CPACC

Anomalous Trichromacy (Color-Blindness)

- All of three cone types are used to perceive light, but one type of cone perceives light slightly out of alignment - Three different types depending on which cone type is 'faulty' - 50% will see the world similarly to those with Dichromacy, but colors will improve in good light and deteriorate in poor light

How common are disabilities?

~1 in every 5 people (about 20%) has a disability of some kind

True or False: Unaided Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems rely on the use of electronic tools.

False

Size and Space for Approach and Use

sufficient space should be provided in the design so that it allows anyone to use features regardless of physical build or abilities

Cross-Disciplinary Awareness, Collaboration, and Implementation (Integration)

takes a team

Cost Management

- nearly all the cost will be in the time it takes to get things done

Deaf vs. deaf

"small d" deaf: refers to the medical condition, or hearing impaired person who is not associated with Deaf Community "Big D" Deaf: refers to cultural identity as a member of the Deaf community

According to the United Nations, what is the average number of years people spend living with a disability in a country where the life expectancy is 70 years or more? A. 8 B. 12 C. 9 D. 6

A. 8

Causes of Blindness

(not limited to) Diabetes Macular Degeneration Glaucoma Accidents or traumatic injuries to the eye Stroke Retinitis Pigmentosa

Challenges for People who are Blind

- Cannot see digital or electronic interfaces - Cannot use screen readers on digital content and interfaces not designed with accessibility in mind - Cannot see when walking - Cannot see signs or other text on buildings or other areas in the built environment - Cannot see or feel the controls on flat interfaces on consumer devices such as microwaves, ovens, dishwashers, etc. - Cannot read the text on the containers or packaging for consumer items such as medicine, toothpaste, shampoo, sunscreen, hand cream, personal care products, foods, drinks, candy - Cannot read money to determine its value - Cannot read books, magazines, posters, postal mail, or other printed materials

Assistive Technology for Deafness

- Captions - Transcripts

Civil Rights Laws

- Civil rights laws take their cue from the Social Disability Model - emphasize equal rights for people with disabilities - Ex. Americans with Disabilities Act, The Equality Act of 2010 (UK), The Act on the Elimination of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities (Japan)

Assistive Technology for Color Blindness

- Color enhancement overlays or glasses

Accessibility Enhancements for Sidewalks

- Curb cuts (Perceptible Information) - Bumped & ridged tiles (Perceptible Information)

Why Are Disability Statistics So Variable?

- Differences in How "Disability" is Defined - Differences in Data Collection Methods - Political or Public Relations Biases

Speech Disability Web Limitations

- Difficulty or complete inability to produce speech sounds, or difficulty maintaining speech fluency - May also have another disability that involves difficulty with mobility or hearing, learning or processing information

EN 301 549: Accessibility Requirements Suitable for Public Procurement of ICT Products and Services in Europe

- EU created a set of standards for use in ICT procurement legislation - no government in Europe yet requires adherence

Speech Disability Input Design Considerations

- Follow same input design considerations for blindness, low vision, motor disabilities, auditory disabilities, and cognitive disabilities as people with speech disabilities may have more than one disability - Ensure text-based alternatives are provided for any voice-based communication methods

Assistive Technology for Motor/Mobility Disabilities

- Head wand - Mouth stick - Alternative keyboards - Eye gaze tracking - Voice Activation

Benefits of Accessible Design for Businesses and Organizations

- Improves Public Perception - Increases Compatibility - Improves Search Engine Optimization - Increases Your Customer Base - Increases Your Eligibility for Funding - Helps You Avoid Lawsuits

National Standards

- Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) for Web Content - US Access Board Standards for Section 508, - Government of Canada Standard on Web Accessibility

Principle II: Multiple Means of Action and Expression

- Learners are diverse in how they demonstrate knowledge and skills - give learners options to demonstrate what they know 4. Provide Options for Physical Action 5. Provide Options for Expression & Communication 6. Provide Options for Executive Functions

Speech Disability Web Input Methods

- May be same input methods as those used for blindness, low vision, motor disabilities, auditory disabilities, and cognitive disabilities - Text-based communication such as chat, email, and forms

Hemianopia (Low Vision)

Hemianopia, or Hemianopsia, is another eye condition that limits vision to a smaller area. In the case of Hemianopia, vision loss occurs on either the right or left side of both eyes.

Blindness Challenge: Cannot read books, magazines, posters, postal mail, or other printed materials

- Optical character recognition software can convert scanned images of text into digital text for screen readers. Accuracy depends on quality of original document, font choices, line spacing, and the conversion software itself. - Information can be placed online or in other digital formats to allow blind people to read the materials using their own assistive technologies.

Types of Disabilities

- Recognizable - Hidden - Temporary - Age-Related

Tool(s) for Low Vision

- Screen Magnification - Screen Readers - Color Customization

Assistive Technology for Low Vision

- Screen enlargers - Screen readers

Assistive Technology for Blindness

- Screen readers - Refreshable Braille devices

Assistive Technology for Cognitive Disabilities

- Screen readers - Screen overlays - Augmentative communication aids

Industry-Specific Laws

- Some laws target specific technologies or specific domains of the economy - telecommunications and air travel both have accessibility related laws in the US - Ex. 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA), Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA)

Perceptible Information

- The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities. - info should be presented in different formats

Tritanomaly (Color-Blindness)

- Type of Anomalous Trichromacy, type of blue-yellow color blindness - Reduced sensitivity to blue light

Deuteranomaly (Color-Blindness)

- Type of Anomalous Trichromacy, type of red-green color blindness - Reduced sensitivity to green light - Most common type of color blindness

Protanomaly (Color-Blindness)

- Type of Anomalous Trichromacy, type of red-green color blindness - Reduced sensitivity to red light

Tritanopia (Color-Blindness)

- Type of Dichromacy, type of blue-yellow color blindness - Cannot perceive blue light - Extremely rare.

Deuteranopia (Color-Blindness)

- Type of Dichromacy, type of red-green color blindness - Cannot perceive green light

Protanopia (Color-Blindness)

- Type of Dichromacy, type of red-green color blindness - Cannot perceive red light

Rod Monochromacy or Achromatopsia (Color-Blindness)

- Type of Monochromacy - All cones are non-functional or missing - Sees different shades of grey ranging from black to white - Extremely rare - Most severe form of color blindness

Disability Ettiquette

- Use people first language (person with epilepsy) - Address the person directly (not the interpreter, maintain eye contact) - No need to avoid common phrases (see you later) - Don't assume people with disabilities need help - Offer help when needed - Say Hello - Don't treat service animals like pets or distract them - Respect personal space (don't touch someone's assistive device) - When in Doubt, Consider Personal Preferences (everyone is different)

Assistive Technologies Used by People with Motor Disabilities

- Vertical Keyboad with Mouth Stick - One-handed Keyboard - Expanded Keyboad with Raised Sections between keys - Speech Recognition

Multi-National Standards and Policies

- Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) are part of a series of web accessibility guidelines published by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the main international standards organization for the Internet - The Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) 2.0 provides guidelines for designing web content authoring tools - User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) documents explain how to make user agents accessible to people with disabilities. - WAI-ARIA, the Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite, defines a way to make Web content and Web applications more accessible to people with disabilities. It especially helps with dynamic content and advanced user interface - PDF/UA provides definitive terms and requirements for accessibility in PDF documents and applications.

