Connect test prep #3
What is the definition of learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience
What was the main result of the famous Little Albert experiment?
Albert came to fear anything white and furry.
Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that aim to reduce ______.
Anxiety
The use of defense mechanisms can be healthy in that they serve to reduce _____.
Anxiety
In ______ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in ______ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.
Cont, partial
Which of the following schedules of reinforcement causes rapid learning?
Cont.
The phenomenon of adjusting to dim light after being in brighter light is called ______.
Dark adaption
are unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others.
Defensive mechanisms
The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance is known as ______ perception.
Depth
Listening to different tones and attempting to detect the very SLIGHT difference of each tone, is known as the ______ threshold.
Difference
Which statement most accurately reflects the relationship between stimuli and sense organs?
Different types of stimuli activate different sense organs.
Images received by the left and right eyes are (choose same or different), which helps us to perceive .
Different, depth
Having once gotten sick from eating bad shrimp, Max now hates the sight of shrimp, but still likes other seafood. This is an example of stimulus .
Discrimination
For Eysenck, which of the following was NOT an element of personality? Dynanism Extraversion Neuroticism Pychotism
Dynanism
What is the purpose of the pupil?
It controls the amount of light reaching the retina.
Which of the following are strengths of the humanist approach?
It has led to some very effective therapy techniques. It highlights the uniqueness of individual people.
What does the cornea do?
It protects the lens of the eye.
Which of the following is a strong advantage of the trait approach to personality?
It provides a clear, straightforward description of people's behavior patterns.
Every time second-grader Sarah raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Sarah's participation. This is an example of _____.
Law of effect
The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed in the future. What does this describe?
Law of effect
Once the light passes through the pupil, it enters the , which is located directly behind the pupil.
Lens
______ is the process of adjusting to bright light after exposure to dim light.
Light adaption
When two buildings you know to be far apart look close together when you are far away you are experiencing a phenomenon called perspective.
Linear
What is the name for the concept that certain neurons in the visual cortex are activated only by specific patterns?
Feature detection
Specialized neurons that are activated only by visual stimuli having a particular shape or pattern are called
Feature detectors
Carlos wanted his dog to come when he whistled. He decided to give his dog a treat every fourth time he came. Carlos used a ____ schedule.
Fixed ratio
Which of the following are primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply.)
Food and sex
Who developed the theory known as psychoanalytic theory?
Freud
Max once got sick after eating some bad shrimp, and now feels nauseated at the sight of ANY seafood. This is an example of stimulus .
Generalization
The _____ laws of organization refer to a series of principles that describe how we organize patterns into perceptual wholes or something greater than the sum of the individual elements.
Gesalt
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Getting what you want
Mark fails a chemistry test, then fails a mathematics test, and then fails a biology test. He does not study for his psychology test, believing that he is a failure. In other words, Mark's _____ assures that he will fail the psychology test.
Low self-esteem
The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person is called their
Personality
The strength of a stimulus to be noticed relates to its
Intensity
True or false: According to the humanistic approach, psychological distress is experienced when there are discrepancies between people's experiences and their self-concepts.
T
True or false: According to the principles of the gestalt laws of organization, human beings usually group visual elements to form closed figures rather than open ones.
T
What is the definition of stimulus discrimination?
The ability to distinguish between two stimuli
Why do people have a blind spot in vision?
There are no rods or cones in the space where the optic nerve passes through the retina.
Which of the following are critiques of the humanistic approach?
There is no way to test the assumption that people are basically good. It is not clear whether unconditional positive regard is as beneficial as humanists claim.
True or false: All people have a small blind spot.
True
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Turning off the beeping sound when buckling a seat belt in a car
Purple light, the electrick shocks eventually becomes
UCS
When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the:
UR
You see a purple light and immediately receive a mild electric shock. This happens several times. You eventually cringe at the sight of the purple light. When you cringe as the electric shock hits you, you are displaying a(n):
UR
Which of the following would a humanistic psychologist propose to help remedy self-concept discrepancies?
Unc. pos. reg.
Monique is aware that she is both intelligent and stupid, causing her some distress. According to humanistic theorists, which of the following is likely to help her to feel better about herself?
Uncod. pos. reg.
