Corrections test #2
33. You are a physician working within a jail with a large population of older inmates. You are currently attending to a 24-year-old inmate with complications of a medical problem that you see less commonly. The inmate most likely has ______. a. an HIV infection b. cancer c. heart disease d. diabetes
a. an HIV infection
42. For convicted offenders who used at the time of offense, which substance was most likely to be in their system? a. methamphetamines b. cocaine c. marijuana d. alcohol
d. alcohol
21. The racial-ethnic group with the largest numbers in jail is ______. a. White non-Hispanics b. Black non-Hispanics c. Hispanics of any race d. Asian Americans
a. White non-Hispanics
8. An inmate has just arrived at a jail. They are strip-searched, their property is taken, and they are issued clothing. The inmate has just gone through ______. a. arrest b. arraignment c. interrogation d. booking
d. booking
34. A female inmate has recently been diagnosed with cancer while in jail. Which type of cancer is she most likely to have? a. skin b. lymphoma c. breast d. cervical
d. cervical
56. An inmate is in a facility where she attends drug counseling and mental health programming. She is going to receive these services as she transitions out of the facility, as well. What type of facility is this inmate housed in? a. new-generation jail b. minimum security prison c. detention center d. community jail
d. community jail
28. Research finds that ______ are more likely than other inmates to be sexually victimized in jail. a. inmates convicted of drug crimes b. White inmates c. middle-aged male inmates d. inmates with mental illness
d. inmates with mental illness
10. According to recent statistics, on average, jails operate at ______ of capacity. a. a small percentage b. a little less than half c. slightly more than half d. more than three-quarters
d. more than three-quarters
13. When bringing a lawsuit against jails and prisons, an offender is most likely to win cases when the claim involves ______. a. sexual abuse b. poor diet c. inadequate healthcare d. overcrowding
d. overcrowding
1. What is judicial reprieve? a. a delay in sentencing following a conviction b. a sentence suspension by a county sheriff c. cancellation of a sentence, contingent upon parole d. a stay of execution by a state governor
a. a delay in sentencing following a conviction
14. In recent years, women have comprised ______ of jail inmates. a. a small minority b. just under half c. slightly more than half d. the vast majority
a. a small minority
41. The most recent BJS research suggests that ______ of inmates receive treatment for substance abuse or dependency problems. a. a small minority b. just under half c. slightly more than half d. the vast majority
a. a small minority
27. Three-quarters of all inmates with mental health problems ______. a. abuse substances b. were homeless c. are violent d. are White
a. abuse substances
46. ______ jails have more problems with gangs than other types of jails. a. Large urban b. Large rural c. Small urban d. Small rural
a. Large urban
12. Which offender is most likely to be on probation? a. White male b. Black male c. Hispanic female d. White female
a. White male
3. Research indicates that the general public views jails as ______ than prisons. a. more punitive b. less punitive c. more rehabilitative d. less rehabilitative
A. more punitive
2. Jails were originally developed to ______. a. punish wrongdoers b. hold the accused for trial c. prevent rebellion d. house the mentally ill
B. hold the accused for trial
1. Local institutions that hold people before trial, before they are sentenced, or after they are convicted to short terms are called ______. a. prisons b. halfway houses c. jails d. residential centers
C. Jails
TRUE/FALSE: 15. The Supreme Court has ruled that inmates have a right to reasonable medical care.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 14. Jail inmates have yet to be provided a legal requirement of mental health care during incarceration.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 17. If an offender was using a substance at the time of their offense, it was most likely cocaine.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 18. Jails and prisons have comparable rates of suicides and homicides.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 2. Jail staff has historically received the same levels of compensation as deputy sheriffs.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 20. The Prison Rape Elimination Act only collects data in prisons.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 21. Jail staff are very rarely terminated for substantiated cases of sexual abuse.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 22. Direct supervision jails offer a management philosophy that is much less open than traditional jails.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 23. Podular jails were efficient to implement because they take advantage of the existing role of the correctional officer.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 4. Jails were initially instituted as a system to house political dissidents.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 6. A small minority of jail inmates have not been convicted of the crime they are being held for.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 8. Black non-Hispanic inmates outnumber white non-Hispanic inmates by two to one.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 9. Black non-Hispanics are three times as likely to be incarcerated in American jails as white non-Hispanics.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: Prisons have been in existence for much longer than jails.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: 16. Existing jail conditions made weathering the COVID-19 pandemic a particular challenge for jails.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 19. According to recent research, about 20 percent of jails report suicides annually.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 24. Historically, jails have been a "dumping ground" for inmates and for staff.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 25. Reentry programs for jails focus on making reentering the jail a smoother transition for repeat offenders.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 3. Jails often hold innocent people in the same location as violent offenders.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 5. American Indian tribes operate some of their own jails.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 7. Overcrowding is a serious issue facing jails today.
TRUE
52. ______ jails are characterized by rounded architecture and living units for directly supervising staff. a. New-generation b. Community c. Coequal staffing d. Reentry-focused
a. New-generation
TRUE/FALSE: 10. Women comprise about a fifth of all jail inmates.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 11. Female inmates experience more mental health problems than male inmates.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 12. Individuals who have mental illnesses are more likely to be homeless.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: 13. A small minority of jail inmates use a walker, cane, or wheelchair.
TRUE
7. ______ of all sentences handed down by U.S. courts are probation orders. a. A small minority b. Just under half c. Slightly over half d. The vast majority
d. The vast majority
35. Which statement about the mortality rate in jail of women versus men is accurate? a. The overall mortality rate in jail is the same for both genders. b. Men are more likely to die from illnesses in jail than women. c. Women are more likely to die from suicide in jail than men. d. Men have a much higher mortality rate in jail than women.
a. The overall mortality rate in jail is the same for both genders.
45. An inmate died by suicide at the county jail. Which of the following matches the demographic characteristics of individuals who commit suicide in jail? a. 35-year -old White male b. 20-year-old Black male c. 35-year -old Black female d. 20-year-old White female
a. 35-year -old White male
55. What is a problem that community jails face? a. convincing local service providers that inmates still need services b. excessive violence before people transition into the community c. treating older inmates who have cancer d. hiring people to work in these facilities
a. convincing local service providers that inmates still need services
20. The number of minorities in jail populations may be decreasing due to ______. a. decriminalization of marijuana in some states b. the widespread adoption of truth-in-sentencing laws c. a large drop in unemployment rates during the last decade d. a great awareness of bias in police practices
a. decriminalization of marijuana in some states
50. When a rape allegation is substantiated against staff, the staff member is most likely to be ______. a. fired b. retrained c. suspended d. arrested
a. fired
30. Some state governments are hoping to improve jail conditions for inmates with mental illness by ______. a. focusing on diverting them to other services b. ensuring protection by using solitary confinement c. keeping them with the general population d. placing them in medium-security prisons instead
a. focusing on diverting them to other services
25. Jails in the United States often have large populations of ______. a. homeless individuals b. enemy combatants c. repeat violent criminals d. sex offenders
a. homeless individuals
4. The passing of the National Probation Act of 1925 afforded ______. a. judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation b. probation officers the same legal authority as police officers c. state governments the federal funds necessary for probation programs d. little actual change, as the first probation system would not be developed until the 1960s
a. judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation
43. Which types of jails may be better equipped to monitor for and prevent suicides? a. larger b. smaller c. urban d. county
a. larger
51. If operated correctly, new generation jails are ______. a. more cost effective b. built with fewer amenities c. managed bottom-up d. designed to require less supervision
a. more cost effective
15. Studies find that "experienced offenders" prefer ______. a. prison time b. probation c. parole d. judicial reprieve
a. prison time
12. You are the warden of a jail. There are 5,000 inmates in your facility but only 4,000 beds. What potential side-effect is most likely to result from this situation? a. violence among the inmates b. decreased funding from the state c. solitary confinement of inmates d. reduced training of officers
a. violence among the inmates
40. ______ of jail inmates report being under the influence at the time of their offense. a. A small minority b. About half c. About two-thirds d. The vast majority
b. About half
60. The ______ provides financial support for low-level offenders without the funds to pay for the fines associated with their crimes. a. Affordable Care Act b. Bail Project c. Vera Institute d. Sentencing Project
b. Bail Project
22. Proportionate to population, which racial-ethnic group is the most likely to be incarcerated in American jails? a. White non-Hispanics b. Black non-Hispanics c. Hispanics of any race d. Asian Americans
b. Black non-Hispanics
54. ______ jails are characterized by the idea that programming on the outside does not begin or end with incarceration. a. New-generation b. Community c. Coequal staffing d. County
b. Community
24. Which statement accurately compares the jail population that struggles with mental illness with that of prisons? a. Prisons experience higher percentages of inmates with mental health issues than jails. b. Jails experience higher percentages of inmates with mental health issues than prisons. c. Both prisons and jails have comparable populations with mental health issues. d. Both prisons and jails have populations with mental health issues lower than the general population.
b. Jails experience higher percentages of inmates with mental health issues than prisons.
29. Why is the use of solitary confinement with inmates with mental health problems particularly problematic? a. Inmates with mental illnesses are already less likely to be violent. b. Solitary confinement can make existing mental health problems even worse. c. The threat of violence outside of solitary confinement is quite low for these inmates. d. Other inmates are more likely to benefit and cannot take advantage of it if it is already occupied.
b. Solitary confinement can make existing mental health problems even worse.
11. According to the most recent statistics, ______ of probationers exited successfully. a. a small minority b. about half c. nearly two-thirds d. the vast majority
b. about half
13. All activities performed by agents of the state to assist offenders in establishing or reestablishing functional law-abiding roles in the community while monitoring their behavior for criminal activity fall under the umbrella term ______. a. parole b. community corrections c. probation d. judicial reprieve
b. community corrections
6. Jails for juveniles are called ______. a. reformatories b. detention centers c. penitentiaries d. residential treatment centers
b. detention centers
4. In comparison to prisons, jails ______. a. are a newer development b. fulfill a more diverse role c. house more violent offenders d. focus more on rehabilitation
b. fulfill a more diverse role
11. An unintended consequence of get-tough laws is ______. a. a reduction of funding for local jails b. less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space c. less harsh punishment for nonviolent drug offenders d. fewer correctional officers because funds are earmarked for patrol officers
b. less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space
9. What effect did the National Probation Act of 1925 have? a. outlawed indefinite suspension of a sentence b. made probation legal based on judge discretion c. established the first probation system in the United States d. declared probation illegal for violent offenders
b. made probation legal based on judge discretion
37. Dealing with COVID-19 was a particularly difficult problem to address in jails due to ______. a. privatization b. overcrowding c. inmate violence d. supermax security
b. overcrowding
3. The Massachusetts legislature's authorization of Boston's hiring of probation officers in 1878 marked the beginning of ______. a. probationers receiving supervision b. probation officers receiving pay. c. offenders having an alternative to incarceration d. the first probation program in America
b. probation officers receiving pay.
6. The term probation comes from a Latin word meaning to ______. a. promise b. prove c. provide d. probe
b. prove
38. Due to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, jails must ______. a. implement telemedicine through videoconferencing b. provide medical and mental health care within their facilities c. contract with a local hospital to transport inmates for checkups d. train staff in cardiopulmonary resuscitation methods
b. provide medical and mental health care within their facilities
44. You are an administrator at a country jail and are informed that a White male inmate died. You would most expect the cause of death to be ______. a. illness b. suicide c. drug overdose d. homicide
b. suicide
5. Upon receiving probation, an offender's sentence is ______. a. suspended for a set period of time b. suspended pending good behavior c. commuted d. reduced
b. suspended pending good behavior
17. Increases in the female and minority populations in jails are likely due to ______. a. increased offending b. the war on drugs c. higher recidivism d. white-collar crime
b. the war on drugs
19. In comparison to Whites, Blacks are ______ as likely to be in jail. a. a third b. three times c. half d. five times
b. three times
57. ______ provides comparable pay and benefits to those who work in the jail with those who work on the streets as law enforcement. a. Direct supervision b. The Fair Compensation Act c. Coequal staffing d. Matched employment
c. Coequal staffing
48. The ______ mandated that the Bureau of Justice Statistics collect data on sexual assaults in adult and juvenile jails and prisons and identify facilities with high levels of victimization. a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention b. ruling in Estelle v. Gamble c. Prison Rape Elimination Act d. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
c. Prison Rape Elimination Act
53. You are a jail administrator hoping to implement a direct supervision model in your jail. Which of the following guidance would you incorporate into training for the live-in jail officers? a. harsh and swift discipline b. building reactive leadership c. an open supervisory style d. the need to apply rules flexibly
c. an open supervisory style
31. You are a jail administrator planning medical care for inmates. Which type of medical issue would you expect to be most common? a. HIV infection contracted from previous imprisonment b. liver failure that worsened while in jail c. arthritis that preceded imprisonment d. tuberculosis developed in solitary confinement
c. arthritis that preceded imprisonment
32. What is most likely to be a problem among older inmates? a. asthma b. HIV c. cancer d. substance abuse
c. cancer
39. You are a jail administrator who is struggling to fulfill the requirements of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 in a cost-effective way. What is a potential solution to your problem? a. identifying outside facilities for mental health care b. cutting care plans for uncommon diseases c. contracting with a private company d. training correctional officers in health assessment
c. contracting with a private company
5. The vast majority of jails are operated by ______. a. private companies b. the federal government c. county sheriffs d. state governments
c. county sheriffs
10. Since 2008, the number of probationers has ______. a. increased slightly b. increased significantly c. decreased significantly d. decreased slightly
c. decreased significantly
2. What was John Augustus known for? a. passing the National Probation Act b. providing the first judicial reprieve c. developing the first probation system d. innovating the hybrid approach to probation
c. developing the first probation system
14. The general public tends to have a negative view of probation because they think it ______. a. is too expensive b. harms offenders' families c. is soft on crime d. exposes offenders to the criminal lifestyle
c. is soft on crime
16. The war on drugs has led most notably to a sharp increase in the population of offenders convicted for ______ in jails. a. international drug trafficking b. powder cocaine possession c. low-level drug crimes d. drug cartel activity
c. low-level drug crimes
49. LGBTI inmates are ______ than other inmates. a. more likely to commit sexual assaults b. less likely to commit sexual assaults c. more likely to be victims of sexual assaults d. less likely to be victims of sexual assaults
c. more likely to be victims of sexual assaults
36. According to the 1976 case Estelle v. Gamble, inmates have the right to ______. a. a licensed therapist b. in-facility health care c. reasonable medical care d. mental health care
c. reasonable medical care
8. The practice of judicial ______ was used in British and early American courts to delay a sentence following conviction. a. discretion b. sanctioning c. reprieve d. suspension
c. reprieve
47. You are in charge of classifying inmates at a large urban jail. You encounter a large influx of inmates who all have matching tattoos, wear the same colors, and express loyalty to each other and hostility towards non-members of their group. How do you manage classifying these inmates? a. send them to the state DOC b. integrate them with the general population c. separate them d. wait to see how they behave
c. separate them
26. In comparison to those without mental illness, inmates with mental illness are ______ likely to have been homeless. a. five times more b. a quarter as c. twice as d. half as
c. twice as
18. There has been a recent decline in the numbers of ______ inmates in jail. a. female b. juvenile c. White d. Hispanic
d. Hispanic
15. Which statement accurately describes the recent trends in population of male and female inmates in jails? a. The female inmate population has decreased while the male inmate population has increased. b. Both female and male inmate populations have increased. c. Both female and male inmate populations have decreased. d. The female inmate population has increased while the male inmate population has decreased.
d. The female inmate population has increased while the male inmate population has decreased.
23. Corrections scholar John Irwin claimed that jails managed the members of society who upset others primarily by ______. a. nonviolently protesting corruption b. privately rejecting societal norms c. repeatedly committing the same crimes d. publicly committing minor offenses
d. publicly committing minor offenses
7. During the COVID-19 pandemic, some jails addressed the illness by ______. a. paroling inmates with some good time b. transferring inmates to less crowded prisons c. holding sick inmates in solitary confinement d. quarantining new inmates for two weeks
d. quarantining new inmates for two weeks
58. The purpose of ______ is to provide services to make the transition from incarceration to freedom more manageable. a. new-generation jails b. community jails c. coequal staffing d. reentry programs
d. reentry programs
59. In comparison to male inmates, female inmates are more likely to require ______ to help with reentry. a. additional education b. employment c. housing support d. substance abuse treatment
d. substance abuse treatment
9. Overcrowding occurs when the number of inmates exceeds ______. a. 90% of the available beds b. state guidelines c. federal guidelines d. the available physical capacity
d. the available physical capacity