CRAT Exam

Third degree AV block

Conduction between the atria and the ventricles is totally absent because of complete electrical block at or below the AV node. This is known as AV dissociation. Complete heart block is another name for this.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT

A branch of the right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle

When a ventricle relaxes in the normal heart, blood is prevented from flowing back into it by

A semilunar valve

Signs and symptoms experienced during a tachydysrhythmia are usually primarily related to:

Decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume

Which of the following is the innermost layer of the heart that lines its inner chambers, valves and is continuous with the innermost layers of the arteries, veins and capillaries of the body?

Endocardium

Which of the following conditions are potentially reversible?

Myocardial ischemia and myocardial injury

Five large boxes, each consisting of five small boxes, represent _____ on ECG paper.

One second

Multiform

PVC's with different shapes

The right ventricle

Pumps unoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation

The inferior surface of the heart is formed by the

Right and left ventricles

Non-compensatory pause

SA node resets its timing, and the following P wave may appear earlier than expected.

Which of the following rhythm originates in the SA node and is commonly phasic with breathing?

Sinus arrhythmia

The main electrolytes that affect cardiac function are

Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium

When an ECG machine is properly calibrated, a 1-millivolt (mV) electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly ______ tall.

Ten millimeters

Cardiac output- definition

The amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute. (units= mL/min)

The ST segment is measured from

The end of the QRS to the beginning of the T wave

Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus

The right atrium

Delta wave

The slurred effect of.... An accessory conduction pathway is present between the atria and the ventricles, with rapid conduction of electrical impulses to the ventricles. These rapid impulses create a slurring of the initial portion of the QRS. Sign of WPW syndrome (AVRT)

Rhythm that has no pattern at all. Waveforms cannot be identified.

V-fib

The _____ pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium, which is also the outer layer of the heart wall called the _____.

Visceral, epicardium

Longer, longer, longer, drop, then you have a

Wenckebache (mobitz 1, 2nd degree type 1)

Venous return

amount of blood flowing into the right heart from the systemic ciruclation

Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, ______ ______ contributes an additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling.

atrial kick

Sinus exit block

block that results in a dropped beat that is a multiple of the P - P interval, after the dropped beat, the rhythm continues regularly

A ____ pause follows a PVC.

complete. Before and after premature beat is the same as 2 r-r intervals

Dromotropic

conduction velocity through the AV node

Systole

contraction of chamber, blood is being ejected. Pressure rises during systole.

Torsades de Pointes is a type of ______ ______

poltmorphic v-tach

Diastole

rest, relaxation of chamber, chamber is allowed to fill. Pressure falls during diastole.

Compensatory pause

sinus node timing is not interrupted, and next sinus impulse is conducted on time

Excess Calcium can cause the heart to be _____.

spastic contractions.

Stroke Volume

the amount of blood left ventricle pumps in each beat. (mL/beat)

It is NOT a non-conducted PAC if......

the p-waves are on time. (ex. Second degree type 1 AV block)

QT interval represents...

time of ventricular activity, including both depolarization and repolarization

For an irregular heart rate: Count the number of QRS complexes over a ________.

6 second interval. Multiply by 10 to determine heart rate.

Intrinsic rate of SA node

60-100 bpm

Cardiac output- equation

(HR) X (Stroke Volume) Avg. healthy adult= 4-8 L/min

Augmented leads

(aVR, aVL, aVF) measure positive electrical charges through a single electrode and a reference point having zero activity.

Blood pressure- equation

(cardiac output) X (peripheral resistance) or you could put it another way: (HR)(Stroke Volume)(Peripheral Resistance)

Torsade de Pointes

(twisting of points)- polymorphic v-tach that looks like spindles.

If R is far from P, then you have

1st degree

The two types of blocks where PR intervals are all identical

1st degree, and 2nd degree type 2

HR for IVR (ventricular escape rhythm)

20-40 bpm

Intrinsic rate of Purkinje fibers (ventricles)

20-40 bpm

HR Range: Idioventricular, Acc Idioventricular, and Vtach

20-40, 41-100, 101+

If p's and r's dont agree, then you have a

3rd degree

Intrinsic rate of AV node

40-60 bpm

HR Range: Juncitonal, Acc Junctional, and Junctional Tach

40-60, 61-100, 101+

The most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

AV nodal reentrant tachycarida (AVNRT)

Agonal rhythm

IVR with HR < 20 bpm

Another term for ventricular escape rhythm

Idioventricular Rhythm (IVR)

A 3rd degree block will either be ______ with a narrow QRS or _____ with a wide QRS.

Junctional or ventricular. And PR interval has no consistency.

Where is the positive electrode placed in Lead III?

Left leg/foot

The area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies is the:

Mediastinum

If some p's don't get through, then you have a

Mobitz 2 (2nd degree type 2)

Bundle branch block

either the left or right ventricles may depolarize late, creating a wide, notched QRS.

An increase in Potassium or decrease in Calcium cause the heart to be ____.

flaccid, limp, dilated, lower HR

Blood Pressure- definition

force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the ventricles contract and relax

Inotropic

force of myocardial contractility

Chronotropic

heart rate

A ____ pause follows a PAC.

incomplete. SA node resets its rhythm.

2 types of v-tach

monomorphic (all the same) and polymorphic (looks like a spindle)

Ventricular Fibrillation

no ventricular depolarization or contraction. Small baseline amplitude= fine. Large amplitude= coarse.