Comprehensive Final A&P II ACC
A congenital condition that includes mental retardation; short, disproportional body size; and a thick tongue and neck is caused by __________. excess of synthetic growth hormone deficiency of thymosin deficiency of thyroxin insulin deficiency
A deficiency of thyroxin during fetal development would lead to a congenital condition known as cretinism, which includes mental retardation; short, disproportional body size; and a thick tongue and neck.
Which antibodies would be found in the serum of a person with AB blood? anti-A antibodies anti-B antibodies both anti-B and anti-A antibodies neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
A person with AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
Which term describes a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel? thrombocytopenia hemophilia embolus thrombus
A thrombus is a stationary clot that may occlude circulation and lead to death of the surrounding tissue.
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________. GH insulin ACTH thyroxin
ACTH
Which of the following is NOT synthesized in the pituitary gland? PRL FSH ADH TSH LH
ADH Oxytocin and ADH are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
A major plasma protein that maintains the blood osmotic pressure is __________. fibrin albumin angiotensinogen globulin fibrinogen
Albumin constitutes 60% of plasma protein and primarily functions in maintaining water balance between blood and body tissues.
An enlarged R wave on an ECG would indicate __________. repolarization abnormalities cardiac ischemia a myocardial infarction an enlarged ventricle
An enlarged ventricle would appear as an enlarged R wave on an ECG. Repolarization abnormalities are represented by a prolonged Q-T interval on an ECG. An elevated S-T segment on an ECG indicates cardiac ischemia. A myocardial infarction would appear as elevation of the S-T segment on an ECG.
A doctor puts his stethoscope on a patient's chest over the location of the heart and hears an abnormal swishing sound. Which of the following conditions is the best diagnosis for the patient's condition? cardiac tamponade myocardial infarction incompetent cardiac valve angina pectoris
An incompetent cardiac valve produces a swishing sound on auscultation.
Another term for reduced hemoglobin is __________. deoxyhemoglobin hemoglobin S carbaminohemoglobin oxyhemoglobin
Another term for reduced hemoglobin is deoxyhemoglobin (hemoglobin poor in oxygen). Hemoglobin S is an abnormal hemoglobin found in patients with sickle-cell anemia. Carbaminohemoglobin is the term used for hemoglobin that is carrying carbon dioxide. Oxyhemoglobin is the term used to describe hemoglobin rich in oxygen (non-reduced hemoglobin).
Which type of anemia results from the destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses? iron-deficiency anemia aplastic anemia pernicious anemia renal anemia
Aplastic anemia results from the destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses.
From the perspective of blood returning from the systemic circuit, identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart. left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle lungs, right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, left atrium right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right atrium
As oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart from the system circuit, it will pass through the right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, and left ventricle.
Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on making RBCs very efficient oxygen transporters? They don't contain a nucleus. They carry 20% of the carbon dioxide released by tissues back to the lungs. They generate ATP by anaerobic mechanisms and do not consume any of the oxygen they carry. They represent most of the formed elements in the blood.
Because RBCs generate ATP by anaerobic mechanisms and do not consume any of the oxygen they carry, they are very efficient oxygen carriers.
Eighty-five percent of Americans carry the __________ Rh agglutinogen on their RBCs. E K D C
D Rh agglutinogen on their RBCs.
Which of the following types of white blood cells kills parasitic worms and plays a role in the body's response to allergens and asthma? eosinophils monocytes neutrophils lymphocytes basophils
Eosinophils kill parasitic worms and play a role in the body's response to allergens and asthma.
Choose the correct sequence of electrical current flow through the heart wall. SA node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, SA node AV node, SA node, subendocardial conducting network, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches AV node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network
Impulses generated by the SA node spread to the AV node, then to the AV bundle, then to the bundle branches, and finally to the subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers).
Which of the following describes a hormone that CANNOT exhibit its full effect without the presence of another hormone? synergism assertiveness antagonism permissiveness
In permissiveness, a hormone needs another hormone to be fully effective.
Loss of vasomotor tone that results in a huge drop in peripheral resistance is known as __________. vasoconstriction varicose veins hypertension atherosclerosis vascular shock
In vascular shock, blood volume is normal and constant but there is an abnormal expansion of the vascular beds, resulting in a huge drop in peripheral resistance, causing blood pressure to fall rapidly.
Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ but produces hormones in addition to its major excretory function? kidneys pancreas pituitary thymus
Kidney cells produce the hormones renin and erythropoietin, but their primary function is excretion of body waste.
