Comptia Project Plus USE THIS study guide
A. Adjourning B. Storming D. Forming F. Norming
Which of the following are the stages of development that project teams progress through? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. Adjourning B. Storming C. Acquiring D. Forming E. Compromising F. Norming G. Negotiating
A. Outsourcing B. Relocation C. Split D. Acquisition
Which of the following are the types of organizational change that can have a significant impact on the project? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. Outsourcing B. Relocation C. Split D. Acquisition E. External organizational F. Procurement
Milestone
Which of the following can convey that you have achieved the completion of an interim key deliverable?
Gate review
Which of the following communication triggers occurs at the end of each project phase once the milestones are achieved?
A. Monitors the delivery of major milestones B. Provides or obtains financial resources D.Runs interference and removes roadblocks
Which of the following describe the responsibilities of a project sponsor? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. Monitors the delivery of major milestones B. Provides or obtains financial resources C. Integrates all the components and artifacts of a project D. Runs interference and removes roadblocks
Acceptance criteria
Which of the following describes how to know the completed deliverables are satisfactory?
WBS
Which of the following is a deliverables-oriented hierarchy that defines the work of a project?
WBS
Which of the following is a deliverables-oriented hierarchy used to decompose a project?
KPI
Which of the following is a measurable value that shows whether the project is reaching its intended goals?
Lessons learned
Which of the following is a project document created in the project closing process group that describes what went well and what didn't go well on the project?
Quality gate
Which of the following is added to the project schedule to determine whether the work is correct?
Smoothing
Which of the following is considered a lose-lose conflict-resolution technique and emphasizes the areas of agreement over the areas of disagreement?
Cost estimates have a quality factor built into them.
Which of the following is not true regarding cost estimating?
Cost baseline
Which of the following is the approved, expected cost of a project?
NDA
Which of the following is used to assure that sensitive or trade secret information is not shared outside an organization?
Procurement
Which of the following management processes uses the make or buy analysis?
Planning Here are the activities involved in the planning process: Develop a project schedule. Create a work breakdown structure. Determine resources. Identify and plan for detailed risks. Determine project requirements. Write a communication plan. Develop a procurement plan if utilizing resources outside an organization. Develop a change management plan. Define the project budget.
Which of the following process groups determines the availability of required resources for the project?
AC AC is actual costs expended for work completed during a given period, PV is planned value, EV is earned value, and BAC is budget at completion.
Which of the following represents money expended for completed work during a given period?
In-house, Remote
Which of the following resources are categorized as personnel management activities?
Share
Which of the following strategies associated with positive risks assigns the risk to a third party who is best able to bring about the opportunity?
Bottom-up
Which of the following techniques assigns an estimated cost to each work package on a project and provides estimate of the total project cost?
Zero float
Which of the following terms describes a critical path task?
Version control
Which of the following will you use to effectively track all the changes done by the project stakeholder in the project plan document?
Agile
Which project management methodology uses self-organized and self-directed teams?
Weighted scoring model
Which tool is used in the vendor selection process to pick a winning bidder?
Project manager
Who is responsible for assembling the project's team members?
Scrum master
Who is responsible for assisting the product owner in defining backlog items, and educating the team on the Agile processes?
A project manager has to allot team members to a new project. Which of the following must the project manager have before assigning team members to project work?
Work breakdown structure Resource availability
You're project manager for your organization and are working with your project team to create a WBS. What's the smallest element in your WBS called?
Work package - the deliverable created by the project effort
^^ Elements of the project that are not listed on the WBS are considered what?
Work that is not included in the WBS is not part of the project. Exclusions from scope are work components that are not included in the project and should not appear on the WBS.
Describe the Activity Sequencing process
Activity Sequencing is the process of identifying dependency relationships between the project activities and scheduling activities in the proper order.
^^ Executing phase of the PML
Actual work of the project is completed. Objectives and requirements are met
C. Project Risk Management D. Project Procurement Management E. Project Integration Management Here are the Project Management Knowledge Areas: Project Integration Management Project Scope Management Project Time Management Project Cost Management Project Quality Management Project Human Resource Management Project Communications Management Project Risk Management Project Procurement Management Project Stakeholder Management
Which of the following are the Project Management Knowledge Areas? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. Project Budget Management B. Project Plan Management C. Project Risk Management D. Project Procurement Management E. Project Integration Management
A. Closing E. Executing F. Planning
Which of the following are project management phases? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. Closing B. Budgeting C. Documenting D. Communicating E. Executing F. Planning G. Scheduling
B. Technical ability of the vendor to perform the work of the project C. Warranty period D. Intellectual property rights and proprietary rights
Which of the following are the selection criteria you should consider when evaluating bids and proposals? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. Acceptance criterion B. Technical ability of the vendor to perform the work of the project C. Warranty period D. Intellectual property rights and proprietary rights
Name the positive risk response strategies.
The positive risk response strategies are exploit, share, and enhance.
Acceptance criteria
The process and the criteria that will be used to determine whether the deliverables are acceptable and satisfactory.
Organizational planning
The process of addressing factors that may impact how to manage a project team, defining roles and responsibilities for project team members, identifying how the project team will be organized, and documenting a staffing management plan.
^^ Scope Control
The process of documenting and managing changes to project scope. Any modification to the agreed-upon WBS is considered a scope change. Changes in product scope will require changes to project scope, and scope changes always require schedule changes.
Schedule Control
The process of documenting and managing changes to the project schedule.
Procurement planning
The process of identifying what goods or services will be purchased from outside the organization. It uses make-or-buy analysis to determine whether goods or services should be purchased outside the organization or produced internally.
Forward pass
The process of working from the left to the right of a network diagram in order to calculate early start and early finish dates for each activity.
Risk Monitoring and Control
The process that involves implementing the risk response plan, tracking and monitoring identified risks, and identifying and responding to new risks as they occur.
Risk Analysis
The process used to identify and focus on those risks that are the most critical to the success of your project.
State the purpose of a project kickoff meeting.
The project kickoff meeting is a way to formally introduce all project team members, to review the goals and the deliverables for the project, to discuss roles and responsibilities, and to review stakeholder expectations.
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)
The project management standard developed by the Project Management Institute.
Name the three common causes of variance.
These are random variances, known or predictable variances, and variances that are always present in the process.
Functional Requirements
These define what the product of the project will do by focusing on how the end user will interact with the product.
High-Level Requirements
These explain the major characteristics of the product and describe the relationship between the business need and the product requested. This is also referred to as a product description.
Name the four reasons for project endings.
They are addition, starvation, integration, and extinction.
State the five stages of team development.
They are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.
Forcing
This is a conflict-resolution technique where one party forces their solution on the others. This is an example of a win-lose conflict resolution technique.
Extinction
This is a type of project ending that occurs when the project is completed and accepted by the stakeholders.
Name the conflict-resolution technique most often used by project managers.
This is confronting, also known as problem solving. This technique involves discovering the facts regarding the issue and letting the facts help define the solution.
PV
This is the cost of work authorized and budgeted for a scheduled activity or WBS component during a given time period or phase.
It will prevent future schedule risk.
This is the final, approved version of the project schedule. All of the following are true regarding this term except for which of the following?
Exploit
This positive risk strategy looks for opportunities to take advantage of positive project impacts if a risk event occurs.
T^^ Three-point estimates
Three-point estimates are an average of most likely, pessimistic, and optimistic estimates.Three-point estimate = (most likely estimate + optimistic estimate + pessimistic estimate)/3= (40 + 24 + 65)/3 = 43 hours
Name the types of barriers a project manager might face when managing teams.
Time zones, language and communication barriers, cultural differences, hierarchical barriers, and technology barriers are all types of barriers.
This type of estimate is predicated on historical data and expert judgement
Top-down
Which of the following is not a project selection method?
Top-down estimation
Describe transferring the project results to the organization.
Transferring the project results occurs once sign-off has been obtained. There should be a documented transition plan for transferring the project results, including describing the type of training or skills needed to maintain the product. License costs, warranty coverage and time period, user documentation, and any other materials needed by the organization should be included in the transfer.
Which of the following describes how the transition of the final product or service of the project will be transitioned to the organization?
Transition plan
If there is a product quality issue, which of the following methods will a project manager adopt to align product quality with its specifications?
Trend analysis Pareto chart
In a risk management plan, what are the inputs to a risk matrix?
Type of risk Contingency plan
^^ A team member notifies the PM that she is about to add extra functionality to the project. She says that there will be no impact on the cost or schedule. Which of the following actions should the PM complete? Inform customer of change, Understand what functionality is proposed, and if team member is gold plating and halt her progress, Implement change and track change with respect to scope
Understand what functionality is proposed, and if team member is gold plating and halt her progress
Informal communications
Unplanned or ad hoc communications, including phone calls, emails, conversations in the hallway, or impromptu meetings.
A. Vendor knowledge bases C. Collaboration tools D. Intranet sites Here are the knowledge management tools: Intranet sites Internet sites Wiki pages Vendor knowledge bases Collaboration tools
Which of the following are knowledge management tools? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. - Vendor knowledge bases - Balanced score card - Collaboration tools - Intranet sites
Loaded rate
A rate used for cost estimating of human resources that includes a percentage of the salary to cover employee benefits, such as medical, disability, or pension plans.
^^ Starvation
A type of project ending where resources are cut off from the project.