Universal Design for Drinking Fountains

- need to be able to roll a wheelchair underneath (Size and Space for Approach and Use) - turn water on with minimal pressure (Low Physical Effort) - reachable for very short people (Equitable Use)

Universal Design for Grocery Stores

- ability to buy online (Flexibility in Use) - product info/prices available via mobile device (Perceptible Information) - orientation and guidance in the store (Perceptible Information) - shelves at lower heights (Equitable Use)

Canada: The Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA)

- applies to every person or organization in the public and private sectors of the Province of Ontario

Universal Design for Tables

- associate data cells with header cells to allow screen reader users to navigate effectively

Italy: Stanca Act

- based on WCAG 1.0 - promotes the accessibility of information technology. - applies also to the Italian government we

Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) for Web Content

- based on WCAG 2.0 - central and local government must comply

UK: The Equality Act of 2010

- broad law which prohibits discrimination in the workplace and society - applies specifically to public authorities

Obstacles in Transportation Systems

- buying a ticket/farecard - turnstyles and gates - train platforms can be dangerous - route maps and guides - train door visibility for people with low vision - train arrival announcements should be audio and visual

Universal Design for Color

- don't rely on color alone to convey meaning - always supplement with text explanations

Universal Design for Entrances

- eliminate steps (Equitable Use) - use ramps (Low Physical Effort)

Universal Design for Keyboard Accessibility

- ensure all functionality is keyboard accessible, tab order is logical, and focus indicator is always visible - users need to be able to tab to all links, forms, and dynamic content using a keyboard

Universal Design for Contrast

- ensure contrast of text against the background is sufficient to allow text to be easily read - choose colors that dont make reading difficult

Universal Design for Links

- ensure link text clearly explains the distinction or purpose of the link (a bunch of "click here" links are not helpful) - good link text makes navigation more understandable for everyone (including people with cognitive disabilities

Integrating Accessibility Across Your Organization

- establishing accessibility governance and management will help organizations avoid consequences, and help promote accessibility awareness

Universal Design for Forms

- every form element needs an associated label

Universal Design for Emergencies

- exit routes must be accessible to all people (Equitable Use) - smoke detectors/alarms must have audio and visual indicators (Perceptible Information)

The Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons who are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled

- forms part of the body of international copyright treaties administered World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). - main goal is to create a set of mandatory limitations and exceptions for the benefit of the blind, visually impaired, and otherwise print disabled

Universal Design for Doorways

- get rid or doorknobs (Equitable Use) - install automatic doors (Low Physical Effort)

Universal Design for Headings

- headings facilitate navigation and semantic structure - use headings to create a properly-structured outline of the page

Time Management

- how much "extra" time does accessibility add? - best case: 1%-5% more time - worst case: with an inexperienced team, immature process, can become double or triple the development time

Principle III: Multiple Means of Engagement

- instructors should not rely on a single means of engaging students - must provide multiple ways to get learners involved 7. Provide options for Recruiting Interest

Procurement Laws

- laws that require accessibility be taken into account when making a purchase or contracting services - Ex. Section 508, EN 301 549 (European Union)

US: Telecom Act of 1996

- major change in American telecommunication law, since it was the first time that the Internet was included

Universal Design for Printed Materials

- make available in electronic formats (Perceptible Information) - digital text can be manipulated to meet needs (Flexibility of Use) - print & screen magnifiers (Flexibility of Use) - audio versions (Perceptible Information)

State Accessibility Laws

- many states have their own web accessibility laws aimed at state and local government which can include k-12 schools and universities

Universal Design for PDFs

- must be in "tagged pdf" formal and must be edited for reading order, tab order, and other semantic markup

Universal Design for PDFs

- must be in "tagged pdf" format and must be edited for reading order, tab order, and other semantic markup

Principle I: Provide multiple means of Representation

- not everyone perceives info in the same way, so it is critical that instruction be delivered in various ways -different mediums should be used such a print, electronic text, visual and audio 1. Provide options for Perception 2. Provide options for Language, Math Expression, & Symbols 3. Provide Options for Comprehension

Universal Design for Self Check-in / Check-out

- place kiosks at different heights (Equitable Use) - offer online check-in systems (Flexibility in Use) - must provide audio interfaces (Perceptible Information) - large clickable areas and fonts (Tolerance for Error)

Japan: The Act on the Elimination of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities

- prohibits discrimination based on disability and requires accommodations that remove social barriers people with disabilities face in Japan

US: Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA)

- prohibits discrimination in air travel and requires accommodation for people with disabilities - applies to US and foreign air carriers operating flights within or to the US

US: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

- prohibits discrimination in employment, architectural design, transportation, exams/courses, & other services offering "public accommodation"

Universal Design for Images

- provide short meaningful alt-text that serves as effective replacement for the image - all images require alt-text

Universal Design for Video & Audio

- provide synchronized captions for the deaf - provide synchronized audio descriptions for the blind - provide text transcript for deafblind

Audio Descriptions

- recording of a person explaining visual aspects of the video that aren't in the video's original dialog or narration.

US: 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA)

- requires advanced communication services and products to accessible to people with disabilities - applies to telecommunication hardware & software, providers & TV broadcasters, TV hardware & software providers

US: Section 508 of Rehabilitation Act

- requires that all electronic and information technology developed, procured, maintained or used by federal agencies be accessible to users with disabilities. - WCAG 2.0 is now required by Section 508

Visual Focus Indicator

- sighted keyboard users need to be able to see the focus indicator at all times - use CSS to enhance browsers default visual focus

Universal Design for Bathrooms

- use labels that are both visual and tactile (Perceptible Information) - provide handsfree faucets, auto-flushing, support handles (Low Physical Effort) - sufficient space (Size and Space for Approach & Use)

Universal Design for Signs

- visually intuitive (Simple and Intuitive Use) - provide audio or braille formats (Perceptible Information) - enlarged size with high contrast colors (Perceptible Information)

Canada: Web Standards for Government of Canada

- web standards for accessibility, usability, interoperability, and mobile devices - applies to government only

3 principles of Universal Design for Learning

1. Multiple means of Representation 2. Multiple means of action and expression 3. Multiple means of engagement

Universal Design Principles

1. equitable use 2. flexibility in use 3. simple and intuitive use 4. perceptible information 5. tolerance for error 6. low physical effort 7. size and space for approach and use

Dichromacy (Color-Blindness)

A condition in which a person has only two types of cones, instead of the normal three.

Legal Definition of Blindness

A person who has a visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective lenses or who has a field of vision (what can be seen in front of the person) that is 20 degrees in the eye that has the best vision is considered to be legally blind. The legal definition of blindness that is used solely to determine eligibility and participation in various programs.

