Criminal Justice Final
What occurs at a detention hearing? A. The judge reviews the case and determines if the delinquent should be detained or released. B. The judge decides the merits of the case and reaches a decision. C. The judge receives dispositional recommendations. D. The judge determines whether detention of the delinquent was constitutional.
A
Which feature of the juvenile justice system is intended to minimizes stigma and labeling? A. youth confidentiality B. separation from adults C. community-based corrections D. individualized justice
A
Which group of individuals is among the most important that the parole board comes into contact with when making a parole determination? A. victims B. offenders C. parole officers D. social workers
A
Which individual has committed a status offense? A. Mary, a teenager, is caught drinking alcohol. B. Navid, a 14-year-old, is caught plagiarizing a paper. C. Jones, a middle-aged man, is caught stealing lumber from the construction jobsite where he works. D. Marty, a 17-year-old, is arrested for sexual assault.
A
Which of the following is a feature of a jail? A. It is a short-term holding facility for unsentenced offenders. B. It is a long-term holding facility for sentenced offenders. C. The majority of convicted felons serve their sentences there. D. It is used to house those sentenced for federal crimes.
A
Which of the following is a short-term jail program that places offenders in quasi-military programs to instill discipline and work ethic? A. boot camps B. day reporting center C. electronic monitoring D. restitution centers
A
Children from which of the following backgrounds are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior? A. affluent B. poor C. middle class D. uneducated
B
Emily was detained by the police when she failed to attend school for the last several days in favor of smoking in the park. She has engaged in what type of offense? A. juvenile crime B. status offense C. delinquent waiver D. bill of attainder
B
Facilities in which children worked an 8-hr day at various trades while attending at least 4 hours of school were known as ______. A. reformatories B. houses of refuge C. jails D. detention ceters
B
Which of the following reflects the mission of correctional agencies? A. to securely house convicted offenders away from the community B. to protect citizens from crime by managing offenders and providing rehabilitative opportunities C. to treat offenders with dignity and respect D. to empower offenders to reach their highest potential
B
Which statement is true about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act? A. It required that juveniles be kept with adults in the same institution. B. It created a special court for neglected, dependent, or delinquent children under age 16. C. It defined the purpose of the court to be deterrence rather than rehabilitation. D. It allowed juveniles to be executed for crimes committed before they turn 14 years old.
B
Melinda is a pregnant woman who is incarcerated at a women's prison. Once per month, she receives medical care for her pregnancy at an outside facility. Which of the following does this describe? A. halfway house B. furlough C. day reporting center D. shock incarceration
B.
A structured corrections program requiring offenders to check in at a community site on a regular basis for supervision and services is called a(n) ______. A. day reporting center B. intensive supervision probation C. parole
A
According to Michelle Alexander, what is the primary cause of the disproportionately high incarceration rates of people of color in the United States? A. the "War on Drugs" B. cultural deficiencies in minority communities C. the increase in illegal immigration of people with criminal records D. the decrease in affirmative action policies providing opportunity to minority populations
A
Actions considered criminal when committed by a juvenile are known as ______. A. status offenses B. delinquent offenses C. dysfunctional offenses D. petty offenses
A
Although punishment is typically the goal in the adult criminal justice system, what is the goal in the juvenile justice system A. rehabilitation B. restitution C. deterrence D. retribution
A
America's jails and prisons are referred to as the new asylums because of the large population of______ persons. A. mentally ill B. drug dependent C. elderly D. dangerous
A
At the ______ hearing, recommendations for the final outcome (sentence) are presented to the judge. A. disposition B. arraignment C. adjudication D. initial
A
Helping individuals transition back into society after incarceration, developing a plan for life outside the prison, and arranging for offenders to receive counseling are all responsibilities of ______. A. parole officers B. probation officers C. correctional officers
A
If an offender comes from a community where serving a prison term is seen as a "badge of honor" that elevates their status, which of the following can be inferred? A. Incarceration is unlikely to be effective in deterring offenders from returning to prison after their release. B. The offender will experience an increased standard of living while they are incarcerated. C. The offender will feel isolated while incarcerated. D. Incarceration will lead the offender to abide by society's norms after their release.