The stimulus that automatically gives rise to a response is called the stimulus.
Unconditioned
When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the response.
Unconditioned
Freud argued that much of our behavior is motivated by ________ forces.
Unconscious
Freud maintained that personality is a reflection of both conscious and ________ processes.
Unconscious
The id is exclusively _____.
Unconscious
Images sent from the eye to the brain are down.
Upside
When you get ready to assemble a jigsaw puzzle, you look at the picture on the box to see how it should look when completed. This means that you are _____.
Using top down processing
A gambler is at a slot machine and wins some money, on average, after every 15 plays. What schedule of reinforcement is this?
Variable ratio
The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes is called a
Variable ratio
In what part of the brain does the processing of visual stimuli take place?
Visual cortex
The range of that humans are sensitive to are called the visual spectrum.
Wavelengths
A basic principle of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is in constant proportion to the intensity of an initial stimulus is called
Weber's law
When is stimulus generalization most likely to occur?
When two stimuli are highly similar
What is an example of the monocular cue relative size?
While in a moving car, focusing on a stationary object and watching its position change as you move.
Which of the following is negative punishment?
Withholding affection from a romantic partner
Which of the following elements of Freud's theories is NOT widely accepted today? a) The stages of psychosexual development b) The idea that our behavior can be motivated by unconscious forces c) The idea that problems in adulthood may stem from childhood experiences d) The concept of defense mechanisms
a) Them stages
Which of the following are modern criticisms of Freud's theory? a) He did not account for development after adolescence. b) His theory is sexist. c) He underestimated the importance of defense mechanisms. d) His theory is overly specific.
a, b
Which of the following are modern criticisms of Freud's theory? a) He did not account for cross-cultural differences. b) His theory does not have much empirical evidence to support it. c) His theory is too vague. d) He underestimated the role of the unconscious.
abc
The phenomenon where you see a(n) ______ is not explained by the trichromatic theory of color vision.
afterimage
Factor was used to develop the "Big Five" personality traits.
analysis
Which of the following are widely accepted ideas from Freud's theories? a) The Oedipus complex in young children b) Childhood roots of adult psychological difficulties c) The concept of penis envy in women d) Ideas of the unconscious e) Defense mechanisms
b) d) e)
When considering the development of self-esteem, having close bonds with others is
more important in Asian cultures than in Western cultures.
Factor analysis allows researchers to ______.
identify general patterns among a large number of variables
Trait theorists seek to ______.
identify the basic qualities necessary to describe personality
Psychodynamic and trait approaches to personality focus on the _____ person, whereas learning approaches focus on the _____ person.
inner, outer
In comparison to variable schedules, fixed schedules tend to produce
pauses after reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement occurs when something that an individual wants is _____ in an effort to increase a behavior.
presented to that individual
Both positive and negative punishment _____.
reduce the frequency of a behavior
Punishment will tend to
reduce the frequency of a behavior
Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves _____.
repeatedly over time and in many different situations
The pattern of the frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior is known as the
schedule of reinforcent
An absolute threshold is the _____.
smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected half of the time
Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when ______.
the CS is repeatedly experienced without the UCS
Observational learning occurs when:
the individual learns the consequences of a response without experiencing the consequence directly
The theory that receptor cells for color are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other is called
the opponent-process theory of color vision.
The difference threshold is _____.
the smallest level of added or reduced stimulation that can be detected as a change
A single characteristic that directs most of a person's activities, as defined by Allport, is a ______ trait.
Cardinal
Rewards are positive and reinforcers are
+or-
Taking medicine to escape pain is an example of ____ because it strengthens behavior by something being taken away.
-reinforcer
Cattell identified ____ pairs of source traits.
16
The absolute threshold of sense is exemplified by a bee's wing falling on a cheek when it is dropped from a distance of
1cm
The minimum change in stimulation required to detect the difference between two stimuli is called
A just noticeable difference
The most influential trait approach contends that there are how many factors that underlie the core of personality?
5
A person with normal vision can see at least ____ different colors.
7 million
About what percentage of men are color blind?
7%
Which of the following would be the best technique to uncover factors?
A large survey given to a large group of people.