Integration
A type of project ending where the resources of the project are reassigned or redeployed to other projects or other activities within the organization.
Requests for proposal
All of the following represent a category of contract used in procurement except for which one?
Name the tools and techniques for Quality Control.
These are histograms, Pareto diagrams, control charts, statistical sampling, flowcharting, run charts, and Ishikawa diagrams.
Be able to define the role of a project manager
A project manager's core function is project integration. A project manager leads the project team and oversees all the work required to complete the project goals to the satisfaction of the stakeholders.
Enterprise
A project that will be used by users throughout the enterprise.
Goal and objective
"Install an Interactive Voice Response System that will increase customer response time by an average of 15 seconds and decrease the number of customer service interactions by 30 percent" is an example of which of the following elements of the project charter?
Fixed-price contract
A contract that states a fixed fee for the work that the vendor will perform.
Work breakdown structure (WBS)
A deliverables-oriented hierarchy that defines the total work of the project. Each level has more detailed information than the previous level.
Equipment
(a) Resources such as servers, specialized test equipment, or additional PCs that are required for a project. (b) One of the categories of project resources. It includes test tools, servers, PCs, or other related items required to complete the project.
^^ Project Sponsor
- A project sponsor is the person who authorizes and approves the project charter. - Defines the business case and justification - Removing roadblocks - Marketing project - Serve as final decision maker for all project issues -Monitor and control delivery of major milestones -Run interference -Approve the project baseline, - Communicate or market the benefits of the project. - Approval for funding aka financials for the project
^^ Your manager has asked you to prepare a project charter for a new process improvement need in your department. You want to do a good job and prepare a charter that contains all the appropriate attributes for the project. Which of the following will you be sure to include in your charter? Choose all that apply. - Clearly defined objectives and goals - Stakeholder buy-in and approval - Noted projects with reusable solutions - A problem or issue statement - A defined start and end date
- Clearly defined objectives and goals - Stakeholder buy-in and approval - A problem or issue statement - A defined start and end date A project should be unique. If the goal is to implement a pre-selected solution, then you are working with an implementation plan, not a project.
^^ Project team members are responsible for several aspects of projects such as?
- Estimated task durations - Contribute deliverables according to the schedule - Estimate costs
^^ Project Baseline
- Includes the approved project quality plan - Includes the approved project schedule - Is approved by the project sponsor - Includes the approved project scope
^^ High Level Scope Definition
- Reason for project - High-level deliverables for project - Objectives of project
^^ Project Coordinator
- Responsible for supporting the project manager, providing cross-functional coordination, documentation, time and resource scheduling, and checking for quality.
?? You have identified all the key stakeholders on the project. You've listed their names, departments, interests in the project, and level of influence. What have you created?
- Stakeholder matrix - Artifact
?? Which of the following are true regarding project portfolios?
- The programs and projects within the portfolio support the strategic goals of the portfolio. - The independent projects in the portfolio may not have anything in common.
Network diagram
A depiction of project activities and the interrelationships between these activities.
Enterprise project
A project that will be used by users throughout the enterprise.
Costs are less than that budgeted.
A project's cost variance (CV) is positive. What does this result indicate?
?? PMO provides what?
- Tools - Governance process - Templates
^^ Matrix Organization characteristics
- Typically are organized along departmental lines, like a functional organization. - Employees are assigned project tasks by their project manager - Matrix organizations can be structured as strong, weak, or balanced. - Project managers and functional managers share authority levels. - Resources can be shared across projects - Resources belong to different functional units / possess different sets of knowledge and skills. Allocating resources to different projects presents opportunity to share knowledge. Highly skilled resources become available to the projects. This structure gives an environment of job security for employees because workers return full time to their regular positions once the project ends.
Inspection
A quality control technique that includes examining, measuring, or testing work results.
WBS dictionary
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
Request for Proposal
A document that is sent out to potential vendors requesting them to provide a proposal on a product or service.
Project plan
A document, or assortment of documents, that constitutes what the project is, what the project will deliver, and how all the processes will be managed. Used as the guideline throughout the project Executing and Controlling phases to track and measure project performance and to make future project decisions. Also used as a communication and information tool for stakeholders, team members, and management.
Parametric estimating
A quantitatively based estimating technique that is typically calculated by multiplying rate times quantity.
Ishikawa Diagram
A Quality Control technique that shows the relationship between the effects of problems and their causes. This is also known as a cause-and-effect diagram and fishbone diagram.
Cause-and-effect diagram
A Quality Control technique that shows the relationship between the effects of problems and their causes. This is also known as an Ishikawa diagram and a fishbone diagram.
Prevention
A Quality Control tool and technique that keeps errors from reaching the customer. Prevention is less expensive than having to fix problems after they've occurred.
^^ Run Chart
A Quality Control tool and technique that shows variation in the process over time or shows trends such as improvements or the lack of improvements in the process.
Describe a RAM
A RAM is a resource assignment matrix that shows the WBS identifier, the type of resource required, and the number of resources for each skill set. An RACI chart is a type of RAM that describes the resources and their level of responsibility, including responsible, accountable, consult, or inform.
Which of the following is not true regarding a project's work breakdown structure (WBS)?
A WBS defines what will or will not be included in a project
Change Control Board
A board responsible for reviewing and approving, denying, or delaying change requests. The change control board is usually made up of stakeholders, managers, project team members, and others who might have an interest in the project.
Materials
A catchall category of project resources that includes software, utility requirements such as electricity or water, any supplies needed for the project, or other consumable goods.
Quantitative Risk Analysis
A complex analysis technique that uses a mathematical approach to numerically analyze the probability and impact of risk events.
Confronting
A conflict-resolution technique that is also known as problem solving. This is the best way to resolve conflicts and involves fact finding to bear out the solution. This is a win-win conflict-resolution technique.
Avoiding
A conflict-resolution technique that occurs when one party refuses to talk anymore about the issue and physically leaves. This is an example of a lose lose conflict resolution technique. This technique is also known as withdrawal.
Compromise
A conflict-resolution technique where each party involved gives up something to reach a resolution. This is not generally a permanent solution.
Estimate at Completion (EAC)
A forecast of the total cost of the project based on both current project performance and the remaining work. The formula is EAC = AC + ETC.
Decision model
A formal method of project selection that helps managers make the best use of limited budgets and human resources. Includes benefit measurement methods and constrained optimization models.
Project review
A formal presentation by the project manager or project team members to the sponsor, the client, and the other executive stakeholders.
Control Chart
A graph of the variance of several samples of the same process over time based on a mean, an upper control limit, and a lower control limit.
Order of magnitude
A high-level estimate of the time and cost of a project based on the actual cost and duration of a similar project.
Contract
A legally binding document that describes the work that will be performed, how the work will be compensated, and any penalties for noncompliance.
Activity list
A list of all the activities required to complete the work of the project that also includes an identifier code and the WBS code it's associated with. Activities are broken down from the work package level of the WBS.
Resource pool description
A listing of all the job titles within a company or department with a brief description of the job. It may also identify the number of people currently employed in each job title.
Describe the possible impacts to check for when evaluating a major change to the project scope.
A major change to the project scope may impact the critical path, schedule end date, budget, and resources, as well as introduce new risks.
Lines of communication
A mathematical formula that determines the number of lines of communication between participants in a meeting. The formula is n (n - 1) / 2, where n represents the number of participants.
Trend Analysis
A mathematical technique that can be used to predict future defects based on historical results.
Bidder conference
A meeting held by the buyer with potential vendors during the procurement process to allow vendors to ask questions and get clarification on the project.
Explain a network diagram
A network diagram is used in Activity Sequencing to depict project activities and the interrelationships and dependencies among these activities.
Risk List
A numbered list of risks that are produced during the risk identification process and that are documented within a risk register.
Stakeholder
A person or an organization that has something to gain or lose as a result of the project. Most stakeholders have a vested interest in the outcomes of the project.
Risk
A potential future event that can have either negative or positive consequences.
Name the two major relationships between dependent tasks
A predecessor is a task that exists on a path with another task and occurs before the task in question. A successor is a task that exists on a common path with another task and occurs after the task in question.
Close Procurements
A process that concerns completing and settling the terms of the contract and documenting its acceptance.
Scope Verification
A process that concerns formally accepting the deliverables of the project and obtaining sign-off that they're complete.
Resource Planning
A process that defines and documents all the resources needed and the quantity of resources needed to perform project activities, including human, material, and equipment resources.
^^ Risk Response
A process that describes how to reduce threats and take advantage of opportunities, documents the plan for negative and positive risk events, and assigns owners to each risk. determines an action to be taken to reduce the negative impact of a risk on a project. It is the process of reviewing the risk analysis and determining what, if any, action should be taken to reduce negative impacts and take advantage of opportunities as a result of a risk event occurring.
^^ Integrated Change Control
A process that influences the factors that cause change, determines that a change is needed or has happened, and manages and monitors change. All other change control processes are integrated with this process.
Administrative Closure
A process that involves gathering and disseminating information to formalize project closure. The completion of each project phase requires Administrative Closure also. The primary purpose of this process is to gather lessons learned and distribute the notice of acceptance.
Cost Control
A process that measures the project spending to date, determines whether changes have occurred to the cost baseline, and takes action to deal with the changes. This process monitors the budget and manages changes to the cost baseline.
Be able to define a project
A project brings about a unique product, service, or result and has definite beginning and ending dates.