Granulocytes do NOT include __________. basophils monocytes PMNs neutrophils eosinophils
Monocytes lack granules in their cytoplasm and are agranulocytes.
The most numerous leukocyte is the __________. monocyte eosinophil lymphocyte neutrophil basophil
Neutrophils make up 50-70% of the leukocyte population.
Which of the following is a function of neutrophils? to release histamine and other mediators of inflammation to phagocytize bacteria to mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies to kill parasitic worms to seal small tears in blood vessels
Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
steitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________. an increase of growth hormone in an adult an increase in calcitonin an increase in ADH an increase in parathyroid hormone
Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by a severe increase of parathyroid hormone.
The noncontractile cardiac muscle cells that initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart are called __________. cardioinhibitory centers pacemaker cells intercalated discs desmosomes gap junctions
Pacemakers are noncontractile cardiac muscle cells with an unstable resting membrane potential.
Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid? autocrine neural paracrine endocrine
Paracrine signals are local signals that affect adjacent cells.
Pernicious anemia may result from __________. excessive bleeding the absence or depressed synthesis of globin chains abnormal production of hemoglobin caused by genetic defect rupture of red blood cells caused by parasites the lack of vitamin B12 in the diet or a deficiency of the intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia is caused either by absence of vitamin B12 in the diet or by a deficiency of intrinsic factor (necessary to absorb vitamin B12).
Which of the following substances is responsible for limiting a platelet plug to the immediate area of damage? serotonin adenosine diphosphate prostacyclin thromboxane A2
Prostacyclin limits the platelet plug to the immediate damaged area. Serotonin enhances vascular spasm in a damaged area. Prostacyclin limits the platelet plug to the immediate damaged area. Adenosine diphosphate attracts more platelets to the damaged area. Prostacyclin limits the platelet plug to the immediate damaged area. Thromboxane A2 attracts more platelets to the site of damage and increases vascular spasm in the damaged area. Prostacyclin limits the platelet plug to the immediate damaged area.
he terms biconcave and anucleated apply to __________. red blood cells white blood cells platelets leukocytes thrombocytes
RBCs
Erythroblastosis fetalis is caused by __________. a malfunction of the thymus during fetal development an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the newborn an Rh incompatibility between an Rh- mother and her Rh+ baby during pregnancy a loss of blood by the fetus
Rh incompatibility between an Rh- mother and her Rh+ baby during pregnancy would cause erythroblastosis fetalis. Malfunction of the thymus during fetal development causes a lack of maturation of T lymphocytes.
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the __________. AV bundle AV node bundle branches SA node subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
SA node
Individuals with malaria have a better chance of surviving the infection if they have which type of anemia? iron-deficiency anemia renal anemia aplastic anemia hemorrhagic anemia sickle-cell anemia
Sickling of RBCs infected with malaria reduces the parasites' ability to survive and enhances macrophages' ability to destroy the infected RBCs and the parasites they contain.
Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________. activating cyclic AMP located inside the cell activating G proteins binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex using calcium ions as a second messenger activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell
Steroid hormones enter the cell and form a DNA-hormone complex before they change cellular function.
Which hormone is NOT being synthesized if a goiter forms? TH insulin FSH renin
TH A goiter may form in the absence of iodine as colloid continues to be produced but cannot be iodinated to synthesize thyroid hormone.
The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by __________. ACTH TH TSH ADH FSH
TH Thyroid hormones control the consumption of oxygen by all body tissues by way of an increase in glucose metabolism.
A healthy adult male has approximately __________ liters of blood. 1-2 2-3 3-4 5-6 7-8
The average volume of circulating blood is approximately 5-6 liters in males and approximately 4-5 liters in females.
The buffy coat that appears after a sample of blood has been centrifuged contains __________. RBCs WBCs and platelets serum plasma
The buffy coat that appears between the plasma and the RBCs in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of WBCs and platelets. RBCs are located below the buffy coat in a blood sample that has been centrifuged. Serum is plasma minus the plasma proteins. Plasma appears above the buffy coat in a sample of blood that has been centrifuged.
Which of the following abdominal arteries branches to form the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, and splenic artery? inferior mesenteric artery superior mesenteric artery gonadal arteries celiac trunk descending aorta
The celiac trunk is a large, unpaired artery that branches into the hepatic, left gastric, and splenic arteries to supply much of the upper abdomen.