________ threshold is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected.
Absolute
The process of dark is in play when you turn out all the lights in the room and can't see anything for a while, but eventually your eyes adjust to the new conditions.
Adaption
Positive punishment is which of the following?
Addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
A person who is sympathetic and kind is likely high in which of the big five traits?
Agreeable
Individuals high in ________ are sympathetic, kind, and appreciative.
Agreeablness
According to Freud, the contents of the unconscious _____.
Are inferred from behavior
Unconditional positive regard is a basic need, according to _____.
Carl Rodgers
Having close bonds with others may or may not lead to high self-esteem, depending on the ________ that one comes from.
Background
Which of the following people were humanistic theorists?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Which of the trait approaches has been the most influential in the last twenty years?
Big 5
The cells that receive information from rods and cones are
Bipolar cells
An adolescent is practicing her basketball skills and is improving. She is getting better through which of the following influences?
Both nature and nurture influences.
-up processing is recognizing and processing information from stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole.
Bottom up
Processing that is initiated by sensory information about the external environment is called
Bottom up
Recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole is called ______ processing.
Bottom up
Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole is known as
Bottom up processing
You consider how you spent your day: First a few hours with family, then time at work, then time with friends. Since you have so many people in your life, you conclude your life is meaningful. What type of processing is exemplified here?
Bottom up processing
When considering Pavlov's dogs, how would you permanently extinguish the association between the bell and food?
By ringing the bell and then never providing food
Which is of the following BEST illustrates positive punishment?
Calling someone a nasty name
Maryann's cat comes running whenever he hears the can opener. In classical conditioning, the sound of the can opener is a
CS
According to Freud, the contents of the unconscious ______ be observed directly by a psychologist.
Can't
Even severe psychological disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be explained by conditioning.
Classical
The form of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called conditioning
Classical
After "Little Albert" learned to fear white rats through ______, he also feared similar objects such as white rabbits.
Classical conditioning
Principles that are valid for visual as well as auditory stimuli are monocular. closure. similarity. proximity. top-down. simplicity.
Closure, similarity, proximity, and simplicity
learning theory focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.
Cognitive
According to humanists, ________ positive regard occurs when others base their love and acceptance on whether they approve of your behavior.
Cond.
Positive regard that depends on your behavior is known as __________ positive regard.
Cond.
A stimulus is a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned
By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov eventually got the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this context, the salivation elicited by sound of the bell is called the response.
Conditioned
By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov could get his dogs to salivate to just the sound of the bell. In this case, salivation in response to the bell is called a(n) _____.
Conditioned response
An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because of its pairing with a stimulus that causes that response is called the _____.
Conditioned stimulus
You see a purple light and immediately receive a mild electric shock. This happens several times. You eventually cringe at the sight of the purple light. When you cringe to the light, the light has become a(n):
Conditioned stimulus
In bright-light conditions, which receptors are more important for vision?
Cones
Receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception are called .
Cones
______ are receptor cells contained in the retina and are useful in color perception, particularly in bright light conditions.
Cones
______ are responsible for color perception.
Cones
A person who is careful, disciplined, and organized is likely to be high in which of the big five traits?
Conscientious
The ________ must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego.
Ego
According to Skinner, personality traits are the result of _____.
Experience
The definition of learning implies that ____ is essential to acquiring behaviors.
Experience
occurs when a conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears.
Extinction
Eysenck developed a model of personality based on , neuroticism, and psychoticism.
Extraversion
Individuals high in ______ are talkative, fun-loving, and sociable.
Extraversion
Who used factor analysis to determine personality traits? (Select all that apply.)
Eysenck Cattell
T or F: The use of defense mechanisms is never healthy
F
True or false: Because it is only a cognition, in individuals with low self-esteem the expectation of failure does not affect actual failure.
F
True or false: If you have high self-esteem in your professional life, you are sure to have high self-esteem in all other aspects of your life.
F
True or false: Traits are characteristics of a person that change quite frequently.
F
Cattell and Eysenck both used what method to determine personality traits?
Factor analysis
If you wanted to determine which personality traits were often associated with each other, it would be best to use ______ ________ to uncover them
Factor analysis
Which approach to personality emphasizes a desire to achieve higher levels of functioning?
