define hate speech (another way to abuse language)

specific form of profanity meant to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize people based on their differences to other people

Define legitimate power

status and position gives them right to make requests with which others must comply

Define informational power

stems from ability to control access to info

Define expert power

stems from having expertise in a certain area

Define vividness effect

tendency of dramatic, shocking events to distort our perceptions of reality

Define self-serving bias

tendency to attribute failures to unstable, external causes and our success to internal causes

Define ethnocentrism

tendency to judge other cultures' practices as inferior to one's own (happens easily if one is not exposed to a large variety of cultures)

List multimedia presentation aids:

text slides, graphic slides (tables, charts, pie charts, line charts, bar charts), video and audio

Define fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Define culture

the way of life of a group of people

Define Equity Theory.

theory that good relationships are ones that have equal costs and benefits of each partner; are not over-benefited or under-benefited

Define social exchange theory

theory that people seek to maintain relationships in which their benefits outweigh their costs

Define audience analysis

thinking carefully about characteristics of listeners so they can address their audience in the most effective way

Define plagiarism

using info from another source without giving proper credit to that source or misrepresenting someone else's words or ideas as your own.

Define copyright infringement

using materials that are owned by others like photos, videos, or songs without permission or recognition

Define false consensus (decision-making)

when some members say they support decision when they actually don't

Define loaded language

words with strongly positive or negative connotations