Counseling Final
Which of the following statements does not reflect one of Ellis's three basic musts?
"I must be kind to others or else I won't be a good person."
Adler pioneered the practice of teaching professionals through live demonstrations with parents and children before large audiences. This is now called:
"openforum" family counseling.
Because ego and consciousness are not the same, the slogan for psychoanalysis has shifted from "making the unconscious conscious" to:
"where there was id, let there be ego."
Adrianne, who is uncertain about her career goals and is afraid to commit to any career path, is working with a therapist who specializes in using motivational interviewing strategies. What will her therapist look for in order to assess the success of therapy?
A reduction in Adrianne's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction
Which of the following is not true about the most recent trends in person centered therapy?
Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used.
When a client recognizes he or she has a choice describes which stage of Miriam Polster's threestage integration sequence?
Accommodation
Who has done most of the work in the area of modeling?
Albert Bandura
The founder of rational emotive behavior therapy is:
Albert Ellis.
Which of these statements is not true about Alfred Adler?
Alfred Adler has been criticized by intellectuals for failing to give his brother Edmund due credit for helping him develop his theory.
Which of the following techniques is not used in Adlerian family counseling?
Analyzing resistances between members of the family
________ is a key pioneer of clinical behavior therapy because of his broadening of its conceptual bases and development of multimodal therapy.
Arnold Lazarus
________ ethics focuses on doing what is in the best interest of clients.
Aspirational
When a client learns how to influence his or her environment describes which stage of Miriam Polster's threestage integration sequence?
Assimilation
Which person is not associated with the existential movement?
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following behavior therapists is credited with developing the social cognitive learning model, doing much work on observational learning and modeling, and writing about self efficacy?
Bandura
Behavior therapy has been criticized for a variety of reasons. Which of the following is one listed in the book?
Behavior therapy may change behaviors, but it does not change feelings.
Which of the following is not considered an essential skill of an effective culturally competent counselor?
Being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly re-experience early childhood events
According to REBT, what is the core of most emotional disturbance?
Blame
Which approach assumes that a family can best be understood when it is analyzed from at least a three-generational perspective?
Bowenian family therapy
Which approach to family therapy contends that one's current family problems will not significantly change until relationship patterns in one's family of origin are understood and directly challenged
Bowenian family therapy
_______is the theoretical basis for reality therapy
Choice theory
_______posits that we are not born blank slates waiting to be externally motivated by forces in the world around us
Choice theory
Because of his need to be liked, Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and minimize interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting?
Confluence
_______involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment.
Confluence
Which statement below is not accurate with regard to the phenomenon of countertransference?
Countertransference reactions are the weakest source of data for understanding the world of the client since they are so biased.
Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the personcentered framework?
Creative expression
Which of the following distinguishes the cognitive trend in behavior therapy from the trends of classical and operant conditioning?
Developing procedures that give control to clients and thus increase their range of freedom
Who embraces a cognitive narrative perspective on CBT?
Donald Meichenbaum
Which of the following is not true about Fritz Perls?
During his childhood, he was a model student.
The British scholar working to develop training programs in existential therapy is:
Emmy van Deurzen
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach?
Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy
Adler taught that we must successfully master three universal life tasks. Which of the following is not one of these tasks?
Enhancing wellness
Which of the following is not part of the five step treatment procedure used in a coping skills program?
Evaluating the anxiety level of the client by using both physiological and psychological tests
Which of the following is not one of the Gestalt group leader's roles?
Evoking group catharsis
________ are preplanned activities that can be used to elicit emotion, produce action, or achieve a specific goal.
Exercises
_______emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence.
Existential analysis
_______grow out of the interaction between client and therapist and emerge within this dialogic process.
Experiments
Which of the following is not true about Gestalt techniques?
Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.
What is not a part of the steps in a self directed change program?
Exploration of one's family constellation
A metaanalysis of research on therapeutic effectiveness found that the personal and interpersonal components are, at best, only moderately related to effective psychotherapy.
False
If we are inauthentic, it is unlikely that our clients will detect it.
False
It is optional for therapists to inform their clients that they may discuss certain details of the relationship with a supervisor or a colleague.
False
Practitioners must have had the same experiences as their clients in order to have empathy for them.
False
Therapists need to be free of conflicts before they can counsel others.
False
Therapists should not admit their mistakes since that could diminish their clients' confidence in them.
False
Truly dedicated therapists carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours.
False
Which of the following did Adler not stress?
Focus on early childhood experiences as determinants of later personality functioning
Who among the following is not considered a relational Gestalt therapist?