Humanistic
approach to personality tends to emphasize the goodness in people.
Humanistic
Suppose your friend is telling you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the urge to go out and have fun?
Id
For what sex is color blindness most common?
Men
Observational learning is learning that occurs when we:
Model others
Cues that permit us to obtain a sense of depth and distance with one eye are known as ______ cues.
Monocular
The perceptual illusion of texture gradient is a ______ cue.
Monocular
If Sam sees another child acting in an aggressive manner and there are no negative consequences for the aggressive behavior, then according to the concept of modeling behavior, Sam is ______ to act aggressively.
More likely
Strengthening a response in operant conditioning means it will occur
More often
The monocular cue in which a change in position of an object on the retina allows to perception of movement is called
Motion parallax
Which of the following are monocular cues that help with depth perception? (Select all that apply.) Closure principle Similarity cue Texture gradient Linear perspective Motion parallax Relative size
Motion parallax Linear perspective Relative size Texture gradient
If someone has high self-esteem that isn't warranted by their actual behavior, then this can lead to ______.
Narcissism
When people are very self-absorbed and have an exaggerated view of their own strengths and competence, this is known as .
Narcissism
The removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior is called
Neg punish
Having your car keys confiscated because you came home late is an example of _____ because it will decrease your behavior of staying out late.
Neg punishment
When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ______ is said to have occurred.
Neg reinforcement
A ________ refers to unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
Neg reinforcer
Someone with low self-esteem is likely to evaluate themselves
Negatively
Which of the following correctly lists the "Big Five" traits?
Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to experience, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness
Individuals high in ____________ are tense, anxious, and insecure.
Neurotism
In classical conditioning a stimulus is a stimulus that does not bring about a response in which we are interested.
Neutral
Background interference that impedes perception is called
Noise
What is an effect of "noise" on the perception of stimuli?
Noise interferes with the perception of stimuli.
Which of the following are examples of responses learned through classical conditioning? (Select all that apply.)
Not going to the dentist because one time you underwent a painful procedure
learning involves learning by noting the consequences of other people's behavior.
Observational
The acronym ____________ can help you remember the "Big Five" set of personality traits.
Ocean
A person who is imaginative is likely high in which of the big five traits?
Openness to experience
Individuals high in ________ are independent, imaginative, and prefer variety.
Openness to experience
The word emphasizes the point that an organism operates on its environment to produce desirable results.
Operant
conditioning has occurred when the consequences of an action influence the likelihood that the behavior will be displayed again.
Operant
conditioning is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by consequences.
Operant
The - theory of color vision outlines how receptor cells for color vision are linked in pairs.
Opponent process
What structure of the eye is a bundle of ganglion axons that carries information to the brain?
Optic nerve
The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person are called their
Personality
Behavior lasts longer after ______ reinforcement is stopped than it does after ______ reinforcement is stopped.
Partial/continuous
A factor is a combination of characteristics that represents a fundamental _____ in behavior.
Pattern
Gestalts is the German word for:
Patterns
Ivan was the researcher who originally described classical conditioning.
Pavlov
We owe the understanding of classical conditioning to the person who discovered a dog would salivate upon hearing sounds that were often paired with receiving food. That person was ______.
Pavlov
_____ is the interpretation and integration of stimuli.
Perception
_______ is the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
Perception
What do rats do while in a Skinner box?
Perform a behavior
When a car is moving toward you, the image projected on the retina changes. But you recognize the car is not changing shape. This is an example of ________ constancy .
Perpetual
When someone walks toward you, you are aware that this person is not changing size. This is an example of
Perpetual constancy
The ego operates based on the _______ principle.
Reality
The "id" operates according to the ___ principle.
Pleasure
The addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior is known as
Pos punishment
When a woman receives compliments on a certain dress it makes her want to wear it more; this is considered a reinforcement.
Positive
Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered ________ punishment.
Positive
According to Rogers, people have a need for _____.
Positive regard
Rogers states that people develop a desire to be loved and respected, a concept he calls:
Positive regard
__________________ _______________ is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.
Positive reinforcement
Someone with high self-esteem is likely to evaluate themselves _____.
Positively
Which of the following are secondary reinforcers? (Select all that apply.)
Praise and money
Whenever Johnny's dog sat upon command, Johnny gave him a dog treat. The dog treat is a ____ reinforcer.
Primary
Ivan watches a teacher punish a classmate for hitting another member of the class. Seeing this, Ivan will _____.
Probably not hit another child
The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to
Psychoanalytic theory
According to the humanist perspective, if how you see yourself differs from how others see you, you are likely to experience _____.
Psychological distress
When a behavior is repeated less frequently because of the consequences that followed it, this is known as ______.
Punishment
What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
Punishment makes a behavior less likely to reoccur, while negative reinforcement makes it more likely to reoccur.
The is a dark hole in the center of the iris, the size depends on the amount of light in the environment.
Pupil
According to _____ theory, the unconscious mind must be exposed to understand personality.
Pyschoanalystic
_______ approaches to personality are based on the idea that personality is motivated by inner forces
Pyschodynamic
Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our ______ experience of the stimuli.
Pyschological
is the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the psychological experience of the stimuli. It is the foundation of the study of sensation.
Pyschophysics
In operant conditioning, if one wants a high rate of responding a ______ schedule should be utilized.
Ratio***
In operant conditioning, if one wants a high rate of responding a ______ schedule should be utilized.
Ratio; interval is the opposte (slow-
The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous .
Recovery
What is the most common form of color blindness?
Red-green
When a behavior is repeated more frequently because of the consequences that followed it, this is known as ______.
Reinforcement
When a stimulus increases the chances that a preceding behavior will be repeated, this is known as .
Reinforcement
Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again is
Reinforcer
Why does considering reinforcers as nothing but rewards oversimplify things?
Reinforcers can be positive or negative; rewards are only positive.
The monocular cue of ______ reflects the assumption that if two objects are the same size, the object that makes a smaller image on the retina is farther away than the one that makes a larger image.
Relative size
Unlike positive punishment, negative punishment _____.
Removing stimulus, positive adds stimilus
The primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious is called _________ by Freud.
Repression
The purpose of the defense mechanism of _________ is to push unacceptable impulses back into the unconscious.
Repression
After traveling through the lens, images reach the ______ upside down.
Retina
The is the part of the eye where visual images are converted to electrical impulses that can be transmitted to the brain.
Retina
The part of the eye that converts the electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain is
Retina
According to Allport, characteristics that affect behavior in a few situations and are less influential than the other two types of traits are called ___________ traits.
Secondary
Johnny received a quarter when he made his bed all week without being told to do so. The quarter is a ____ reinforcer.
Secondary
In low-light conditions, which receptors are more important for vision?
Rods
The thin, cylindrical receptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light are called _______.
Rods
are receptor cells contained in the retina and are useful in low-light conditions.
Rods
Which of the following is a fixed-interval schedule?
Sam is reinforced once a week for keeping his room free of clutter all week.
The frequency and timing of reinforcement that follows desired behavior is referred to as
Schedule of reinforcement
A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential is known as:
Self-actualization
In humanistic theory, Rogers maintains that all people have a fundamental need to be fulfilled and reach their highest potential, a state he calls
Self-actualization
are the set of beliefs that people hold about what they are like as individuals.
Self-concept
According to the social cognitive approach, belief in your ability to carry out a specific task and achieve the desired outcome is called - .
Self-efficacy
Based on your performance on the first exam, you know that you will do well in this class. In other words, you are experiencing a high level of
Self-efficacy
If Maria has high self-esteem when it comes to sports, what might her self-esteem level be in academics?
Self-esteem is not universal, so it could be high or low.
What is the purpose of bipolar and ganglion cells?
Send information to the optic nerve
The activation of the sense organs is called
Sensation
The brain processes information from our sense organs through
Sensation
_____ is the process of how our senses receive information.
Sensation
What learning process is exhibited by the following: In teaching a child to walk, the child is rewarded first for crawling, then for standing up, and then for taking his or her first step.
Shaping
Walter Mischel's ______ view argues that it is impossible to understand personality without considering the context in which behavior occurs.
Situationist
Walter Mischel's _____________ view argues that it is impossible to understand personality without considering the context in which behavior occurs.
Situationist
Which theorist believed that personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns?
Skinner
Unlike Skinner's version of learning theory, ______ approaches to personality do not reject what is on the inside of a person.
Social cognitive
Which approaches to personality emphasize the influence of thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values?
Social cognitive
Cattell was interested in determining which traits were _____ traits.
Source
Visual information coming from individual neurons is combined and processed in ______ ways.
Specialized
What classical conditioning concept best explains why it's hard to overcome a drug addiction and stay clean?
Spontaneous recovery
A source of energy that excites a sense organ is called a
Stimulus
When a sound is processed by our sense of hearing, the cause of the sound is a
Stimulus
Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?
Stimulus discrimination
Having seen a movie with a scary clown in it, May is now afraid of all clowns. What concept is this an example of?
Stimulus generalization
The association between a UCS and a CS can be extended to include more stimuli (more stimuli related to the CS can elicit the CR). What is this phenomenon called?
Stimulus generalization
The more similar two stimuli are, the more likely that ___ ____ will occur.
Stimulus generalization
According to Freud, the ______ is the part of personality that judges the morality of our thoughts and behaviors.
Superego
Suppose your friend is describing to you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the pressure to stay in and study?
Superego
is the final personality structure to develop.
Superego
According to the personality structure proposed by Freud, the ______ determines what is right and wrong, the _____ determines what is possible, and the ____ determines what would be pleasurable.
Superego, ego, id
In the some cases of color blindness, people perceive no color at all.
T
In operant conditioning, what does it mean to say a response has been strengthened or weakened?
That responses are more or less likely to occur predictably
Which of the following is a critique of the behaviorist perspective of personality?
The behaviorist perspective oversimplifies personality to the point that the construct is meaningless.
What causes dark adaptation?
The chemical composition of the rods and cones changes as a result of the lighting changing.
Define classical conditioning
The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic, inborn response.
What does the word "operant" mean in "operant conditioning"?
The organism operates on the environment to bring about a desired result.
What is the visual spectrum?
The range of wavelengths to which the human eye is sensitive
What is one way learning approaches to personality have had a major impact?
They have made its study more objective and scientific.
Which of the following is a criticism of trait approaches to personality?
They label personality, but do not explain it
What distinguishes an interval schedule from other types of schedules?
Time between reinforcements
The - processing is guided by the higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations.
Top down
What type of processing is exemplified here? Even though you normally like iced tea, you took a drink of iced tea when you were expecting soda, and the iced tea tasted terrible!
Top down processing
Beginning with a higher-level of knowledge and then moving to more specific areas is considered which type of processing.
Top-down
______ theory is the personality approach that seeks to identify the basic elements necessary to describe personality.
Trait
The ______ theory of color vision holds that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths.
Trichromatic
The ______ theory of color vision states that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each responds to a specific range of wavelengths.
Trichromatic
The presence of afterimages cannot be explained by the theory of color vision.
Trichromatic
The theory of color vision that states that there are three kinds of cones is the ___ theory of color vision
Trichromatic
The bends or refracts light as it passes through.
cornea
The processing of visual images takes place in the __________ spectrum of the brain.
cortex
Having once gotten sick from eating bad shrimp, Max now hates the sight of shrimp, but still likes other seafood. This is an example of stimulus
discrimination
Stimulus occurs when two stimuli are clearly different and one brings on a conditioned response but the other one does not.
discrimination
Casey wanted to encourage his sister to study before watching television. Every 10 minutes she studied, he walked by and gave her a smile and encouragement. Casey used a ____ schedule.
fixed interval(The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a ____fixed I__ schedule.)
A reinforcement that is given every tenth time a behavior occurs is on a ____ schedule.
fixed ratio
The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses is called a:
fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
In the eye, what is the purpose of the lens?
focus light rays
When trying to pair conditioned stimuli to unconditioned stimuli, the unconditioned stimulus:
follows the conditioned stimulus
There are ________ in the visual cortex devoted solely to perceiving lines of a certain width.
neurons
The learning approach to personality differs from the psychodynamic and trait approaches in that the learning approach focuses on the role of
observable, quantifiable experience.
A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.
operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals
refers to an attitude of acceptance and respect on the observer's part, no matter what a person says or does.
unconditional positive regard