Criminal Justice Final
Based on the decision in McNabb v. U.S., the standard maximum time by which a first appearance should be held has been set at ________ hours after arrest.
48
What is parens patriae?
A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable or unwilling to provide
What is a hung jury?
A jury that is unable to agree on a verdict
Which of the following is a characteristic of juvenile proceedings?
A specific right to treatment
Community service and home detention are examples of ___________ sentencing.
Alternative
Which of the following is an example of a mixed sentence?
An offender is sentenced to spend weekends in jail and be supervised by a probation officer during the week
General conditions of probation
Apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction
Mario is a criminal attorney with a private practice. He has been appointed by the court to serve as a defense attorney for an indigent defendant and receives a fee from the court at a rate set by the state government. Mario is a(n) ________ counsel.
Assigned
A document guaranteeing the appearance of a defendant in court as required and recording the pledge of money or property to be paid to the court if he or she does NOT appear is known as a(n) ________.
Bail bond
Why was the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin so significant?
Because it considers probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply
The standard of proof required for conviction in a criminal trial is ________.
Beyond a reasonable doubt
The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________.
Charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense
During jury selection, challenges for cause
Claim that an individual juror cannot be fair or impartial
Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?
Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility
A(n) ________ laws limits the right to bail for certain kinds of offenders?
Danger
Fifteen-year-old Mary breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) _____________ child.
Delinquent
A journalist who is writing an article on prison overcrowding in the U.S. and wants to use the estimate that shows th
Design capacity
Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?
Determinate sentencing
The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________.
Determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant
General deterrence attempts to:
Discourage potential offenders from committing crimes
___________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.
Diversion
Compared to the adult system, the juvenile justice system is more likely to
Employ diversion from further formal processing at all stages in the process
Which of the following best describes a realist inmate?
Frank, who sees the time he spends in prison as an unfortunate cost of his involvement in crime
The ____________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.
Importation
Which landmark U.S. Supreme Court case guaranteed juveniles many of the same procedural due process rights as adults?
In re Gault
Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?
Incapacitation
The protectionist argument justifying capital punishment is fairly weak because the underlying social interest can also be met by which other sentencing option?
Incarceration
A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________.
Indictment
The first step in decision making in a case regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation
Intake
A subpoena ________.
Is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court
A typical state prison today _____________.
Is fairly small, with a population of less than 500 inmates
How did the Supreme Court case of Pell v. Procunier affect prisoners' rights?
It established a balancing test to weigh individual rights against public order and protection
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ___________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.
Juries, not judges
The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n):
Juvenile petition
________ guilt is established only when the prosecutor presents sufficient evidence to convince the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty as charged.
Legal
What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?
Nolo contendere
Which of the following is a characteristic of the social work model of probation and parole?
Officers assist clients meet the conditions imposed upon them by their sentences
The juvenile court has _____________ jurisdiction if the offense must begin with juvenile court authorities.
Original
Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?
Original jurisdiction
Which of the following is a prisoner reentry strategy?
Parole
The ____________ system was an early American system of imprisonment that emphasized solitary confinement and saw penance as the main way to achieve rehabilitation.
Pennsylvania
Release on recognizance ________.
Permits release on the basis of a written promise to appear
One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the:
Potential threat that inmates pose
According to critics of parole, why are there so many parole violations?
Prisoners are not properly reintegrated into society
The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called
Prisonization
What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?
Probation
A drug court is an example of a(n) ________.
Problem-solving court
Federal sentencing guidelines ___________.
Provide a range of punishments for a specific crime
Which type of indigent defense involves the use of full-time salaried state employees?
Public defender programs
Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are examples of ________ evidence.
Real
The ____________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation.
Reformatory
Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?
Relative lack of punishment
The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes
Retribution
The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________.
Review lower-court decisions and state and federal statutes
___________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole.
Revocation
Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is NOT by itself cruel and unusual punishment?
Rhodes v. Chapman
____________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society.
Selective
The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are:
Sentencing policies
Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are _____________.
Status Offenders
As a new probation officer, the most active stage of your job will involve ___________.
Supervision of clients
Which of the following best describes female offenders?
Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children
American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ________.
The adversarial system
"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that _____________.
The ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality
Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?
The inmate's behavior while incarcerated
What is civil death?
The legal status of inmates denied certain rights because they are incarcerated felons
The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against:
The manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed
Which of the following is one of the three most frequent violations for which probation or parole revocation occurs?
The offender abuses alcohol or drugs while under supervision
Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition?
The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license
Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security?
The punitive era
What is the purpose of an external or initial classification system in corrections?
To assign new inmates to a custody level
What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?
To give defendants the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for their detention
Which of the following is a purpose of bail?
To prevent unconvicted suspects from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily
U.S. district courts are the ________ for the federal court system.
Trial courts
George has been accused of multiple crimes. Why would the prosecutor want to try George separately on each charge?
Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial
________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom.
Victims