Fritz Perls
Which technique takes an anticipated event and brings it into the present moment to act out?
Future projection
Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers?
Genuineness
_______was the first to recognize that male development was presented as the norm and that development of women, though different, was judged by male norms.
Gilligan
Which of the following is not true about Rollo May?
He believes that we can only escape anxiety by exercising our freedom.
Which of the following is not true about Carl Rogers?
He developed cognitive therapy.
During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow?
Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values.
Which of the following statements is not true about Alfred Adler?
His early childhood was happy.
Which of the following REBT techniques helps a client become increasingly proficient at minimizing irrational thinking and disturbances in feeling and behaving?
Homework
Adler chose the name ______ for his theoretical approach because it is based on a growth model.
Individual Psychology
_________ involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it.
Informed consent
In Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification, what is given primary importance?
Inner speech
In the book Staring at the Sun: Overcoming the Terror of Death (2008),_______ develops the idea that confronting death enables us to live in a more compassionate way.
Irvin Yalom
Which of the following is not an example of how existential therapy is unlike many other therapies?
It focuses on the use of the specific techniques created for this theory.
Which of the following is not true about the Adlerian concept of "private logic"?
It is a result of the feelings and emotions we experience in our daily lives.
Which of the following is not true about role playing in REBT?
It is a way of surfacing unfinished business.
Which of the following is not true about the Gestalt view of the role of confrontation in therapy?
It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients.
Which of the following is (are) a contribution of choice theory/reality therapy?
It is relatively short-term focused on dealing with conscious behavioral problems
Which of the following is not considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor?
Knowing how to analyze transference reactions
Who is most noted for her contributions to the development of feminist therapy
Laura Brown
________ is often described as our perceptions regarding self, others, and the world, and includes the connecting themes and rules of interaction that give meaning to our actions.
Lifestyle
Who developed the object relations view that focuses on separation and individuation?
Mahler
Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each of the other group members?
Making the rounds
________ ethics involves a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice.
Mandatory
Which child tends to feel squeezed out and may develop a conviction that life is unfair and a feeling of being cheated
Middle child
Which of the following would an Adlerian therapist particularly value?
Modeling of communication and acting in good faith
The broad scope of feminist thought goes far beyond gender considerations.issues are equally relevant to the therapeutic enterprise of
Multicultural and social justice
_______cannot be reduced simply to cultural awareness and sensitivity.
Multicultural competence
________ is a comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy developed by the late Arnold Lazarus.
Multimodal therapy
The concept of triangulation is most associated with
Murray Bowen
Individuals who display exhibitionistic traits, seek attention and admiration from others, and are extremely self absorbed might have which of the following personality disorders?
Narcissistic
A statement that best illustrates "bad faith" is:
Naturally I'm this way, because I grew up in an alcoholic family.
________ involves the escape from or the avoidance of unpleasant stimuli.
Negative reinforcement
Which of the following is the correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Rogers's approach to counseling?
Nondirective to clientcentered to personcentered
Which child is most likely to demand center stage, tends to have difficulties in life when he or she is no longer the center of attention, and is likely to become dependently tied to the mother?
Only child
B. F. Skinner is associated with which of the following trends in the behavioral approach?
Operant conditioning
What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages?
Oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital
The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of development?
Phallic stage
Phil has been in behavior therapy to address his fear of heights. The treatment will not be considered complete until:
Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront his fear.
Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow's framework, which needs took precedence?
Physical and safety needs
_______refers to the range of methods aimed at helping clients understand how unequal access to power and resources can influence personal realities.
Power analysis
Which of the following statements is not true about guidelines for ethical practice in counseling and psychotherapy?
Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose.
Patrick has been confronted by family members and friends about his excessive gambling. Despite their attempts to help him, he insists that they are overreacting and that he has everything under control. He does not feel the need to alter his behaviors. Patrick is at which stage of change?
Precontemplation
________ is a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission.
Privileged communication
A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense?
Reaction formation
_______provides a delivery system for helping individuals take more effective control of their lives
Reality Therapy
Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations?
Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult
What is the technique in family therapy that casts a new light on a problem and provides a different interpretation for a problematic situation?
Reframing
_______is an intervention that changes the label or evaluation applied to some behavioral characteristic.
Relabeling
In dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), skills are taught in four modules. Which among the following is not one of the modules listed in the text?
Relapse prevention
Which of the following interventions is not associated with the third wave of behavior therapy
Relaxation training
Methods of expressive arts therapy are based on humanistic principles. Which of the following principles is not one?
Releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression
What do reality therapists believe about the use of questions
Relevant questions help clients gain insights and arrive at plans and solutions
Which of the following procedures would a reality therapist be least likely to employ
Reliving an early childhood event
Which of the following is not one of Miriam Polster's three stages in her integration sequence?
Reunification
Concerning research on psychotherapy and Carl Rogers, which of the following is not true?
Rogers did not conduct the research himself.
Who is primarily credited with popularizing and extending Adler's work by applying Adlerian principles to group work?
Rudolph Dreikurs
Which of the following aspects of a client's use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on?
Semantics
Which REBT technique involves having the client do the very thing they avoid because of "what people might think?
Shame attacking exercises
Who was the Danish philosopher that addressed the role of anxiety and uncertainty in life?
Soren Kierkegaard
_______are integrated into each phase of treatment in strengthsbased CBT beginning with the intake interview.
Strengths
The use of constructive questions, the importance of identifying client imagery and metaphors for change, and an emphasis on client strengths are innovations that formed the foundation of which therapeutic approach?
Strengths based cognitive behavioral
Which of the following is not considered a basic dimension of the human condition?
Striving for acceptance of others
The techniques of joining, boundary setting, unbalancing, reframing, ordeals, enactments, and paradoxical interventions are most likely to be part of which approach to family therapy?
Structural-strategic family therapy
Which approach would be most interested in the interactional patterns, or sequences, in the family?
Structural-strategic family therapy
Which anxiety reduction technique involves creating a hierarchy of the client's fearful experiences
Systematic desensitization
What is a limitation of personcentered therapy?
The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's behavior.
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship a client has with his or her analyst?
The client is free to express any idea or feeling, no matter how irresponsible, scandalous, politically incorrect, selfish, or infantile.
Which of the following is not true regarding behavior therapy?
The client is merely passive while the therapist uses techniques
_______is at the core of feminist therapy and marked by authenticity, mutuality, and respect.
The egalitarian relationship
Which of the following is not a key concept of the personcentered approach?
The focus is on exploration of a client's past.
In regards to freedom and responsibility, existential therapy embraces three values. Which of the following is not one of these values?
The freedom to choose our past and the choices of our parents
When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog), which of the following techniques would be most appropriate?
The internal dialogue exercise
What is the most important factor related to progress in personcentered therapy?
The relationship between the client and therapist
Which of the following aspects is not assessed when exploring a client's family constellation?
The relationship between the parents and the pediatrician
Henry has the impulse to gamble excessively whenever he goes to Las Vegas. Aware of this, he has decided to turn down a job offer in Las Vegas to avoid the temptation to gamble. What part of Henry's personality helped him to reach this decision?
The superego
Jacqueline feels guilty whenever she considers taking a day off from work for personal reasons. Which of the psychic structures postulated by Freud is fueling her guilty feelings?
The superego
Which statement(s) is (are) true of the personcentered approach?
The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes.
Which of the following is not a component of the brief psychodynamic approaches?
The therapist functioning as a blank slate
Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of behavior therapy?
The therapist is manipulative and controlling.
Which is not true of the relationship between therapist and client in behavior therapy?
The therapist is solely responsible for setting treatment goals
In working with Japanese clients, a reality therapist might do which of the following when asking clients to make plans and commit to them?
The therapist might be likely to accept "I'll try" as a firm commitment.
Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the relational approach to psychoanalysis?
Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship.
Which of the following is true about "technical eclecticism" in multimodal therapy?
Therapists use techniques from a variety of theories to a wide range of problems.
Which of the following is not true about how behavior therapists function in the therapeutic setting?
They serve as a model for the client and do not require behavioral change in the client.
Which is not an essential aim of existential humanistic therapy?
To dispute clients' irrational beliefs
Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways?
To refer to the energy of all the life instincts
_______teaches that all behavior is made up of four inseparable but distinct components - acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology
Total behavior
Counselors from all cultural groups must examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and assumptions about the counseling process and about persons from diverse groups.
True
Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions.
True
Ideally, our selfcare should mirror the care we provide for others.
True
If you try to figure out in advance how to proceed with a client, you may be depriving the client of the opportunity to become an active partner in her or his own therapy.
True
It is not our function to persuade clients to accept or adopt our value system.
True
The general goals of counselors must be congruent with the personal goals of the client.
True
The skill of immediacy involves revealing what we are thinking or feeling in the here and now with the client.
True
The vast majority of mental health professionals have experienced personal therapy, typically on several occasions.
True
Your role as a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting environment in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior.
True
Wubbolding extended the theory and practice of reality therapy with his conceptualization of the
WDEP system
Which of the following is not a component of total behavior?
