corrections final questions chapter 1-2

Jeremy Bentham, who was an eighteenth-century philosopher, argued that immoral people (criminals) deserved punishment that was equally depraved, even if the punishment did not benefit the general welfare. a. True b. False

False

One reason that deterrence effectively discourages and prevents criminal behavior is that humans have similar understandings of what is severe and what is mild punishment. a. True b. False

False

Selective incapacitation favors broad use of imprisonment as a way to achieve large gains in crime prevention by locking away even minor offenders. a. True b. False

False

Since 2011, prison populations in the United States have increased dramatically after having consistently declined for 40 years. a. True b. False

False

Specific deterrence occurs when punishment is applied to an offender with the goal of discouraging others who hear about the punishment from committing a crime. a. True b. False

False

The pretrial release decision is made prior to arrest so that defendants who qualify can be released and supervised in the community before their first court date. a. True b. False

False

Weak or inadequate evidence is not a good reason for dismissing a case during initial screening since evidence is unimportant until trial. a. True b. False

False

crime control policy

a course of action to respond to criminal behavior in the best interest of the public

diversion

a form of community supervision for individuals who have not been formally sentenced but who agree to complete stipulations, such as treatment or community service, in exchange for having their charges dropped

citation

a police-issued ticket ordering a citizen to pay a fine for a minor law violation

jurisdiction

a predefined geographic area

The more effective treatment interventions are those that a. are focused on either males or females specifically b. are designed for adult women over age 35 c. designed to help both men and women simultaneously d. ignore offender demographics and concentrate instead on offender age.

a. are focused on either males or females specifically.

Repeated and cumulative media exposure is thought to contribute to insecurity and fear of crime according to: a. cultivation theory b. social interaction theory c. social learning theory d. crime control theory.

a. cultivation theory

The primary goal of the restorative justice philosophy is to: a. make the victim and community whole again b. see that offenders receive their just deserts c. guarantee due process is not lost during sentencing d. maintain proportionality of crime and punishment

a. make the victim and community whole again

Deterrence is the act of discouraging future criminal acts by both the a. offender and others in the population b. offender and his/her state c. offender and his/her co-workers d. offender and his/her family.

a. offender and others in the population

Retribution can be distinguished from revenge in each of the following ways EXCEPT: a. retribution is a form of individual retaliation for a wrong done b. retribution seeks just desserts for the offender c. retribution seeks equity of punishment d. retribution is a formal penal sanction

a. retribution is a form of individual retaliation for a wrong done

Under which type of incapacitation would the policy be to reserve imprisonment for only those offenders needing to be locked away for society's protection? a. Selective. b. Indeterminate. c. Technological. d. General.

a. selective.

Compared with other countries, the United States incarceration rate is ... a. significantly higher than that for most other countries b. lower than most third world countries but higher than most industrialized countries c. lower than most other countries d. tied with other Western industrialized countries

a. significantly higher than that for most other countries

Under which incarnation of rehabilitation is criminality considered similar to an illness that can be diagnosed and treated? a. Rehabilitation as reformation b. Rehabilitation as individualized treatment c. Rehabilitation as reentry d. Rehabilitation as reclamation

b. Rehabilitation as individualized treatment

Because this punishment philosophy does not require punishment to achieve some goal or objective, it is very difficult to argue with one of its proponents that the philosophy doesn't "work." a. Rehabilitation b. Retribution c. Incapacitation d. Deterrence

b. Retribution

Intensive treatment for lower-risk offenders ... a. has the greatest likelihood of success b. can actually increase the likelihood of recidivism c. can be effective as long as long as the offender is joined in the treatment by his/her pro-criminal associates d. is appropriate only for lower-risk women offenders.

b. can actually increase the likelihood of recidivism

Which program type depends on correctional resources available in the community to assist the offender in seeking help and abiding by certain conditions? a. institutional corrections b. community corrections c. fixed fines d. local jail

b. community corrections

One criticism of restorative justice is that it can promote ________ by perpetuating existing social inequities. a. excessive subordination b. discrimination c. excessive deterrence d. unnecessary leniency

b. discrimination

Hanging a horse thief to discourage others from stealing horses expresses which philosophy? a. Specific deterrence b. General deterrence. c. Sanctioned deterrence. d. Informal deterrence.

b. general deterrence.

What the offender deserves is to retribution as what the victim deserves is to a. rehabilitation b. restoration c. incapacitation d. deterrence

b. restoration

To be considered of high quality, a program should a. have a sample size between 10 and 30 people b. show significant differences between treatment and control groups c. be measured as reliable but not necessarily valid d. be measured as valid but not necessarily reliable.

b. show significant differences between treatment and control groups

Which of the key requirements for an effective deterrence system is problematic because it is reasonably achieved only if citizens are willing to be constantly monitored? a. Predictability b. Severity c. Certainty d. Swiftness.

