Criminal Justice Final

Based on the decision in McNabb v. U.S., the standard maximum time by which a first appearance should be held has been set at ________ hours after arrest.

48

What is parens patriae?

A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable or unwilling to provide

What is a hung jury?

A jury that is unable to agree on a verdict

Which of the following is a characteristic of juvenile proceedings?

A specific right to treatment

Community service and home detention are examples of ___________ sentencing.

Alternative

Which of the following is an example of a mixed sentence?

An offender is sentenced to spend weekends in jail and be supervised by a probation officer during the week

General conditions of probation

Apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction

Mario is a criminal attorney with a private practice. He has been appointed by the court to serve as a defense attorney for an indigent defendant and receives a fee from the court at a rate set by the state government. Mario is a(n) ________ counsel.

Assigned

A document guaranteeing the appearance of a defendant in court as required and recording the pledge of money or property to be paid to the court if he or she does NOT appear is known as a(n) ________.

Bail bond

Why was the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin so significant?

Because it considers probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply

The standard of proof required for conviction in a criminal trial is ________.

Beyond a reasonable doubt

The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________.

Charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense

During jury selection, challenges for cause

Claim that an individual juror cannot be fair or impartial

Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?

Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility

A(n) ________ laws limits the right to bail for certain kinds of offenders?

Danger

Fifteen-year-old Mary breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) _____________ child.

Delinquent

A journalist who is writing an article on prison overcrowding in the U.S. and wants to use the estimate that shows th

Design capacity

Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?

Determinate sentencing

The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________.

Determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant

General deterrence attempts to:

Discourage potential offenders from committing crimes

___________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.

Diversion

Compared to the adult system, the juvenile justice system is more likely to

Employ diversion from further formal processing at all stages in the process

Which of the following best describes a realist inmate?

Frank, who sees the time he spends in prison as an unfortunate cost of his involvement in crime

The ____________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.

Importation

Which landmark U.S. Supreme Court case guaranteed juveniles many of the same procedural due process rights as adults?

In re Gault

Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?

Incapacitation

The protectionist argument justifying capital punishment is fairly weak because the underlying social interest can also be met by which other sentencing option?

Incarceration

A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________.

Indictment

The first step in decision making in a case regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation

Intake

A subpoena ________.

Is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court

A typical state prison today _____________.

Is fairly small, with a population of less than 500 inmates

How did the Supreme Court case of Pell v. Procunier affect prisoners' rights?

It established a balancing test to weigh individual rights against public order and protection

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ___________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.

Juries, not judges

The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n):

Juvenile petition

________ guilt is established only when the prosecutor presents sufficient evidence to convince the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty as charged.

Legal

What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?

Nolo contendere

Which of the following is a characteristic of the social work model of probation and parole?

Officers assist clients meet the conditions imposed upon them by their sentences

The juvenile court has _____________ jurisdiction if the offense must begin with juvenile court authorities.

Original

Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?

Original jurisdiction

Which of the following is a prisoner reentry strategy?

Parole

The ____________ system was an early American system of imprisonment that emphasized solitary confinement and saw penance as the main way to achieve rehabilitation.

Pennsylvania

Release on recognizance ________.

Permits release on the basis of a written promise to appear

One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the:

Potential threat that inmates pose

According to critics of parole, why are there so many parole violations?

Prisoners are not properly reintegrated into society

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called

Prisonization

What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?

Probation

A drug court is an example of a(n) ________.

Problem-solving court

Federal sentencing guidelines ___________.

Provide a range of punishments for a specific crime

Which type of indigent defense involves the use of full-time salaried state employees?

Public defender programs

Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are examples of ________ evidence.

Real

The ____________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation.

Reformatory

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?

Relative lack of punishment

The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes

Retribution

The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________.

Review lower-court decisions and state and federal statutes

___________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole.

Revocation

Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is NOT by itself cruel and unusual punishment?

Rhodes v. Chapman

____________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society.

Selective

The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are:

Sentencing policies

Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are _____________.

Status Offenders

As a new probation officer, the most active stage of your job will involve ___________.

Supervision of clients

Which of the following best describes female offenders?

Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children

American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ________.

The adversarial system

"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that _____________.

The ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality

Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?

The inmate's behavior while incarcerated

What is civil death?

The legal status of inmates denied certain rights because they are incarcerated felons

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against:

The manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed

Which of the following is one of the three most frequent violations for which probation or parole revocation occurs?

The offender abuses alcohol or drugs while under supervision

Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition?

The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license

Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security?

The punitive era

What is the purpose of an external or initial classification system in corrections?

To assign new inmates to a custody level

What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?

To give defendants the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for their detention

Which of the following is a purpose of bail?

To prevent unconvicted suspects from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily

U.S. district courts are the ________ for the federal court system.

Trial courts

George has been accused of multiple crimes. Why would the prosecutor want to try George separately on each charge?

Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial

________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom.

Victims