The __________ are attached to the AV valve flaps. pectinate muscles trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscles
The chordae tendineae, also known as the heartstrings, are attached to the flaps of the AV valves and prevent the valves from blowing into the atria when the ventricles contract.
The final step in clot formation is __________. platelet plug formation prothrombin → thrombin formation of prothrombin activator the release of chemical by platelets fibrinogen → fibrin
The conversion of soluble plasma fibrinogen into an insoluble fibrin completes the clotting process.
Which of the following structures is superficial to the heart wall and serves to protect the heart, anchor the heart, and prevent the heart from overfilling? the epicardium the parietal layer of serous pericardium the pericardial sac the fibrous pericardium
The epicardium lies on the outside surface of the heart and is an integral part of the cardiac wall. The parietal layer of serous pericardium lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium. The pericardial sac is the space between the two layers of the pericardium. The fibrous pericardium is the outer layer of the pericardial sac and is separated from the wall of the heart by the pericardial space.
Which of the following veins is the longest in the body? superior vena cava great saphenous vein inferior vena cava femoral vein hepatic portal vein
The great saphenous vein is the longest in the body, running from the sole of the foot up to the inguinal region (without changing names).
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the shape, position, and location of the heart? Approximately two-thirds of the heart is found to the left of the midline. The heart is located between the two lungs within the mediastinum. The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane. The heart is shaped like a cone with the base facing the right shoulder.
The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane. The heart is enclosed in a double-layered membrane called the pericardium.
Guided by powerful signaling molecules, the human heart develops from __________. mesoderm ectoderm endoderm cardioderm
The human heart, derived from mesoderm, forms a single chamber, or heart tube, that is pumping blood by the 23rd day of gestation.
The major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control is provided by the __________. kidneys digestive tract lungs heart paravertebral ganglia
The kidneys act both directly and indirectly to regulate arterial pressure and provide the major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control by altering blood volume.
Which of the following statements about platelets is INCORRECT? Platelets are essential for the clotting process. The formation of platelets is regulated by the hormone thrombopoietin. The life span of platelets is between 30 and 60 days. Platelets are fragments of a larger cell called a megakaryocyte. Platelets contain serotonin, ADP, calcium, and PDGF.
The life span of platelets is between 30 and 60 days. The life span of platelets is between 5 and 10 days.
When the mitral valve closes, it prevents the backflow of blood from the __________. right atrium into the right ventricle left ventricle into the left atrium left atrium into the left ventricle right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk left ventricle into the aorta
The mitral valve closes to prevent the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
Which of the following valves is most often faulty in the heart? the mitral, or bicuspid, valve the pulmonary semilunar valve the aortic semilunar valve the tricuspid valve
The mitral, or bicuspid, valve is the valve that most often becomes faulty in the heart.
During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the __________. right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta right atrium and flows directly to the left ventricle right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs left ventricle and flows directly to the lungs right atrium and flows directly to the lungs
The movement of oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs is part of the pulmonary circuit.
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the __________. left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta right atrium and flows directly to the lungs right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta lungs and flows directly to the left atrium right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs
The movement of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta constitutes part of the systemic circuit.
The percentage of total volume used to determine the number of erythrocytes in a blood sample is referred to as the __________. ESR reticulocyte count red blood cell count hematocrit
The percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood is referred to as the hematocrit. The RBC count gives the number of RBCs in a sample of blood, not the percentage The reticulocyte count provides a rough index of the rate of RBC formation. ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of __________. estrogen insulin aldosterone epinephrine thyroid hormone
The preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.
The process of actively metabolizing oxygen by neutrophils to produce bleach and hydrogen to kill bacteria is known as __________. amoeboid movement diapedesis the respiratory burst chemotaxis
The respiratory burst is the process of actively metabolizing oxygen to produce bleach and hydrogen peroxide to kill bacteria. Amoeboid movement is the movement produced by the extension of the cytoplasm as pseudopodia move into the environment. Diapedesis is the ability of certain cells to slip out of the capillary blood vessels. Chemotaxis is the process by which leukocytes follow the trail of chemicals released by injured cells at the site of inflammation.
Which is the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer? endocardium, epicardium, myocardium endocardium, smooth muscle, epicardium parietal pericardium, myocardium, endocardium myocardium, pericardium, endocardium epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
The superficial epicardium, the middle myocardium, and the inner endocardium form the heart wall.