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A vast range of emotional and mental conditions. These conditions are first diagnosed as "mental illness". When the mental illness disorder impacts daily major life activities, it then becomes a disability Examples: anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia

Placing water fountains at various heights is an example of this Universal Design Principle A) equitable use B) flexibility in use C) simple and intuitive use D) perceptible information E) tolerance for error F) low physical effort G) size and space for approach and use

A) equitable use

Positive schizophrenia involves which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Hallucinations B. Social isolation C. Lack of motivation D. Delusions

A. Hallucinations D. Delusions

A popup warning on a web site that states to all users, "Your session is about to expire. Would you like to continue?" is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

A. Perceivable

An audio description track for a video tour of a facility is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

A. Perceivable

High contrast between text elements and the background on a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

A. Perceivable

Important information that is communicated using both color and text is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

A. Perceivable

Which principle of web accessibility focuses on presenting information that can be accessed through multiple biological senses? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

A. Perceivable

The most important consideration for designing web content for someone with motor disabilities is the inability to use: A. The hands B. The legs C. The eyes D. The mouth

A. The hands

Which model of disability argues that disability is more of a result of inaccessible environments? A. Social model B. Functional Solutions model C. Social Identity model D. Charity/Tragedy model

A. Social model

For someone with low vision, what are ways to make text more readable? (Select all that apply) A. Zoom or magnify text on the screen B. Use synchronized video captions C. Change text and background colors for better contrast D. Use a screen reader

A. Zoom or magnify text on the screen C. Change text and background colors for better contrast D. Use a screen reader

What are the disability and poverty statistics like?

About 30% of people with disabilities live below the poverty line Disabilities are Expensive (equipment, care) and many can't afford it, so their disability is compounded by financial constraints Disabilities Can Be Both the Cause and the Result of Poverty with the effect lasting for generations

Benefits of Accessible Design for people with disabilities

Accessibility Improves People's lives - makes things possible that would be otherwise literally impossible Accessible web sites let people conduct their personal banking, make restaurant reservations, access government benefits, apply for college, shop online, read the news, play online games, etc

Accessibility Solutions

Accessibility Solutions are Equally Effective and Integrated, and Substantially Easy to Use

Types of Color-Blindness

Anomalous Trichromacy: Red-Green, Blue-Yellow - Protanomaly (reduced red light) - Deuteranomaly (reduced green light, most common) - Tritanomaly (reduced blue light) Dichromacy: Red-Green, Blue-Yellow - Protanopia (no red light) - Deuteranopia (no green light) - Tritanopia (no blue light) Monochromacy - Cone Monochromacy (one color) - Rod Monochromacy or Achromatopsia (no color)

Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders is the most common group of mental illnesses, or psychological disabilities. People with anxiety disorders persistently fear or worry about certain situations or objects. People will tend to avoid the situations or objects that provoke severe anxious reactions. Examples: Panic discorder, phobias, PTSD, OCD

Risk Management

Assessing Legal Liability: - legal risks vary by industry The Public Relations Implications of Non-Compliance: - fighting a disability lawsuit is a PR nightmare - publish an accessibility statement Internal Accountability for Compliance: - PM's need to hold people accountable for their respective roles

Stakeholder Management

At minimun stakeholders include: - design, dev, and testing team - clients or users, including people with disabilities

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD, is a behavioral disorder where a person has difficulty focusing, paying attention, and controlling his or her behavior. 3 categories: Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Auditory Disabilities

Auditory disabilities involve hearing impairment, hearing loss, and deafness. People who have hearing impairment or hearing loss may have difficulty understanding speech and distinguishing foreground noise from background noise. Some people may use hearing aids as an assistive technology or may rely on lip reading to communicate. For those who have total loss of hearing, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) such as sign language or communication boards are used.

Allowing for the use of personal or assistive devices or voice control are examples of this Universal Design Principle A) equitable use B) flexibility in use C) simple and intuitive use D) perceptible information E) tolerance for error F) low physical effort G) size and space for approach and use

B) flexibility in use

Screen readers, modified gestures, zoom, tabbling, and ability to change contrast settings are examples of this Universal Design Principle A) equitable use B) flexibility in use C) simple and intuitive use D) perceptible information E) tolerance for error F) low physical effort G) size and space for approach and use

B) flexibility in use

A weakness of the social identity/cultural affiliation of disability model is: A. It could be patronizing towards people with disabilities. B. It may be a result of people with disabilities feeling excluded from society. C. It places less emphasis on the physical aspects of disability. D. It places too much emphasis on finding a cure for disabilities.

B. It may be a result of people with disabilities feeling excluded from society.

Which of the following phrase(s) is acceptable when referencing blindness as a disability? (Select all that apply.) A. The blind man, Joe B. Joe, who is blind C. People who are blind D. Blind people

B. Joe, who is blind C. People who are blind

Alerting users to session timeouts utilizes which principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

B. Operable

Allowing users to extend a time limit on a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

B. Operable

Ensuring that interaction with web content does not depend on using specific input devices is an application of which principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

B. Operable

Functionality on a web page that is both mouse and keyboard accessible is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

B. Operable

Link text that communicates the purpose and/or destination of the link is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

B. Operable

Who uses assistive technology? (Select all that apply) A. Only people who use handicapped entrances to buildings B. People who wear glasses or contact lenses C. People who wear hearing aids D. People with motor disabilities

B. People who wear glasses or contact lenses C. People who wear hearing aids D. People with motor disabilities

This type of speech disability is characterized by involuntary repetition or disruption of speech sounds. A. Apraxia B. Stuttering C. Cluttering D. Dysarthria

B. Stuttering

Blindness

Blindness is generally characterized as sightlessness or a loss of vision. While the term "blindness" is often used to define a total loss of vision, it may also refer to partial blindness, where sight may be extremely limited (low vision).

The medical model of disability: (Select all that apply) A. Looks to eliminate barriers and limitations through innovative solutions. B. Views people with disabilities as victims of their conditions and pities them. C. Focuses solely on the biological aspects of disability. D. Seeks to cure disability through medical care.

C. Focuses solely on the biological aspects of disability. D. Seeks to cure disability through medical care.

Which statements are true? (Select all that apply) A. For people with disabilities, the Internet is an obstacle that cannot be overcome even with assistive technology. B. The term "assistive technology" applies only to computer use and Internet access. C. The Internet is an important part of the solution for disability access. D. Making a website accessible to people with disabilities makes it less accessible for other users.

C. The Internet is an important part of the solution for disability access.

Ensuring that navigation features like a menu are consistent across the entire website is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

C. Understandable

Identifying the primary language of a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

C. Understandable

Muteness

Complete inability to produce a speaking voice

Challenges for People who are Colorblind

Certain color combinations—red and green in particular—can be difficult to distinguish

Motor Disabilities

Characterized by loss of movement; may be caused by injury or disease. Examples: hand tremors, loss of limb(s), paralysis All web content must be operable no matter what method a person uses to access the computer

Color Blindness

Color-blindness refers to the inability to distinguish between certain kinds of colors, especially colors that are of equal brightness or luminosity.

Usability vs Accessibility

Commonalities: - overlap occurs when accessibility practices improve usability for everyone and usability practices improve accessibility Differences: - usability affects every user, accessibility issues occur when people w/disabilities encounter difficulties - sometimes remediating an accessibility issue may cause usability issues

Universal Design

Creation of products and environments that the vast majority of people can use, taking into account our natural physical diversity.

Tactile interfaces are and example of which Universal Design Principle A) equitable use B) flexibility in use C) simple and intuitive use D) perceptible information E) tolerance for error F) low physical effort G) size and space for approach and use

D) perceptible information

23% of people with disabilities age 65 and older in the United States are living with this type of disability: A. Vision B. Hearing C. Self-Care D. Ambulatory

D. Ambulatory

A strength of the functional solutions model is: A. It recognizes the biological limitations of individuals with disabilities and seeks to treat those limitations. B. It acknowledges that society that can be more welcoming and inclusive. C. It brings together people with disabilities who share common life experiences. D. It looks for realistic, beneficial solutions through creativity and innovation.

