CPO Earth Science Chapter 13

cleavage plane

A surface along which a mineral cleanly splits is a(n) _____.

sedimentary rock

A rock that is made of layers of sediments is called a(n)_____.

igneous rock

A shield volcano erupts and the lava pours out of the vent, cooling as it is exposed to the air. When hardened, this rockwill be a(n) _____.

rock

A(n) _____ is a naturally formed solid composed of one or more minerals

Like the other planets, Earth was formed from the gas and dust that surrounded the Sun when it formed. It took 4.6 billion years for Earth to look like the planet that we know today. The rocks that are currently on our planet's surface are made of material that formed long ago. The oldest rocks found on Earth so far are around 4 billion years old. However, some rocks are "young." A young rock may be a million years old!

Are rock made of old material?

The processes that keep rock material moving through the rock cycle include weathering, erosion, compaction and cementation, melting and crystallizing, and metamorphism. Weathering and erosion are ways in which rock is broken down and the pieces are moved from place to place. Compaction and cementation are processes which cause pieces of rock to become a sedimentary rock. When lava or magma cools, it forms crystals in a process called crystallization. Additionally, plate tectonics plays an important role in the rock cycle. Rocks melt or metamorphose when they are subducted into the mantle. The pressure between two plates that are coming together can create mountains of folded rock. If new mountains weren't always being built, the weathering and erosion of rocks over time would leave the continents smooth and flattened.

Explain the rock cycle?

metamorphic rock

Heat and pressure are applied to a sedimentary rock, enough so that it begins to melt and recrystallize into a new rock. The new rock is a _____.

Sedimentary rocks are created when layers of sediment pile up and cement over time.

How are sedimentary rocks created?

Minerals are made by geologic processes. One process is the cooling of magma. Minerals also form when water containing dissolved minerals evaporates. Existing minerals change into different minerals due to heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

How minerals are made?

Mineral Hardness talc 1 gypsum 2 calcite 3 fluorite 4 apatite 5 orthoclase (feldspar) 6 quartz 7 topaz 8 corundum 9 diamond 10

Mohs hardness scale

mineral

Quartz is a(n) _____ found in granite.

Sets of minerals often come with a white, unglazed, ceramic streak plate or tile. You can identify certain minerals by scratching them on the streak plate. The color of the streak they leave behind can help you identify the mineral. Gold is rare and valuable. It leaves a golden-yellow streak. Pyrite is shiny, pale yellow, and a common mineral. It could be mistaken for gold, but it leaves a gray black streak on a streak plate!

Streak plate test

the rock cycle

The _____ represents the formation and recycling of rocks by geologic processes.

Mohs Hardness rock

The resistance to scratching that mineral exhibits is identified using the _____.

sediment

When rocks are weathered, _____ is created.

Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in Earth's crust.Hornblende, also found in granite, is a dark mineral made.

What are Feldspar and Horneblende?

Some sedimentary rocks also form by precipitation of minerals from solution. Here, "precipitation" means that the dissolved minerals collect as solid particles as the water evaporates. This group of sedimentary rocks includes halite,gypsum, and chert.

What are crystals in water?

An igneous rock forms from the cooling and crystallizing of magma or lava

What are igneous rocks?

Heat and Pressure

What are metamorphic rocks formed by?

A rock formed from another rock because of heat and pressure.

What are metamorphic rocks?

There are more than 4,000 minerals on Earth. Eight of these minerals make up 98.5% of Earth's continental crust by weight! The two most abundant elements in Earth's minerals and therefore, in Earth's crust, are oxygen and silicon

What are minerals in the Earths crust

A rock made of sediments that are cemented together by pressure and chemical changes

What are sedimentary rocks?

Mantle rock melts when it is carried toward the surface at mid-ocean ridges. As the mantle rock rises, the pressure drops and the rock melts, becoming a liquid. Mantle rock also melts near a subducting plate where water is carried into the mantle. Both decreased pressure and the addition of water lower the melting temperature of mantle rock so that it melts.

What does pressure have to do with water?

Mica is a silicate with various ions of iron, magnesium, and sodium.MIca gas many cleavage planes.

What is Mica?

Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's crust. Quartz crystals can appear to glisten as if they

What is Quartz?

A mineral is a solid, inorganic object with a defined chemical composition. Minerals have a crystal structure

What is a mineral?

An igneous rock that forms outside of Earth's crust.

What is an extrusive rock?

An igneous rock that forms inside Earth's crust.

What is an intrusive rock?

Basalt and gabbro rocks are also formed from magma or lava. Basalt is made from lava that is not silica-rich

What is basalt and gabbro?

A dark-colored igneous rock with fine crystals. Formed from lava that is not silica-rich. This rock forms oceanic crust.

What is basalt?

The process by which sediment particles are "glued" together to make a sedimentary rock.

What is cementation?

The process by which sediment is pressed together as more and more layers or beds of sediment form on top of each other.

What is compaction?

Rocks formed by contact metamorphism are heated, but not squeezed by high pressure.

What is contact metamorphism?

The process by which crystals form and grow in size.

What is crystallization?

They both have crystals

What is granite and obsidian?

an igneous rock with large, visible crystals. Formed from silica-rich magma. This rock forms continental crust.

What is granite?

High-grade metamorphism involves high pressure and either low or high temperatures. In this process, the minerals in a rock change to form new minerals.

What is high grade metamorphism?

Occurs under conditions of low temperature and pressure.

What is low-grade metamorphism?

Mantle rock that feels like plastic

What is plastic mantle rock?

Small rock particles, minerals, and bits of once-living things.

What is sediment?

The surface area of a cooling liquid also determines how fast it will cool

What is surface area of an igneous rock?

The tiny shells of dead marine plants and animals sink to the ocean floor and form layers of shells and mud. This is because many animals live near low areas (that hold water) where sediments accumulate.

What might organic sedimentary rock contain?

This is because rocks cool slowly under the surface and the crystals have time to form.

Why are there crystals in igneous rocks.

The interior of Earth is so hot because Earth is still cooling from when it formed so long ago!

Why is the mantle so hot.

cementation

____ is the process by which particles become stuck together and form a sedimentary rock.

Intrusive rock, igneous rock

_____ forms inside the Earth's crust, and is therefore a(n)_____.

compaction

_____ is the pressing together of layers of sediment

crystallization

_____ is the process by which crystals form

basalt

_____ is the rock of the ocean floor

Extrusive rock

_____ tends to have smaller grains than those that are able to slowly cool inside the Earth's crust.