Be able to identify the difference between a project and ongoing operations
A project is a temporary endeavor to create a unique product or service. Operational work is ongoing and repetitive.
Responsibility assignment matrix (RAM)
A resource chart that defines the WBS identifier, the resource type needed for the WBS element, and the quantity of resources needed for the task. A WBS is displayed in chart form.
Fast tracking
A schedule compression technique where two activities that were previously scheduled to start sequentially start at the same time. Fast-tracking reduces schedule duration.
^^ Fast Tracking
A schedule compression technique where two activities that were previously scheduled to start sequentially start at the same time. Fast-tracking reduces schedule duration. Fast tracking is performing multiple tasks in parallel that were previously scheduled to start sequentially. Adding more resources increases the cost for the project.
Critical path method (CPM)
A schedule development method that determines a single early and late start date, early and late finish date, and the float for each activity on the project.
Be able to list the components of a scope statement
A scope statement includes a product description, key deliverables, success and acceptance criteria, key performance indicators, exclusions, assumptions, and constraints.
Successor
A task on the network diagram that occurs after another task.
Predecessor
A task on the network diagram that occurs before another task.
?? Expert judgment
A technique used in project selection, determining estimates, and determining other related project information that relies on the knowledge of those with expertise on the requested subject matter. Expert judgment can come from stakeholders, other departments, consultants, team members, vendors, or industry groups. The executives in your organization typically choose which projects to perform first by reviewing the business case and then determining, based on their experience with similar projects, which will likely perform well and which will not.
?? What is the definition of a project?
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. A time-constrained endeavor with assigned resources responsible for meeting the goals according to the quality standards
Economic model
A type of benefit measurement method. It is a series of financial calculations that provide data on the overall financials of the project and is generally used as a project selection technique.
Defect Repairs
A type of change request that typically comes about during the Monitoring and Controlling process group. Defect repairs either correct or replace components that are substandard or are malfunctioning.
Corrective Actions
A type of change request that typically occurs during the Monitoring and Controlling processes. Corrective actions bring the work of the project back into alignment with the project plan.
Preventive Actions
A type of change request that usually occur during the Monitoring and Controlling process group. Preventive actions are implemented to help reduce the probability of a negative risk event.
Time and materials contract
A type of contract where the buyer and the seller agree on a unit rate, such as the hourly rate for a programmer. The total cost is unknown and will depend on the amount of time spent to produce the product.
Benefit measurement methods
A type of decision model that compares the benefits obtained from a variety of new project requests by evaluating them using the same criteria and comparing the results.
External dependency
A type of dependency where a relationship between a project task and a factor outside the project, such as weather conditions, drives the scheduling of that task.
Mandatory dependency or Mandatory dependencies
A type of dependency where the relationship between two tasks is created by the type of work the project requires. Also known as hard logic, based on the type of work performed and inherent order work will need to be done.
Addition
A type of project ending that occurs when projects evolve into ongoing operations.
RACI Chart or RACI Matrix
A type of responsibility assignment matrix that describes the resources needed for the task and their role for that task using the following descriptors: responsible, accountable, consult, or inform. Project task listed in left hand column, each team member is listed at the top of the remaining columns. This determines who is Responsible, Accountable, Consulted or Informed for a Task
Team Building
A way to get diverse groups of people to work together efficiently and effectively. This is the responsibility of the project manager. It can involve activities performed together as a group or individually designed to improve team performance.
A. The cost of the change B. Updated project planning documents C. A description of the type of change requested D. The amount of time the change will take to implement
A well-written change control process should include which of the following components? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. The cost of the change B. Updated project planning documents C. A description of the type of change requested D. The amount of time the change will take to implement
Name the procedures involved in Administrative Closure.
Administrative Closure involves gathering and centralizing project documents, performing a post-project review, writing the final project close report, archiving project documents, and documenting lessons learned and historical information.
^^ Scope statement
After your project charter is approved, the PM should first create a scope statement. Identifies the deliverables and acceptance/success criteria that will meet those objectives. Defines boundaries, work or outcomes that should NOT be considered part of the project. Statement is used to develop the work breakdown structure (WBS). A basis for a common understanding of the project and for making future decisions regarding the project
Memorandum of Understanding aka MOU
Agreement between two or more parties. Defines the roles, responsibilities and contractual relationships that will be established if the firms are awarded the project and the joint venture is formed (Aka Teaming Agreement). Close to a letter of intent
Performing
Ahh, perfection. Well, almost, anyway. Performing is where great teams end up. This stage is where the team is productive and effective. The level of trust among team members is high, and great things are achieved. This is the mature development stage.
Discretionary dependency
Aka soft logic, reflect the discretion of the project team. Usually based on past experiences or best practices
All of the following are factors that influence communication methods except which one?
All of the following are factors that influence communication methods except which one?
Attrition
All of the following describe types of project endings except for which one?
Technical Requirements
Also known as nonfunctional requirements, the product characteristics needed for the product to perform the functional requirements. Technical requirements typically refer to information technology-related projects. They are typically the elements and functions that happen behind the scenes of a program to meet the client's request.
Rework
An action that is taken as a result of quality activities to correct a defect.
Contingency Reserve
An amount of money or time set aside and dedicated to the project to be used to cover unforeseen costs or time that was not identified as part of the planning process.
Management Reserve
An amount of money set aside by upper management to cover future expenses that can't be predicted during project planning. Funds reserved to meet unpredictable expenses and is NOT used for meeting expenses of unplanned activities emerging from an identified risk.
Analogous estimating
An estimating technique that uses the actual duration of a similar, completed activity to determine the duration of the current activity. This is also called top-down estimating.
Assumptions
An event or action believed to be true for planning purposes. Project assumptions should always be documented.
Risk Triggers
An event that warns a risk is imminent and a response plan should be implemented.
Sponsor
An executive in the organization with authority to allocate funds, assign resources, and enforce decisions regarding the project.
Project Charter
An official, written acknowledgment and recognition that a project exists. It's signed by the project sponsor and gives the project manager authority to assign organizational resources to the work of the project.
Project-based organization
An organizational structure focused on projects. Project managers generally have ultimate authority over the project, and sometimes supporting departments such as human resources and accounting might report to the project manager. Project managers are responsible for making project decisions and acquiring and assigning resources.
Revision
An update to the approved start or end date of the schedule baseline, typically a result of approved scope changes.
Which of the following estimating techniques is less accurate but allows you to use cost estimates from previous similar project to help you quickly determine estimates for a current project?
Analogous
Analogous Estimating Techniques.aka Top Down
Analogous, or top-down, estimates use expert judgment and historical data to provide a high-level estimate for the entire project, a phase of the project, or a deliverable. Uses historical data from past projects along with expert judgment who have expertise in a certain area
A well-written change control process should include which of the following components? Choose three.
Analysis of the impacts of change The stages at which changes are accepted Instructions for updating any affected project planning documents.
Qualitative Risk Analysis
Determining the impact of identified risks on the project and the probability they'll occur. Aligns risks in a priority order according to their effect on the project objectives.
^^ Net present value (NPV)
Evaluation of the cash inflows using the discounted cash flow technique, which is applied to each period the inflows are expected. The total present value of the cash flows is deducted from the initial investment; this assumes that cash inflows are reinvested at the cost of capital. It is similar to discounted cash flows.
^^ Scope statement componets
Exclusions, Project description, Assumptions and constraints, key deliverables, success and acceptance criteria, time and cost estimates.
Which quality standards are documented in a quality management plan?
Exit criteria Quality checklists Quality metrics
^^ The project manager discusses project change with project sponsor. The sponsor wants a new feature in the mobile app. Project manager documents the request, evaluates its impact, and provides justification for change. According to the change control process, what should the PM include as part of evaluating the impact and justification.
Develop a regression plan. This will provide a means to reverse any changes that are implemented
Cost Estimating
Developing an estimation of the cost of resources needed for each project activity.
Matrix
In which type of organization does the project manager share responsibility for team member assignments and performance evaluations with the functional manager?
^^ Project Management Office (PMO)
Established by organizations to create and maintain procedures and standards for project management methodologies to be used throughout the organization. The PMO establishes governance processes for projects as well as providing tools, templates, and more for managing projects.
Schedule Update
Any change that is made to the project schedule as part of the ongoing work involved with managing the project.
^^ Deliverables
Are an output or result that must be completed in order to consider the project complete. Deliverables are measurable outcomes or results or are specific items that must be produced in order to consider the project complete. Deliverables are tangible and are easily measured and verified. Requirements provide detailed characteristics of the deliverables.
C. Name of the person who reported the issue D. Status of the issue E. Date the issue was recorded
As a project manager, you have been asked to create an issue log. What will you include in it? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. Cost of the issue B. Probability and impact of the issue C. Name of the person who reported the issue D. Status of the issue E. Date the issue was recorded
Bottom-up
As a project manager, you have been asked to estimate the cost for the project. You want that cost estimate for the project to be as accurate as possible. Which of the following techniques will you use to accomplish the task?
Constraint
As a project manager, you have informed your team that they should complete their project by April 21. This is an example of which of the following?
Conduct a meeting with the stakeholder to review the scope.
As a project manager, you have noticed that a scope of a project is constantly changing by a stakeholder. What should you do to control the project scope?
Adjourning
As the name implies, adjourning refers to breaking up the team after the work is completed.