The tricuspid valve is located between the __________. right atrium and right ventricle right ventricle and the aorta right and left atria left atrium and left ventricle right and left ventricles
The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
The coronary arteries arise from the __________. inferior vena cava right atrium aorta superior vena cava pulmonary trunk
The two coronary arteries that supply the heart arise from the base of the aorta.
How do protein kinases affect enzymes? They phosphorylate an enzyme. They increase the secretion of an enzyme. They break down an enzyme. They increase the release of an enzyme.
They cause phosphorylation of the enzyme that either activates or inhibits it.
Which of the following is true about water-soluble hormones? They are composed of lipids. They have a short half-life. They are bound to a transport protein while circulating in the blood. They cannot be stored in secretory vesicles.
They have a short half-life.
Which of the following factors gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue? the coronary circulation gap junctions a very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm the presence of intercalated discs
Twenty-five to thirty-five percent of the volume of a myocardial cell is composed of large mitochondria, which provide these cells with a great resistance to fatigue.
Which property do white blood cells (WBCs) have in common? WBCs are nucleated and have a protective function. WBCs transport oxygen. All WBCs have a phagocytic function. All WBCs are granulocytes.
WBCs are nucleated and have a protective function to help protect the body against foreign invaders.
Eicosanoids are NOT true hormones because they __________. mediate inflammatory reactions are lipids affect blood pressure act locally
act locally Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they act locally, rather than on distal organs as do true hormones.
Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the __________. liver hypothalamus adipose tissue heart
adipose tissue
Cardiac output is __________. the amount of blood filling each ventricle at the end of diastole the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute the number of times the heart beats in one minute the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction the number of impulses fired by the SA node in one minute
amt of blood pumped out of ea ventricle in one minute cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume
The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) adrenal glands ovaries thyroid gland parathyroid glands
anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) It is by this portal system that releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by neurons in the ventral hypothalamus circulate to the adenohypophysis, where they regulate secretion of its hormones.
Which leukocytes contain histamine in their granules? basophils eosinophils monocytes neutrophils lymphocytes
basophils
Mast cells are most similar to which type of leukocyte? eosinophils lymphocytes neurtrophils monocytes basophils
basophils Although arising from different cell lines, granulated mast cells are similar to basophils.
The only vessels that provide direct access to nearly every cell in the body are the __________. venules arterioles arteries veins capillaries
capillaries If blood vessels are compared to a system of expressways and roads, the capillaries are the back alleys and the driveways that provide direct access to nearly every cell in the body.
Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs by diffusion between the __________. arterioles and tissue cells capillaries and tissue cells artery walls and tissue cells arteries and veins arterioles and venules
capillaries and tissue cells Oxygen, carbon dioxide, most nutrients, and metabolic wastes pass between the blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion through the capillaries.
Which of the following hormones does the skin produce? erythropoietin renin melatonin cholecalciferol
cholecalciferol
Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood CANNOT circulate normally is called __________. atherosclerosis hypertension varicose veins circulatory shock arteriosclerosis
circulatory shock
The vessels that carry oxygen to the myocardium are called __________. pulmonary veins coronary arteries pulmonary arteries aortic arteries coronary veins
coronary arteries
Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________. ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer after general anesthesia damage to the pineal gland after neurosurgery
damage to the pineal gland
The contractile cardiac muscle fibers of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called a __________. cardiac cycle contractile unit pacemaker sarcomere functional syncytium
functional syncytium Because cardiac cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions, they behave as a single unit called a functional syncytium.
The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include __________. cholesterol-containing hormones glucose-containing hormones steroid hormones amino acid-based hormones protein-based hormones
glucose-containing hormones The chemical classification of hormones is either amino acid-based hormones or steroids.
Mature red blood cells in the circulating blood are filled primarily with __________. smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria lysosomes hemoglobin molecules nuclei
hemoglobin molecules
The stimulus for producing insulin is __________. low glycogen concentration low blood amino acid concentration low blood fatty acid concentration high blood nucleic acid concentration high blood glucose concentration
high blood glucose concentration Excess glucose levels in the blood stimulate beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin.
The stimulus for secreting parathyroid hormone is a good example of a __________. humoral stimulus hypothalamic stimulus hormonal stimulus neural stimulus pituitary gland stimulus
humoral stimuls The declining levels of calcium ions in the blood control secretion of PTH, which is a humoral stimulus.
Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ? hypothalamus pineal pancreas pituitary
hypothalamus
Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone? iodine zinc iron sulfur copper
iodine
The interventricular septum forms a dividing wall between the __________. left and right ventricles right atrium and right ventricle left and right atria left atrium and left ventricle right ventricle and left atrium
left and right ventricles
What part of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump? the right ventricle the right atrium the pericardium the left ventricle
left ventricle
The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system. reproductive digestive circulatory nervous
nervous
The structure just deep to the fibrous pericardium is the __________. myocardium diaphragm parietal layer of the serous pericardium visceral layer of the serous pericardium endocardium epicardium
parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________. colloid endocytosis peroxidase enzymes the Golgi apparatus lysosomes in the cell
peroxidase enzymes
Which of the following regulates blood flow at the entrance to each true capillary? tunica externa lymph nodes tunica intima valves precapillary sphincter
precapillary sphincter The cuff of smooth muscle fibers surrounding the root of each true capillary at the metarteriole that acts as a valve to regulate blood flow into the capillary is a precapillary sphincter.
Which of the following is a protective function of blood? delivering oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target tissues maintaining normal pH in the body maintaining normal body temperature preventing infection
preventing infection Blood contains antibodies, complement proteins, and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders.
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the __________. left atrium left ventricle right ventricle right atrium aorta
right atrium
The endocardium is composed of __________. cardiac muscle cells elastic cartilage squamous epithelium cuboidal epithelium columnar epithelium
squamous epithelium
The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________. steroid hormones pancreatic hormones posterior pituitary hormones catecholamines
steroid hormones A steroid hormone complex controls the formation of new messenger RNA.
Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT __________. suppression of cancer diabetes acromegaly in adults gigantism in children
suppression of cancer Excess growth hormone is actually thought to promote cancer.
nsulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT __________. the brain adipose tissue the myocardium skeletal muscle
the brain
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is secreted by the __________ and targets the kidneys and adrenal cortex. stomach lungs thymus heart
the heart ANP is secreted by the heart in response to stretching of the atria and targets the kidneys and adrenal cortex to lower blood pressure.
Diapedesis refers to __________. the movement of leukocytes from blood vessels into tissue spaces the type of movement erythrocytes use in the tissue spaces the engulfing of foreign bodies by leukocytes the secretion of chemicals that trigger the inflammatory process the chemical attraction leukocytes use to reach the site of tissue damage
the movement of leukocytes from blood vessels into tissue spaces To protect the body from foreign invasion, WBCs need to leave circulation and move out of capillary vessels into tissue space, a process called diapedesis.
The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which __________. the muscle cell is ready to respond to a threshold stimulus the muscle cell is ready to respond to any stimulus the muscle cell will respond only to an exceptionally strong stimulus the muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength the muscle cell will respond only to a sub-threshold stimulus
the muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength
The cardiac cycle includes all of the following events EXCEPT __________. the number of times the heart beats in one minute the movement of impulse from the SA node to all regions of the heart wall the changes in blood volume in all chambers of the heart the changes in pressure gradients in all chambers of the heart the closing and opening of the heart valves during each heartbeat
the number of times the heart beats in one minute. The cardiac cycle refers to the mechanical events occurring during one heartbeat.
Polydipsia is excessive __________ associated with diabetes mellitus. hunger urine output thirst blood glucose levels
thirst Polydipsia is one of the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus, in which dehydration stimulates the thirst centers of the hypothalamus, triggering excessive thirst.
Which of the following is a function of lymphocytes? to regulate pH to carry oxygen to maintain body temperature to produce albumin to destroy virus-containing cells
to destroy virus-containing cells Lymphocytes are specific immune system cells that destroy the body's invaders.
Which of the following is a function of erythrocytes? to kill parasitic worms to phagocytize bacteria to mount immune response to release histamine to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which of the following is the correct sequence of layers in the vessel wall from superficial to deep? tunica intima, tunica externa, tunica media tunica intima, tunica externa, tunica media tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima tunica media, tunica intima, tunica externa It varies from vessel to vessel.
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
The __________ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the sinoatrial (SA) node. accessory hypoglossal facial vagus
vagus
Reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel as the smooth muscle contracts is known as __________. vasoconstriction vasodilation arteriosclerosis atherosclerosis varicose veins
vasoconstriction Depending on the body's needs, either vasoconstriction (reduction in lumen diameter as the smooth muscle contracts) or vasodilation (increase in diameter) occurs.
The trabeculae carneae are located in the __________. ventricles epicardium endocardium atria
ventricles
