Counseling Theory & Practice Final Exam

What is Applied Behavior Analysis in Behavior Therapy? What is an example model/approach of this?

- Applied Behavior Analysis is a functional approach to understanding client's problems & uses the least aversive means to change behavior thru positive reinforcement. - ABC Model: antecedent (trigger), behavior, consequences.

Who are a couple of key figures in Behavior Therapy? Why did this approach emerge? What were the 4 areas of development?

- B.F. Skinner - prominent spokesperson - Albert Bandura Behavioral trend emerged in 1950s & early 1960s as a radical departure from psychoanalytic therapy. 1) Classical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov. During conditioning, sound of bell paired w/ food makes dog salivate. 2) Operant Conditioning: learning that occurs w/ consequences or reinforcement 3) Social Learning Approach (Bandura): considers how environment influences behavior 4) Cognitive Behavior Therapy - contemporary behavior therapy style that emphasizes interaction btw affect, cognition, & behavior

According to Existential Therapy, what are some of the key concepts, i.e. the 6 basic dimensions of the human condition? Some main themes?

- Basic dimensions of human condition are that we have the.... 1) capacity for self-awareness 2) freedom & responsibility 3) creating one's identity & establishing meaningful relationships w/ others 4) search for meaning, purpose, values, & goals 5) anxiety as a condition of living 6) awareness of death and nonbeing - Main themes: mortality, meaning, choice, freedom, responsibility, self-determination, anxiety, & aloneness

What are the basic assumptions/principles of Behavior Therapy?

- Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. - Client is an active participant & required to take action to bring change - Addresses client's current problems & influencing factors from past - Functional Assessment: behavioral analysis

What are some common attributes of all Cognitive Behavior approaches, including Ellis's REBT & Beck's CT?

- COLLABORATIVE relationship btw client & therapist - focus on changing COGNITIONS to induce changes in affect & behavior - TIME-LIMITED - PRESENT-centered - therapist is ACTIVE & DIRECTIVE - STRUCTURED - Psychoeducational, homework

What are some of the key concepts in Behavior Therapy?

- CURRENT behavior/issues instead of past or historical antecedents - behavior change in present - precise treatment goals (measuring before & after intervention)

What are the therapeutic goals of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy? (REBT)

- Eliminate emotional disturbances & self-defeating outlook on life - clients are taught to change their irrational ideas & minimize their shoulds, musts, & oughts - Achieve unconditional self-acceptance (USA), unconditional other-acceptance (UOA), & unconditional life acceptance (ULA)

What is the view of human nature in Existential Therapy?

- Existential tradition: balances view of human experience btw limits/tragedies vs possibilities/opportunities/ freedoms - we are NOT fixed; continually recreate ourselves; "the author of our own lives" - Basic dimensions of human condition: 1) capacity for self-awareness, 2) freedom & responsibility; (3) creating one's identity and establishing meaningful relationships w/ others; (4) the search for meaning, purpose, values, & goals; (5) anxiety as a condition of living; and (6) awareness of death and nonbeing

What was Carl Jung's perspective on the development of personality?

- Focus on midlife, that we need to let go of many values & behaviors that guided us during 1st half of life - humans are influenced by past but also PRESENT and FUTURE - Primary goal: achieve INDIVIDUATION - Must accept the SHADOW, dark side - ARCHETYPES: imagines of universal experiences contained in collective unconscious

What are some of the key concepts of Gestalt Therapy?

- Here-and-now - Direct Experiencing (vs talk-about) - Bringing Unfinished Past into Present - the NOW ("power is the present," What is going on now?) - Energy/Blocks to Energy: blocked energy may result in unfinished business (manifests in posture, tight breath, avoiding eye contact) - Contact/Resistances to Contact: contact necessary for change & growth

What is the main focus of the therapeutic relationship in Gestalt Therapy?

- I/Thou relationship. - Focus is NOT on techniques but on how therapist fosters presence, authentic dialogue, gentleness, self-expression. - therapist does not interpret for clients but focuses on "how" & "what" of their behaviors

What are the basic principles of Cognitive Behavior Therapy?