A
What is another term for the premise that a defendant is assumed to be innocent until guilt is established beyond a reasonable doubt? A.presumption of innocence B. in loco parentis C. beyond a preponderance of a doubt D. double jeopardy
A
What is the benefit of officers providing privileges and activities for inmates in new generation/direct supervision jails? A. increases good behavior and reduces idleness B. allows inmates to develop hierarchies and enjoy the benefits of higher status C. improves mental health outcomes for inmates D. increases the length of time visitors are willing to stay during visits
A
Facilities designed to hold convicted felons for a duration of 1 year or more are known as______________. A. prisons B. quarantines C. jails D. diversion
A
In April, 2017, the Trump Administration launched the "Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement" hotline (VOICE) for people to call if they've been victimized by an illegal immigrant. Experts have noted that there is a consensus among the vast majority of researchers that immigrant populations are no more criminal than native-born populations, and some studies actually show that they are less likely to engage in criminality. Opponents of the hotline pointed out the hotline will have the effect of "scapegoating" the immigrant population. According to then Homeland Security Secretary John Kelley, what is the stated primary purpose of VOICE? A. to assist victims of crimes committed by illegal immigrants B. to help find illegal immigrants so they can be arrested and deported C. to attempt to counter the wide body of research suggesting that no statistically significant relationship exists between immigrants and crime D. to justify policies of mass deportation of legal and illegal immigrants
A
In October, 2014, hackers broke into the computer network of Sony Pictures entertainment. The hackers called themselves the #GOP (Guardians of Peace), and they dumped a large amount of confidential data online for the world to see. The U.S. intelligence community concluded that the North Korean government was most likely responsible for the hack, in large part because of their frustration about a comedy film called "The Interview," in which a bumbling journalist attempts to assassinate North Korea's "Dear Leader." North Korea denies the claims. If the #GOP was just a rogue group of hackers, then this would be a cybercrime. If, however, this was an act perpetrated by the North Korean government, we would call it ______. A. cyberespionage B. cyberterrorism C. cyberwar D. cybernetics
A
Section 213 of the USAPATRIOT Act (2001) created a special type of "delayed notification warrant" which permitted officers to gain access to the home or business of a terrorism suspect without their knowledge. What is Section 213 of the USAPATRIOT Act also known as? A. sneak and peak B. roving wiretap C. reasonable grounds D. habeas corpus
A
Sixteen-year-old Charlie was adjudicated delinquent for a threatening offense and was committed to the juvenile department of corrections. What happens once he is released? A. He will be ordered to a period of aftercare monitoring. B. He will be released to probation supervision. C. He will be moved to a halfway house. D. He will be released from custody with no further court involvement.
A
Supermax prisons do not offer vocational programs, educational opportunities, or even social activity of any kind. Based on what you've learned in this chapter, which type of organizational philosophy do supermax prisons exemplify? A. custodial B. treatment C. classification D. rehabilitation
A
The ______ Act replaced key provisions of the PATRIOT Act by allowing government to continue certain surveillance methods but also halting the National Security Agency's collection of mass phone data A. USA Freedom B. USA Security C. USA Enforcement D. USA Technology
A
The ______ first allowed the government to get a wiretap on every phone a terrorist suspect uses without a court order. A. USA Patriot Act B. Miranda Rights C. Exclusionary Rule D. War Crimes Act
A
What is the role conflict experienced by many probation officers? A. balancing law enforcement and social worker roles B. wanting to help offenders but not having enough time to do so C. coordinating the various responsibilities of the job D. having to carry a weapon against their will
A
What purpose does the risk-needs-responsivity model serve? A. to assess which programs will help stop reoffenses and reincarceration B. to determine which local prison is most suitable for an offender C. to describe the cycle of rehabilitation during probation D. to understand why offenders commit certain crimes
A
Which of the following is one of the underlying principles of the juvenile courts? A. the presumption of the best interest of the minor B. the presumption of delinquency C. the presumption of consistent contact with the system D. the presumption the state needs to take a role in the life of the child
A
Which of the following statements is true of terrorism? A. It can include environmental and animal activists burning farms and logging sites. B.It is only considered terrorism if it involves the use of explosives, weapons, and bombs. C. There have been no terrorist attacks in the United States since 9/11. D. Most recent terrorist attacks in the United States involve computers.