Activity Duration
Assessing the number of work periods needed to complete the project activities. Work periods are usually expressed in hours or days. Large projects might express duration in weeks or months.
Cost Budgeting
Assigning cost estimates to activities and creating the cost baseline, which measures the performance of the project throughout the project's life.
Bottom-Up
Assigns an estimated cost to each work package on a project and provides estimate of the total project cost
^^ Initiating process aka Initiation Phase
Authorizes the project to begin. The following items are developed during this time: High-level risks, High-level scope definition, Business case. This phase is over once the project charter is signed.
Parametric
Available for complex projects and calculates cost by multiplying the quantity of work with the rate
Describe the elements of a change management process.
Include change request forms, a change request log, analysis of changes, the CCB aka Change Control Board, coordination and communication with stakeholders, and updating the affected project planning documents.
^^ Initiation Phase of Project Management LIfecycle
Base case is made. Project is chartered. Core team is assembled.
You are project manager for the ORGH company. Nancy Spears, the CIO, has asked you to create a document that will determine whether or not a new, proposed project is worth doing. What type of document has she asked you to create?
Business case
Define the purpose of CPM
CPM calculates the longest path in the project. This path controls the finish date of the project. Any delay to a critical path task will delay the completion date of the project.
Program evaluation and review technique (PERT)
Calculates the expected value, or weighted average, of critical path tasks to determine project duration by using three estimates: most likely, pessimistic, and optimistic. The PERT calculation is (optimistic + pessimistic + (4 × most likely)) / 6.
^^ Pareto Diagram
Calculates the individual value and the cumulative total with the help of bar and line graphs. Helps the project team focus on the most significant problems. A Quality Control technique used to rank importance of a problem based on its frequency of occurrence over time. More commonly referred to as the 80/20 rule, which says that the majority of defects are caused by a small set of problems. Diagram shows problems ranked in descending order of significance.
Backward pass
Calculating late start and late finish dates by starting at the end of a network diagram and working back through each path until reaching the start of the network diagram. This is part of critical path method (CPM), which is a mathematical technique to develop the project schedule.
^^ Payback period estimate
Cash-flow technique for identifying the length of time it takes for the organization to recover all the costs of producing the project. It compares the initial investment to the expected cash inflows over the life of the project and determines how many time periods elapse before the project pays for itself. Least precise of all cash-flow technique. Net present value is the most conservative cash-flow technique and discounted cash flow and internal rate of return will generally bring you to the same accept/reject conclusion.
You're creating a project network diagram for your organization. You need to discover which activities have no project float available. What are these activities called in your project network diagram?
Critical path activities
^^ Project Scope Statement
Includes acceptance criteria, key deliverables, assumptions, constraints, key success factors. It is used to develop the Work Breakdown Structure aka WBS
When you're in the monitoring and controlling process, where will you concentrate most of your effort?
Checking for out-of-scope conditions
Which of the following are advantages of a functional organization?
Clear chain of commands Opportunities for those with unique skills to flourish Growth potential and a career path for employees
Performance Reporting
Collecting information regarding project progress and project accomplishments and reporting it to the stakeholders, project team members, management team, and other interested parties. It also makes predictions regarding future project performance.
Name some of the common causes of conflict.
Common causes are competing resource demands, expert judgment, and varying work styles.
^^ Communication Plan
Communication plan determines who needs what types of communication, when, and in what format, and how that communication will be disseminated. It includes frequency, format, distribution method, stakeholder name, communication type, and responsible party.
Describe the importance of Communications Planning
Communications Planning is the key to project success. It involves determining who needs information, when, and in what format, and the frequency of the communication.
Benchmarking
Compares previous similar activities to the current project activities to provide a standard to measure performance against. It's often used to derive ideas for quality improvements for the project.
Discounted cash flow (DCF)
Compares the value of the future cash flows of the project to today's dollars.
Post-Project Review
Conducted at the end of the project to document lessons learned.
^^ Closing of PML
Confirm objectives were met. Turn over the final project to customer, project sponsor or designated recipient.
Quality Management Plan
Describes how the project management team will enact the quality policy and documents the resources needed to carry out the quality plan. It describes the responsibilities of the project team in implementing quality and outlines all the processes and procedures the project team and organization will use to satisfy quality requirements.
^^ Project description
Describes the characteristics of the product, service, or result of the project.
Statement of Work
Contains the details of a procurement item in clear, concise terms and includes the project objectives, a description of the work of the project, and concise specifications of the product or services required.
^^ Statement of work (SOW)
Contains the details of a procurement item in clear, concise terms and includes the project objectives, a description of the work of the project, and concise specifications of the product or services required. SOW (statement of work) is used by vendors to determine whether they are capable of producing the deliverables and to determine their interest in bidding on the project work. It details the goods or services you want to procure. It contains the project description, major deliverables, success criteria, assumptions, and constraints.
Understand the key elements of the Close Procurements process.
Contract closeout verifies that all the work described in the contract was completed satisfactorily per the contract terms and conditions. It includes notifying the vendor in writing that the work of the contract was accepted.
Name and describe the three types of change requests.
Corrective actions bring the work of the project into alignment with the project plan, preventive actions are implemented to help reduce the probability of a negative risk event, and defect repairs correct or replace components that are substandard or malfunctioning.
This is the process of aggregating all cost estimates and establishing a project cost baseline.
Cost budgeting
Appraisal Costs
Costs of quality that cover the activities that keep the product defects from reaching the client, including inspection, testing, and formal quality audits.
^^ Crashing
Crashing is implemented by adding more resources to the critical path tasks to complete the project more quickly. This is a schedule compression technique that adds resources to the project to reduce the time it takes to complete the project. Allows project to be finished on time without adding significant cost.
Communications Planning
Determines the communication needs of the stakeholders, when and how the information will be received, and who will receive the information.
Make-or-buy analysis
Determines the cost effectiveness of producing goods or services in-house vs. procuring them from outside the organization.
Project schedule
Determines the start and finish dates for project activities and assigns resources to the activities.
Scope management plan
Defines the process for preparing the scope statement and the WBS. This also documents the process that manages project scope and changes to project scope.
Human Resources Planning
Defining team member roles and responsibilities, establishing an appropriate structure for team reporting, securing the right team members, and bringing them on the project as needed for the appropriate length of time.
Which of the following estimate types is most reliable for use in a software development project?
Definitive
Trust building
Demonstrating competency, respect, honesty, integrity, openness, and doing what you say you'll do is an example of which of the following?
^^ Finish-to-Finish
Dependency indicates that the predecessor activity must finish before the successor activity can finish
^^ Start-to-Finish
Dependency indicates that the predecessor activity must start before the successor activity can finish.
^^ Start-to-Start
Dependency indicates that the predecessor activity must start before the successor activity can start
^^ Finish-to-Start
Dependency that is the most common dependency relationship
?? Your project has expected cash inflows of $7.8 million in today's dollars. Which cash flow technique was used to determine this?
Discounted cash flow
An ACD project is underway and conflict has arisen between resource managers and project managers. What's the best method of avoiding staffing conflict between resource managers and project managers?
Discover the facts regarding the issue and let the facts help define the solution
Explain the purpose for the Distribute Information process.
Distribute Information is concerned with getting stakeholders information about the project in a timely manner. This is accomplished using status reports, project meetings, review meetings, and so on, depending on their communication preferences.
^^ Project Charter
Document provides formal approval for the project to begin and authorizes the project manager to apply resources to the project. The key components are the problem statement, deliverables, milestones, costs, assumptions, constraints, risks, stakeholders, and project description. Project manager writes the project charter. Should NEVER include the business case
Product Description
Documents the key characteristics of the product or service that will be created by the project.
^^ Scope management plan
Documents the procedures for preparing the project scope statement and WBS, defines how the deliverables will be verified, and describes the process for controlling scope change requests. Contains a definition of how the deliverables will be validated, but the acceptance criteria are documented in the scope statement.
^^ Business Case
Documents the reasons for the project, justification for the project, and how it fits in with the company objectives. It establishes the justification for the project, how it aligns to the strategic goals of an organization, and the business need or opportunity that brought about the project.
Staffing management plan
Documents when and how human resources will be added to and released from the project team and what they will be working on while they are part of the team.
Define estimate to complete (ETC), estimate at completion (EAC), and budget at completion (BAC).
Estimate to complete (ETC) is a forecast of the cost of all remaining project work and is usually provided by the project team members. Estimate at completion (EAC) is a projection of final project costs obtained by adding the ETC to the actual project costs to date. Budget at completion (BAC) is the total amount of the budget for the work package, control account, schedule activity, or project.
Earned Value Measurement (EVM)
EVM is a tool and technique of the Cost Control process that compares what you're received or produced as of the measurement date to what you've spent. The three measurements needed to perform earned value measurement are planned value (PV), actual cost (AC), and earned value (EV).
Be able to describe earned value measurement techniques.
Earned value measurement (EVM) monitors the planned value (PV), earned value (EV), and actual costs (AC) expended to produce the work of the project. Cost variance (CV), schedule variance (SV), cost performance index (CPI), and schedule performance index (SPI) are the formulas used with the EVM technique.
Critical success factors
Elements that must be completed in order for the project to be considered complete. Critical success factors that are not satisfactory can lead to project failure.
Three-Point
Estimates the average value of optimistic and pessimistic estimates
Which of the following tools are used to calculate the number of resources required to complete a project?