- Individuals tend to incorporate faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. - cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. - therapyy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses the role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding. - a psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as a learning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new ways of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems.

What are some techniques in Behavior Therapy?

- Operant conditioning: uses reinforcement to increase target behavior - Progressive muscle relaxation: contracting & relaxing muscle - Systematic desensitization: client thinks or is exposed to anxiety provoking situation/object - In vivo exposure: live exposure therapy - Flooding: exposure to anxiety evoking stimuli for long periods - Eye movement sensitization - Mindfulness & acceptance based approaches - DBT OTHERS: social skills training, behavior rehearsal, role playing, coaching, homework assignments

What are the basic assumptions of Person-Centered Therapy?

- POSITIVE view of people; we have an inclination to becoming fully functioning. - in therapeutic relationship, client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness - client moves toward increased AWARENESS, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness.

What is the view of human nature in Cognitive Behavior Therapy? How did it differ from psychoanalytic & humanistic approaches?

- Psychoanalytic: humans driven by biological, deterministic, sexual/aggressive impulses - Humanistic: humans motivated by self-actualization; more optimistic - CT: humans are thinking beings & have the capacity to change their thoughts...which can then change our behavior feelings.

What are the limitations of Psychoanalytic Therapy?

- Requires a great deal of time, money, & personal commitment. - therapy only for middle to upper class - no emphasis on social/cultural/political factors - Gender bias: Oedipus & Electra complexes; gives great responsibility to mothers for deficiencies & distortions in development. Fathers are conspicuously absent from the hypothesis about patterns of early development; only mothers are blamed for inadequate parenting.

What are some techniques of Adlerian therapy?

- The 4 phases of therapeutic process - Push-button technique - lifestyle assessment (focuses on family constellation, birth order, & early recollections before 10; Adler believed what we remember is consistent with the way we think of ourselves now) - The Miracle Question: How would your life be different if you didn't have this problem? (also used in solution-focused therapy) - catch yourself: when you're trying to change & catch yourself doing the bad habit - "As if" - encourage clients to picture themselves as if they were acting/doing the thing they wish "fake it til you make it" - Task setting: homework assignments

Who are the key figures in Existential Therapy? This theory developed in response to what?

- Viktor Frankl (if you have meaning in life, can get through difficult situations like concentration camps); - Rollo May: brought existential therapy to US - Irvin Yalom, James Bugental (life changing psychotherapy) - Existential/humanist theory began in Europe during 1940s/50s in response to WWII. Born as a result of rejecting determinism, focusing on FREEDOM + RESPONSIBILITY, not seeing ourselves as victims of circumstances.

Gestalt Therapy: View of human nature? Approach?

- an existential-phenomenological process-based approach - individuals must be understood based on their ongoing relationship with the environment, & the INTERNAL & EXTERNAL worlds - by moving client to AWARENESS & PRESENT moment (here & now), clients can make better CHOICES - Paradoxical Theory of Change - authentic change occurs more from being who we are vs trying to be what we aren't. We are constantly moving between who we SHOULD be vs who we ARE.

What are the basic principles of Existential Therapy?

- central focus ion the nature of the human condition - capacity for self awareness - freedom of choice to decide one's fate - responsibility, anxiety, the search for meaning - being alone & being in relation with others striving for authenticity - facing living and dying.

What is the view of human nature in Person-Centered Therapy?

- clients have CAPACITY/resources to move forward/positive movement IF therapist provides appropriate CONDITIONS - Rogers' 3 facilitative conditions: Congruence/Genuineness, Unconditional Positive Regard & Acceptance, & Accurate Empathic Understanding - ACTUALIZING tendency: humans can strive toward realization, fulfillment, &autonomy - clients are EXPERTS in their own inner experience

What are the basic principles of Feminist Therapy?

- criticizes many traditional theories to the degree that they are based on gender-biased concepts, such as being androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic. - emphasizes being gender fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span-oriented. - Gender and power are at the heart - a systems approach that recognizes the cultural, social, and political factors that contribute to an individual's problems.

What are the therapeutic goals in Behavior Therapy?

