Control/nutrition/exercise exam review
retrospective
"to look back" examines peoples past exposures to explain why some people are affected by a condition and not others
prospective
"to look forward" follows groups of healthy people into the future and looks for factors that may have contributes to change in their health
solid fats
- Beef fat, butte fat, stick margarine, shortening, - Unhealthy fats
nutritive sweeteners
- Contribute energy to foods • Provide 4 kcal/g
sodium toxicity
- UL = 2,300 mg/day - average intake approx. 3400mg/day high sodium at risk for hypertension (high blood pressure; increase potassium intake)
vitamin B-6 deficiency
- rarely occurs but signs and symptoms include: dermatitis, anemia, convulsions, depression, and confusion
high-quality protein (complete protein)
-Contains all 9 essential amino acids in amounts that support growth -Most animal products -High-quality plant foods: quinoa and processed soy
Light or lite compared to referenced food
-at least 1/3 fewer calories -contains at least 1/2 the fat of the referenced food
Who's at risk for a Vitamin D deficiency?
-elderly -dark skinned people -breastfed infants without supplementation -lack of sunlight -live above the 40* hemisphere -not using fortified milk
Vitamin B-12 deficiency disorders
-food cobalamin malabsorption -pernicious anemia
plants sterols and stanols:
-plants make small amounts of sterol -plant sterols and stannous aren't well absorbed by the human intestine track, but they can compete with cholesterol for absorption -plant S and S have may reduce cholesterol absorption, which would be beneficial
vitamin B-12 absorption
1.) B-12 bound to animal protein is swallowed and enters the stomach 2.) hydrochloric acid (HCL) separates B-12 from animal protein 3.) stomach secretes IF 4.) B-12 and IF exits the stomach 5.) B-12 binds to IF in duodenum, forming IF-B12 complex 6.) IF/B-12 complex enters pleas cell. IF binds to carrier molecule for transport in the blood stream
Vitamin E; antioxidant function
1.) a cell needs a healthy cell membrane to function properly 2.) free radicals can damage polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes. such damage can weaken the membrane 3.) vitamin E donates a stabilizing particle to the free radical, so it is no longer destructive
vitamin K: blood clotting
1.) liver needs vitamin K to make certain clotting factors 2.) normal conditions 3.) injury to blood vessels; tissues posed 4) inactive platelet and interactive clotting factors in blood activated 5.) prothrom bin-> thrombin 6.) fibrinogen-> fibrin (clot)
scientific steps: basic steps
1.) make observations that gratis questions 2.) formulate hypothesis to explain events 3.) review current published scientific studied that relate to questions 4.) design studies, perform tests, and collect data 5.) analyze data and draw conclusions 6.) share results with peers 7.) conduct more research, the result of which may confirm or refute previous finding
when benson has his blood pressure tested it was normal. based on this info, what's his blood pressure? 70/120, 118/69, 245/60, 80/120
118/69
a serving of food supplies 100 kcal from protein. based on this info, how many grams of protein are there in a serving? 25, 400, 125, 100
125
elsa is a 22 year old women who weights 152 lbs. using the "rule of thumb" method, what is her estimated 34 hr basal energy needs 2469, 1490, 3282, 1056 kcal
1490 kcal
in 2009-2010, protein comprised about __% of the typical Americans total energy intake 10, 15, 20, 5
15
women dietary adequacy for women
15mg/day
according to my plate, Donovan should consume 3 cups of dairy products daily. which of the following foods should he eat to replace one cup os milk. 1.5 cups bakes beans, 1.5oz cream cheese, 1 cup cottage cheese, 2 oz American cheese
2 oz American cheese
Al for Chloride
2300 mg/day
Maria limits her sodium intake to 2.3 g/day. This amount is equivalent to? 2300, 230, 23,000, 23 mg/day
2300 mg/day
leading caner sites and death: women
25% lung 14% breast 7% pancreas 8% colon/rectum 4% uterus 5% ovary 37% all other cancers
cy is 22 yr old college stucden. According to recommendations of the acceptable macronutrients distribution range, fat should compromise ____% of his total energy each day 15-25, 25-35, 5-15, 35-45
25-35
leading causes of death
25.8% all other cases 23.4% heart disease 22% cancer 5.7% chronic lower respiratory infection 5.4%accidents 5.2% stroke
leading cancers sites and death: Men
27% lung 7% panaceas 9% colon/rectum 6% liver 8% prostate 43% all other cancers
the label on a bag of salt-free pretzels indicates that the chips are "low-fat". This means the pretzels provides ___ g of fat or less per serving size: 3, 7, 1, 5
3
according to the dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010, Americans should limit their cholesterol intake to ____ mg/day less than 50, 100, 200, 300
300
dietary adequacy for potassium
4700 mg/day
How much iron does the digestive track absorb?
5%
how much of body weight is water?
50-75%
men dietary adequacy for iron
8mg/day
embolus
A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.
tissue
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
which of the following Americans have the highest risk of hypertension? non-hispanic Americans, again Americans, Native American, farina Americans
African Americans
metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within a living organism
bulimia nervosa (BN)
An eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of bingeing and purging.
water solube vitamins
B and C
Thiamin deficiency
Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
vitamin A plant sources
Beta-carotine
systolic pressure
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
vitamin B-6 function
Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism
hereditary hemochromatosis
Common hereditary disorder resulting in excess iron absorption
zinc deficiency
Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decr adult hair (axillary, facial, pubic). May predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis.
gestational diabetes
Develops during pregnancy and usually goes away after the baby is born; At rish for type 2 diabetes later in life
Vitamin _____ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals. D, E, K, B-12
E
daily protein requirement for healthy adults
EAR= .66g/kg body weight
the __ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness or medications. FDA, FTC, NRC, EPA
FDA
the ___ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of meds? FDA, EPA, NRC, FTC
FDA
which of the following substances carries cholesterol away from tissue? insoluble fiber, insulin, LDL, HDL
HDL
subcutaneous fat
Helps insulate Protects muscles and bones from injury
iron toxicity
Hemochromatosis
vitamin K deficiency
May occur in newborns or people with impaired liver function or absorption, on long term antibiotic therapy -vitamin K injections is routinely given to newborns
what is BMI?