Wanting
When is the counseling process at its best from an existential viewpoint?
When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client.
Which of the statements below about social interest is true?
While Adler considered social interest to be innate, he also believed that it must be learned, developed, and used.
A common theme originating in Carl Rogers's early writings and continuing to permeate all of his works is:
a basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present.
Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when all of the following take place, except:
a child under the age of 16 requests counseling sessions.
In reality therapy, the counseling environment is
a climate that establishes the foundation for implementing procedures
The statement "Only when I am perfect can I be secure" is an example of:
a guiding self ideal.
Existential therapy is:
a phenomenological approach to therapy.
Behavior therapy is associated with all but one of the following
a philosophical view of human behavior
You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as:
a response consistent with his or her cultural context.
A major characteristic of the classical psychoanalytic therapist is:
a sense of being anonymous.
From Carl Rogers's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by:
a sense of equality.
Reality therapy is best described as
a short-term therapy that deals with conscious behavioral problems
All of the following are life tasks that Adler taught we must successfully master except:
achieving self actualization.
Marcus, a therapist in a community agency, recently divorced his wife and seems to be harboring anger towards women in general. His colleagues, who have noticed a change in his attitude and behavior lately, have encouraged him to seek personal counseling to work through his issues. They are:
acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.
The correct components of the ABC theory of personality are:
activating event, belief, consequence.
During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients' needs or her own needs. Justine is:
actively working toward expanding her selfawareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability.
The ________ is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self determination.
actualizing tendency
Therapists utilizing motivational interviewing strategies view clients as:
allies who play a major role in their present and future success.
For Sartre, existential guilt is what we experience when we:
allow others to define us or to make our choices for us.
Wubbolding believes all of the following encourage the client's involvement in therapy except for
allowing the client to focus on symptoms
From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may display all of the following characteristics except:
ambiguity is not inherent in most psychoanalytic approaches.
Existential therapy is best considered as:
an approach to understand the subjective world of the client.
Adlerian therapists strive to establish and maintain:
an egalitarian therapeutic alliance and a person-to-person relationship with their clients.
Behavior therapy is based on
an experimental analysis of behavior in the client's own social environment
From the family systems perspective, symptoms are often viewed as
an expression of a set of habits and patterns within a family
"Fictional finalism" is an Adlerian term meaning:
an imagined central goal that guides our behavior.
Feelings of hostility, destructiveness, anger, rage, and hatred are associated with the:
anal stage
All of the following are stages in Adlerian counseling except:
analysis of resistance.
In the ABC model, the A stands for
antecedents.
The Adlerian approach is well suited to multicultural counseling because the:
approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context
A critical difference between early Gestalt therapy and relational Gestalt therapy is the:
approach to confrontation.
The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is
arbitrary inferences
Strengthsbased CBT therapists:
are collaborative, active, here and now focused, and client centered
The existential approach is particularly well suited to clients who:
are dealing with grief and loss.
Evidence-based practices:
are the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences.
In reality therapy, the purpose of developing an action plan is to
arrange for successful experience
Often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Greta gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might:
ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it.
The function of the reality therapist is to
assist clients in dealing with the present
In cognitive therapy, techniques are designed to
assist individuals to dispel self defeating cognitions and to teach people how to acquire a rational approach to living
The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is:
attaining awareness and contact with the environment.
The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests:
authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not.
Therapists of relational-cultural theory emphasize the qualities of ________ that contribute to the flow of the relationship
authenticity and transparency
According to Erickson, the basic struggle of early childhood involves:
autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
With regard to the role of counselors' personal values in therapy, it is appropriate for counselors to:
avoid imposing their values through a process of bracketing.
Empirical support for Gestalt therapy is
becoming stronger
Behavior therapy assumes that
behavior is learned
All of the following are characteristics of the behavioral approaches except:
behavior therapy employs the same procedures to every client with a particular dysfunctional behavior.
An authentic counselor is best described as:
being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted; he or she can model that process to be the way it is revealed to the client.
A person with a personality disorder is characterized by instability, irritability, selfdestructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. This person is lacking a clear sense of identity, has poor impulse control, and an inability to tolerate anxiety.
borderline
In existential terms the therapist's presence is:
both a condition and a goal of therapeutic change
Erving Polster believes that storytelling:
can be the heart of the therapeutic process.
Time limited existential treatments:
can serve as a catalyst for clients to become actively and fully involved in each therapy session.
When _______ occurs, a ripple effect flows throughout the family system
change
The primary aim of time limited dynamic psychotherapy is to:
change the client's repetitive patterns of relating to others.
