CRAT Exam
Third degree AV block
Conduction between the atria and the ventricles is totally absent because of complete electrical block at or below the AV node. This is known as AV dissociation. Complete heart block is another name for this.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT
A branch of the right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle
When a ventricle relaxes in the normal heart, blood is prevented from flowing back into it by
A semilunar valve
Signs and symptoms experienced during a tachydysrhythmia are usually primarily related to:
Decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume
Which of the following is the innermost layer of the heart that lines its inner chambers, valves and is continuous with the innermost layers of the arteries, veins and capillaries of the body?
Endocardium
Which of the following conditions are potentially reversible?
Myocardial ischemia and myocardial injury
Five large boxes, each consisting of five small boxes, represent _____ on ECG paper.
One second
Multiform
PVC's with different shapes
The right ventricle
Pumps unoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation
The inferior surface of the heart is formed by the
Right and left ventricles
Non-compensatory pause
SA node resets its timing, and the following P wave may appear earlier than expected.
Which of the following rhythm originates in the SA node and is commonly phasic with breathing?
Sinus arrhythmia
The main electrolytes that affect cardiac function are
Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium
When an ECG machine is properly calibrated, a 1-millivolt (mV) electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly ______ tall.
Ten millimeters
Cardiac output- definition
The amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute. (units= mL/min)
The ST segment is measured from
The end of the QRS to the beginning of the T wave
Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus
The right atrium
Delta wave
The slurred effect of.... An accessory conduction pathway is present between the atria and the ventricles, with rapid conduction of electrical impulses to the ventricles. These rapid impulses create a slurring of the initial portion of the QRS. Sign of WPW syndrome (AVRT)
Rhythm that has no pattern at all. Waveforms cannot be identified.
V-fib
The _____ pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium, which is also the outer layer of the heart wall called the _____.
Visceral, epicardium
Longer, longer, longer, drop, then you have a
Wenckebache (mobitz 1, 2nd degree type 1)
Venous return
amount of blood flowing into the right heart from the systemic ciruclation
Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, ______ ______ contributes an additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling.
atrial kick
Sinus exit block
block that results in a dropped beat that is a multiple of the P - P interval, after the dropped beat, the rhythm continues regularly
A ____ pause follows a PVC.
complete. Before and after premature beat is the same as 2 r-r intervals
Dromotropic
conduction velocity through the AV node
Systole
contraction of chamber, blood is being ejected. Pressure rises during systole.
Torsades de Pointes is a type of ______ ______
poltmorphic v-tach
Diastole
rest, relaxation of chamber, chamber is allowed to fill. Pressure falls during diastole.
Compensatory pause
sinus node timing is not interrupted, and next sinus impulse is conducted on time
Excess Calcium can cause the heart to be _____.
spastic contractions.
Stroke Volume
the amount of blood left ventricle pumps in each beat. (mL/beat)
It is NOT a non-conducted PAC if......
the p-waves are on time. (ex. Second degree type 1 AV block)
QT interval represents...
time of ventricular activity, including both depolarization and repolarization
For an irregular heart rate: Count the number of QRS complexes over a ________.
6 second interval. Multiply by 10 to determine heart rate.
Intrinsic rate of SA node
60-100 bpm
Cardiac output- equation
(HR) X (Stroke Volume) Avg. healthy adult= 4-8 L/min
Augmented leads
(aVR, aVL, aVF) measure positive electrical charges through a single electrode and a reference point having zero activity.
Blood pressure- equation
(cardiac output) X (peripheral resistance) or you could put it another way: (HR)(Stroke Volume)(Peripheral Resistance)
Torsade de Pointes
(twisting of points)- polymorphic v-tach that looks like spindles.
If R is far from P, then you have
1st degree
The two types of blocks where PR intervals are all identical
1st degree, and 2nd degree type 2
HR for IVR (ventricular escape rhythm)
20-40 bpm
Intrinsic rate of Purkinje fibers (ventricles)
20-40 bpm
HR Range: Idioventricular, Acc Idioventricular, and Vtach
20-40, 41-100, 101+
If p's and r's dont agree, then you have a
3rd degree
Intrinsic rate of AV node
40-60 bpm
HR Range: Juncitonal, Acc Junctional, and Junctional Tach
40-60, 61-100, 101+
The most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
AV nodal reentrant tachycarida (AVNRT)
Agonal rhythm
IVR with HR < 20 bpm
Another term for ventricular escape rhythm
Idioventricular Rhythm (IVR)
A 3rd degree block will either be ______ with a narrow QRS or _____ with a wide QRS.
Junctional or ventricular. And PR interval has no consistency.
Where is the positive electrode placed in Lead III?
Left leg/foot
The area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies is the:
Mediastinum
If some p's don't get through, then you have a
Mobitz 2 (2nd degree type 2)
Bundle branch block
either the left or right ventricles may depolarize late, creating a wide, notched QRS.
An increase in Potassium or decrease in Calcium cause the heart to be ____.
flaccid, limp, dilated, lower HR
Blood Pressure- definition
force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the ventricles contract and relax
Inotropic
force of myocardial contractility
Chronotropic
heart rate
A ____ pause follows a PAC.
incomplete. SA node resets its rhythm.
2 types of v-tach
monomorphic (all the same) and polymorphic (looks like a spindle)
Ventricular Fibrillation
no ventricular depolarization or contraction. Small baseline amplitude= fine. Large amplitude= coarse.