D. It looks for realistic, beneficial solutions through creativity and innovation.

An item that communicates to a screen reader that it is expanded or collapsed is an example of which web accessibility principle? A. Perceivable B. Operable C. Understandable D. Robust

D. Robust

Which is NOT an example of assistive technology that helps with using the Internet? A. Screen readers B. Screen magnifiers C. Refreshable braille devices D. Wheelchair E. Mouth stick

D. Wheelchair

Deaf Community

Deaf culture or Deaf Community focuses on the beliefs, cultural norms, values, and experiences shared between a group or groups of people who are deaf. View deafness from a cultural perspective, using sign language to communicate and belonging to a specific culture. Deafness is not viewed as a loss. Uses the social identity or cultural affiliation model of disability.

Screen readers

Devices that many people with visual impairments use to access the Web, which read aloud Web page text and descriptions that a user selects ONLY if the content is accessible

Diabetic Retinopathy (Low Vision)

Diabetic Retinopathy is another eye condition that causes people to see floating dark spots

Challenges for People who are Deafblind

Digital text cannot be seen Audio (including the audio portion of videos) cannot be heard

What are the disability statistics for employment rate like?

Disabilities (and Workplace Discrimination) are Linked to Unemployment In a minority of cases, the disability itself and/or related health issues severely limit the individual's ability to work, or prevent it entirely. In most cases, though, people with disabilities are willing and able to perform in the job market when given the chance. Workplace discrimination and inaccessible work environments often reduce the employment opportunities for people with disabilities.

What effect does Aging Populations have on disability statistics?

Disabilities Increase as We Get Older Older people are more likely to have disabilities. Estimates range from about 30% to 60% of older populations, compared to 10%-20% for the population as a whole. Often, we acquire multiple disabilities as a natural part of the aging process. Many of us lose our sight, our hearing, our mobility, and/or our cognition.

Medical Model

Disability is viewed as a problem that is caused by medically-diagnosed genetic disorders, disease, trauma, or other health conditions. Disability is treated as a biological problem that diminishes quality of life and needs to be treated with professional medical care. The legal definition of disabilities often relies on the assumptions of the medical model.

Design Considerations for Color-Blindness

Do not use color alone to communicate information - Reds and greens are especially problematic when used as the only way to convey information.

Large clickable areas and fonts are examples of this Universal Design Principle A) equitable use B) flexibility in use C) simple and intuitive use D) perceptible information E) tolerance for error F) low physical effort G) size and space for approach and use

E) tolerance for error

Which type of disability is the most common? A. Blindness or low vision B. Color blindness C. Auditory disabilities D. Motor disabilities E. Cognitive Disabilities

E. Cognitive Disabilities

Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are mental disorders that cause severe concern over food and weight. People with eating disorders develop emotions, attitudes, and behaviors that affect their eating habits

Strengths of the Social Model

Empowers people with disabilities by removing the stigma often associated with physical impairments. Empowers designers of physical and virtual environments to think broadly about usability for all kinds of humans. Inclusive designs sometimes require more creative thinking, but this can be a benefit, because the resulting designs are often better for everyone, not just for people with disabilities.

True or False: Screen readers will interpret color-coded text and announce changes in color.

False

ADHD Inattention

Experiences that are mainly inattentive involve difficulty focusing and processing new information, being distracted easily, daydreaming, difficulty organizing and completing a task, and difficulty following instructions.

ADHD Impulsivity

Experiences that are mostly impulsive involve lack of patience and difficulty waiting on things, shouting unsolicited remarks, difficulty controlling emotions, and interrupting activities or conversations.

ADHD Hyperactivity

Experiences that mainly involve hyperactivity include continuous talking, running around, fidgeting, touching things, and difficulty completing quiet tasks.

Strengths of the Medical Model

Explicitly acknowledges that there is a biological condition that places an individual at a disadvantage compared to the majority of the population. A clearly-defined set of biological criteria helps medical professionals make important treatment decisions and the government to decide who gets assistance.

Automatic doors and motion activated sinks are examples of this Universal Design Principle A) equitable use B) flexibility in use C) simple and intuitive use D) perceptible information E) tolerance for error F) low physical effort G) size and space for approach and use

F) low physical effort

Blur (Low Vision)

Faces and objects appear blurry and it's difficult to distinguish specific features. On websites: foreground elements may be difficult to see from background elements. May be able to see large text like headings, but smaller text is hard to read.

True or False: Assisting a person with a disability is acceptable if the person appears to need your assistance.

False

True or False: Depression is a brain disorder that causes a person to experience both happy and sad feelings.

False

True or False: Making sure that web content is robust means making sure that content is written in a manner that is easy to comprehend.

False

True/False: Accessibility is ugly

False, - accessible sites can be beautiful - ugly designs for accessibility are a failure of imagination - most accessibility features are invisible

True/False: Accessibility is hard and expensive

False, - the cost of accessibility is reasonable compared to the alternatives - maintaining an accessible system is cost effective - legal liability is expensive

True/False: Accessibility benefits only a small minority

False, - It benefits a wide variety of people - Anyone can acquire a disability - about 20% of population have a disability

Quality Management

Fitness for Purpose: Strategic Alignment and Assessment Reusable Design/Code Libraries Quality Assurance Tools, Methods, and Protocols Formative, Summative, and Continuous Evaluations Expert Analysis and Consultation

Strengths of the Functional Solutions Model

Focuses on results that benefit people with disabilities. It takes a real-world approach to finding solutions that work, without getting hung up on theoretical or political questions. It instead puts energy into ideas, technologies, and innovations that improve the lives of people with disabilities.

Retinal Detachment (Low Vision)

For those who experience retinal detachment, vision can be affected in multiple ways. Some may experience flashes of light in their vision field, while some see what is called "floaters" in their vision, which can appear as dark debris floating in front of them.

Weaknesses of the Medical Model

Frequently criticized by disability advocates. - Overlooks the impact of the design decisions in our social environment - Labels and stigmatizes the person as different and "less than" the rest of the population - People who do not fit within the clearly-defined definitions may be denied benefits that they need - Adds a level of inconvenient bureaucracy by having to "prove" your disability repeatedly

Integrated and adaptive seating as well as wide aisles in movie theaters are examples of this Universal Design Principle A) equitable use B) flexibility in use C) simple and intuitive use D) perceptible information E) tolerance for error F) low physical effort G) size and space for approach and use

G) size and space for approach and use

Communication Management

General Awareness: - entire team should be aware of the need to make things accessible Include Accessibility Lead at High Level: - need to have enough authority to make a difference

Deafblindness

If a person is both deaf and blind, the only option is to use a refreshable Braille display in combination with a screen reader.

Cognitive Disabilities

Impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Most common type of disability. Too broad to describe.