A
A correctional official is reviewing the files of a newly convicted offender named Joe. Joe was already serving a life-sentence for murder in a state correctional facility. While serving his sentence, Joe killed another inmate and seriously injured a prison guard. Based on the circumstances, the official decides that Joe should be housed in an institution with the highest level of security, so he assigns the inmate to a supermax facility. What type of prison classification category is being used to classify the inmate? A. custody B. security C. housing D. program
B
Gathering raw intelligence on an organization's structure, membership, and plans, is the first step law enforcement entities engage in when they dealing with terrorist organizations. Which step comes next? A. assess how the damage caused by terrorists can be minimized B. determine what measures can be taken to counter terrorist activities C. apprehend and convict individual terrorists D. work toward dismantling the terrorist organization
B
John is on probation for a theft offense and has failed to pay court fees. What type of probation violations are these? A. substantive B. technical C. procedural D. minor
B
Officer Jones is trying to learn more about a suspect in a deadly right-wing terrorist attack targeting a local Mosque. To try and understand more about her suspect, she sneaks into his business office late at night without a warrant to take a look around. Which piece of legislation gave her the right to take a "sneak and peak" without a warrant? A. Military Commissions Act B. USAPATRIOT Act C. The Posse Comitatus Act D. No legislation permits searches without warrants, so Officer Jones has violated her suspect's 4th Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.
B
Police are the first responders to mental illness, and specialized ______ training has become standard practice. A. soft tactics B. crisis intervention C. takedown D. special weapons
B
The system established to provide a consistent nationwide approach for cooperation among federal, state, and local governments to prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents is called ______. A. NIBRS B. NIMS C. SET D. UAV
B
There are two different philosophies regarding what a correctional organization should be. What is the main difference between the two philosophies? A. one emphasizes retribution, the other emphasizes deterrence B. one emphasizes control of inmates, the other emphasizes rehabilitation of inmates C. one emphasizes the injury of an inmate's social standing, the other emphasizes the inmate's exclusion from the group D. one emphasizes incarceration, the other emphasizes racialized control
B
Using trained personnel to assess an offenders' risk levels are thought to help significantly ______. A. reduce violent crime B. reduce recidivism C. improve offenders' marital relationships D. improve offenders' work and school performance
B
What is the leading alternative to incarceration? A. house arrest B. probation C. boot camp D. halfway house
B
What is the relevance of the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 in current events? A. It requires all governmental agencies to coordinate communications in times of national emergency. B. It allows the military to provide personnel and equipment in response to terror events. C. It allows the president to suspend the powers of the other branches of government during a national emergency. D. It prohibits the formation of militias whose sole purpose is to overthrow the U.S. government.
B
Which action led to the first parole system in America? A. implementing a ticket of leave system B. creating a statute that allowed indeterminate sentences C. applying a philosophy of reforming offenders D. providing punishment for past crimes and training for future
B
Which of the following has the goal of limiting the number of generally low-risk offenders who enter prison? A. enhancement program B. diversion program C. shock incarceration D. house arrest
B
Which of the following is a less costly, intermediate alternative to incarceration that is typically used for first-time offenders? A. shock incarceration B. shock probation C. halfway house D. furlough
B
Which of the following is a prison where offenders rarely leave their cells, eat meals alone, and do not participate in educational or vocational programs? A. medium security B. supermax C. high security D. maximum security
B
Which of the following is a reason in favor of using alternatives to incarceration? A. it greatly increases recidivism B. It allows offenders to take greater advantage of counseling options. C. It is the same cost as incarceration, but with better outcomes. D. It provides greater seclusion of offenders.
B
Which of the following is an example of a status offense? A. prostitution B. running away C. shoplifting D. assault
B
Which of the following is true of the relationship between arguments made by proponents and opponents of prison privatization and the findings of the 2016 inspector general's report comparing private prisons and public prisons in the federal system? A. Opponents argued that private prisons would not be guaranteed to uphold public standards, but the report found that there was no difference between the standards of care between federal public and private prisons. B. In contrast to proponent arguments that private prisons would be more cost-effective, private prisons at the federal level were found to have higher operational costs. C. The report confirmed the proponent argument that private prisons would be less costly than public prisons. D. The report confirmed the opponent argument that no one would maintain security when private employees went on strike.
