Community Final; Chapter 17, 20, and 21

what is variance?

average distance from the mean

what type of data does a bar graph represent?

categorical data

who is the commanding officer of the USPHS commissioned corps?

general surgeon

r = 0.7-0.89 (+/-) indicates what type of relationship?

high relation relationship

what would be mentioned in a methodology section of a literature review?

materials sample size ethical considerations research designs product usage endpoints quality of examiners statistical significance

what are the three measurements of central tendency?

mean, median, mode

what is continuous data?

measured on a continuum (height)

what is a one way analysis of variance?

method to test differences between populations (3 or more)

the ____________ sections of a literature review explains the methods used for a study.

methodology

what is the median?

middle number

r = 0.5-0.69 (+/-) indicates what type of relationship?

moderate relationship

what is the mode?

most frequently occurring value

what are the degrees of freedom?

n-1

a left-skewed test is a ___________ skewed test.

negatively

if a skewed curve has a short right tail, it is _____________ skewed, meaning it was a easy test.

negatively

what type of data is the mode?

nominal data

parametric tests go with what type of curve?

normal bell

what is quantitative data?

numerical (pocket depths)

if there is a strong negative relationship (-1) of correlation, the variables are __________.

opposite

t or f: the decision to reject or accept H0 is based on the p value.

t

t or f: the lower the p value, the better!!!

t

t or f; as a temping dental hygienist in Florida, you cannot take a 1099, but have to have a W-2 for every place you work.

t

what does a t-test test?

tests the significance between means of 2 groups

what is biomedical informatics (BMI)?

the managing of biomedical information and administration of informative technology

what is apart of the result and discussion part of a research study?

study findings, limitations, implications

for any normal distribution of scores, __% data points will lie between + or - 1 SD.

68%

what is the empirical rule? (Noram bell curve)

68-95-99.7

for any normal distribution of scores, __% data points will lie between + or - 2 SD.

95%

for any normal distribution of scores, __% data points will lie between + or - 3 SD.

99.7%

correlation coefficient "r" and is expressed as a number between...?

-1 and +1

if the p values is less than or equal to ______, the findings are significant.

0.05 (KNOW THIS LIKE YOUR LIFE DEPENDS ON IT)

what three characteristics must be present to have a normal bell-shaped curve?

1. = mean, median, and mode 2. normal curve is perfectly symmetrical 3. asymptomatic - the tails of the normal curve come closer and closer to the horizontal axis but never touches.

an abstract summarizes a study in ____ words or less.

250

the sample size of a parametric test must be over ____.

30

what is a frequency distribution table?

A table that indicates the number of people from the sample who obtained a specific score on a variable.

what is a paired t-test?

Comparing two values seen in one sample

what administration regulates dental products? (toothpaste)

FDA

what is a example of a false positive or type 1 error?

a man gets back a positive pregnancy test

what is mean?

average

what is the major difference between a bar graph, and a histogram?

bar graph has spaces between bars bar graphs are categorical data histograms and interval or ratio data

what is internal validity?

if the study measured what it is supposed to measure

what is the most commonly used nonparametric statistic?

chi-squared test

if our standard deviation is high, the values are....?

clustered around the mean

what does the title on a study do?

communicates the purpose of the study

what is a unpaired t-test?

comparing uncorrelated things

what is discrete data?

data that can be counted (# of teeth)

what is reliability?

degree to which the study can be repeated

what 3 things do you need to calculate a t-test?

differences of means SD number of data values

t or f: a good way to recommend products by seeing what has the ada seal.

f, we do not make recommendations off of this

what is a type 2 error?

false negative

what is a type 1 error?

false positive

for a scatter plot, as we increase x, we ____________ y. or vice versa (can be decrease)

increase

results is the raw data, while the discussion is the....?

interpretation of the data

what type of data is the median?

interval and ordinal data

what type of data is the mean?

interval and ratio

what type of data does a histogram/frequency polygon represent?

interval or ratio data

what type of data is parametric data?

interval or ratio data

a _____________ provides a clear, concise statement of purpose.

introduction

what is the non-parametric equivalence to the ANOVA?

kruskal wallis test

the the closer the correlation is to "0", the ___ likely it will happen.

less

what p-value is required for something to be considered to have statistical significance?

less than .05

what is p value?

level of statistical significance in a study, tells the probability that findings are due to chance

r = 0.26-0.49 (+/-) indicates what type of relationship?

low relationship

what is the purpose of inferential statistics?

make inferences or generalizations about a population based on data take from a sample of that population

what is the non-parametric equivalence to the unpaired t-test?

mann-whitney U test

what type of data is nonparametric data?

nominal or ordinal data

what is categorical data?

non-numerical (gender)

what is qualitative data?

non-numerical, descriptive data (thought about flossing)

what does biostats help us do?

organize data describe data summarize data analyze data answer our research questions

what are 3 types of parametric tests>

paired t-test unpaired t-test one way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

refereed is another term for what?

peer-reviewed

a right-skewed test is a _________ skewed test.

positively

if a skewed curve has a long right tail, it is __________ skewed, meaning it was a difficult test.

positively

what are the three measures of dispersion?

range, variance, standard deviation

what are three different types of scientific literatures?

research reports literature reviews commentaries

what is external validity?

results can be inferred to general population

nonparametric tests goes with what type of curve?

skewed curve

what are civil service employees?

someone working for the government in a non military position

if our standard deviation is low, the values are...?

spread away from mean

t or f: a null hypothesis is accepted unless we have statistical significance.

t

t or f: is the SD is 0, there is no variability or dispersion of values.

t

what is range?

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

if there is a strong positive relationship (+1) of correlation, the variables are __________.

the same

what is standard deviation?

the square root of the variance

what is biostatistics?

the use of data analysis and interpretation in health care research

a line graph plots variables over ____.

time

what is a chi-squared test used for?

to determine whether a significant difference exists between frequency counts of nominal data by comparing the observed frequencies to the expected frequencies

what is the purpose of the USPHS commissioned corps?

to protect, promote, and advance the health and safety of the general public in the country

r = 0.9-1.0 (+/-) indicates what type of relationship?

very high relationship

r = 0-0.25 indicates what type of relationship?

very low or no relationship

what is the non-parametric equivalence to the paired t-test?

wilcoxon rank sum test

what is an example of a false negative or type 2 error?

women that is visibly 9 months pregnant, got a negative pregnancy test