Choice theory changes the focus of responsibility to
choice and choosing
Key characteristics of contemporary reality therapy
choice and responsibility no trasnference stay in the present
Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of:
classical conditioning.
Effective counseling must take into account the impact of culture on the client's functioning, including the:
client's degree of acculturation.
One strength of cognitive behavioral therapy group counseling is that
clients learn to minimize symptoms through a profound change in philosophy
The premise of Adlerian group work is that:
clients' problems are usually of a social nature.
Choice theory emphasizes thinking and acting, which makes this a general form of:
cognitive behavior therapy.
planning and commitment in reality therapy has
commitment to carry out their plans not an all-or-nothing it is up to clients
Satir's human validation process model emphasizes
communication and emotional experiencing
The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as:
compensation
Which are the three phases of Meichenbaum's stress inoculation program
conceptual educational phase skills acquisition and consolidation phase application and followthrough phase
Carl Rogers's position on confronting the client is that:
confrontation or resistance must be responded to in a nonconfrontational manner.
In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding" the counselor must:
connect emotionally to the client's subjective world.
The role of meaningful relationships in fostering emotional health is receiving increased attention in
contemporary reality therapy
The __________ factors-the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extratherapeutic factors are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome.
contextual
All of the following are characteristics that form the basis for an integrative framework in brief therapy except:
counselor indirectiveness.
Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except:
counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions.
In the text, all of the following are listed as characteristics of the counselor as a therapeutic person except:
counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems.
The range of emotionally charged responses such as withdrawal, anger, love, annoyance, powerlessness, avoidance, overidentification, control, and sadness of the therapist are often associated with:
countertransference.
According to Adlerians, inferiority feelings:
create motivation to achieve mastery.
Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as a:
creative adjustment to a situation and something to be respected.
The practice of reality therapy can best be conceptualized as the
cycle of counseling
A person who manages his or her anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events is most likely using:
denial
Beck's cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of
depression
When Adler spoke of individuality, he referred to the unique way we:
develop our own style of striving for competence
Finding the "courage to be" involves:
developing a will to move forward in spite of anxiety producing situations.
Self psychology and object relations theory emphasize all of the following except:
different cultures maintain similar values.
A major contribution of Bowen's theory is the notion of:
differentiation of the self
The fourstep model of strengthsbased CBT to build resilience include all of the following, except:
discover.
The client's core experience in Adlerian therapy consists of:
discovering their basic mistakes and then learning how to correct them
Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a "safer target") is known as:
displacement.
In personcentered group therapy, the leader
displays a sense of trust in the members.
In applying the personcentered approach to crisis intervention, therapists should do all of the following, except:
do not give the individual the opportunity to fully express themselves.
The opposite of a differentiated self is experienced as:
emotional reactivity
One of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is its:
emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment
The person centered approach's view of human nature
emphasizes clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others
During the reorientation and reeducation phase the most important intervention is:
encouragement.
From the feminist perspective, the socialization of women with multiple social identities inevitably affects all of the following, except
engendered lives
Assessment consists of:
evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process.
Gestalt therapy is a form of:
existential therapy.
All of the following are procedures that are commonly used in reality therapy except
exploring early recollections
According to existentialists, our search for meaning involves all of these except:
exploring unfinished business
In vivo flooding consists of
exposure to actual anxiety evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations
The personcentered therapist is best described as a:
facilitator.
Individuals may believe that it is inappropriate to reveal:
family information.
It is essential that counselors establish a relationship with their clients, so that the clients will:
feel trusting enough to participate in the learning that can result from Gestalt experiments.
Therapists begin to form a relationship with clients from the moment of
first contact
Techniques used in mindfulnessbased stress reduction therapy include all but:
flooding.
The characteristic existential theme includes:
freedom and responsibility.
Behavior therapists look to the current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental events, through a process called
functional assessment
Adlerians view the use of techniques in counseling as:
geared to the phase of therapy and the needs of the client.
A tool for collecting and organizing key relationships in a three-generational extended family is a:
genogram
The purpose of examining a client's family constellation is to:
get a picture of the individual's early social world.
According to the existential viewpoint, death:
gives significance to living.
Characteristics of a selfactualized person include all of the following, except:
has artificial dichotomies within himself or herself.
In Freud's view, an individual experiencing neurotic anxiety feels:
he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately.
Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them to:
heal their own psychological wounds.
A primary goal of contemporary reality therapy is to
help clients get connected or reconnected with the people they have chosen to put in their quality world.