Benefits of Accessible Design for people without disabilities

Improve access for all - wheelchair ramps help strollers, carts, etc. - elevators save physical effort and help with heavy things - shorter drinking fountains help kids - auto opening doors help people carrying things Less Burden on Family Members and Helpers The opportunity to befriend more people with disabilities

Challenges for Math Disabilities

Inability to distinguish right from left in graphic images Inability to copy graphs, figures and diagrams Inability to perform calculations

Web Accessibility for Cognitive Disabilities

Limited Comprehension (trouble with slang, abstract language, complex ideas, emotional awareness, etc) Low Tolerance for Cognitive Load (easily frustrated with difficult situations or too many things in environment.) Limited Problem-Solving Skills (e.g. captchas - may not understand whats going on or how to fix errors) Short Term Memory Loss (hard time remembering, can't focus on new information and dont retain it, can lose track of information) Attention Deficit (can't focus on task at hand, get distracted and forget what purpose was)

Macular Degeneration (Low Vision)

Macular degeneration is an eye disease where there is a loss of vision in the center of the eye, the field of vision. While people with macular degeneration have peripheral vision, the deterioration of the macula can cause either blurred vision or a blind spot to occur in the central vision.

UN Declaration of Human Rights

Main Purpose: - a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled Impact: - foundation of international human rights law - most translated document in the world

UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD)

Main Purpose: - intended as a human rights instrument with an explicit, social development dimension. - adopts a broad categorization of persons with disabilities Impact: - binding human rights treaty and serves as the framework for legal advocacy - Optional Protocol provides a powerful tool for monitoring & claiming for equal rights - follows decades of work by the United Nations to change attitudes and approaches to persons with disabilities

Weaknesses of the Charity or Tragedy Model

Many people with disabilities find this approach offensive, even if the end result produces something that helps people with disabilities. With this approach, the offensive part is the attitude and the assumptions. People without disabilities are in the position of the givers; the "fortunate" ones. People with disabilities are in the position of the receivers; the "unfortunate" ones. This kind of arrangement sets up an unequal power balance, and an unhealthy social relationship between groups of people.

Colorblind Challenge: Certain color combinations—red and green in particular—can be difficult to distinguish

Materials can be designed in a way that does not depend on color as a way to convey information.

Challenges for Speech Disabilities

May be unable to communicate with voice-based technology tools like virtual meetings May have another disability that could be one or more of the following: hearing loss, difficulty with fine motor movements, processing information, or visual impairment May be a wheelchair user, or may have difficulty using hands or arms Difficulty with producing speech sounds

Challenges for People with Motor Disabilities

May be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use hands May need more time to interact with digital content and interfaces due to slower movements Wheelchair users are unable to use steps Wheelchairs users may be unable to navigate through tight spaces May have difficulty using hands or arms to open doors May be unable to turn pages of books, magazines, information pamphlets, or other printed materials

Challenges for Cognitive Disabilities

May find complex designs and tasks in digital format overwhelming May have difficulty solving technical problems or fixing errors May have difficulty processing information, especially text-based information that uses complex language

Mood Disorders

Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders or depressive disorders, cause erratic changes in a person's mood. Mood disorders can cause mood fluctuations ranging from happiness to sadness, or lengthy periods of sadness.

Trichromacy (Color-Blindness)

Normal color vision, uses all three types of light cones correctly (red, green, blue)

Challenges for Dyslexia and Reading Disabilities

Often perceive words as floating and not in a line. Often perceive words differently than others such as seeing p b d q as the same letter. Often require additional time to read and process content. Often have the burden of deciphering content from the way it is presented. May have difficulty solving problems presented through security features such as CAPTCHA May have difficulty processing content through visual means May have a hard time spelling words correctly

*Religious/Moral Model

One interpretation of the religious/moral model assumes that disabilities are given to people as a punishment for actions of either the individual herself or of her parents or others who have brought this condition upon her. Or, if a disability is not seen as a punishment, it may be regarded as a condition given by God to teach a lesson or to test the person.

Blur with Low Contrast (Low Vision)

People who have low vision or blurred vision can also experience seeing things in low contrast, meaning that there aren't very many bright or dark areas. Everything tends to appear about the same brightness, which makes it hard to distinguish outlines, borders, edges, and details.

Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

People with disabilities may develop a sense of personal identity through consorting with others who share similar life experiences based on their disability. Together, the group develops a sense of culture based on these shared experiences.

What are the disability statistics for education levels and literacy like?

People with disabilities tend to be less educated than the general population. In the case of severe disabilities, the individuals may not be capable of completing a traditional education through the school system. the education system is not adequately equipped to handle students with disabilities, or there are other barriers that reduce the availability and/or quality of education for students with disabilities.

Low Vision

People with low vision can see, but their vision is still quite far from perfect even with powerful corrective lenses. Those who have low vision may be unable to see well enough to drive or read most printed text unless they enlarge it. It is a broad category encompassing many different conditions, with varying degrees of vision impairment.

Four Web Accessibility Principles

Perceivable Operable Understandable Robust

Reading Disabilities

Read at lower level or not at all Helps to provide illustrations or audio to supplement text

3 Primary Brain Networks

Recognition Networks Strategic Networks Affective Networks

Human Resource Management

Recruiting and Integrating Employees with Disabilities - they are the experts Recruiting Accessibility Talent - advertise positions that require accessibility expertise - give employees time/opportunities to learn Workforce Development and Training - give employees professional development opportunities Accessibility-Related Roles, Responsibilities, and Competencies

Braille Displays

Refreshable Braille displays have a line of holes in the physical interface that allow small pins to come up and down to form Braille characters. The screen reader sends a line of text to the refreshable Braille display. Users read the text on that line, then press a button to go to the next line. The pins drop down, then come up in a new configuration to reflect the new line of text.

wide hallways, ramps instead of stairs, transparent or semi transparent doors, and muted blue and green colors are examples of _______?

Requirements for designing spaces for people who are deaf

Scope Management

Scope can be defined within: - Innovation for Accessibility - Planing for Accessibility - Retrofitting for Accessibility - Maintaining Accessibility

Seizure Disorders

Seizures are abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain that interfere with a person's ability to process information or, in some cases, control voluntary muscle movement. Some seizures can result in violent convulsions that put a person at risk of injury.

Photo-Epileptic Seizures

Seizures caused by flashing lights. Putting flashing or strobe-type effects in videos, graphics, or animations can put some viewers at risk for seizures.

Strengths of the Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

Self-Acceptance and Empowerment - can be an important part of one's emotional and psychological well-being Political Strength - easier to petition for political change as a group with a collective voice

Challenges for People with Low Vision

Small text can be hard to read. Low contrast text can be hard to read.

Assistive Technologies

Software and devices used to maintain, increase, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities. They do not completely compensate for the disability. People who create the environments must create them with accessibility in mind in order for the assistive technologies to be most effective.

Deaf Challenge: Doorbells, alarms, and other sounds may not be heard

Solution: - Provide alternative visual alerts, such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, turn on, or turn off.

Deafblind Challenge: Digital text cannot be seen

Solution: A screen reader can convert text to Braille on a refreshable Braille device, or "printed" in a Braille embosser.

Deafblind Challenge: Audio (including the audio portion of videos) cannot be heard

Solution: A text transcript of the audio can be converted to refreshable Braille by a screen reader, or "printed" in a Braille embosser.

Blindness Challenge: Cannot read the text on the containers or packaging for consumer items such as medicine, toothpaste, shampoo, sunscreen, hand cream, personal care products, foods, drinks, candy

Solution: Embossed Braille (or Braille stickers) on packaging and product containers help consumers identify items both in the store and after purchase.