Expert judgment Project management software
Know and understand the five most commonly used techniques to estimate activity duration
Expert judgment relies on the knowledge of someone familiar with the tasks. Analogous or top-down estimating bases the estimate on similar activities from a previous project. Parametric estimates are quantitatively based estimates that typically calculate the rate times quantity. Three-point estimates use the most likely, optimistic, and pessimistic estimates to determine an average estimate. PERT uses the same estimates as the three-point estimating technique, but it calculates an expected value or weighted average estimate.
Sam is the manager of the NHT project. Its stakeholders are end users, server administrators, functional managers, external customers, technicians, and executive managers. For this high-profile project, which group of stakeholders is the most important?
External customers
^^ You are creating the project schedule and need to define all task dependencies using PDM? Which type or types of dependencies can be depicted? Finish to Finish - Finish to Start, Start to Finish, State to State, Finish to Finish - Finish to Finish
Finish to Start, Start to Finish, State to State
^^ When performing an analysis of the major causes for a problem, which tool allows you to identify the sub-causes of the problem? Pareto diagram, Gantt chart, PERT, fishbone diagram
Fishbone Diagram, also called the cause-effect diagram or Ishikawa diagram, helps to analyze the major cause of a problem. Also helps to identify the sub-causes for the major cause once identified. Diagram resembles the skeleton of a fish. The bones of the skeleton are identified as the major causes for problem.
Project management tools used to monitor and control project work
Fishbone diagrams, Pareto diagrams, process diagrams, Gantt charts, and run charts are examples of which of the following?
All of the following represent a category of contract most commonly used in procurement except for which one?
Fixed-price plus incentive
^^ Strong Matrix
Focuses on project work over functional duties. The project manager has the majority of power in this type of organization.
In which of the following conflict resolution methods does one party win while ignoring the needs and concerns of the other?
Force
^^ Project Endings
Include: Integration occurs when resources are distributed to other areas of an organization, and addition occurs when projects evolve into ongoing operations. Starvation is a project ending caused by project resources being cut off. Extinction occurs when project work is completed and accepted by its stakeholders.
Which of the following components are included in the communication plan?
Format Method of distribution Frequency
Forming
Forming is the beginning stage of team formation, when all the members are brought together, introduced, and told the objectives of the project. This is where team members learn why they're working together. During this stage, team members tend to be formal and reserved and take on an "all-business" approach.
Understand the three categories of requirements
Functional requirements define how the user will interact with the system. Business requirements are the big picture of what the business wants from the system. Technical requirements define what the system does to perform the functional requirements.
^^ Three types of organizational structures
Functional, matrix, and project-based structures. Matrix organizations may be structured as a strong matrix, weak matrix, or balanced matrix organization.
What type of a project network diagram illustrates project work across a calendar to show when project work is slated to take place, with allowances for time away from the project?
Gantt chart
What are the two types of charts you might utilize to display a project schedule?
Gantt chart Milestone chart
Which of the following is a tool for helping a company compare its actual performance with its potential performance?
Gap analysis
What percentage of a message is sent through nonverbal means (e.g.; facial expressions, hand gestures, body language)?
Greater than 50%
^^ Risk breakdown structure (RBS)
Helps in risk identification. Hierarchical representations of risks. It begins at higher-level and goes down to finer-level risks. Any risks identified would be placed in the risk register
Gantt Chart
Horizontal bar chart that shows the activities of project, time required and spent for each activity. A bar is displayed against each activity and length of the bar represents the duration of activity. Best depicts overall schedule of a project because it gives a complete picture of the different activities to be completed in the project plotted against time.
You work as a project manager for uCertify, Inc. James, your department head, has approached you with an idea for a project. Which of the following steps will you take for the pre-project setup for project approval?
Identify the project Develop a project charter Validate the project
Risk Identification
Identifying the potential project risks and documenting their characteristics.
Risk Planning
Identifying, analyzing, and determining how risk events will be managed for a project.
Decomposing
In project management, the process of taking high-level project requirements and breaking them down into the tasks that will generate the deliverables is called what?
CPM aka critical path method, calculates the longest full path in the project. Here, A-C-E-G=15 has the longest full path.
In the given figure, what will be the critical path of the network diagram if task B has 2 days more to perform the work?
Projectized
In this organizational structure, you report to the director of project management, and your team members report to their areas of responsibility (accounting, human resources, and IT). You will have complete control of the project team members' time and assignments once the project is underway. Which type of organization does this describe?
A scrum meeting, which is part of the Agile methodology.
In which meeting do team members come prepared to answer the following three questions? What work they completed yesterday? What work they will complete today? What obstacles stand in their way?
Initiating
In which of the following project phases is high-level risk identified?
Closing
In which of the following project phases is the transition/integration plan included?
^^ Closing process
Includes: Signing off project documents, Archiving of project documents, Review of lessons learned. A process that documents the final delivery and acceptance of the project and is where hand-off occurs to the operational unit. Lessons learned are performed during this process, and project team members are released.
^^ Finish-to-Start dependency
Indicates that the predecessor activity must finish before the successor activity can start.
Bottom-Up Estimating
Individually estimating each work package, all of which are then rolled up, or added together, to come up with a total project estimate. This is a very accurate means of estimating, provided the estimates at the work package level are accurate.
While dealing with a remote team in a project's initial stage, a project manager is having a problem with a remote team member's performance. Which form of communication will address this issue?
Informal verbal communication Informal written communication
Lessons Learned
Information gathered throughout the project (and again at the end of a project phase or the end of the project) that documents the successes and failures of the project. This information is used to benefit the current project and future projects.
^^ Five Process Groups
Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing.
^^ Project Management Lifecycle
Initiation, Planning, Executing, Monitoring & Controlling, Closing
Which of the following is the most important skill a project manager should have to build a diverse project team that can work together efficiently and effectively?
Interpersonal skills
For successful and timely completion, a project includes five phases. Which of the following phases defines internal and external stakeholders who will interact and influence the overall project outcome?
Intiating
^^ Project human resource management
Involves organizational planning, staff acquisition, and team development. It includes processes that organize and manage a project team member with assigned project roles and responsibilities.
^^ Functional Manager
Is the stakeholder that assigns employees to the project in the matrix organization.
You work as a project manager for BlueWell Inc. You have to communicate the causes of risk event to stakeholders. Which risk diagramming technique will you use to accomplish the task?
Ishikawa diagrams Explain: Cause-and effect chart help identify root causes of risk events.
David is manger of the HGF project for his company. He, his project team, and several key stakeholders have completed risk identification and are ready to move into qualitative risk analysis. Tracy, a project team member, doesn't understand why they need to complete a qualitative risk analysis. Which of the following is the best description of qualitative risk analysis?
It's a rapid and cost-effective means of establishing priorities for plan risk responses and lays a foundation for quantitative analysis.
?? Which two elements should always be included in a business case analysis?
Justification and Alignment to the strategic plan. The business case analysis always include the justification for the project and the alignment to the strategic plan. It's a good idea to also include high-level timelines and estimated budgets.
?? Which of the following are the steps required to validate a project?Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. - Validate the project management plan - Justify the project. - Align it to the strategic plan. - Validate the business case. - Identify and analyze stakeholders.
Justify the project. - Align it to the strategic plan. - Validate the business case. - Identify and analyze stakeholders.
^^ The performance measurement tools that determine whether the organizational goals are being achieved
KPI (key performance indicator) KPP (key performance parameter) Balanced score card
Understand what skills are needed to manage a project beyond technical knowledge of the product
Key general management skills include leadership, communication, problem solving, negotiation, organization, and time management.
Describe lessons learned.
Lessons learned describe the successes and failures of the project.
Be able to describe make-or-buy analysis
Make-or-buy analysis is performed in order to determine the cost-effectiveness of either making or buying the goods and services you need for the project.
Define the purpose for the Managing Stakeholder Expectations process.
Managing Stakeholder Expectations involves communicating, resolving issues, improving project performance by implementing change requests, and managing concerns.
You're a project manager for a manufacturing firm. Your project requires installation of a specialized piece of equipment with a unique set of specifications. This equipment is a predecessor task for the project's final deliverable. This scenario is an example of which of the following?
Mandatory dependency
Project performance indicators
Measures that the project manager uses to determine whether the project is on track, such as any deviation from the baseline schedule or the baseline budget.
Schedule Performance Index (SPI)
Measures the progress to date against the progress that was planned. The SPI indicator acts as an efficiency rating. If the result is greater than one, performance is better than expected, and you're ahead of schedule. If it's less than one, performance is less than expected, and you're behind schedule. The formula is SPI = EV / PV.
^^ Cost Performance Index (CPI)
Measures the value of the work completed at the measurement date against actual cost. This is the most critical of all EVM measurements. The formula is CPI = EV / AC.
^^ Performance measuring and reporting is in which phase of work
Monitoring and Controlling
Quality Control
Monitoring work results to see whether they fulfill the quality standards set out in the quality management plan; determines whether the end product conforms to the requirements and product description defined during the planning processes.
^^ Iterative
Project planning processes are iterative, meaning you'll define the scope statement and other planning documents, and as you create these documents, more information may come to light or you may discover an element you missed. So, you'll go back through processes you've already started and modify them with the new information.
?? Your project has expected cash inflows of $7.8 million in today's dollars. The project's initial investment is $9.2 million. Which is true?
NPV is less than zero, so this project should be rejected. NPV is calculated by subtracting the initial investment from the total of the expected cash inflows stated in today's dollars. In this question, the initial investment is higher than the cash flows, so the resulting NPV is less than zero, and the project should be rejected.
Negotiating
Negotiating is a leadership technique and a conflict-resolution technique. Negotiating is the act of two or more parties explaining their needs and coming to a mutual agreement on a resolution.
A change control board meeting was conducted when a team member requested the project manager to change the project scope. Which of the following action should the project manager take next, after the change control board meeting?
Notify the requester of the verdict
Norming
Now things begin to calm down. Team members know each other fairly well by now. They're comfortable with their positions in the team, and they begin to deal with project problems instead of people problems. Decisions are made jointly at this stage, and team members exhibit mutual respect and familiarity with one another.
^^ Scope creep
Occurs when work that has not been formally approved has been added to the project. Formal, accepted changes to scope are not considered scope creep. The minor changes or small additions that are made to the project outside of a formal scope change process that cause project scope to grow and change. Involves changing the product or project scope without regard to impacts to the schedule, budget, and/or resources
Contingency reserves
One of the two types of discretionary funding. Used to fund activities that are not initially planned and result from emerging risk. Monies set aside to cover the cost of possible adverse events. Funds reserved for situations that may cause unexpected and unplanned expenses what a risk event occurs.
Management reserves
One of two types of discretionary funding. Funds set aside by upper management and are used to cover future situations that can't be predicted during project planning.
Explain the importance of organizational governance.
Organizational governance recognizes the importance of regulations, laws, and other standards that may impact the project. This also involves internal processes, version control, and checkin/checkout processes.
^^ Planning Phase
Project plans are developed. Schedule, budget, resources. The primary result of this process is the project plan.
You're a project manager for uCertify Inc. You're implementing a project in a European country other than your country of origin. Your team members are scattered around the globe. Which of the following would you not consider in managing your team?
Project presentation methods
^^ Precedence diagramming method (PDM)
PDM types of dependencies include: Finish-to-Start, Start to finish, State to start, Finish to Finish. A network diagramming method that places activities on nodes, which connect to dependent activities using arrows. Also known as activity on node.
?? Your project has expected cash inflows of $1.2 million in year 1, $2.4 million in year 2, and $4.6 million in year 3. The project pays for itself in 23 months. Which cash flow technique was used to determine this? - Discounted cash flow, - Payback period, - IRR, - NPV
Payback period. A technique that calculates the expected cash inflows over time to determine how many periods it will take to recover the original investment.
?? You've been given an idea for a project by an executive in your organization. After writing the business-case analysis, you submit it to the executive for review. After reading the business case, he determines that the project poses a significant amount of risk to the organization. What do you recommend next? - Reject the project based on the analysis. - Perform a feasibility study.
Perform a feasibility study. Feasibility studies are typically undertaken for projects that are risky, projects that are new to the organization, or projects that are highly complex. Projects of significant risk to the organization shouldn't be taken to the selection committee without having a feasibility study first
You work as project manager for uCertify Inc. You're in the middle of your project's executing phase. Its sponsor is determined to cancel it because of unexpected cost overruns and resource shortages. Which of the following steps will you take next?
Perform a post-mortem analysis, and release resources Prepare project closure documents, including lessons learned
You're project manager for BlueWell Inc. You're recording the activity status for your project team's performance. Based on their current performance, your project is likely to be three months late. What type of communication should your team generate to address this performance issue?
Performance report
Post-Mortem Analysis
Performed when a project is canceled or ends prematurely. It describes the reasons for cancelation or failure and documents the deliverables that were completed.
What term is assigned to project completion that allows its next phase to begin?
Phase gate
Formal communications
Planned communications such as project kickoff meetings, team status meetings, written status reports, or team-building sessions.
^^ Planning of the PML
Plans outlined for management of all aspects of the project
^^ Monitoring and Controlling of the PML
Project progress and performance is measured. Changes are proposed where necessary to meet existing or shifting goals.
You're manager of a midsize project that is well underway and is late in its executing phase. What event could occur at this point that might force you to move the project immediately into its closing phase?
Project resources are cut off or reassigned
^^ Cost Variance (CV)
The difference between a task's value at the measurement date and its actual cost. The formula is CV = EV - AC. If CV is negative that means the costs are higher than originally planned for the project
Your project's product must meet a specific quality standard. Taking into account past performance during a similar project, you've made some process adjustments to minimize errors. What tool and technique of the quality control process did you use?
Prevention
?? What is the term for a group of related projects managed in a coordinated fashion?
Program. A program is a group of related projects that can benefit from coordinated management.
Which of these documents authorizes a project to begin?
Project charter
In which of the following circumstances does a project closure phase occur?
Project completion Project cancellation Stage completion
Which of the following knowledge areas involves organizational planning, staff acquisition, and team development?
Project human resource management
^^ Execution
The phase of the project where things such as the kickoff meeting takes place.
Name the two most common ways project schedules are displayed
Project schedules are typically displayed as milestone charts or Gantt charts; a Gantt chart is a type of bar chart.
When taking over an incomplete project, what item should be of most interest to a new project manager?
Project scope document
Which of the following types of organizational structure grants the highest authority to the project manager?
Project-based
?? A project manager has the most authority under which organizational structure?
Projectized. A projectized organization is designed around project work, and project managers have the most authority in this type of structure.
Cost-reimbursable contract
Provides the seller with payment for all costs incurred to deliver or produce the product or service requested.
^^ Monitoring and Controlling
Quality assurance, performance measuring and reporting, and change control are all part of. This project process group is where activities are performed to monitor the progress of the project and determine whether there are variances from the project plan. Corrective actions are taken during this process to get the project back on course.
As a project manager, you've been required to graphically represent roles and responsibilities of different project team members. Which of the following will you produce?
RACI chart
Describe Resource Planning
Resource Planning determines what resources are needed for the project, including human, equipment, and material.
To ensure timely project completion, several team members have worked overtime, which unfortunately resulted in the degraded quality of the finished deliverable. Which of the following is the project management term for what caused the product's degradation?
Resource overloading
A project manager assigns team members from four different countries to work on the same project. While generating a resource management plan, which of the following should be considered first?
Reviewing holiday and vacation schedules with all team members
Explain the three processes used to develop a risk management plan.
Risk Identification is the process of identifying and documenting the potential risk events that may occur on the project. Risk analysis evaluates the severity of the impact to the project and the probability that the risk will actually occur. Risk response planning is the process of reviewing the list of potential risks impacting the project to determine what, if any, action should be taken and then documenting it in a response plan.
Describe the Risk Monitoring and Control Process.
Risk Monitoring and Control is the process of implementing the risk response plan, tracking and monitoring identified risks, and identifying and responding to new risks as they occur.
Determining an order-of-magnitude estimate for responses
Risk analysis includes all of the following except for which one?
The only output of the "perform qualitative risk analysis" process are risk register updates. When project manager updates a risk register, he'll need to include all of the following except for which one?
Risk probability-impact matrix
Which of the following risk factors are not developed in the planning stage?
Risk response control
Describe the purpose for the Schedule Control process.
Schedule Control involves determining the status of the project schedule, determining whether changes have occurred or should occur, and influencing and managing schedule changes.
Describe the purpose for the Scope Control process.
Scope Control involves monitoring the status of the project scope, monitoring changes to the project scope, and monitoring work results to ensure that they match expected outcomes.
Describe the purpose for the Scope Verification process.
Scope Verification involves formally accepting completed deliverables and obtaining sign-off from the stakeholders indicating the deliverables are satisfactory and meet the stakeholders' expectations.
You're project manager for a moderately sized project that's well into its executing phase. What's the largest risk that you'll be monitoring for during this time?
Scope creep
^^ Influences
Scope creep and change requests are examples of influences on the project. Influences can change, impact, or bring about new constraints.
This process concerns formally accepting project deliverables and obtaining sign-off.
Scope verification
^^ Three are the typical constraints found on the majority of projects
Scope, Time, Budget
Success criteria
See acceptance criteria.
Activity Sequencing
Sequencing activities in logical order and determining whether dependencies exist among the activities.
When initially developing your WBS, which of the following is not required?
Sequencing all work components
Rebaselining
Setting a new project baseline because of substantial changes to the schedule or the budget.
Which of the following activities are related to a project's closing process?
Signing off project documents Review of lessons learned Archiving of project documents
Scope
The description of the work involved to complete the project. It defines both what is included in the project and what is excluded from the project.
Holly is project manager for her organization. Two of her resources are in a heated argument over which database server her project should use. Holly intervenes to calm the argument by reminding them that they're on the same team, that both have good points, and that they'll select the database during project planning. The team members agree and move on to project planning. What type of conflict resolution did Holly implement in this scenario?
Smoothing
Smoothing
Smoothing is a temporary way to resolve conflict; the areas of agreement are emphasized over the areas of difference, so the real issue stays buried. This technique does not lead to a permanent solution. Smoothing can also occur when someone attempts to make the conflict appear less important than it really is. Smoothing is an example of a lose-lose conflict-resolution technique because neither side wins.
This is a common cause of conflict.
Some team members on your team are driving each other crazy. They have different ways of organizing the tasks and the disparity in styles are causing them to bicker. Which of the following describes this situation?