The goals of existential therapy include all but
helping clients to eliminate anxiety in their lives.
The process of encouragement in Adlerian counseling includes all of the following except:
helping clients understand their liabilities and weaknesses and process them in detail.
If a person becomes fixated in the oral stage of development, later personality problems may include all of the following except:
high self esteem.
According to the text, personal values of the counselor influence all of the following, except:
how the clients' life progressed prior to treatment.
The core of _______ model relied on the power of congruence to help family members communicate with emotional honesty.
human validation process
Personcentered therapy is a(n):
humanistic approach to therapy.
All of the following are steps in the use of systematic desensitization except for:
hypnosis.
The first step in making an ethical decision is to:
identify the problem.
Both the feminist perspective and the postmodern approaches charge that diagnoses:
ignore societal contexts.
Strengthsbased CBT practitioners ask clients for _______ to describe their experiences, both positive and negative.
imagery and metaphors
Dr. Jones told Emily that her efforts to overcome her fear of test taking at school will most likely lead her to outperform all of her classmates one day. This intervention was:
inappropriate because Dr. Jones was confusing Adler's notion of superiority with the idea that her client would become superior over others
The central goal of existential psychotherapy is to:
increase awareness
From a personcentered perspective, the best source of knowledge about the client is the:
individual client.
Privileged communication applies to:
individual counseling.
The systems perspective implies
individuals are best understood through the context of their role in their family.
The social interest and community feeling refer to:
individuals' awareness of being part of the human community and to individuals' attitudes in dealing with the social world.
Developmentally, Freud's latency stage corresponds to Erickson's stage of:
industry versus inferiority.
A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a sense of ________ during the _______ stage.
industry; school age
The client's quality world consists of all of the following except
insight
In helping clients to examine their mistaken goals and faulty assumptions, an Adlerian therapist does not use:
interpretation of the transference relationship.
The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as:
interpretation.
A person who is suffering from feelings of alienation and isolation has probably failed to achieve a sense of _______ during the ________ stage of development.
intimacy; young adulthood
The five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances include all of the following, except:
introflection.
The young adult who adopts his parent's outdated political beliefs to avoid unpleasant feelings of anxiety is an example of:
introjection.
The empty chair technique:
is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal.
From a scientific perspective, existential psychotherapy:
is difficult to research because every psychotherapy experience is unique.
In terms of ethical accountability, behavior therapy:
is ethically neutral in that it does not dictate whose behavior or what behavior should be changed.
Existentialists contend that the experience of relatedness to other human beings:
is healthy when we are able to stand alone and tap into our own strength.
Existential therapy groups are particularly helpful for clients working on:
issues of responsibility.
All of the following are true about the superego except:
it governs, controls and regulates the personality.
All of the following are true as they apply to self instructional training, except that:
it is an outgrowth of an approach used widely by crisis intervention workers called self induced change therapy
The concept of resistance can best be described as all of the following except:
it is not valuable from a theoretical and clinical perspective.
All of the following are true about social skills training except
it requires clients to engage in catharsis
According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to:
keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions
The cognitive distortion that involves portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity is
labeling and mislabeling
In the text, one reason given for having counseling students receive some form of psychotherapy is to help them:
learn to deal with transference and countertransference.
Clients have a right to know about __________ before making highly personal disclosures.
limits of confidentiality
Viktor Frankl's approach to existential therapy is known as:
logotherapy.
Dr. Kane pointed out to her client John that his feelings of inadequacy at work seem reminiscent of the feelings he experienced in his family of origin. It is probable that Dr. Kane was:
looking for continuity by paying attention to themes running through John's life.
According to Rogerian therapy, an "internal source of evaluation" is defined as:
looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence.
When working with a client living a restricted existence, an existential therapist would likely:
make the client aware of how his or her current ways of living are keeping him or her stuck.
The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to:
make the unconscious motives conscious
Philosophically, the existentialists would agree that:
making choices can create anxiety.
Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes all of the following except:
material derived from introspective techniques.
In a reality therapy group, the leader
may encounter resistance if they make poorly timed suggestions and plans for how the members should best live
The main function of the ego is to:
mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment.
Reality therapy is popular in all of the following areas, except
medical facilities
Reality therapy is often considered as a:
mentoring process.
MindfulnessBased Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) integrates techniques from
mindfulness based stress reduction and cognitive behavior therapy.
The main therapeutic goal of REBT is to
minimize clients' emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors.
The technique of reflection involves the therapist:
mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation.