B
A domestic terrorist has attacked a small American town, and has taken refuge in a well-fortified building. He is using high-caliber weaponry on police, and they do not have the firepower or training to be able to effectively neutralize the perpetrator. Because of the dire nature of the situation, in this circumstance, it would be considered appropriate to suspend ______ and request military assistance in ending the siege. A. The Jack Bauer Law B. USAPATRIOT Act C. Posse Comitatus Act D. The Military Commissions Act
C
According to your text, approximately 4.65 million adults are now either on probation or parole as an alternative to incarceration. Which of the following explains the impact of the expanded use of these types of alternatives? A. It has increased the crime rate due to more offenders being returned to their communities. B. It has increased recidivism rates in serious offenders. C. It is one factor that has led to the recent decrease in prison and jail populations. D. It has increased public costs due to the intensified need for police to ensure parolees are sufficiently supervised and discouraged from reoffending.
C
Acts of terrorism are typically characterized as either international terrorism or domestic terrorism. International terrorism involves planning, direction, or support from outside of the target country's borders. Domestic terrorism involves acts in which all steps are carried out within a country's borders, and also includes "homegrown" terrorists who may have been inspired by outside groups, but did not have any contact or direction by those violent extremist organizations. Based on these definitions, which of the following examples would be considered an international terrorist attack? A. A white supremacist kills nine parishioners in Mother Emanuel Church during Bible study in order to incite a race war. B. A self-radicalized 25-year-old Iranian immigrant who moved to the U.S. as a toddler rents a car and injures nine people by running them over on the UNC Chapel Hill campus, motivated mostly by opposition to American foreign policy. C. Nineteen men obtained temporary visas to the U.S. They traveled here for the purpose of carrying out a terrorist attack, planned by members of a radical Islamist cult located primarily in the Middle East. D. Inspired by radical Islamist ideology, but lacking any formal connections to a terrorist group, a man decides to carry out a violent attack on his own. He kills 50 people in a night club.
C
Approximately how much money do state and local governments spend on corrections institutions annually? A. US$10 billion B. US$40 billion C. US$60 billion D. US$80 billion
C
Compared to the USAPATRIOT Act, how was the USA Freedom Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline of Monitoring Act) different? A. It expanded the collection of phone data to include Americans, rather than just foreign citizens. B. It halted all government surveillance programs that began under the USAPATRIOT Act. C. It halted the bulk collection of phone data that impacted millions of Americans who did not have any ties to terrorism. D. It put provisions in place to create a statutory framework to permit the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in extrajudicial killings of American citizens living abroad.
C
House arrest is categorized as which of the following? A. imprisonment B. incarceration C. intermediate sanction D. intensive supervision
C
INTERPOL has identified cybercrime as one of the fastest growing areas of crime. Which of the following acts would be considered an example of cybercrime? A. After months surveilling a Nuclear Power facility, a terrorist gains entry to the facility and uses their company computers to intentionally cause a catastrophic meltdown. B. After a male and female meet in person for the first time at a concert, the male begins working to win over her trust, eventually coercing her into sex work against her will through threats, intimidation, and personal face-to-face interaction. C. A pedophile moves to Thailand in order to gain greater access to young children. He eventually uses his computer to access the "Dark Web" and trade photos and videos of child sexual abuse with other pe-dophiles throughout the world. D. A former doctor who has lost his license to practice medicine uses his connections with old friends to procure opiates to sell them illegally.
C
It is necessary for correctional staff to make classification decisions of inmates in at least two areas. What are those two areas? A. the inmate's physical characteristics and their criminal history B. the inmate's willingness to cooperate with correctional staff and their mental health needs C. the inmate's level of physical restraint and their custody grade D. the inmate's medical needs and their mental health needs
C
James was suspended from school for a week and was left unsupervised at home. Over the course of the week, James reconnected with several deviant friends that are in a local gang. He ended up joining the gang and engaging in petty crimes. What concept does this example illustrate? A. labeling B. parens patriae C. the school-to-prison pipeline D. in loco parentis
C
Mental health courts are one of several examples of these types of courts in which court officials work with specialists to impose treatment rather than incarceration for eligible offenders. A. Mediation courts B. Victim assistance courts C. Problem-solving courts D. Family courts
C
Michael has just finished serving a sentence for felony drug possession, and now lives in Kentucky, a state that permanently revokes the voting rights of convicted felons. He is among the 26% of African Americans in Kentucky who are politically disenfranchised, and no longer has a say in which elected officials represent him. Which of the following describes this situation, according to Michelle Alexander? A. rehabilitation B. incapacitation C. racialized social control D. mass imprisonment
C
Rachel is incarcerated at an institution that has the following features: reinforced walls, cell-type housing, and the highest staff-to-inmate ratio when compared to other institutions. What is the security level of the institution where she is incarcerated? A. low security B. medium security C. high security D. correctional complex
C
Steve was sentenced to 6 months incarceration for a misdemeanor drunk driving offense. In which type of facility would he be housed? A. prison B. federal penitentiary C. jail D. diversion
C
The sentiment that the state is the ultimate parent of a child and has the authority to step in when a biological parent is unwilling or unable to sufficiently care for the child is known as A. guardianship B. habeas corpus C. parens patriae D. fostering
C
What combination of intermediate sanctions seems to have the least likelihood of re-arrest? A. shock incarceration and intensive probation B. shock incarceration and electronic monitoring C. house arrest and probation D. house arrest and electronic monitoring
C
What is meant by saying that probation officers supervise individuals at the front end of the sentencing continuum? A. They supervise individuals with only a limited criminal history. B. They supervise individuals prior to the imposition of sentence. C. They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence. D. They supervise individuals just released from prison.
C
What is one feature of terrorism that has changed in recent years? A. Terrorists have been more likely to attempt large-scale bombings. B. Terrorists are increasingly focusing on attacks that damage symbolic buildings and monuments. C. Terrorists are more likely to focus on civilian targets. D. You Answered Terrorists are becoming more likely to become radicalized through intricate face-to-face social networks.
C
What is the primary basis of the contrast between the juvenile and adult criminal justice process? A. the state B. federal legislation C. terminology D. the verdict
C
What juvenile justice goal advocates that if possible, the youth should be placed in their community? A. youth confidentiality B. separation from adults C. community-based corrections D. individualized justice
C
Which group of individuals is among the most important that the parole board comes into contact with when making a parole determination? A. violent offenses B. property offenses C. drug offenses D. misdemeanor offenses
C
Which of the following factors has contributed to recent trends in jail and prison populations? A. an increase in "mandatory minimum" sentencing policies B. an increase in violent and property crimes C. states enacting legislation intended to reduce prison populations to save costs D. releasing thousands of first-time offenders who were incarcerated for violent crimes
C
Which of the following is a relatively new criminal justice movement? A. retributive justice B. procedural justice C. restorative justice D. constitutional justice
C
Which of the following types of evidence are expressly excluded under the Military Commissions Act? A. evidence obtained through heresy B. evidence obtained from other suspects by promising them . leniency in exchange for testimony C. evidence obtained through torture D.evidence that was gathered on the battlefield
C
While the adult system pronounces a sentence on an offender, what is the terminology used for the same process in the juvenile court? A. petition B. verdict C. disposition D. adjustment
C
A local mayor hears that a protest is planned for his town. He does not like the cause, and he wants to send them a message that he does not want them to protest in his hometown in the future. As a result, he attempts to call on military members from the federal military installation to provide enforcement. The mayor hopes that seeing fully-equipped military members patrolling their streets will discourage the protest organizers from going forward with the event. Why would he most likely be denied this request? A. because to do so could be seen as an act of war B. because the military aren't trained to arrest people C. because the Governor would be required to override this request D. because he Posse Comitatus Act of 1873 prohibits the military from acting in the place of local law en-forcement
D
After several reform and advocacy organizations, including Human Rights Watch, advocated for CIT (Crisis Intervention Training) for correctional staff dealing with mentally ill inmates, what was the outcome? A. no change in the number or severity of violence, suggesting that CIT is ineffective B. a decrease in job satisfaction for correctional officers C. an increase in violent incidents, but a decrease in the severity of the violence D. a significant reduction in the use of force and inmate-officer assaults
D
Anna has suffered from chronic depression her entire life. She was also recently arrested for drug trafficking, because she has used heroin to self-medicate in order to deal with her depression. Anna has a(n) ______, and she's in good company: Approximately 1/3 of inmates serving time for drug offenses also have mental illnesses. A. double indemnity B. double hazard C. untreatable illness D. dual diagnosis
D
Bioterrorism involves the use of chemical or biological agents to commit an act of terrorism. Compare chemical weapons to biological agents. Which of the following describes the main difference between the two weapons? A. Unlike biological agents, chemical weapons are difficult to transport because they involve living organisms. B. Manufacturing and deploying chemical weapons requires very little specialized skill, whereas biological agents require a significant amount of specialized skill. C. Unlike chemical weapons, biological agents act quickly, usually causing severe pain and death within minutes. D. Unlike biological agents, chemical weapons act quickly, often injuring or killing the victim within a matter of moments.
D
How is the classification of inmates' housing needs determined differently now than in the past? A. Inmate housing is now determined on a "first come, first served" basis. B. Inmate housing is now determined based on questionnaires, similar to how roommates are determined in college dorms. C. Inmates are now assigned to housing based on an objective "lottery" system. D. Inmates are now assigned to live with prisoners similar to themselves based on an internal classification.
D
If all illegal immigrants living in the United States were deported, which of the following would be the most likely outcome? A. a sharp decrease in the number of rapes committed B. a sharp decrease in the availability of drugs C. a sharp increase in the wages for middle-class, native-born citizens D. more than a trillion dollars of lost wages and lost spending, depressing the U.S. consumerist based economy
D
Imagine you are a policy-maker in a metropolitan area. You want to develop an evidence-based policy to target gang activity in your city. Which of the following policies would you adopt first? A. focusing primarily on increasing punishments for first-time gang-related offenses as well as hard-core gang members B. funding for increased patrolling gang neighborhoods and arresting any individuals who are suspected of gang involvement C. focus primarily on funding for arresting hard-core gang members and police weaponry D. a multi-faceted approach that provides vocational training, parental training, and training for police to better understand the communities they serve
D
Levinson identified four categories into which corrections officials classify new inmates. These categories include each of the following EXCEPT ______. A. security B. custody C. program D. seniority status
D
Molly was arrested 20 hours ago. She is brought before a judge for a hearing. Which hearing is Molly experiencing? A. initial hearing B. sentencing hearing C. disposition hearing D. detention hearing
D
On May 5, 1995, a cleaning woman in Japan happened to notice a couple of plastic bags sitting beside the toilet in a men's restroom in one of the busiest subway stations in Tokyo. The woman picked up the bags and put them by the door to dispose of later. What she didn't realize is that the bags contained a sophisticated chemical weapon that, if properly activated, would have the potential to produce enough cyanide gas to kill 10,000 people. Instead, the unidentified woman disrupted the trigger mechanism, starting a small fire that was put out before the cyanide gas could be produced. What drawback to the use of chemical weapons to commit bioterrorism does this story demonstrate? A. Chemical weapons act too slowly, which may permit people to get help. B. These types of bioterrorist weapons are easily recognizable, and can be easily neutralized even by un-trained staff. C. Because of the high level of skill required to build and transport, there are rarely an option for most ter-rorists. D. Unlike bombs, the volatility in bioterrorist weapons causes them to be more likely to fail or detonate at the wrong time.
D
The judge considers a number of factors when evaluating an offender for probation. Each of the following are such factors EXCEPT ______. A. seriousness of the current offense B. whether a weapon was used C. offender's prior incarceration D. attitude toward probation
D
What is meant by saying parole officers supervise individuals at the back end of the sentencing continuum? A. They supervise individuals with extensive criminal histories. B. They supervise individuals after a sentence has been imposed. C. They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence. D. They supervise individuals who have been released from prison.
D
What was the main impetus for establishing separate correctional facilities for juvenile offenders? A. Adult prisons were overcrowded. B. The adult system was overwhelmed with cases. C. Juveniles were committing more serious crimes. D. Juries did not want to see children incarcerated with adults.
D
Which describes an action in which the probation or parole is taken away, leading to the offender being placed in prison? A. graduated sanction B. intermediate sanction C. incremental hearing D. revocation hearing
D
Which factor is considered one of the most critical influences on juvenile development? A. self-control B. socioeconomic status C. academic achievement D. family background
D
Which of the following crimes is most likely to have been committed by illegal immigrants living in the United States? A. rape B. fraud C. drunk driving D. violation of immigration offenses
D
Which of the following would be considered a substantive violation of probation conditions? A. failing to submit to a drug test B. associating with gang members C. changing address without permission D. being arrested for drunk driving
D
Which of the following would be considered community corrections? A. being held in a local jail B. being incarcerated in a federal prison C. being detained D. being put on probation
D
Which prison type is considered to be work and program oriented? A. supermax B. high security C. medium security D. minimum security
D
Who makes the determination if there is sufficient evidence to prove the allegation against the juvenile? A. parents B. judge C. law enforcement D. intake officer
D