Numerical value of relationship between body weight and risk of certain chronic health problems
The amount of vitamin C that meets about 98% of the population's need for the nutrient is the _____ for the vitamin. ERA, RDA, UL, % DV
RDA
daily protein recommendation (RDA) for healthy adults
RDA= .8 g/kg bosy weight
allergic reaction
The body's exaggerated immune response to an internal or surface agent.
taste buds
The specialized sensory receptors for taste that are located on the tongue and inside the mouth and throat.
endogenous amino acids
Those available from the amino acid pool
last week, Colin didn't consume the recommended amount of vitamin C for a couple of days never less, he's unlikely to develop scurvy, the vitamin C deficiency disease
True
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
Uses multiple low-energy x-rays to scan body Provides detailed "picture" of internal structures Problems: Very expensive and not widely available outside of clinical settings
Dorthy is a 65yr old woman with pernicious anemia. what treatment would her Dr. recommend? Vitamin B-12 injections, vegan diet, Vitamin C supplements, iron supplements
Vitamin B-12 injections
rickets
Vitamin D deficiency in children results in soft bones that don't grow properly and become deformed
Anna is 17 years old and pregnant. she has difficulty earning enough money to support herself and she was diagnosed with iron deficiency. Anna should enroll in the ____ program. FDA, FDIC, WIC, HWHB
WIC
biotin
a coenzyme used in fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and the formation of glucose
organ
a collection of tissue that performs a specific function
iron (Fe)
a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
obesity
a condition characterized by excessive deposits of fat on the body
fatty liver
a condition in which fats build up in the liver and cannot be broken down can be reversible if the person avoids alcohol
peer review
a critical analysis of the study and its findings conducted by another group of scientists in the same field
nutrient-dense
a food or beverage that contains more key beneficial nutrients in relation to its total calories
Phospholipids
a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
pH
a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
lifestyle
a persons usual way of living, influences risk if chronic disease
hypogylcemia
abnormally low level of sugar in the blood
how many mineral elements are essential nutrients?
about 15
bases
accept hydrogen ions
stomach
acid inactive salivary amglase
fortification
addition of any nutrient to a food to boost its level of nutrient
dietary supplement health and education act of 1994 (DSHEA), a dietary supplement
adds to a persons dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredient, including nutrients or botanicals (herbs or other plant materials)
total body fat
adipose tissue, essential fat in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous tissue
which of the following menu items doesn't contain complementary protein? kidney beans mixed with rice, pita bread dipped in mashed chickpeas, salad made with apples, pears, and grapes, whole wheat crackers spread with soy nut butter
alad made with apples, pears, and grapes
Denaturation
altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation
exogenous amino acids
amino acids from dietary sources
physiological dose
amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
megadose
amount of a vitamin or mineral that is at least 10 times the recommended amount of the nutrient
Niacin Toxicity
amounts (megadoses) can cause GI ulcers, vision loss, and liver damage
alpha-linolenic acid
an essential omega-3 fatty acid
muscle dysmorphia
an unhealthy preoccupation with the body being too small or not muscular enough
what is the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder?
anorexia nervosa
An _____ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals? irons, oncogene, enzyme, antioxidant
antioxidant
chemical bond
attraction that holds atoms together to form a molecule
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease beta cells stop making insulin source of insulin (usually injections) is regarded
EER *estimated energy requirement)
average daily energy intake that meets needs of a healthy person who is maintaining his/her weight
absorption of dietary B-12
b-12 in foods is bound to protein
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
bad cholesertol carries cholesterol to tissue contibues to arterial plaque, especially if oxidized
the __ of a food describes the extent to which the body is able to absorb yer nutrients from the food and use them: digestively, essentiality, homeostasis, bioavailability
bioavailability
mechanical digestion
biting and grinding actions break and mash food into smaller pieces
which of the following had a higher pH than the pH of pure water? gastric juice, orange juice, tomato juice, blood
blood
trombus
blood clot
lipoprotein profile
blood test that determines total cholesterol, HDL, & LDL cholesterol, triglyceride levels
according to the "set point theory" body fat level is genetically determined and difficult to alter, saturated sat is strongly includes the rate ar which he or she loses wight, body wight is influences primarily by environmental factors, metabolic rate remains the same-regardless of environmental factors or physical factors
body fat level is genetically determined and difficult to alter
iron deficiency
body iron stores are Lowe interferes with hormonal growth, behavior, immune function, cardiovascular function and energy metabolism
fat-free mass
body tissue, mineral-rich tissue, and protein-rich tissue
dehydration
body water depiction
calcium (C) functions
bone formation and maintenance, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, cell metabolism
skeletal system
bones provides support, movement, and protection. Bones also store certain minerals and reproduce red blood cells
the ___ is the base on the relationship between weight and the risk of chronic health problems associated with excess body fat adjusted adiposity factor, VO2 max, body mass index, waist/hop variable
bosy mass index
catabolism
breaking down molecules
basal metabolism includes energy weeds for digesting food, maintaining muscle tone, breathing, performing physical activity
breathing
anabolism
building up molecules
which of the following substances is a mild diuretic? calcium, caffeine, iron, phenylalanine
caffeine
which of the following substances is a phytochemical? caffeine, zinc, glucose, pantothenic
caffeine
nonessential amino acids
can be made by the body; there are 11/20
essential fatty acids __ be made in the body
cannot
essential amino acids
cannot be manufactured by the body; must be obtained from food; there are 9/20
Generally, epidemiological studies establish causation without experiment, cannot determine cause-effect relationship, involve in-vitro experimentation, prove pros correlation
cannot determine cause-effect relationship
a serving of food supplies 18 protein, 20g carbohydrate, 7g fat, 18 mg vitamin e, 2 mg iron, and 100 g water. which of the following statement is true about a serving of the food? carbohydrate provides the most food energy, fat provides the most food energy, vitamin e provides the most food energy, fat provides about 75% of total calories
carbohydrate provides the most food energy
6 classes of nutrients
carbohydrate, lipids proteins vitamins minerals water
Eric's waist circumference is 42 inches. Based on this information, he has a high risk of Low LDL cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, Addison's disease, elevated HDL cholesterol