Which of the following is performed during the human resource planning process, when you'll prepare and ask interview questions of potential team members?
Staff acquisition
Which project management plan defines how project team resources will be acquired?
Staffing management plan
You're project manager of your company. Management has asked you and Larry, another project manager, to create a plan to provide a smooth transition of the project resources when you projects end. Management wants to ensure that morale remains high in the projects and that project team members can easily move from one project to the next with little to no downtime between the project work. What plan does management want you and Larry to create?
Staffing management plan
Schedule Variance (SV)
The difference between a task's progress as compared to its estimated progress represented in terms of cost. The formula is SV = EV − PV.
Storming
Storming is where the action begins. Team members become confrontational with each other as they're vying for position and control during this stage. They're working through who is going to be the top dog and jockeying for status.
Which of the following measure she project's validity?
Strategic alignment
^^ Tasks Float
Tasks Float, or slack, defined as the amount of time that a task can slip before the critical path is affected. Basically, how long a task can be delayed without affecting the overall finish date of the project. Calculated by Late Start - Early Start or Late Finish - Early Finish
Understand the various means to recognize or reward team members.
Team member contributions can be recognized with monetary rewards or prizes, a mention in the formal project review or status meeting, a letter to executive management, a thank-you, or a team celebration.
Project
Temporary in nature, with a definite start and end date; creates a unique product, service, or result. It is completed when the goals and objectives of the project have been met and signed off on by the stakeholders.
Your organization has recently signed a Fixed Price contract with an IT consulting firm. According to the contract, the firm will be performing an extensive data conversion of some legacy mainframe data. With this contract, which party has the greatest risk?
The IT consulting firm has the greatest risk. Fixed price contract means seller pays the buyer a flat fee for project or service delivered. Since seller must pay cost of unexpected cost, this contract places majority of risk with the seller. In this case the IT firm
^^ Planning Project Phase
The Planning process group is where you begin to define important documents such as the scope statement and project plan.
Name the Quality Planning tools and techniques.
The Quality Planning tools and techniques are cost-benefit analysis, benchmarking, flowcharting, and cost of quality.
Describe a WBS dictionary
The WBS dictionary describes each of the deliverables and their components and includes a code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
Float time
The amount of time the early start of a task may be delayed without delaying the finish date of the project. Also known as slack time.
^^ What phases of the PML (Project Management Lifecycle) is not considered Lineart
The planning, executing, monitoring and controlling
CCB or Change Control Board
The change control board reviews, approves, denies, or delays change requests.
Variance Analysis
The comparison of planned project results with actual project results. The formula is VAC = BAC − EAC.
Impact
The consequences imposed if a risk event occurs on the project.
Be able to name the types of contracts
The contract types include fixed-price, cost-reimbursable, and time and materials.
Explain the purpose of a cost baseline.
The cost baseline is the total approved, expected cost for the project. It's used in the Executing and Monitoring and Controlling processes to monitor the performance of the project budget throughout the project.
Estimate to Complete (ETC)
The cost estimate for the remaining project work. This estimate is provided by the project team members.
Failure Costs
The cost if the product fails, including downtime, user support, rework, and scrapping the project.
Prevention Costs
The cost of activities performed to avoid quality problems, including quality planning, training, and any product or process testing.
Cost of Quality
The cost of all of the work required to assure the project meets the quality standards. The three costs associated with the cost of quality are prevention costs, appraisal costs, and failure costs.
Planed Value (PV)
The cost of work that's been budgeted for an activity during a certain time period.
Actual Cost (AC)
The cost to complete a component of work in a given time period. Actual costs include direct and indirect costs.
^^ Dashboard information document also known as Dashboards
The dashboard information document is produced in the executing and monitoring and controlling process groups. Dashboard information is an electronic reporting tool that lets users choose elements of the project to monitor project health and status. They are a type of status report, a type of performance report, usually have indicators such as red-yellow-green for a quick, at-a-glance status check.
Acceptance
The decision to tolerate the defects that are found as a result of the quality testing. This is also a tool for risk response planning.
Logical relationships
The dependency relationships that may exist between tasks. Finish-to-start is the most common logical relationship.
Internal rate of return (IRR)
The discount rate when the present value of the cash inflows equals the original investment. Projects with higher IRR values are generally considered better than projects with lower IRR values. Assumes that cash inflows are reinvested at the IRR value.
Early finish
The earliest date an activity may finish as logically constrained by the network diagram.
Early start
The earliest date an activity may start as logically constrained by the network diagram.
^^ Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
The first level of the WBS is the project name, in this case ABC Product Launch. The next level of the WBS represents project phases, or subprojects. The project has phases or subprojects, these are listed at the second level, with work package listed at the lowest level. Since the question asks about phase 2 of the project and answer A is project phases, this is the correct second-level entry for the WBS.. The WBS is a deliverable-oriented hierarchy that describes the work required to complete the project. The WBS is a multilevel tree diagram that starts with the project, includes the major deliverables, and decomposes the major deliverables into smaller units of work to the point where time and cost estimates can be provided and resources assigned. A deliverables-oriented structure that defines all the work of the project. Benefits include: can become a template for future projects, helps prevent critical work from being overlooked, excellent tool for team building.
Initiating
The first process in a project life cycle and the first of the five project process groups. This is the formal acknowledgment that the project should begin. The primary result of this process is the project charter.
Explain the purpose of obtaining formal customer or stakeholder sign-off.
The formal sign-off documents that the customer accepts the project work and that the project meets the defined requirements. It also signals the official closure of the project and the transfer of the final product of the project to the organization.
Name the four types of logical relationships (also known as Precedence Diagramming Method aka PDM)
The four types of logical relationships are finish-to-start, start-to-start, start-to-finish, and finish-to-finish.
Project Life Cycle
The grouping of project phases in a sequential order from the beginning of the project to the close.
^^ Levels of WBS (work breakdown structure)
The highest level of the WBS is the project name. The major deliverables, project phases, or subprojects make up the next level. The number of levels in a WBS will vary by project; however, the lowest level of the WBS is a work package.
^^ Scope planning
The key components are the scope management plan, scope statement, and work breakdown structure. The project charter is created during project initiation. The process of defining the scope management plan, the scope statement, and the WBS and WBS dictionary.
Late finish
The latest date an activity can complete without impacting the project end date.
Late start
The latest date an activity can start without impacting the project end date.
^^ Payback period
The length of time it takes a company to recover the initial cost of producing the product or service of the project.
Probability
The likelihood a risk event will occur. Probability is expressed as a number between 0.0 and 1.0.
^^ Critical path
The longest path through the project. Activities with zero float are considered critical path tasks. Add together the number's of days for each path. The one with the most days is the critical path (longest does not mean how long the arrows are rather longest is based on the number of days)
Work package level
The lowest level in a WBS. Team assignments, time estimates, and cost estimates can be made at this level. On very large projects, this level is handed off to subproject managers who develop their own WBS to fulfill the requirements of the work package deliverable.
Be able to identify the most common project selection methods
The most common project selection methods are benefit measurement methods such as cost-benefit analysis, scoring models, payback period, and economic models (which include discounted cash flows, NPV, and IRR), as well as expert judgment.
Name the negative risk response strategies.
The negative risk response strategies are avoid, transfer, mitigate, and accept.
Lines of communication
The network communication model is a visual depiction of what?
Project management knowledge areas
The nine project management groupings, or Knowledge Areas, that bring together common or related processes. They are Integration, Scope, Time, Cost, Quality, Human Resource, Communications, Risk, and Procurement.
Human resources
The people with the background and skills to complete the tasks on the project schedule.
Project manager
The person responsible for applying the skills, knowledge, and project management tools and techniques to the project activities to successfully complete the project objectives.
^^ Project Champion
The person who fully understands, believes in, and espouses the benefits of the project to the organization. This is the cheerleader for the project.
You're manager of a large, high-priority project. There are several negative risks that might affect its ability to finish on time. If the project is late, your organization will face fines of $100,000 per day past the due date
The project schedule management plan and its float calculations.
Maintenance responsibilities of the project deliverables
The project transition plan includes which of the following?
You're preparing a complete quantitative risk analysis with your project team and several subject matter experts. You gather necessary inputs, including the project's cost management plan. Why is necessary to include your project's cost management plan in preparation for quantitative risk analysis?
The project's cost management plan provides control that might determine a structure for quantitative analysis of the budget.
To-Complete Performance Index (TCPI)
The projected performance level that must be achieved in the remaining work of the project in order to satisfy financial or schedule goals. The formula is TCPI = (BAC − EV) / (BAC − AC).
Be able to name the purpose of the Quality Control process.
The purpose of the Quality Control process is to monitor work results to determine whether they comply with the standards set in the quality management plan.
Customer
The recipient of the product or service created by the project. In some organizations this stakeholder may also be referred to as the client.
?? Federico, the director of the marketing department, has approached you with an idea for a project. What are the elements you'll include in the business case?
The recommended solution - Alternative solutions analysis - The business justification for the project - The strategic opportunity/business need that brought about the project
Dependencies
The relationship between project activities.
Business requirements
The requirements that describe how the business objectives of the project will be met.
^^ Show the variance between a task is estimated progress and its actual progress
The schedule variance (SV) is calculated by subtracting the planned value from the earned value. Earned Value - Planned Value = Schedule Variance aka SV = EV - PV
Understand the steps involved in closing a project or phase.
The steps include obtaining sign-off and acceptance, transferring the product to the organization, releasing project resources, closing out contracts, performing Administrative Closure, documenting historical information, conducting post-mortem analysis, and conducting post-project reviews.
Conflict Resolution Techniques
The techniques are smoothing, forcing, compromise, confronting, avoiding, and negotiating.
Budget at Completion (BAC)
The total amount of the project budget for a work package, control account, or schedule activity, or for the project.
Cost Baseline
The total approved, expected cost of the project created in the planning process. It's used as a comparison to actual project expenses throughout the remainder of the project.
Work Effort
The total time it takes for a person to complete a task if they did nothing else from the time they started until the task was complete.
Describe the two components of Human Resources Planning
The two components are organizational planning and staff acquisition.
Name the types of costs associated with the cost of quality.
The types of costs associated with the cost of quality are prevention costs, appraisal costs, and failure costs. Failure costs include both internal and external failure costs.
Duration compression
The use of techniques such as fast-tracking or crashing to shorten the planned duration of a project or to resolve schedule slippage.
Earned Value (EV)
The value of the work completed to date as it compares to the budgeted amount for the work component.
^^ Project Management Institute (PMI)
The world's leading professional project management association. Recognized worldwide for setting project management standards
One of the most important elements of a scope management plan is an approved change request. Which of the following steps should take after the approval of a change request?
Update the project plan to reflect the approved change request
^^ Milestones
Used as checkpoints during the project to determine whether the project is on time and on schedule. major events in a project that are used to measure progress. They also mark when key deliverables are completed and approved.
Project selection
Used to determine which proposed projects are approved to move forward.
Common Causes of Variance
Variances that come about as a result of circumstances that are common to the process you're performing and are easily controlled at the operational level. The three types of common cause variances are random, known or predictable, and variances that are always present in the process.
A. Administering the change control process C. Performing quality assurance/governance activities D. Performance measuring and reporting Here are the activities involved in the monitoring and controlling process: Monitoring the risks/issues log Performance measuring and reporting Performing quality assurance/governance activities Administering the change control process Monitoring the budget
What are the activities involved in the monitoring and controlling process? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. Administering the change control process B. Defining the high-level risks C. Performing quality assurance/governance activities D. Performance measuring and reporting
Three point The three-point estimating technique averages the most likely, optimistic, and pessimistic estimates to determine an overall cost or duration estimate.
Which estimating technique uses the most likely, optimistic, and pessimistic estimates to come up with an average cost or duration estimate?
Top-down estimating
Which of following is not an example of a project selection method?
Our senior web developer will be available to work on this project.
Which of following statements describes an assumption?
A. A clear chain of command. B. Growth potential and a career path for employees. Here are the advantages of the functional organization: Growth potential and a career path for employees The opportunity for those with unique skills to flourish A clear chain of command (each staff member has one supervisor—the functional manager) Answers D and C are incorrect. Here are the disadvantages of the functional organization: Project managers have limited to no authority. Multiple projects compete for the same limited resources. Resources are generally committed part-time to the project rather than full-time. Issue resolution follows the department chain of command. Project team members are loyal to the functional manager.
What are the advantages of the functional organization? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. A clear chain of command. B. Growth potential and a career path for employees. C. Issue resolution follows the department chain of command. D. Full-time resources are assigned to
Identifies and organizes the scope of the project
What is the purpose of WBS?
Make sure the requirements are thoroughly defined and documented.
What is the way to prevent scope creep?
Project kickoff
What key meeting is held after the project charter is signed and/or at the beginning of the Executing process?
Project scope statement
When taking over an incomplete project, what item should be of most interest to the new project manager?
^^ You're developing a scope statement for a customer request. A couple of the elements that the customer wants could be difficult to accomplish, but after consulting with the project team, you think they can be done. These elements are not included in the product description. What should you do?
Whenever problems arise on a project that are outside the authority or control of the project manager to resolve or when problems have the ability to affect project outcomes, the sponsor should always be informed. Discuss the problem elements with the project sponsor and the customer. Obtain sponsor sign-off.
Pareto chart Special bar graphs that give the occurrence percentage of a particular error or problem versus the total percentages of errors or problems. Displayed as histogram that rank-orders the most important factors aka critical nature depending on their frequency over time, such as delays, costs, and defects, Helps analyze problem, easy to sort out the cause of errors as they are categorized in the diagram.
Which chart or diagram is a type of histogram that rank-orders data by frequency over time?
Bottom-up
Which cost-estimating technique relies on estimating work packages and then rolling up these estimates to come up with a total cost estimate?
Project charter
Which document authorizes the project to begin?
You will ask the sponsor to sign-off on the documents, showing that the project is officially closed.
You are the project manager for a small project that is in the Closing phase. You prepare closure documents and want to get them sign off. What will you do?
Exploit
You have identified a positive project risk which is within your project team's control. Which of the following risk response strategies will you select to manage the positive project risk?
Perform a contract closeout process.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. During the midway of a project, you have been informed by your sponsor to cancel the project. What will you do?
Analyze the impact of the new technology.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. One of your project team members informs you about a new technology that will enhance quality of the project and decrease the manufacturing cost and time. What will you do first?
Transfer
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You and your team members have identified a risk and are not able to resolve it due to lack of expertise. You decided to contract with a third party for resolving the risk. Which of the following risk response strategies have you selected?
Spend some private time with the team member to determine the cause of the dissatisfaction.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You find that one of the team members is not happy with the work assigned to him. He's sharing negative feelings about the project with other team members. What should you do first in this situation?
A. Talk to him for better performance. D. Provide training to him.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You find that one of the team members, who is new to a project, is not performing well. What should you do? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply. A. Talk to him for better performance. B. Assign different project. C. Terminate him from the project. D. Provide training to him.
Create a concise communication plan which focuses on the project objectives and accomplishments.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You find that some of the stakeholders are not taking interest in your project due to the project length. What should you do in this situation?
Include agenda items in the meeting invitation.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You find that status meetings are poorly attended by the team members. What can you do to make the project status meetings more productive?
Manage the risk with the highest impact.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You find that there are multiple risks that can have significant impact on the project. What will you do first?
Withdrawing
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You find that there is a minor conflict between several members on a project team but this will not impact the project. Which of the following will be the best conflict resolution technique for you to employ?
Withdrawing
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You find that two project employees have been involved in several heated argument. As a project manager, you refused to discuss the conflict. This is an example of which type of conflict resolution technique?
Forcing
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You have asked two employees to not work on the same project together. You have also asked them to report this information to their supervisor as he/she has recommended for the two employees to work together. This is an example of which type of conflict resolution technique?
Set up a meeting time suitable for both time zones.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You have project team members that are geographically split between two time zones. What should be performed by you to deal with them?
Scope creep
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You have started a small two months project. After one month, you have been asked to add some functionality that is estimated to take an additional two weeks. You have implemented the functionality without having approval. This is known as which of the following?
Implement the change. The following steps are included in the change management process when any change is requested by the key stakeholder in a project: Identify and document the change request. Track requests in the change request log. Evaluate the impact and justification of the change. Disposition the request at the change control board and approve or deny. Implement the change. Validate the change and perform a quality check. Update the project management plan, update the appropriate project documents, and apply version control. Coordinate and communicate with the appropriate stakeholders.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. You have submitted a change request and get it approved by the change control board. What will be your next step?
Conduct a meeting with project sponsor to discuss the issue regarding the team member.
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. Your project sponsor has asked you to terminate one of the team members. However, you know he has all the skills and knowledge to make the project successful. What should you do in this situation?
PERT
You work as a project manager for uCertify Inc. Your project team wants to estimate the final duration required to complete project activities. You have recommended them to use optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely durations to complete the project activities. Which of the following tools should the project team use to accomplish the task?
Parametric
You're a manager of a large IT project. At the time you performed your cost estimates, the vendor you've been working with provided you with the following estimates: - Programming estimate: 320 hours at $135/hour. - Project management estimate: 320 hours at $155/hour. - Testing estimate: 150 hours at $85/hour. Which type of estimate are these?
Analyze the impact of including the training in the project.
You're a project manager in your company. An end user has suggested that everyone undergo extensive training to learn how to use a new system being developed. What will be your next step?
business acquisition
You're working for an organization and just learned that another organization with more power and influence is taking over your organization. What does this describe?
By creating a project dashboard with scope, cost, and time elements
Your project sponsor has expressed their need to have real-time project information at their fingertips. Which of the following is the way to meet this need?
Constraint
Your project sponsor told you that the due date for the project is a key to its success and there is no chance of the date changing. What is this known as?
January 26
Your subject-matter expert tells you that her most likely estimate to complete her task is 40 hours. The task starts on Thursday, January 20, at 8 a.m. The team works eight-hours a day, and they do not work weekends. Which day will the task end?
^^ Decomposition
breaks the major deliverables down into smaller, more manageable units of work that can be used to estimate cost and time and perform resource planning.
^^ Code of accounts
code-of-accounts identifiers are documented in the WBS dictionary, unique numbers for each component on the WBS, tied to the organization's chart of accounts
Service Level Agreement aka SLA
look this up
^^ Functional Organization Structure
the sales manager (functional manager) handle project management. In this structure, the staff is organized along departmental lines such as IT, marketing, sales, network, human resources, public relations, customer support, and legal. Each department is managed independently with a limited span of control.