Beck's cognitive therapy involves what concepts
negative cognitive triad generic cognitive model and collaborative empiricism
In regards to techniques, existential practitioners believe:
no set of techniques is considered essential.
It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to do all of the following, except:
not consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate.
The situation in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them is:
operant conditioning.
The process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings is known as
overgeneralization
The "fundamental rule" for the client in psychoanalysis is:
participating in free association
When reality therapists explore a client's past, they tend to focus on
past successes
The Gestalt therapist:
pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.
What the are theoretical assumptions of Beck's CT
people's thought processes are accessible to introspection people's beliefs have highly personal meanings people can discover these meanings themselves rather than being taught or having them interpreted by the therapist
The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as
personalization
Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the:
phallic stage.
Adlerian psychology is a ________, holistic, optimistic, and socially embedded theory based on basic assumptions that have woven into various theories of counseling.
phenomenological
Adler introduced _______ to our understanding of the family system (or family constellation).
phenomenology
Existential therapists prefer to be thought of as:
philosophical companions, not as people who repair psyches.
Person centered therapy is best described as a:
philosophy of how the therapy process develops.
In our quality world we develop an inner:
picture album
The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all or nothing terms, or in categorizing experiences in either/or extremes, is known as
polarized thinking
In strengthsbased CBT, _________ identified in early therapy sessions can provide a wealth of information to help therapist and client collaboratively integrate strengths into case conceptualization and treatment.
positive interests and strengths
The _______ that recently has come into prominence shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach.
positive psychology movement
One contribution of Adlerian therapy is that:
practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients.
The developmental crisis involving initiative vs. guilt occurs during:
preschool age.
reality therapist will primarily focus on
present behavior
A feature of REBT that distinguishes it from other cognitivebehavioral therapies is its
process to identify and dispute irrational beliefs that have been acquired and selfconstructed and are now maintained by selfindoctrination.
Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best described as:
projection.
Prerequisites for good contact involves all of the following except:
projection.
An Adlerian therapist asks for the client's earliest recollections in order to:
provide a point of departure for the therapeutic venture.
A more flexible variant of psychoanalysis is:
psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy.
A central concept in feminist therapy is the importance of understanding and acknowledging
psychological oppression and the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status
The REBT technique that involves having clients vividly imagine one of the worst things that might happen to them and to describe their disturbing feelings is called
rational emotive imagery.
Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or losses, is known as:
rationalization.
A limitation of this approach as it applies to multicultural counseling is that
reality therapists must be careful when adapting their approach to non-western cultures
In order to meet the goals of psychoanalytic treatment, Rhonda must help her eating disordered clients to:
reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts.
_______includes a shift from placing the problem internally and "blaming the victim" to consideration of social factors in the environment that contribute to a client's problem.
reframing
The ego defense mechanism in which a person exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is ________?
regression
Being alone is a process by which we do all of the following except:
reject the social overtures of others.
Wubbolding emphasizes that reality therapy is a mental health system rather than a
remediating system
One of the most important Freudian concepts, which consists of pushing unacceptable life events and painful feelings into the unconscious, is:
repression.
A teenage girl is angry with her parents and cuts on her arm. In Gestalt terms, she is most likely engaging in:
retroflection.
The main function of the rational emotive behavior therapist is to:
reveal irrational disputes, and help clients change their thinking and philosophy of life.
The cognitive distortion that consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event is
selective abstraction
Michael believes that he will be able to improve his public speaking skills after completing a speech course at school. Based on socialcognitive theory, one might observe that Michael is not lacking in
self efficacy
The counselor engages in _______ only when it is judged to be therapeutically helpful to the client.
self disclosure
In the strengthsbased CBT four step model to build resilience, a key to the fourth stage of therapy is that the client
sets a goal to "be resilient in the face of challenges
Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and felt uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents discovered their soninlaw was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became dogs themselves. In response to this dream, Mariah's therapist:
should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream.
The ethics codes do not mandate that dual or multiple relationships:
should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical.
Multimodal therapy is a therapeutic approach that is grounded on:
social cognitive learning theory.
Therapy is viewed as a _______ in the sense that the interpersonal and existential problems of the client will become apparent in the here and now of the therapy relationship.
social microcosm
Clients place more value on the personality of the therapist than on the.
specific techniques used.
The four steps of the strengthsbased CBT application of the NEW paradigm for chronic issues and personality disorders include all of the following, except
strength training.
The main idea of ________ is that active incorporation of client strengths encourages clients to engage more fully in therapy and often provides avenues for change that otherwise would be missed.
strengths based CBT
According to the text, the challenge of fulfilling the spirit of informed consent is to:
strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little.
The role of the client in rational emotive behavior therapy is like that of a
student or learner
In the 1960s and 1970s Rogers did a great deal to spearhead the development of:
studentcentered teaching and encounter groups.
The process of redirecting sexual energy into some form of socially acceptable behavior is known as:
sublimation.
All of the following are a part of Jung's view of development except:
symbiosis.
Family therapy perspectives call for a conceptual shift from evaluating individuals to focusing on
system dynamics
In Gestalt theory, the experiment is:
tailored to fit the client's unique needs and presented in an invitational manner.
According to Ellis, emotional disturbances often result from:
taking oneself too seriously.
Stress inoculation training consists of all of the following except
tapping into the unconscious realm
The relational-cultural theory recognizes:
that many women are searching for a connectedness with others as well as possibilities for autonomy.
In a group based on existential principles, clients learn all of the following, except:
that pain is not a reality of the human experience.
A potential limitation of the personcentered approach is:
that some studentsintraining and practitioners may have a tendency to be very supportive of clients without being challenging.
Mindfulness is:
the awareness that emerges through having attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally, to the unfolding or experience moment by moment
In object relations theory, later relationships build upon:
the child's search for a reconnection with the mother.
The one central principle agreed upon by family therapy practitioners, regardless of their particular approach, is that
the client is connected to living systems
Adlerian therapy has a phenomenological orientation. Thus, the therapist attempts to view the world from:
the client's frame of reference.
The core of choice theory/reality therapy consists of
the client's selfevaluation, plan of action, and commitment to follow through
Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to:
the client/therapist relationship.
A contribution of Gestalt therapeutic approach is:
the exciting way in which the past is dealt with in a lively manner by bringing relevant aspects into the present.
Feminism, multiculturalism, and postmodern social constructionism have all entered the family therapy field. These models are more collaborative, treating clients as
the experts in their own lives
In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between client and counselor is seen as
the heart of therapy
One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves:
the idea of an innate selfactualizing drive.
Field theory asserts that:
the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field.
A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempts to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is:
the reversal exercise.
Behavior therapy is characterized by all of the following, except
the subjective diagnosis of the therapist
Glasser challenges the traditionally accepted views of mental illness and treatment by the use of medication, especially
the widespread use of psychiatric drugs that often results in negative side effects both physically and psychologically
The central theme running through the works of Viktor Frankl is:
the will to meaning.
According to Glasser, many of the problems of clients are caused by
their inability to connect or to have a satisfying relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives.
From a multicultural perspective, some clients may reject existential approach because:
their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices.
The _______ sets forth the goals of the therapeutic process and specifies the responsibilities of both therapist and client.
therapeutic contract
A factor that distinguishes the personcentered approach to group counseling from other approaches is the:
therapist's role as facilitator.
Regarding psychotherapy treatment outcome, research suggests all of the following except:
therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment.
According to the Gestalt perspective, if people do not remember their dreams:
they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives.
All of the following are true about a therapist's countertransference reactions except:
they should be avoided.
The cognitive behavioral approach to therapy stresses:
thinking, assessing, deciding, analyzing, and doing.
Informed consent in counseling can be provided in all of the following forms except:
through third party.
The personcentered therapist generally does not find traditional assessment and diagnosis:
to be useful because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client.
The general goals of behavior therapy are
to increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning
Accurate empathic understanding helps clients in all the following areas, except:
to notice and devalue their experiences.
All of the following are functions of the behavior therapist, except
to provide a direct and therapist run therapeutic environment.
According to Yalom, the concerns that make up the core of existential psychodynamics include all of the following, except:
togetherness.
Glasser contends that _______ is a way that both therapist and client avoid being who they are and owning what they are doing right now.
transference
A couple directs the focus of their energy toward a problematic son as a way to avoid facing or dealing with their own conflicts. This is an example of
triangulation
Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to:
use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system.
WDEP stands for
wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning
During the 1980s, behavior therapy:
was characterized by a search for new horizons in concepts and methods that went beyond traditional learning theory.
Which of the statements below regarding Motivational Interviewing is not accurate?
was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on selfactualization.
Reality therapy rests on the central idea that:
we choose our behavior and are responsible for what we do, think, and feel.
A therapist should consult with colleagues or specialists under all circumstances except:
when discussing past life choices.
According to the text, positive ethics is an approach taken by practitioners:
who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble.
According to Gestalt theory, all of the following are true about contact except
withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis
The author describes the characteristics of an effective counselor. By including this information in the chapter, he is hoping to convey the message that:
you should develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth.