Community Final; Chapter 17, 20, and 21
what is variance?
average distance from the mean
what type of data does a bar graph represent?
categorical data
who is the commanding officer of the USPHS commissioned corps?
general surgeon
r = 0.7-0.89 (+/-) indicates what type of relationship?
high relation relationship
what would be mentioned in a methodology section of a literature review?
materials sample size ethical considerations research designs product usage endpoints quality of examiners statistical significance
what are the three measurements of central tendency?
mean, median, mode
what is continuous data?
measured on a continuum (height)
what is a one way analysis of variance?
method to test differences between populations (3 or more)
the ____________ sections of a literature review explains the methods used for a study.
methodology
what is the median?
middle number
r = 0.5-0.69 (+/-) indicates what type of relationship?
moderate relationship
what is the mode?
most frequently occurring value
what are the degrees of freedom?
n-1
a left-skewed test is a ___________ skewed test.
negatively
if a skewed curve has a short right tail, it is _____________ skewed, meaning it was a easy test.
negatively
what type of data is the mode?
nominal data
parametric tests go with what type of curve?
normal bell
what is quantitative data?
numerical (pocket depths)
if there is a strong negative relationship (-1) of correlation, the variables are __________.
opposite
t or f: the decision to reject or accept H0 is based on the p value.
t
t or f: the lower the p value, the better!!!
t
t or f; as a temping dental hygienist in Florida, you cannot take a 1099, but have to have a W-2 for every place you work.
t
what does a t-test test?
tests the significance between means of 2 groups
what is biomedical informatics (BMI)?
the managing of biomedical information and administration of informative technology
what is apart of the result and discussion part of a research study?
study findings, limitations, implications
for any normal distribution of scores, __% data points will lie between + or - 1 SD.
68%
what is the empirical rule? (Noram bell curve)
68-95-99.7
for any normal distribution of scores, __% data points will lie between + or - 2 SD.
95%
for any normal distribution of scores, __% data points will lie between + or - 3 SD.
99.7%
correlation coefficient "r" and is expressed as a number between...?
-1 and +1
if the p values is less than or equal to ______, the findings are significant.
0.05 (KNOW THIS LIKE YOUR LIFE DEPENDS ON IT)
what three characteristics must be present to have a normal bell-shaped curve?
1. = mean, median, and mode 2. normal curve is perfectly symmetrical 3. asymptomatic - the tails of the normal curve come closer and closer to the horizontal axis but never touches.
an abstract summarizes a study in ____ words or less.
250
the sample size of a parametric test must be over ____.
30
what is a frequency distribution table?
A table that indicates the number of people from the sample who obtained a specific score on a variable.
what is a paired t-test?
Comparing two values seen in one sample
what administration regulates dental products? (toothpaste)
FDA
what is a example of a false positive or type 1 error?
a man gets back a positive pregnancy test
what is mean?
average
what is the major difference between a bar graph, and a histogram?
bar graph has spaces between bars bar graphs are categorical data histograms and interval or ratio data
what is internal validity?
if the study measured what it is supposed to measure
what is the most commonly used nonparametric statistic?
chi-squared test
if our standard deviation is high, the values are....?
clustered around the mean
what does the title on a study do?
communicates the purpose of the study
what is a unpaired t-test?
comparing uncorrelated things
what is discrete data?
data that can be counted (# of teeth)
what is reliability?
degree to which the study can be repeated
what 3 things do you need to calculate a t-test?
differences of means SD number of data values
t or f: a good way to recommend products by seeing what has the ada seal.
f, we do not make recommendations off of this
what is a type 2 error?
false negative
what is a type 1 error?
false positive
for a scatter plot, as we increase x, we ____________ y. or vice versa (can be decrease)
increase
results is the raw data, while the discussion is the....?
interpretation of the data
what type of data is the median?
interval and ordinal data
what type of data is the mean?
interval and ratio
what type of data does a histogram/frequency polygon represent?
interval or ratio data
what type of data is parametric data?
interval or ratio data
a _____________ provides a clear, concise statement of purpose.
introduction
what is the non-parametric equivalence to the ANOVA?
kruskal wallis test
the the closer the correlation is to "0", the ___ likely it will happen.
less
what p-value is required for something to be considered to have statistical significance?
less than .05
what is p value?
level of statistical significance in a study, tells the probability that findings are due to chance
r = 0.26-0.49 (+/-) indicates what type of relationship?
low relationship
what is the purpose of inferential statistics?
make inferences or generalizations about a population based on data take from a sample of that population
what is the non-parametric equivalence to the unpaired t-test?
mann-whitney U test
what type of data is nonparametric data?
nominal or ordinal data
what is categorical data?
non-numerical (gender)
what is qualitative data?
non-numerical, descriptive data (thought about flossing)
what does biostats help us do?
organize data describe data summarize data analyze data answer our research questions
what are 3 types of parametric tests>
paired t-test unpaired t-test one way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
refereed is another term for what?
peer-reviewed
a right-skewed test is a _________ skewed test.
positively
if a skewed curve has a long right tail, it is __________ skewed, meaning it was a difficult test.
positively
what are the three measures of dispersion?
range, variance, standard deviation
what are three different types of scientific literatures?
research reports literature reviews commentaries
what is external validity?
results can be inferred to general population
nonparametric tests goes with what type of curve?
skewed curve
what are civil service employees?
someone working for the government in a non military position
if our standard deviation is low, the values are...?
spread away from mean
t or f: a null hypothesis is accepted unless we have statistical significance.
t
t or f: is the SD is 0, there is no variability or dispersion of values.
t
what is range?
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
if there is a strong positive relationship (+1) of correlation, the variables are __________.
the same
what is standard deviation?
the square root of the variance
what is biostatistics?
the use of data analysis and interpretation in health care research
a line graph plots variables over ____.
time
what is a chi-squared test used for?
to determine whether a significant difference exists between frequency counts of nominal data by comparing the observed frequencies to the expected frequencies
what is the purpose of the USPHS commissioned corps?
to protect, promote, and advance the health and safety of the general public in the country
r = 0.9-1.0 (+/-) indicates what type of relationship?
very high relationship
r = 0-0.25 indicates what type of relationship?
very low or no relationship
what is the non-parametric equivalence to the paired t-test?
wilcoxon rank sum test
what is an example of a false negative or type 2 error?
women that is visibly 9 months pregnant, got a negative pregnancy test