Blindness Challenge: Cannot use screen readers on digital content and interfaces not designed with accessibility in mind

Solution: Interface designers and content authors can edit the markup to make it compatible with the assistive technologies used by blind people.

Motor Disability Challenge: May need more time to interact with digital content and interfaces due to slower movements

Solution: Interface designers and developers can alert users to session timeouts and provide users with a way to adjust the time, extend the time or turn off the time limit

Motor Disability Challenge: May be unable to turn pages of books, magazines, information pamphlets, or other printed materials

Solution: - Consider providing printed materials in a digital format that may allow people to use their own assistive technologies; Touch screen interfaces may also increase accessibility

Cognitive Challenge: May find complex designs and tasks in digital format overwhelming

Solution: - Create simple, predictable, organized designs and simplify user interface components

Cognitive Challenge: May have difficulty solving technical problems or fixing errors

Solution: - Ensure users are alerted to errors and provide clear solutions to fix errors

Blindness Challenge: Cannot see or feel the controls on flat interfaces on consumer devices such as microwaves, ovens, dishwashers, etc.

Solutions: - Alternative interfaces with knobs or other tactile controls - Audio interfaces - Remote control through applications on mobile devices

Seizure Challenge: Sensitivity to flashing lights, blinking, and flickering stimuli

Solutions: - Avoid creating animations, videos, and other graphics, that have flashing or strobe-like effects whenever possible - If flashing content must be used, flashing should not last for more than three (3) seconds

Math Disability Challenge: Inability to distinguish right from left in graphic images

Solutions: - Can read data in a data table or text description as an alternative to graphic representations of data when an alternative is provided. - May be granted additional time to complete tasks

Math Disability Challenge: Inability to perform calculations

Solutions: - Can use an accessibility accommodation link to a reference sheet with common equations when provided - Can use an onscreen calculator as an accommodation - May be granted additional time to complete tasks

Math Disability Challenge: Inability to copy graphs, figures and diagrams

Solutions: - Can use speech-to-text to verbalize instructions for completing homework and test questions when the questions are designed to accessibility guidelines and text-to-speech assistive technology can access content. - May be granted additional time to complete tasks

Blindness Challenge: Cannot see when walking

Solutions: - Canes - Service animals (e.g. "Seeing Eye" dogs) - GPS-based walking instructions with an audio interface, either automated or via a remote human navigator. - Raised tiles on the ground to indicate edge of a platform, beginning of staircase, etc. - Eliminate low-hanging architectural features that a blind person could bump into - Clear pathways without obstructions

Speech Disability Challenge: May have another disability that could be one or more of the following: hearing loss, difficulty with fine motor movements, processing information, or visual impairment

Solutions: - Ensure that all digital content is compatible with several assistive technologies such as screen readers - Provide captions and transcripts for video and audio materials - Check that digital content is keyboard accessible - Present information in multiple formats to assist with information processing

Motor Disability Challenge: Wheelchair users are unable to use steps

Solutions: - For building entrances, accessible ramps in addition to steps should be provided, and accessible parking should be provided - For steps within buildings, ensure that ramps and elevators are provided and accessible - Ensure that accessible routes outside and within the building are labeled and clearly identifiable

Blindness Challenge: Cannot see signs or other text on buildings or other areas in the built environment

Solutions: - Map and geolocation applications on mobile devices can announce the names and descriptions of locations. - Braille labels and descriptions on points of interest can help blind people as long as the person knows Braille, and as long as the Braille labels are easy to find. - Tactile models of the exterior of buildings or floorplans help blind people form a mental map

Speech Disability Challenge: Difficulty with producing speech sounds

Solutions: - May use low tech AAC such as communication boards or gestures to supplement speech - May use high tech AAC such computer-generated voices to replace speech - Be patient and give people time to communicate thoughts; Ask for clarification, if necessary

Blindness Challenge: Cannot read money to determine its value

Solutions: - Mobile Apps can photograph the money and read the value to blind people. - Paper bills and coins could be manufactured in different sizes, shapes, or textures. - Non-cash systems of payment can allow blind people to make financial transactions via devices or on-site payment hardware with audio output.

Deaf Challenge: Audio content cannot be heard

Solutions: - Provide a transcript - Provide sign language interpretation

Motor Disability Challenge: May have difficulty using hands or arms to open doors

Solutions: - Provide automatic doors or doors than can be opened using a large button - Equip doors with lever-type handles/doorknobs for easier opening or closing

Deaf Challenge: Speeches and talks cannot be heard by deaf people in the room

Solutions: - Provide sign language interpretation - Provide live captions on a monitor during the speech

Low Vision Challenge: Small text can be hard to read.

Solutions: - Screen magnifiers enlarge items. - Utilities to enhance contrast, change colors, etc. - Screen readers to supplement screen magnifiers by reading interfaces if it's been designed to be accessible. - Self-voicing interfaces (on ATMs, kiosks, transportation systems, etc.), but these are appropriate mostly for broadcasting information, because they usually do not interact with the interface or content - Alternative large print versions of small print text - Alternative digital versions of printed materials

Low Vision Challenge: Low contrast text can be hard to read.

Solutions: - Software or hardware options can enhance the contrast of digital text. - Interface designers and content creators can choose color combinations with high enough contrast to easily read

Speech Disability Challenge: May be unable to communicate with voice-based technology tools like virtual meetings

Solutions: Provide text-based alternative solutions such as chat, email, and forms

Speech Disability Challenge: May be a wheelchair user, or may have difficulty using hands or arms

Solutions: Same solutions for motor disabilities

Blindness Challenge: Cannot see digital or electronic interfaces

Solutions: Screen readers - read out digital text if they have been designed to be accessible. Doesn't announce text styles such as font, color, size, bold, and italic. Self-voicing interfaces and applications - these are appropriate mostly for broadcasting information, because they usually do not interact with the interface or content as screen readers do. Refreshable Braille output devices - use screen readers to convert digital text to Braille. Are typically expensive, and only a minority of blind people know how to read Braille.

Dyslexia and Reading Disability Challenge: May have difficulty solving problems presented through security features such as CAPTCHA

Solutions: - Ability to change the type of problem presented

Motor Disability Challenge: May be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use hands

Solutions: - Alternative keyboards, mouth sticks, single switch devices, speech recognition software and eye tracking technologies enable users to use a computer without the need for a mouse - Developers and designers can ensure digital content is accessible using keyboard devices

Dyslexia and Reading Disability Challenge: Often perceive words differently than others such as seeing p b d q as the same letter.

Solutions: - Can change the font, contrast or add an underline to text to keep words in line. - May be granted additional time to complete tasks

Dyslexia and Reading Disability Challenge: Often require additional time to read and process content.

Solutions: - Can extend time outs and return to the same location on the page. - Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen - Can use screen readers which highlight the word or phrase being read to assist with tracking. - Can use enhance visible focus indicators to keep track of their position on the page. - Can use special programs or dictionaries which present words with pictures - May be granted additional time to complete tasks

Dyslexia and Reading Disability Challenge: May have difficulty processing content through visual means

Solutions: - Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen - May be granted additional time to complete tasks

Dyslexia and Reading Disability Challenge: Often perceive words as floating and not in a line.

Solutions: - Can use a special font developed for Dyslexia which weights the letters down and makes similar figures appear differently - May be granted additional time to complete tasks

Dyslexia and Reading Disability Challenge: May have a hard time spelling words correctly

Solutions: - Can use a spelling and grammar checker

Motor Disability Challenge: Wheelchairs users may be unable to navigate through tight spaces

Solutions: - Doors, hallways, rooms, and restrooms should be wide enough for everyone, including wheelchair users, to use - All corridors and routes should be unobstructed

Dyslexia and Reading Disability Challenge: Often have the burden of deciphering content from the way it is presented.

Solutions: - May apply a custom style sheet

Deaf Challenge: The audio portion of videos cannot be heard

Solutions: - Provide synchronized captions with videos - Provide sign language interpretation

Cognitive Challenge: May have difficulty processing information, especially text-based information that uses complex language

Solutions: - Supplement text-based information with images and other visuals to reinforce understanding - Use simple, easy-to-understand language when presenting text-based information

Glaucoma (Low Vision)

Some people can see only a small area, and have no peripheral vision. The edges are heavily darkened or vignetted. It is like looking through a narrow tube.

Math Disabilities

Some people experience math anxiety (an emotional or psychological fear) when confronted with math problems. This is less of an intellectual deficit than a psychological deficit. Other people truly cannot solve mathematical problems because their brains are not capable of that kind of thinking.

Weaknesses of the Functional Solutions Model

Sometimes innovative solutions are not the most useful solution to broader problems, which may be a result of the social and environmental barriers people with disabilities face. If accessibility professionals are too focused on creating practical technological solutions, they may miss opportunities to address the larger social context. Sometimes addressing the larger social context works so well that it can make a specific technological solution obsolete.

Types of Speech Disabilities

Stuttering Cluttering Apraxia Dysarthria Speech Sound Disorders (articulation and phonemic) Muteness

The Digital Accessibility Revolution

The Web Enables Unprecedented Access to Information for the Blind The Web Enables Unprecedented Access to Commerce for People with Mobility Impairments

*Affirmation Model

The affirmation model is similar to the social identity or cultural affiliation model, in that it encourages people with disabilities to affirm their identity, and to feel comfortable in their own skin, celebrating everything about their physical identity, including their disabilities.

Challenges for People who are Deaf

The audio portion of videos cannot be heard Audio content cannot be heard Speeches and talks cannot be heard by deaf people in the room Doorbells, alarms, and other sounds may not be heard

Charity or Tragedy Model

The charity model treats disabilities as unfortunate or tragic conditions worthy of special treatment. People without disabilities take pity on those with disabilities and set up fundraisers, projects, assistance, and other interventions to improve the condition of those with disabilities.

Usability

The degree to which a system is easy to learn and efficient and satisfying to use

*The Economic Model

The economic model takes its cues from the social model, with an emphasis on political power through collective economic action. People with disabilities can influence the market by choosing to not spend their money with certain businesses, for example, or by protesting businesses that are not disability-friendly. The goal is to use money and economic incentives as a driving force for change.

*Expert or Professional Model

The expert or professional model is a variation of the medical model, in which disabilities are meant to be treated and managed by people with expertise and credentials.

Functional Solutions Model

The functional solutions model takes a practical approach to disability by identifying the functional impairments, or limitations, that are a result of disability. The model then seeks out solutions for eradicating these limitations through advancements in technology or methodology. There is less of a focus on the social and political aspects of disability, but more focus on applying innovation to overcoming the limitations of disability.

*Rehabilitation Model

The rehabilitation model is also a variation of the medical model, with an emphasis on therapy or rehabilitation for the person with a disability to improve the person's ability to function and compensate for the disability.

Weaknesses of the Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

The social identity model doesn't always serve as a useful basis for technical definitions of disability, because groups of people with different types of disabilities—or even without any disabilities—may consider themselves part of the same social group. Strongly identifying with other people with disabilities may partly be a result of feeling excluded from the rest of society.

Weaknesses of the Social Model

The social model can de-emphasize the physical reality of a disability too much. They argue that a person's disability can be an important part of one's identity, and it shouldn't be minimized to the point that people are afraid to talk about it. Accepting and "owning" one's disability can be very healthy from an emotional and psychological perspective.

Social Model

The social model points out that society creates disabling conditions. To a large extent, "disability" is an avoidable condition caused by poor design. The social model doesn't deny that there is a biological or medical component to disability. It merely points out that more inclusive designs can remove the barriers that people with disabilities face in their everyday lives.

*Sociopolitical Model

The sociopolitical model is more of an activist model that emphasizes the need for human rights for people with disabilities.

Causes of Auditory Disabilities

There are several causes of hearing loss and deafness. These causes may include genetics, premature birth, infections/illnesses, ear trauma, exposure to loud noises, and aging, to name a few.

Cataracts (Low Vision)

There are some people who experience blind spots in their eyes, which can cause them to miss visual information if it's in one of their blind spots. A person who has cataracts may see innumerable dark gray spots that can cloud his or her vision and make objects on a website extremely difficult to see.

Strengths of the Charity or Tragedy Model

This model can create a sense of empathy in those without disabilities and inspire them to genuinely assist people with disabilities.

Speech Disability Assistive Technologies

Touch screens, alternative keyboards, single switch devices, eye-tracking technologies, speech-generating software, word prediction software, symbol boards and languages, symbol software, translation software

True or False: Accommodations for people with multiple disabilities are addressed case-by-case.

True

True or False: Appropriate disability etiquette really depends on the preferences of the person who has a disability.

True

True or False: People with disabilities who are willing and able to work may face difficulty obtaining and/or retaining opportunities due to job discrimination and lack of reasonable job accommodations.

True

True or False: There are many forms of disabilities that are not obvious to an observer.

True

True/False: Designing for accessibility is much easier than retrofitting

True, - last minute approach leads to bad design and bad UX - Design with accessibility in mind from the beginning. It takes a bit of extra forethought and planning but it saves work down the road

True/False: Accessibility is an ongoing design requirement

True, - must be embedded into the design process - company culture must commit to accessibility - commit to inclusive hiring practices

Procurement Management

Verifying Product Accessibility Claims: - check vendors claims of accessibility compliance Requiring Accessible Outcomes in Contractual Agreements Verifying Contractor Accessibility Expertise and Capacity: - be sure the contractor actually knows how to accomplish accessibility goals Leveraging Procurement Policies to Influence Third-Party Providers: - if you tell a vendor you cant use their product because it is not accessible, they will take note

Integration Management

Vision, Leadership, and Strategy Alignment Cross-Disciplinary Awareness, Collaboration, and Implementation Performance/Capability Maturity Model

Robust

WCAG principle about ensuring compatibility with a broad range of user agents, including assistive technologies. Use Standard Markup - content should be validated using appropriate validators Use ARIA (or other means) to Indicate the Name, Role, and Value of Interactive Components - properties need to be updated dynamically using JavaScript when their state changes

Perceivable

WCAG principle that calls for content that is easy to see or hear. - Provide alt text - provide captions or transcript - digital text can be converted into all other useful formats - use aria for dynamic content

Understandable

WCAG principle that calls for content that is well-organized, easy to follow, and displays error messages as needed - Specify the Language (lang="en") - Simplify the Reading or Vocabulary level - Limit or Avoid Terminology or Concepts that are Unfamiliar or Complex - Provide Supplemental Formats (images/audio/video) - Be consistent and predictable - Provide Instructions, Hints, and Contextual Help - Provide Feedback with Confirmation and Error Messages

Operable

WCAG principle that is about making the input methods of web content functionally available to a wide range of input devices You have to be able to navigate into web components, use the features within them, navigate through them, and navigate out of all of them (In, Within, Through, Out). Flash content is a particular concern. You should use device-independent event handlers (such as onfocus, onblur, and onselect), rather than device-specific event handlers (such as onmouseover, onmouseout, and ondblclick). When you create dynamic interactions, always pay close attention to the location of the programmatic focus. Session timeouts are allowable as long as you give the user sufficient warning. You can accomplish near-universal operability of your web content by making it keyboard-accessible.

Speech Disabilities

When a person has difficulty with articulating words, he or she may have a speech disability. Speech disabilities are characterized by the inability to produce or organize speech sounds and syllables correctly or with fluency. There may also be a total loss of voice.

Depression

a brain disorder where one may experience prolonged sadness, loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities, worthless feelings, or suicidal thoughts. Causes of depression can be genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological.

Multiple/Compound Disabilities

a combination of two or more disabilities that may involve speech, motor, visual and hearing impairments, as well as a learning disability or an intellectual disability.

Print Disabilities

a disability that prevents an individual from gaining information from printed material; requires the use of alternative methods to access the material

bulimia nervosa

a person eats a lot of food and then purges the food. The person tends to overeat, then senses a loss of control and self-disgust for overeating. As a result, the person feels the need to rid him or herself of the food, and does so through vomiting, using laxatives or diuretics, excessively exercising, or fasting.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a personality disorder where a person exhibits a pattern of behavior that shows no regard for the rights of others and violates the rights of others. may fail to conform to social norms and laws, exhibit deceptive behaviors, habitually lie, and act impulsively and recklessly.

Borderline Personality Disorder

a personality disorder where a person experiences long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships and self-image. - may experience lingering feelings of loneliness, boredom, and anger. Reactions may be extreme (panic, depression, rage). Relationships tend to be unstable and volatile. - may partake in impulsive activities like substance or alcohol abuse, and exhibit self-harming or suicidal behaviors.

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression. Experiences are positive or negative. Positive experiences include hallucinations and delusions. Negative experiences involve a lack of motivation, dreary mood, memory deficits, and trouble controlling movements.

Stuttering

a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)

all of the different types of communication outside of oral speech that people with speech disabilities can use to express themselves. two different types of AAC people with speech disabilities can use: unaided AAC or aided AAC.

What Percentage of the Population Has a Disability?

about 10% to 20%, depending on the survey methodology, definition of the word "disability," and other factors. Note: We are all susceptible to disabilities.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) that they will alleviate by performing actions (compulsions)

Panic Disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror and impending doom. Symptoms closely resemble a heart-attack: fast heart rate, difficulty breathing (hyperventilation), chest pain and dizziness

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

approach to designing curricula that eliminates barriers in learning environment to improve the education experiences for all learners

Tab Order

as you tab through focusable objects on a page the order should be logical if you cannot see the page

Innovation for Accessibility (Scope)

inventing new accessibility techniques / technology

Phonemic Disorder

involve difficulty in distinguishing speech sounds in languages. Only a few sounds may be used, thus affecting word meaning. For example, the words "call" and "tall" may both be pronounced as "tall", even though the person may be attempting to use the word "call" and its meaning in his or her statement.

Articulation Disorder

involve difficulty in physically producing speech sounds. As a result, certain speech sounds may be either omitted or added, substituted for other sounds, or the sound is distorted.

anorexia nervosa

causes a person to eat very little food and keep weight an at unhealthy low. Those with anorexia nervosa exhibit a strong fear for gaining weight. They may cut their food into very small pieces to eat, refuse to eat in front of people, exercise excessively, and may have a distorted perception of their body image.

Compulsive/Binge Eating

characterized by eating a much larger amount of food in a shorter period of time than the amount that would normally be eaten. A person may feel out of control during an episode. - may involve eating much faster than normal, when there is no indication of hunger, between daily meals, and more than 5,000 calories in one sitting. may experience feelings of self-disgust or become depressed.

Web Accessibility for Deafness

concern with deafness is the accessibility of audio, in either audio-only formats, or audio combined with video. the best solution is usually a transcript of the audio. The transcript should include all of the narration, dialog, and other important sounds, such as applause, crashes, music, etc. Time-dependent audio and video require captions. A transcript is not sufficient, because without synchronized captions, viewers can't know exactly where the transcript lines up with the video.

Tolerance for Error

design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions

Simple and Intuitive Use

design should be easy to understand and should not be hindered by a person's background, language, or experience.

Equitable Use

design should be useful and marketable to everyone regardless of abilities. Everyone should be able to use it in the same or equivalent manner

Flexibility in Use

design should provide a variety of options for the use of its features, and should be adaptable to an individuals preferences/abilities

Cluttering

disability that affects the fluency of speech. Cluttering consists of rapid speech that may be inconsistent in rhythm and lack syntax, or grammar. Speech may be clear at first, but increases at a quick rate. Slurred speech may also occur.

Speech Sound Disorder

disorders where certain sounds of speech may be difficult to produce, specifically consonant sounds. They are generally categorized as articulation disorders or phonemic disorders.

Maintaining Accessibility (Scope)

ensuring that the new product features don't break existing accessibility features

Retrofitting for Accessibility (Scope)

fix flaws in an existing product / project

Dyslexia

impairment of the ability to read where letters move around, switch around, and swap in and out of place

Performance/Capability Maturity Model (Integration)

maturity framework that focuses on continuously improving the management and development of the human assets of an organization

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

mood disorder that affects individuals during the fall and winter months. During these months, people with SAD experience depression possibly due to shortened daylight. Depression tends to lift during the spring and summer months.

Bipolar Disorder

mood disorder that consists of cycling periods of feeling mania, or highs and happy feelings; and depression, or low, sad feelings.

Dysarthria

motor speech disability that occurs due to brain damage. The muscles for speech production are impaired, causing slurred speech, slow speech, mumbling, or a voice that may sound hoarse or breathy.

Apraxia

motor speech disability that occurs when a person has difficulty using muscles for speech production to form sounds of words. It may take a person several attempts to say the correct word.

Recognition Networks (Collecting Knowledge)

neural networks in the brain that help to identify sensory data, such as objects, facts, and patterns

Strategic Networks (Apply the Knowledge)

neural networks that control processes for planning, executing, and monitoring your actions

Affective Networks (Engage in the Learning)

neural networks that relate to feelings and emotions, and which influence motivation for and engagement with a particular goal, method, medium, or assessment

Planning for Accessibility (Scope)

plan for and incorporate known best practices into new design

Personality Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Unaided AAC

rely on nonverbal communication like body language, facial expressions, gestures and sign language.

Aided AAC

rely on the use of an electronic or non-electronic tool and the person's body. Tools can range communication books and boards, to pen and paper, to electronic devices that produce computer-generated voices.

Vision, Leadership, and Strategy Alignment (Integration)

requires commitment at and executive level

Low Physical Effort

should require little to no physical effort to use

Phobias

strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of particular objects or situations like claustrophobia or arachnophobia Symptoms are panic symptoms like a strong need to run away, a rapid heart rate, or difficulty breathing