c. certainty

________ was an eighteenth century Italian criminologist who believed that punishment should be used only for good. a. Thomas Towers b. Clifford Harris c. Cesare Beccaria d. Jeremy Bentham

c. cesare beccaria

Which punishment philosophy relies on the core assumptions that people are rational, calculating, individuals using free will to achieve pleasure and avoid pain? a. Rehabilitation b. Retribution c. Deterrence d. Restoration

c. deterrence

This concept is expressed when society treats similar crimes and similar criminals alike. a. Reciprocity b. Mediation c. Equity d. Rehabilitation

c. equity

How long does the average criminal trial last? a. 3 to 6 hours b. 1 month c. less than a week d. 2-3 weeks

c. less than a week

Generally speaking, with ________ incapacitated people are sentenced to prison based on their personal characteristics, whereas under ________ incapacitated people are sentenced to prison based on characteristics of their crime. a. selective / technological b. technological / general c. selective / general d. general / selective

c. selective / general

Calling punishment "a natural response to a wrongful act" best describes a. classical criminology b. general incapacitation c. the norm of reciprocity d. just deserts

c. the norm of reciprocity

When considering how staff members such as probation officers or community corrections counselors relate to offenders a. the use of negative reinforcement must be frequent b. it is important that meetings be held at least three times per week c. the quality of the interaction is more important than the quantity d. being friendly is more important than having any particular training.

c. the quality of the interaction is more important than the quantity.

Nigel Walker's example of how retributionists perceive proportionality is illustrated using: a. two glasses filled with different colored liquid b. a man and a woman c. two ladders intersected by a rod d. a rich man and poor man

c. two ladders intersected by a rod

evidence-based practice

correctional interviews for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes, such as recidivism reduction

community corrections

court-ordered supervision and treatment while the offender remains at liberty in the community

Crime policy in the United States are more punitive than crime policies in other Western countries for each of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. crime policy in the United States is more decentralized b. sentencing and release decisions in the United States are micromanaged by legislators c. crime policy in the United States, even at the state level, is reliant on federal funding d. U.S. judges and prosecutors are career civil servants who receive special training

d. U.S. judges and prosecutors are career civil servants who receive special training

Which of the following is an example of incapacitation through technology? a. Surgical castration of sex offenders b. Monitoring offender movement with the use of electronic devices c. Chemical intervention such as Antabuse for alcoholics d. All of the above are examples of incapacitation through technology e. None of the above is an example of incapacitation through technology

d. all of the above are examples of incapacitation through technology

Which of the following is NOT one of the main decision points for prosecutors? a. initial court screening b. determining whether to charge a suspect c. recommending to the judge a sentence or case disposition for convicted offenders d. deciding whether to arrest a suspect

d. deciding whether to arrest a suspect

Hanging a horse thief to ensure he doesn't steal any other horses expresses which philosophy? a. Informal deterrence b. General deterrence c. Sanctioned deterrence d. Specific deterrence

d. specific deterrence

The observation that essentially all prisoners return to live in free society is called: a. Beccaria's rule b. restorative justice c. the golden rule of criminology d. the iron law of imprisonment

d. the iron law of imprisonment

deterrence

discouraging future criminal acts by both the offender and others in the population

general incapacitation

imprisonment is acceptable and desirable on an extensive scale for a wide range of offenders as a means of crime prevention

selective incapacitation

imprisonment is reserved for those very few offenders who must truly be locked away for society's protection

institutional corrections

incarceration of offenders in a jail or prison, apart from the community

retribution

just and adequate punishment

police

law enforcement officials who are sworn to uphold the law, keep social order, and preserve public safety

continuum of sanctions

one or more sentencing options within the community or an institution that can be combined with one another to achieve a range of sentencing goals

incapacitation

Restricting an offender's freedom of movement through isolation from the general population

The police enforce the law, keep social order, and preserve public safety for their particular jurisdiction. a. True b. False

True

rehabilitation

providing the offender with skills, attitudes, and norms that enable him/her to be law-abiding

cultivation theory

repeated viewing and cumulative exposure to violence in the media eventually creates a sense of insecurity and irrational fear of violent victimization and about people in the world in general

restoration

restoring the victim, community, and offender through accountability, respect for the law and the legal process, and . attention to the victims needs

specific deterrence

seeks to prevent crime by using punishments to discourage a person from committing additional crimes

general deterrence

seeks to prevent crime by using punishments to discourage people from committing a crime in the first place

pretrial supervision

the community supervision of a defendant who has not yet been convicted but is waiting for his or her next court hearing date

lex talionis

the law of retaliation

economic mobility

the likelihood that individuals can rise and maintain a higher socioeconomic status than they were born into, through employment and earnings

corrections

the network of government and private agencies responsible for pre- and post conviction custody, supervision, and treatment of persons accused or convicted of crimes

incarceration rate

the proportion of people in jail and prison per 100,000 residents in a given area

iron law of imprisonment

the realization that almost all prisoners will return freely to society

A criminal is more likely to be deterred by seeing a police officer with handcuffs and a radio than through the passage of a new law increasing penalties. a. True b. False

True

Which program helps inmates understand the victimization facts and the plight of victims' rights and greatly improves their sensitivity levels? a. Victim-impact classes b. Community reparation classes c. Restoration classes d. Behavioral modification classes

a. Victim-impact classes

Pre-adjudication diversion: a. allows the defendant to be supervised in the community before pleading guilty b. is granted by the prosecutor c. occurs after formal sentencing d. is typically offered to persons charged with their second or third felony

a. allows the defendant to be supervised in the community before pleading guilty

dismissed

when a case is dropped for lack of evidence and does not proceed any further

booked

when a suspect is identified and fingerprinted in jail after being arrested for an alleged crime

net widening

when offenders receive a level of correctional control or punishment that is greater than what they really require, resulting in bringing more people into the system