- define GOALS at beginning of treatment after assessment to determine what needs to be changed - goals should be clear, concrete, measurable & understandable

What types of techniques are SFBT most likely to employ?

- exception questions - scaling questions - miracle questions - pretherapy change question "What you done since you called for the appointment that has made a difference in your problem? - formula 1st session task (homework between 1st & 2nd sessions) - Therapist offers FEEDBACK in final 5-10 min of session

What is the therapist's function/role in Existential Therapy?

- focus on quality of client-therapist relationship, not techniques, which lead to healing - understand client's subjective world - quality I/Thou encounter - be fully present - be caring - appropriate self-disclosure - collaborative relationship - invite client's to accept personal responsibility

What is the therapist's function/role in Person-Centered Therapy?

- focused on being & attitudes, not techniques - use themselves as instrument on a person-to-person level - be present & accessible to clients

What is the therapeutic relationship like in Behavior Therapy?

- good working, collaborative relationship - therapist conducts functional assessment/behavioral analysis to identify situation antecedents, etc. - therapist are problem solvers, directive/active, instructive, help explore alternative courses of action

What is the Adlerian view of human nature?

- humans are motivated by social forces & relatedness/belonging -rather than by Freud's deterministic, sexual urges view & different parts of the ego, Adler emphasized the WHOLE person w/in their context & an interconnectedness - HOLISTIC concept: person cannot be understood in parts, but is an integral part of a social system - CAPACITY: people are purposeful, goal-oriented & control their fate; not determined - a person's approach to life is formed w/in first 6 yrs of life

What are some different approaches & types of therapy in Postermodern Therapy?

- language systems approach - feminist therapy - narrative therapy - solutions-oriented therapy

What are some techniques in REBT?

- rational emotive imagery - humor - role playing - shame-stacking exercise (do exotic behaviors that are embarrassing) - Behavioral techniques: operant conditioning, self-management strategies, modeling, relaxation techniques, homework

What is the role of the therapist in Psychoanalytic Therapy?

- remain "blank screen approach," anonymous, neutral...to foster transference - focus on RESISTANCE & INTERPRETATION - in modern approaches, emphasis on here-and-now focus interactions btw client and & therapist

What is the impasse in Gestalt Therapy?

- stuck point - external support is not available - aim is for client to fully experience impasse so they can get into contact w/ frustrations & accept it, rather than wishing it were different

What is the role of the therapist in Gestalt Therapy? What are some techniques?

- therapist functions as GUIDE/ CATALYST for experiments, shares observations, create active partnership w/ client - I/Thou dialogue - here-and-now - nonverbal cues/body language -The EXPERIMENT: experiential learning, role-playing, reliving painful moment, playing out problem - Empty chair technique - Reversal Exercise: client behave in opposite manner - Rehearsal Exercise: clients rehearse out loud w/ therapist

What is the difference btw transference vs countertransference?

- transference: the client's unconscious shifting onto the therapist. - countertransference: therapist projecting own emotional responses onto client.

What are the basic principles of Gestalt Therapy?

--an existential-phenomenological process-based approach; non-deterministic -rather than Freud's view of humans as mechanistic, Fritz Perls emphasized a holistic approach to personality - Fritz emphasized PRESENT situation (vs past), PROCESS (not content), experience, HOW individuals behave in present, not why - emphasizes awareness, personal choice, and responsibility.

In Person-Centered Therapy, what is needed for constructive personality change & growth to occur? What does Carl Rogers believe about these conditions?

-3 therapeutic core conditions: 1) Congruence & genuineness 2) Unconditional positive regard & acceptance 3) Accurate empathic understanding -are NECESSARY & SUFFICIENT for therapeutic change to occur.

Who is the founder of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (under CBT umbrella)? What is it?

-Albert Ellis - the 1st of CBT therapies, REBT assumes thinking, evaluating, analyzing, questioning, doing, practicing, & redeciding leads to behavioral change. -very didactic & directive model -EMOTIONS are created from beliefs. Emotional disturbance is rooted in CHILDHOOD, but perpetuated by the illogical/irrational thoughts people tell themselves. - ABC Framework (Activating event, person's Belief, emotional or behavior Consequence)

Who developed Motivational Interviewing in Person-Centered Therapy? What is it?

-William R. Miller -MI is a person/client-centered, humanistic approach but more deliberate & structured - aimed at reducing client's ambivalence to change & reinforcing CHANGE TALK...so clients talk themselves into change - developed in 1980s to originally address problem drinking

What are the therapeutic goals in Gestalt Therapy?

1) Attaining AWARENESS in here-and-now leads to GREATER CHOICE. - Awareness means knowing the environment, oneself, accepting oneself & being able to make contact. - avoid intellectual discussions

What are the therapeutic goals of Adlerian therapy?

1) Clients decide their GOALS 2) COLLABORATIVE client-therapist relationship 3) Identify & correct MISTAKEN BELIEFS about self, others, & life...help create new ways of looking everything 4) LIFESTYLE ASSESSMENT: identify/ correct mistaken goals & faulty assumptions in lifestyle to create new "cognitive map" 5) Foster client's social interest & sense of BELONGING in community

What are the different ego defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic therapy?

1) Compensation: masking perceived weakness by developing certain traits to make up for those limitations. 2) Denial: "closing one's eyes" to a threatening aspect of reality. As a result, you cannot see it but others can. 3) Displacement: Directing energy or emotions away from the original person/object onto another a "safer target" or person/object. 4) Introjection: Taking in the values, attributes, and beliefs of others with uncritical acceptance. 5) Identification: Not only taking in the values or voice of another, but identifying with the person/group with the hope that you will be accepted or perceived valuable/worthwhile. 6) Projection: when an individual attributes unacceptable or undesirable characteristics/qualities of themselves onto others; transference 7) Repression: when threatening or painful thoughts are excluded from awareness and are buried or pushed down to the unconscious. 8) Reaction formation: actively expressing the opposite impulse, feeling, or behavior when confronted with a threatening impulse 9) Rationalization: making excuses or manufacturing "good reasons" to explain away a person, object, or situation 10) Regression: reverting back to an earlier phase of development where they feel safer & more comfortable 11) Sublimation: redirecting aggressive, sexual, or impulsive energy into other channels

What are the 6 goals in Feminist Therapy?

1) Equality 2) Balancing independence & interdependence 3) Self-nurturance 4) Empowerment 5) Social change 6) Valuing diversity - also demystify therapy

What are the therapeutic goals in Person-Centered Therapy?

1) Estb CLIMATE of safety & trust 2) Not to solve problems but assist in GROWTH process 3) Help clients achieve greater INDEPENDENCE & integration so they can resolve/cope w/ their own present & future problems

In Gestalt Therapy, therapists focus on interruptions & resistances. The 5 kinds of contact boundary disturbances are:

1) Introjection - uncritically accept others' beliefs & standards 2) Projection - things we don't like about ourselves are seen in other people; blame others for our problems 3) Retroflection - turning back to ourselves what we would like to do to others 4) Deflection - being indirect or vague 5) Confluence - boundary btw self & environment is lost

What are the therapeutic goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy?

1) Make unconscious conscious 2) Strengthen ego through analysis of resistance & transference 3) Restructuring of personality (rather than solving immediate problems)

What are some key concepts of SFBT?

1) POSITIVE orientation: people are healthy, competent, capable 2) EXCEPTIONS to problems; look for what IS working 3) look at client's STRENGTHS 4) BRIEF (3-8 sessions) 5) COLLABORATIVE 6) Creating actionable, concrete, measurable GOALS 7) REFRAMING view of situation

What 3 theoretical approaches fall under the Humanistic movement/therapy? They developed in reaction to what?

1) Person-centered therapy 2) Existential therapy 3) Gestalt therapy Developed in reaction to psychoanalysis & behaviorism, both very deterministic. Humanists, on the other hand, believed we choose to behave the way we do. Focuses on: anti-deterministic, here-and-now vs past, affect, authenticity, self-acceptance, self-awareness

What are the 6 interrelated principles of Feminist Therapy?

1) Personal is political 2) Commitment to social change 3) Womens/Girls voices & experiences are valued/honored 4) Egalitarian therapeutic relationship 5) Focus on strengths, psychological distress is considered due to context 6) All types of oppression are recognized

What are the stages of change (Motivational Interviewing)? How many are there?

1) Precontemplation stage 2) Contemplation stage: aware of problem 3) Preparation: intend to take action immediately & report some behavioral changes 4) Action stage: take steps to modify behavior 5) Maintenance stage: consolidate gains & prevent relapse

What are the 5 basic principles of Motivational Interviewing?

1) Therapists strive to see world from client's perspective w/o judgment 2) Designed to evoke/explore both discrepancies & ambivalence related to client's behaviors & values 3) Reluctance to change is an expected aspect of therapeutic process 4) TH support client's self-efficacy & their own resources 5) Decreased resistance indicates critical phase of MI/change

What are the basic principles/key concepts of Postmodern Approaches?

1) Therapy is BRIEF; present & future-oriented 2) value CLIENT'S REALITY; reality is SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED - person is not the problem; the problem is the problem. 3) therapist is a NOT-KNOWING POSITION; client is the expert 4) COLLABORATIVE relationship is more important than any technique or assessment

What are the therapeutic goals (4) in Existential Therapy? Also list the 4 aims.

1) recognize factors that block freedom & living authentically 2) challenge clients to accept responsibility for what they are doing 3) widen clients' perspective on choice 4) accept freedom, responsibility & action The 4 aims are to help clients become: 1) more present, 2) identify how they block themselves, 3) assume responsibility, 4) choose more expanded ways of being

What is relational-cultural theory in Feminist Therapy?

A perspective that suggests women's sense of identity and self-concept develop in the context of relationships.

What is the ABC(DE) Framework of Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy? What did Ellis believe?

A: activating event B: belief of person C: emotional or behavior consequence D: disputing irrational beliefs E: new effective belief system Ellis believed people are responsible for creating their own emotional reactions/disturbances. Have to change their irrational beliefs.

What are the 4 phases of the therapeutic process in Adlerian Therapy?

AKA: Adlerian Brief Therapy 1) Establish the relationship 2) Assess individual's psychological dynamics; subjective interview (The Question - "how would your life be different if you did not have this problem?"), objective interview, family constellation, early recollections 3) Encourage Self-Understanding & Insight 4) Reorientation & Reeducation - help client make new choices

Who is the key figure of Cognitive Therapy?

Aaron Beck

What are Inferiority Feelings? Which theoretical approach subscribes to this?

Adlerian Therapy. They are a normal condition of all people; motivate us to strive for mastery, success, & completion - rather than a sign of weakness or abnormality. - serve as the wellspring for creativity

Who was the founder of Individual Psychology? Why did they choose the name "individual" psychology?

Alfred Adler: 1st systematic (maybe humanistic) therapist. Unlike Freud who reduced into divisions (ego, id, superego), Adler emphasized unity, indivisibility, & the WHOLE person w/in their context. - HOLISTIC concept: person cannot be understood in parts, but is an integral part of a social system (family, culture, school & work)

What are the basic principles of Psychoanalytic Therapy?

Basic Principles: - human nature is deterministic; biological & instinctual drives - the past, and early life experiences - Early development may lead to personality problems due to repressed childhood conflicts. - Unconscious motivation - role of transference & countertransference - ego defenses & internal conflicts

What are some differences between Beck's CT vs Ellis's REBT?

Beck's CT is... 1) based on empirical research vs philosophical tenets (originally developed for depression) 2) negative thoughts are NOT the sole cause of depression; other factors contribute (environmental, neurological, genetic factors) 3) Beck's CT more caring, warm, empathetic 4) Beck's CT uses Socratic questioning so clients can arrive at own conclusion; collaborative vs. REBT that is more directive/confrontational 5) Faulty thinking: Beck believed distorted beliefs result from cognitive errors vs Ellis REBT persuaded clients that some beliefs are irrational/nonfunctional

What is Cognitive Therapy? (Beck's)

CT assumes that internal dialogue plays a major role in people's behavior & feelings

Who was the founder of Person-Centered Therapy? A key figure? It developed in reaction to....?

Carl Rogers. - Key figure: Natalie Rogers (expressive arts therapy) -Developed in 1940s as a reaction to psychoanalytic therapy. Rogers believed people are trustworthy and that they have the potential for understanding themselves & resolving their own problems w/o intervention of expert/therapist.

How does Beck define cognitive distortions? List all 7 of them.

Cognitive distortions are faulty, erroneous and distorted ways of thinking. He believed that this faulty information processing (e.g., cognitive distortions) could turn normal adaptive human functioning processes into psychological distress, or even a psychological disorder. 1) Arbitrary references - conclusions w/o evidence 2) Selective abstraction - conclusions based on a single detail 3) Overgeneralization 4) Magnification and minimization 5) Personalization 6) Labeling & mislabeling 7) Dichotomous Thinking

Adlerians place emphasis on the ______ (consciousness or unconsciousness)? This is the center of personality.

Consciousness.

In Feminist Therapy, psychological distress or pathology are viewed as...

Coping or survival strategies rather than evidence of pathology or issues. Individuals are not blamed for their personal problems due to dysfunctional social environments.

What are the 3 different kinds of relationships in the SFBT approach?

Customer: best type of client Complainant: victim Visitor

What is the therapeutic relationship like in Adlerian therapy?

Egalitarian (mutual respect) and collaborative.

What are 4 examples of contemporary trends of psychoanalytic therapy?

Ego psychology, object relations theory, self psychology, relational model

What is emotion-focused therapy (EFT) in Person-Centered Therapy?

Emotion-focused therapy - EFT practitioner actively works w/ emotions after therapeutic alliance is establishing using a range of experiential techniques.

In Adlerian therapy, counselors believe people are NOT in control of their fate. TRUE/FALSE

False - Adlerians believe people are in control of their fate. Believe people can change through social learning - unlike Freud who believed humans are fixed.

What are the differences between Freud's psychosexual stages vs Erikson's psychosocial stages?

Freud's 5 stages - Oral: love and trust - Anal: independence, power - Phallic accepting sexuality - Latency: sexual interests replace by other interests - Genital: Erikson's 8 stages: - Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust - Early childhood Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt - Preschool: Initiative vs Guilt, - School age: Industry vs Inferiority - Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion - Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation - Middle age: Generativity vs Stagnation - Later Life: Integrity vs Despair

Who is the main figure in Gestalt Therapy?

Fritz Perls is the main originator and developer of Gestalt therapy. Also, wife Laura Perls.

What are the basic principles/assumptions of Adlerian Therapy?

Holistic + Phenomenological + Cognitive approach. - HOLISTIC - context is important; family constellations; humans are motivated by social interest. - Phenomenological - emphasis on person's subjective perception; less about what exactly happened but HOW the individual perceives it - COGNITIVE: what happens to you in first 5-6 yrs shapes you Humans are driven by social interest/relationships, goals, inferior feelings, & our own capacities/creativity

Who are the cofounders of Solution-focused brief therapy?

Insoo Kim Berg & Steve de Shazer

What are the key concepts of Psychoanalytic Therapy?

Key Concepts: - human nature is DETERMINISTIC - personality structure consists of 3 systems: id, ego, & superego - conscious vs UNCONSCIOUS - ANXIETY - feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories - ego DEFENSE mechanisms - healthy personality based on successful resolution through DEVELOPMENTAL stages (Freud's psychosexual vs Erikson's psychosocial stages) - TRANSFERENCE & countertransference - PAST experiences to present problems

What techniques are used in Existential Therapy?

NO techniques; just a philosophical approach. Emphasis is on understanding client's experience. May use techniques from other schools/approaches. - aim is NOT to cure clients, but help/teach them to listen to what they already know

Who is the founder or key figure in Feminist Therapy?

No one founder, but Jean Baker Miller.

In Motivational Interviewing, therapists respond to resistance in a confrontational/nonconfrontational manner.

Nonconfrontational manner. MI therapists are empathetic, supportive, affirming, use open-ended questions, reflective listening, guide discussion of ambivalence.

In SFBT, what position does the therapist take?

Not-knowing position. Collaborative relationship. Clients are the experts.

What is Solution-focused brief therapy?

Optimistic, FUTURE/GOAL/ SOLUTION-oriented approach based on premise that clients have the STRENGTHS & resources to change quickly. - do NOT have to know what caused the problem

How are techniques/interventions used & viewed in Person-Centered Therapy?

PCT stresses the client-therapist relationship & the therapist's attitudes; techniques are secondary (similar to Existential Therapy). - This approach minimizes directive techniques, questioning, interpretation, probing, diagnosis, collecting history - Maximizes active listening, empathic understanding, presence, reflection of feelings, clarification

Existential therapists believe aloneness is....

Part of the human experience & that we must be able to stand alone before we can truly stand beside one another.

What was Margaret Mahler's theory? To which theoretical model to she contribute to?

Psychoanalytic therapy - believed individual begins in a state of psychological fusion with mother & progresses gradually to separation. (Normal infantile autism, symbiosis, separation-individuation)

What is the difference between psychoanalytic vs psychodynamic therapy?

Psychodynamic therapy: fewer sessions/week, therapist is supportive - will also pay attention to transference, the unconscious, clients' dreams, and offer interpretations

In Cognitive Behavior Therapy, which one is more directive, persuasive, & confrontational: REBT or CT?

REBT is more directive, persuasive, & confrontation. Beck's CT emphasizes Socratic dialogue & helping clients discover misconceptions of themselves.

What elements, including interventions, are essential to Behavior Therapy? Name 4.

Scientific method, assessments, goal-setting, homework assignments.

Who id the key figure of Psychoanalytic Therapy?

Sigmund Freud - father of psychoanalysis

Who said "Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious?"

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalytic therapy.

What are some strengths vs limitations of Behavior Therapy?

Strengths: concrete method for solving problems, emphasis on present, focus on environmental conditions, many/varied techniques aimed at producing behavior change; Weakness: does not address emotional or sociocultural factors

What are some techniques/procedures of Psychoanalytic Therapy?

Techniques: 1) maintaining analytic framework 2) free association 3) interpretation 4) dream analysis 5) analysis of resistance 6) analysis of transference

In Person-Centered Therapy, who brings about change in the therapeutic process - the client or the therapist?

The CLIENT. More than any therapist or technique, it is the CLIENT who makes therapy work. Humanistic therapists emphasize a discovery-oriented approach where the clients are the experts in their own inner experience.

What is Freudian/psychoanalytic view of human nature?

The view of human nature is that it is deterministic. Our behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, & biological/instinctual drives.

Carl Rogers believed several therapeutic core conditions (& nothing else) are necessary for constructive personality change. What are those conditions?

These 3 are SUFFICIENT & NECESSARY for therapeutic change to occur. 1) Congruence or Genuineness - therapists are real, genuine, integrated and authentic during the therapy hour. 2) Unconditional Positive Regard and Acceptance - deep, genuine caring & acceptance of client. "I accept you for who you are." 3) Accurate Empathic Understanding - therapist senses & understands the client's feelings/emotions as if they were her own w/o getting lost. "I understand what it's like to be you."

What is Social Constructionism in Postmodern Therapy?

Values the client's reality w/o disputing whether it is accurate or rational. Our REALITIES are SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED.

Behavior therapists don't care about the ___, only the ____ (what, why, how) is maintaining the behavior in the here-and-now.

WHY; only the WHAT

In REBT, the therapeutic relationship must/must not have 1) warm relationship 2) unconditional positive regard & acceptance

Warm relationship = NO Unconditional positive regard = YES. A warm relationship is NOT required (unlike Rogers), but Ellis believed that therapists should exhibit unconditional positive regard & accept for all clients (like Rogers)

Existential therapists believe resistance is part of...

the self-and-world construct. It is how a person understands their being & relationship to the world at large. Forms of resistance include intellectualizing, being argumentative, & always seeking to please.