cardiovascular disease
which of the following foods inset usually responsible for causing allergic reactions? wheat and shellfish, fish/shellfish, peanuts and other nuts, carrots and celery
carrots and celery
Chromium deficiency
causes impaired glucose tolerance
the __ is the smallest living functional unit of an organism atom, mitochondrion, organelle, cell
cell
if extracellular water has an excess of sodium ions extracellular fluids mores into cells, cells lose intracellular fluid and shrink, sodium ions move into cells, excess zinc and fluoride ions are eliminated in feces
cells lose intracellular fluid and shrink
epithelial tissue
cells that form lining and coverings (skin)
connective tissue
cells that hold together. protect and support organs (bone, fat, and blood)
Which of the following statements is true? in children Vitamin A deficiency is called rickets, Vitamin A is necessary for calcium and phosphorus absorption, certain carotenoids are precursors for performed Vitamin A, retinol is only found in plant foods
certain carotenoids are precursors for performed Vitamin A
disordered eating
chaotic and abnormal food-related practices occurs when a person is under stress or wants to loss weight quickly
Jeremy would like to know the amount of vitamin C that's recommended for his life stage group. He can obtain this info by: checking the RDA label for vitamin c, reading the ingredients list on a food label, using an exchange list developed by nutrition experts, reading nutrition facts panels to determine the %DV for vitamin C
checking the RDA label for vitamin c
Freddy is a lactovegetarian. which of the following foods does he eat? cheese, eggs, chicken, fish
cheese
the atoms of a compound, such as sugar, are held together by chemical bonds, osmotic attraction, basic solutes, active enzymes
chemical bonds
smell
chemicals in food become airborne and stimulate nasal passages, contributing to sense of taste
nutrients
chemicals necessary for proper body functioning
hypertension
chronic condition characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels
osteoporosis
chronic disease characterized by low bone masses and reduced bone structure
which of the following characteristics is a risk factor for hypertension? again ancestory, underweight, high-potassium diet, cigarette smoking
cigarette smoking
cardiovascular system
circulate blood throughout the body
Hillary would like to add more soluble fiber to her diet. Which of the following foods should she add? margarine, red meats, white bread, citrus fruits
citrus fruits
Vitamin B-12 as medicine?
claims include help for symptoms of PMS
Riboflavin function
coenzyme for metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid
which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when investigating whether cig smoking influences weight gain? conventional, double-blind, cohort, single-blind
cohort
cohort study
collects information about people, analyzes the information, and measures changes in variables of a group of people over time
Marasmic Kwashiorkor
combination of chronic energy deficit and chronic or acute protein deficiency
Having a control group enables researchers to compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group, avoid using harmful interventions when testing control subjects' repose, explore possible hypothesis for future research efforts, provides specific treatments to participants of the group
compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group
underwater weighing
compares weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water
Polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates contains more than 10 monosaccharides
vitamin
complex organic compound -isnt made by the body made in amounts are enough to maintain good health -occurs naturally in common foods -causes a deficiency disorder when its missing from the diet -resorts health, if the deficiency disorder is treated early by supplying the missing substance
what are proteins
complex organic molecules composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen sometimes nitrogen
manganese (Mn)
component and activator for many enzymes play a role in wound healing, metabolism, bone and cartilage formation and antioxidant functions
pantothenic acid
component of coenzyme A, which is critical for energy metabolism and fatty acid production in the Boyd
Sulfur (S) Functions
component of the amino acid methionine and cysteine, and the vitamins biotin and thiamin essential for the activity of many enzymes and as part of antioxidant molecules
triglycerides
composed of 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol "backbone" 95% of lipids in the body are in the form (fats and oils)
in vivo experiments
conducted in whole living organisms, such as lab rodents
in intro experiments or "test tube" experiments
conducting on parts derived from living, organisms, such as cells
which of the following statements is true? foods that are high in simple carbohydrates are fattening bc they usually contain a lot of protein, people can gain body fat when they consume more micronutrients in relation to their macronutrient intake, high fiber diets are associated with greater weight gain in adults bc fiber-rich foods are less filling than foods that contain sugar, consuming more protein that you need can result in any increase in your body fat
consuming more protein that you need can result in any increase in your body fat
omega 6 fatty acids actions
control inflammation and blood clotting role in heart disease is controlled
pyloric sphincter
controls rate of chyme release into small intestine
which if the following food is naturally a rich source of polyunsaturated acids? ground beed, raw carrots, whole milk, corn oil
corn oil
EAR (estimated average requirement)
daily amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people who are in a particular life stage/sex group
good source of riboflavin
dairy foods, liver, and enriched grains
dehydration can cause cirrhosis, death, hypoglycemia, diabetes
death
Al (Adequate Intake)
dietary recommendations for nutrients that systems don't have enough info to establish RDA
Which of the following statements is true? dietary supplements may interact negatively without substances a person takes, physical and dietitians don't recommend dietary supplements for their patients, people who develop side effects after taking dietary supplements can report their experience to the GAO, according to the legal definition developed by the FDA "dietary supplements" is a food that influences metabolism
dietary supplements may interact negatively without substances a person takes
carotenoids as medicine>
diets rich in fruits and veggies are associated with lower risk of certain cancers, CVD, and age-related muscular degeneration (AMB)
osmois
diffusion of a solvent such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane
a sugar composed of 2 monosachharides
disaccharide
Atherosierosis
disease process; lipid-containing plaques build up listed arteries
Which of the following statements is true? binge eating disorder is the most serious eating disorder bc 36% of people commits suicide, according to the DSM-5- their are 3 main types of eating disorders, young women are more likely to develop muscular dysmorphia than young men, disordered eating practices are usually temporary and occur when under stress
disordered eating practices are usually temporary and occur when under stress
signs of anorexia nervosa
distorted body image severely restricts food intake overly concerned about becoming fat/gaining weight avoids "fattening foods" after eating, engages in one or more purging effort
Vitamin C as medicine?
doesn't prevent common cold but may reduce the duration and severity of the infection reduces oxidation of LDL cholesterol (mixed) results. more research needed to determine whether high doses help reduce CDV risk
acids
donate hydrogen ions
neutral tube defects
during the first few weeks after conception, the neutral tube forms neutral tube developed into the brain and spinal cord
which of the following vitamins have antioxidant activity? k, e, b-6, d
e
saturated fatty acid
each carob atom within chair hold 2 hydrogen atoms
Which of the following statements is true? protein-energy malnutrition affects babies while breastfeeding, edema is a major source of protein-energy malnutrition, compared to children in other parts of the world-impoverished children on the us have the highest risk of gluten-energy malnutrition, in the un=s teens have the greatest risk of protein-energy malnutrition
edema is a major source of protein-energy malnutrition
placebo effect
effect that occurs when a person reports a positive reaction to a treatment even through they received the placebo
example of bases
eggs baking soda ammonia
iron, calcium and carbon are: solvents, compound its, elements, bases
elements
Lipids
energy (fats), physical growth and functioning components and maintenance
Carbohydrates
energy (most forms)
empty calories
energy supplied by unhealthy solid fats, added sugars and/or alcohol
energy density
energy value off a food in relation to the foods weight
lipases
enzymes that break down lipids
acid-base balance
equilibrium between acid and base concentrations in the body fluids
major miners
essential mineral elects required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day
trace minerals
essential mineral elements required in amounts that are less than 100 mg per day
the exchange system allows you to: interpret nutrition info on food labels, estimate protein intake, calculate your DRIs, predict your risk of serious chronic diseases such as diabetes
estimate protein intake
solutions
evenly distributed mixture of 2 or more compounds
Vitamin E toxicity
excess may interfere with vitamin K's role in blood clotting sign: uncontrolled bleeding
central body obesity
excessive abdominal (visceral) fat
in their effort to avoid regaining the wight they have lost, member of the national weight registry tend to eat high-protein diets, skip meals- especially breakfast, exercise on average 60 minuets daily, weigh themselves once a month
exercise on average 60 minuets daily
double-blind study
experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participants group assignment
placebo
fake treatments, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure
Ounce per ounce, cottage cheese contains more calcium than plain yogurt. T F
false
People can nourish their hair by using shampoo that contains protein.
false
according to results of most scientific research, megadoses of vitamin C don't prevent the common cold
false
according to the latest US department of agriculture foos guide, fruits and veggies are combined into one food group
false
animal foods such as meat and eggs are almost 100% protein
false
as people age, their muscle cells turn into fat cells
false
cellulite is a unique type of fat that can be eliminated by taking certain dietary supplements
false
compared to table sugar, honey is a natural and far more nutritious sweetener
false
digestion begins in the stomach
false
in general, plants are good sources of iron because the plant pigment chlorophyll contains iron
false
in most instances, natural vitamins have the same activity in the body as synthetic vitamins
false
increasing your intake of saturated fat will reduce your risk of heart disease
false
on average, Americans consume 60% of their calories from fat
false
once per once, sugar provides more energy than starch
false
popular health related magazines typically publish articles that have been peer-reviewed
false
registered dietarian nutritionist generally recommend that healthy people take amino acid supplements to increase their protein intake
false
scientists use anecdotes as scientific evidence to support their findings
false
the average American consumes 80% of his or her energy intake as refined sugars
false
the food and drug administration developed dietary guidelines for Americans
false
the safest way to loose a lot of wright and keep it off is to follow a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, such as the Atkins diet
false
to lose weight, use regular, stick margarine instead of butter because it has 25% fewer kilocalories per teaspoon
false
undigested foods rots in your stomach, causing toxic materials to build up in your tissues
false
visceral fat
fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs
which of the following food is the most nutrient-dense per serving?soft margarine, cheese nachos, fat-free milk, iceberg lettuce
fat-free milk
what do saturated fats to to HDL and LDL?
fats increase
omega 3 sources
fatty fish, canola oil, walnuts, flaxseed
vitamin D rich foods
fatty fish, fish liver oils, and fortified milk
epiglottis
flap that folds down over the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing
the atom is the smallest living unit in the body
flase
the human intestinal can't digest certain combinations of foods, such as mixtures if simple carbohydrates and protein
flase
the results of clinical studies indicate that eating too much sugar makes children hyperactive
flase
vitamins aren't a source of kilocalories
flase
ketone bodies
forms as a result of incomplete fat breakdown fasting or staving
the human body needs vitamin K to: release the energy stored in glucose, synthesis DNA, absorb phosphorus from blood, from active blood clotting factors
from active blood clotting factors
"fruit sugar" or "levulose"
fructose
which of the following is true? most forms of fiber are easily digested in the human small intestine, fruits and veggies are sources of fiber, people may increase their risk of type 2 diabetes by eating more fiber-rich foods, the typical American consumes recommended amounts of fiber
fruits and veggies are sources of fiber
Part of milk sugar (lactose)
galactose
Katies is pregnant. she has type 1 diabetes and often has difficulty controlling her blood-glucose level. based on this, Katies is most likely too give birth to a baby that has birth defects, requires more vitamin b (calcium) and iron than a pregnant women without diabetes, require more glycogen than she needed before becoming pregnant, have a lower risk of gestational hypertension
give birth to a baby that has birth defects
primary energy source for cells referred to as "dextrose" or "blood sugar"
glucome
which is the primary fuel for active muscles? lactose, fructose, sucrose, glucose
glucose
sucrose
glucose + fructose
lactose
glucose + galactose
matose
glucose + glucose
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
good cholesterol transports excess cholesterol away from tissues and arteries to the liver for removal from the body.
5 general food group
grains dairy protein-rich foods fruits vegetables
glycemic load (GL)
grams of carbohydrate in a serving of food multiplied by the food's glycemic index
vitamin K rich foods
green leafy veggies
control group
group being studied that does not receive the treatment
treatment group
group being studied that receives a treatment
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
diabetes mellitus ("diabetes")
group of serious chronic disease characteristics by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
Arterioscleroisis
hardening of the artery
unsaturated fatty acid
hate acid that's missing hydrogen atoms, and as a result, the molecule has 1 or more double bond in the carbon chain
sterois
have carbons arranged in rings, which marks them a more chemically complex type of carbon
enriched grain
have specific amount of iron and 4 b vitamin added to them
risk factor for eating disorders include perusing a college career, having a history of frequency attempts to lose wight, training to become a master chief, being a physically active-adolescent male
having a history of frequency attempts to lose wight
overweight
having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat, and/or body water
male % body fat
healthy: 13-21% overweight: 22-25% obsessed:26-31% extremely obese: 32% and above
Female % body fat
healthy: 23-31% overweight: 32-37% obsessed: 38-42% extremely obese:43% and above
Lipoproteins
help transport lipids in the lymphatic/immune system and in the blood stream
lymphatic system
helps maintain the fluid balance, absorbs many fat-soluble nutrients, and defends the body against diseases
sementation
helps mix chyme from the stomach to the small intestine
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Niacin as a medicine
high doses can lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol
UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level)
highest average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people when the amount is consumed daily
the tolerable upper limit for a nutrient is the: amount needed to meet the needs to 98% of the population, precise amount proven to cure nutrients deficiency disorders in humans, highest average amount that is unlikely to harm most people when consuming, minimum amount of the nutrient that can be tolerated on an empty stomach when consumed as a dietary supplement
highest average amount that is unlikely to harm most people when consuming
which of the following is true? sucrose consists of 1 molecule of glucose and 1 molecule of galactose, most animal foods are good sources of carbohydrate, honey is naturally a rich source of fructose, high glucose corn syrup is commonly used to sweeten foods- such as regular soft drinks
honey is naturally a rich source of fructose
CCK
hormone secrete by small intensive that reduces hunger
leptin
hormone, secreted by adipose cells, that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body
ghrelin
hormone, secreted mainly by stomach, that stimulates eating behavior
Certain organs and tissues use _____ to send messages to target cells lacteals, bonds, enzymes, hormones
hormones
solubility
how easily a substance (solute) dissolves in a solvent, such as water
Vitamin E deficiency
impaired immune system function nerve damage - loss of neuromuscular -blindness
fluoride (Fl-)
in addition to its function in bone, its prsence in plaque and saliva inhibits demineralization and enhances remineralization of early carious lesions (cavaties); found in Fluoridated water/tea
Which of the following statements is true? in the US a person can obtain a PhD in nutrition by only graduating from an accredited institution of higher learning, pseudoscience is the practicing of medicine of peoer training and credentials, in general registered dietarians are reliable sources of nutrition information, people who describe themselves as nutritionists are dietarians
in general registered dietarians are reliable sources of nutrition information
Which of the following statements is true? many fatty acids in food are water soluble, a fatty acid is a polymer of glucose molecules, in nature fatty acids typically have even number of carbon atoms, the omega g end of a fatty acid molecule is the acid partition of the molecule
in nature fatty acids typically have even number of carbon atoms
substancial agriculture
includes farming methods that meet the Demond for more food without depleting nutritional resources of harming the environment
what do trans fats to to HDL and LDL?
increase LDL but lower HDL
food insecurity
individuals and families concerned about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more
case-control study
individuals who have a health condition are compared with individuals with similar characteristics who do not have the condition
kwashiorkor
infant in abruptly weakened from breast milk and given low-quality protein diet when younger siblings are born
evidence based
information that is based
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
involuntary skeletal muscular activities such as fidgeting
myoglobin
iron-containing protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen from RBC
hemoglobin
iron-containing proteins in RBCs that transports oxygen to tissues and come CO2 away from tissues
cretinism
irreversible condition affecting infants born to women who were iodine deficient during pregnancy
liver cirrhosis
irreversible hardening of the liver; can cause liver failure
compared to unsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acid is less likely to undergo oxidation, is comprised of glucose molecules, contains no double bonds, has a kink in its molecular structure that keeps it from being straight
is less likely to undergo oxidation
which of the following periodicals features peer-review articles? National Geographic magazines, journal of the Americas medical association, mens journal, ladies home journal
journal of the Americas medical association
vitamin C toxicity
kidney excrete excess amounts of the vitamins and exudate a by-product of vitamin C metabolism
urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra kindly filters out unneeded substances from blood and help maintain proper fluid balance
folate early deficiency
lack of folate affects cells, such as red blood cells (RBCs) that rapidly divide
iron-deficiency anemia
lack of hemoglobin in RBCs, poor oxygen transport
low-quality protein (incomplete protein)
lacks or has inadequate amounts of 1 or more of the essential amino acids. Most plant foods and gelatin (animal tissue byproduct)
a substance has a pH that's lower than the pH of water but higher than the pH or gastric juice. Based on this info, the substance is household ammonia, egg whites, lemon juice, baking soda
lemon juice
example of acids
lemon juice alcohol tomatos milk
Dietary recommendations for saturated fat?
less than 10% of total calories
LDL cholesterol
less than 100 mg/dL
Triglycerides
less than 150 mg/dL
Total Cholesterol
less than 200 mg/dL
Sodium intake according to American Dietary Guidelines.
less than 2300 mg/day
solute
lesser component that is dissolved in the solvent
which of the following foods contain the most water by weight? lettuce, stick margarine, avocados, baked white potato skin
lettuce
the ___ is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans pancreas, pituitary gland, small intestine, liver
liver
vitamin A toxicity
liver damage teratogen- birth defects excess beta-carotene (carotenemia)
gastroesophageal sphincter
located at the end of the esophagus; controls opening and closing of stomach
what do polyunsaturated fats to to HDL and LDL?
lower LDL and lower HDL in some people
what do monounsaturated fats to to HDL and LDL?
lower LDL but not HDL
Folic acid, B-6, B-12, as medicine?
lowers blood homocysteine levels when they're taken togwthwe
mucus
lubricates and protects stomach wall
respiratory system
lungs enable the body to exchange gases, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide
partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs)
made by a manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids
Table Sugar (sucrose)
made from refining sugar cane or sugar beets
lecithin
main phospholipid in foods, such as egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soy
in the body, vitamin A helps reduce collagen synthesis, insulin enters cells, the small intestine absorbs calcium and phosphorus, maintain epithelial cell
maintain epithelial cell
water
maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of body temp, transports and elimination of substances, participant in many chemical reactions
potassium (K) function
major positively charged ions intracellular fluid needed for nerve impulse, contracting muscles, and kidney functions
molecule
matter that forms when 2 or more atoms interact and are held together
very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
may contribute to atherosclerosis carry triglycerides to the cells
chromium (Cr)
may enhance insulins action on cell membranes holds the door open for glucose entry into cells
vitamin E as medicine?
may increase risk of prostate cancer (men) and hemorrhagic stroke
sodium deficiency
may occur when more than
selenium deficiency
may occur with severe digestive tract conditions
bioelectrical impedance
measures conduction of a weak electrical current through the body
glycemic index (GI)
method of classifying carbohydrate-rich food by comparing the rise in blood glucose
chyme
mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food
compound
molecules that contain 2 or more different elements
the simplest sugar
monosaccharide
HDL cholesterol
more than or equal to 60 mg/dL
type 2 diabetes
most common type insulin resistance cells
where does digestion begin?
mouth
simple diffusion
movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
muscular systen
muscles enables movement to occur snd they provide support snd protection
peristalsis
muscular contractions that move small amounts of foods and beverages through the intestinal track
GI track
muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
folate
natural
vitamin B-6 toxic (megadose)
nerve damage
what does sodium (Na) conduct?
nerve impulses
nervous system
nervous system cells (neurons) in the brain, spinal cord, and throughout the body transmit info and responses by electrical snd chemical signals
megadoses of __ may be used to reduce elevated LDL cholesterol levels thiamin, Vitamin K, biotin, Nicotinic acid
nicotinic acid
Vitamin A deficiency
night blindness certain cells produce too much keratin xerophthalmia- "dry eyes"
vitamin K toxicity
non known for natural forms synthetic forms are toxic
chromium toxicity
none
dietary supplements are regulated as food ____ not as drugs
not
nonmodifiable
not able to be changed age genetics
vitamin C functions
not part of a concenzyme but needed for collagen synthesis antioxidant activity other major roles
essential nutrient
nutrient that must be supplied by food
Mason would like to compare the saturated fat contents of salad dressings. To obtain this information, he should read the ___ on the products' labels. nutrition facts pannel, country of origin, structure/functions, claims, list of ingredients
nutrition facts panel
Vitamin E rich sources
nuts, seeds, and plant oils
moderation
obtaining adequate amounts of nutrients while balancing calorie intake with calorie expenditure
chronic undernutrition
occurs when a persons long-term energy and nutrition intakes are insufficient
which of the following is true? the bladder makes bile and stores it in the liver, older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children, foods that taste bitter are generally good energy sources because of their high carbohydrate contents, segmentation enables chyme to move through the esophagus
older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children
in the U.S., food insecurity is most likely to affect?
older adults on fixed income
linoleic acid
omega-6 fatty acid
cholesterol
only made by animals, including the human liver the body uses it to make vitamin D, bile, and steroid hormones
endocrine system
organs and tissues that produce hormones
Which of the following statements is true? oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque build-up, a diet that is high in saturated fat helps reduce high blood cholesterol levels, food that contains cholesterol should be avoided because the substances are toxic to human cells, high levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with increased risk of heart disease
oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque build up
which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion? insulin, glucagon, antidiuretic hormone, parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone
niacin function
part of 2 coenzymes needed to obtain energy for macronutrients
vitamin B-12 functions
part of coenzymes needed for: folate metabolism maintenance of myelin sheaths
thiamin function
part of involved in release of energy from carbohydrates metabolism of certain amino acids synthesis of neurotransmitters
selenium (Se)
part of several proteins called selenoproteins many are antioxidants may reduce risk of certain cancers
magnesium (mg) function
participates in more than 300 chemical reactions regulates muscle and nerve function maintenance of strong bones strength in immune system
which of the following good is a poor source of essential amino acids? peanuts, fat-free milk, sesame seeds, peach
peach
which of the following foods are legumes? potatoes, onions, peanuts, mushrooms
peanuts
niacin deficiency
pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
Diabulimia
people with diabetes manipulate body weight by skipping insulin injections or using less insulin than prescribed
the chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a fatty acid chain, partially hydrogenated protein, glycoside linkage, peptide bond
peptide bod
PYY
peptide secreted by intestines that reduces hunger
Night Eating Syndrome (NES)
person consumes considerable amount of calories during evening and overnight
Variable
personal characteristics or other feature that changes and can influence an outcome
nitrogen balance (nitrogen equilibrium)
positive nitrogen balance: body retains more nitrogen than it loses
which of the following foods in not nutrient-dense? orange juice, fresh strawberries, romaine lettuce, potato chips
potato chips
according to the U.S. department todays Americans eat more ___? whole grains, poultry, red meats, eggs
poultry
systolic
pressure in artery when heart contrasts to pump blood throughout the body
diastolic
pressure in artery, in between beats, when heart is not contracting
liver
processes and store many nutrients
organic foods
produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides
Pancreas
produces and secretes many digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions
reproductive system
producing children
quackery
promoting useless medical treatments
enzyme
protein that catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions but isn't altered during the process
eating disorder
psychological disturbance that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complication Anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa bindge-eating disorder
riboflavin deficiency
rarely occurs
bindge-eating disorder (BED)
recurrent episodes of overeating that are NOT followed by purging
hives
red raised bumps on skin
omega 3 actions
reduces inflammation, blood clotting and blood pressure may reduce risk of heart disease and stroke
vitamin D is needed for
reducing urinary calcium excretion increasing calcium and ohisohate absorption
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
in the human body, water is involved in regulating body temp, protecting DNA from oxidizing agent, making mineral nutrients, providing energy for physical activity
regulating body temp
Vitamins
regulation of body process
minerals
regulation of fluid balance, structural and functional components
catabolic reactions __ energy
release
absorptive cells
remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into intestinal blood or lymph
to reduce her intake of added sugars, Isabella should consume energy drink instead of coffee, consume more refines sources of carbohydrates, replace regular soft franks with plain water, increase her intake of beverages sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup
replace regular soft franks with plain water
enrichment
replacement of some nutrients that are lost driving processing
anecdotes
report of personal experiment
iodine (I)
required for normal thyroid function and production of thyroid hormone
anabolic reaction __ energy
requires
single-blind study
researchers know which subjects are in the treatment and control group
golter
resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
results when diet lacks energy and high-quality protein
vitamin A animal sources
retinol most active form -liver and fish oils
which os the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to id lifestyle factors that relate to the development of liver cancer in an adult population? single-bind study, double-blind, experimental, retrospective study
retrospective study
which of the following is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process riboflavin, vitamin D, vitamin B-6, pantothenic acid
riboflavin
chemical digestion
saliva mixes and lubricates food
mouth
salivary amylase digests some Starch
limits
saturated fats and trans fats added sugars and sodium
eczema
scaly skin rash
nutrition
scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
possible essential minerals
scientists have not fully determined their roles in the body
Vitamin C deficiency
scurvy, hemorrhagic diathesis, poor wound healing
chyme is
semi-solid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach
satiety
sense that enough food was eaten
Daily Values (DV)
set of nutrient intake standards developed for labeling purposes
anorexia nervosa (AN)
severe psychological disturbance characterized by self-imposed starvation
calcitonin enhances bone tissue loss, signals osteoblasts to remove calcium from blood, increases the body's rate of potassium excretion, enables glucose to enter cells
signals osteoblasts to remove calcium from blood
integumentary system
skin nails and hair
where is most nutrients digested and absorbed?
small intestines
coenzymes
small molecules that regulate chemical reactions by interacting with enzyme-coenzyme complex that enables the reaction to occur
requirement
smallest amount if a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health
cell
smallest living functional unit in an organism
which of the following is a polysaccharide? high-fructose corn syrup, soluble fiber, laces, glucose
soluble fiber
large intestine
some soluble fiber and undigested carbohydrates are fermented
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)
standards for recommended daily intakes that meet needs of 98% of healthy people
marasmus
starving= extreme weight loss
deficiency disease
state of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet
subcutaneous fat doesn't: protect against minor bruising, stimulate red blood cell production, insulate the body against cold temps, store energy
stimulate red blood cell production
where does chemical digestion of protein begin?
stomach
starch
storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in plants
gylcogen
storage from carbohydrate (glucose) in humans and other nails
gallbladder
stores bile that aids in fat digestion
the primary function of an adipose cell: transporting cholesterol within tissue, storing fat, making insulin, metabolizing glycogen
storing fat
organells
structures within a cell that perform specific functions
physiological
study of cells and body structures functions
anatomy
study of cells and other body structures
chemistry
study of composition and characteristics of matter
nutrigenetics
study of how a person's genetic makeup affects the way his or her body responds to food
nutrigenomics
study of how nutrients and other food components can affect one's genetic expression
chemistry
study of how the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it
human physiology
study of how the human body functions`
what kind of fat insulates the body and protects muscles and bones from bumps and bruises? intracellular, cellulite, viscerale, subcutaneous
subcutaneous
phytochemical
substance found in plants that are not classified as nutrients (nonnutrients) but may be beneficial to humans health
the simplest form if a carbohydrate
sugar
bariatric surgery
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity
When she sampled a spoonful of hot soup, Bekha burnt the tip of her tongue. During the 24 hours that followed the injury, Bekha had difficulty detecting foods that tasted meaty, cold, sweet, sour
sweet
5 tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
folic acid
synthetic form of folate
air displacement
technique to assess body composition by calculating the body volume from the air replaced by an individual sitting inside a small chamber
skinfold thickness
technique to assess body composition by measuring a double thickness of skin at specific body sites
which of the following is true? the FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence its harmful, the EPA regulates the labeling of dietary supplements, manufavtures of dietary supplements inform the FTC about negative health reports that may have resulted from use of their product, medical herbs must undergo testing for safety and effectiveness by the FDA before they may be marketed
the FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence its harmful
causation
the action of causing something
which of the following statements is true? a group of scientists at the academy of DRIs-recommended dietary allowances meets the nutrient needs of 5% of healthy people, the adult AMDR for carbohydrates is 45-60% of total energy intake, nutrient requirements are the same, regardless of a persons age or sex
the adult AMDR for carbohydrates is 45-60% of total energy intake
copper (Cu)
the body uses copper to make several enzymes that act as antioxidants copper is also involved in iron metabolism, immune function, and collagen production
Which of the following statements is true? hydrolyzed HDL is toxic lipoprotein that contributes to CVD, all forms of LDL cholesterol are considered unhealthy because they increase the risk of diabetes, VL LDLs transport most cholesterol in blood to the liver for disposal, the cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited into plaque
the cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited into plaque
chylomicrons
the class of lipoproteins from absorptive call and enter lacteal of villus
nutritional genomics
the complex interactions amount gene functioning, dietary choices, and the environment
Bioavaliability
the extent to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient
Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
night blindness
the inability to see in dim light or at night early sign of deficiency of vitamin A
nutrition facts panel
the label on a food package that contains the nutrition information required by the FDA.- energy and nutrient contents on packaged foods
basal metabolism
the minimum amount of calories used for vital physiological activities after fating and resting for 12 hours
which of the following statements about food labels is true? the nutrition facts panels provides info about total carbohydrates in a serving of food, the nutrition facts panel includes info about a food glycogen content, the list of ingredients on food packages
the nutrition facts panels provides info about total carbohydrates in a serving of food
chloride (Cl-) function
the primarily negatively-charged ions found in extracellular fluid essential for maintaining proper fluid and acid-base balance
solvent
the primary component
digestion
the process by which molecules in food are broken down into smaller ones; requires decomposition reactions
chemical reaction
the process that changes the atomic arrangement of molecules
correlation
the relationship between variables
deamination
the removal of nitrogen-containing group from an inner amino acid
cells
the smallest functional structure in a living organism
epidemiology
the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population
which of the following statements is true? the traditional American-American diet often contains unhealthy amounts of fat and sodium, according to Islamic dietary law; chicken is a prohibited food, the typical asain diet usually inculses plenty of milk and milk products, according to jewish dietary laws; caffeinated beverages shouldnt be consumed
the traditional American-american diet often contains unhealthy amounts of fat and sodium
biotechnology
the use of living things- plants, animals, microfiber- to manufacture new products
metabolic water
the water formed as a by-product of our body's metabolic reactions
the__ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate hypothalamus, adrenal, thyroid, salivary
thyroid
vili
tiny projections that line the small intestine and have absorptive cells
water intoxication
too much water consumed at a time or conditions in which kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood
keratin
tough protein found in hair, nails, and outmost layer of skin excess keratin: skin becomes bumpy and tough
if the RDA/Al for a mineral is 30mg/day, how should it be classified? nonessential mineral, trace mineral, major mineral, possible essential mineral
trace mineral
transamination
transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid
what can plaque result in?
trombus, an asbolus, and cardiovascular disease
Americans typically consume more protein from animal sources than from plant food
true
By conducting a prospective epidemiological study, medical researchers can determine risk factors that may influence health.
true
Egg yolks are a rich source of cholesterol
true
Taking too many fish oil supplements may be harmful to health.
true
Vitamin E is an antioxidant
true
Your body constantly loses water through insensible perspiration, a form of water loss that is not the same as sweat.
true
according to the recommendations of the 2015-2020 dietary guidelines for Americans, its acceptable for certain adults to consume alcoholic beverages in moderation
true
certain vitamins are toxic
true
dietary supplements includes vitamin pills as well as products that contain enhances, ginseng, and garlic
true
eating a high-fiber diet may reduce your blood cholesterol level
true
foods made from soybeans can be sources of high-quality protein
true
potassium, sodium, and chloride ions are involved in fluid balance
true
selenium is an essential mineral
true
the nutrition facts panel on a food label provide into concerning amounts of energy, fiber, and sodium that are in a serving of the food
true
the stomach produces gastric juice that contains hydrochloric acid
true
when a person consumes more protein than needed, the excess can be converted to fat and store in fat cells
true
you can determine whether you have an unhealthy amount of body fat simple by measuring your waistline
true
Esophagus
tube continuing pharynx to stomach
which of the following conditions is not a leading cause of death in the U.S.? stroke, tuberculosis, cancer, heart disease
tuberculosis
in general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable sources of food and nutrient information
ture
inverse correlation
two variables change in opposite directions
direct correlation
two variables change in the same direction
hunger
uncomfortable feeling that drives a person to consume food
vitamin D deficiency
uncommon in the us fluid milk is often fortified with vitamin D
what is cancer?
uncontrolled cell growth and division
modifable
unhealthy diet hypertension pre-diabetes or diabetes high blood cholesterol (esp LDL) excess body fat lack of physical activity tobacco use sleep apnea
selenium toxicity
upper limit= 400 mg/day known as selenosis
diet
usual eating patter of food choices
Omega 6 fatty acid sources
vegetable oils, whole grains
arica is a vegan. to avoid developing a serious nutritional deficiency, she needs to include a source of __ in her diet folate, vitamin B-12, magnesium, fiber
vitamin B-12
kristen uses % DV's to help plan nutritious menus with various packaged foods. she should try to obtain at least 100% of the DVs for which of the following nutrients? sodium, cholesterol, fat, Vitamin C
vitamin C
total water intake
water in beverages and foods
intracellular water
water inside the cells (2/3 of body water)
extracellular water
water surrounding the cells or in the fluid portion of blood (plasma)
BMI formula
weight (kg) / height (m^2) x 703
zinc (Zn) function
wound healing healthy skin growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence
