criminal justice final
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that defense attorneys are obligated to inform their clients about plea agreement offers made by the prosecutor?
Missouri v Frye
______ ruled that defendant's are entitled to effective assistance of counsel during the plea bargaining process.
Missouri v Frye
A person who is thought to be on the verge of getting into trouble is known by this acronym.
PINS
Which person (or group) typically determines the discretionary release of state prisoners?
parole board
A return to criminal behavior is the definition of:
recidivism
Samantha works as a parole officer in San Jose, California. She likes her job but is stressed because she currently supervises 73 parolees. One of the parolees, Susan is a decent person who, in Samantha's view, has had some bad breaks. Susan is doing very well on parole. She has a steady job, has moved in with family, and has a support network to deal with her prior drug addiction. In Samantha's view, Susan is likely eligible for:
reduced surveillance
The goal of restoring a convicted offender to a constructive place in society is called:
rehabilitation
Which of the following prison models would provide the best opportunities to learn a trade or gain an education?
reintegration model
Which is not one of the four key components of the police subculture?
religious practice
The Fourteenth Amendment:
requires states to observe federal process standards
For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide protection?
right against unreasonable search and seizure
Which of the following statements regarding searches, seizures, and stops is true?
seizures involve taking someone or something into custody, but stops do not
_____ is the notion that a person cannot be forced to respond to questions in which the answers may reveal that they may have committed a crime
self-incrimination
Programs designed to improve the lives of inmates are classified as:
services
Which of the following statements about technology and society is true?
society presumes scientific advances lead to progress and are always beneficial
Which of the following is/are challenges faces by law enforcement when it comes to transnational crimes?
some countries have less transnational crime than others
Most mid to large departments will frequently have units such as vice, homicide, juvenile, and plainclothes officers, a system of organization referred to as:
special units
The Constitution creates two separate justice systems in the United States.
state and federal
Jimmy was walking down the street late at night. A squad car pulled alongside him and ordered him to stop. The two officers then got out of the car and proceeded to frisk Jimmy. The police have just subjected Jimmy to a:
stop-and-frisk search
(T/F) An assigned counsel is a private sector attorney who works on a contract (for free) basis.
true
(T/F) Budget crisis had led several states to increase good-time credits.
true
(T/F) Civil law governs business deals, contracts, and real estate.
true
(T/F) Higher security managers are increasingly drawn from college graduates with degrees in criminal justice.
true
(T/F) In Kyllo v United States, the Supreme Court asserted that law enforcement officials cannot examine a home with a thermal-imaging device unless they obtain a warrant.
true
(T/F) In the federal court system, the presentence report is supplemented by an additional report written by a pretrial services officer (PSO).
true
(T/F) More money is spent every year on technologically based training and education for prisoner than on security.
true
(T/F) New technologies produce the risks of unanticipated, undesirable risks and consequences.
true
(T/F) Preventive detention has been ruled constitutional because it is not designed to be punishment.
true
Which of the following is not a factor on which an appeal can be based?
Unfavorable outcomes at the trial court level.
(T/F) The law enforcement function is a broad mandate to prevent behavior that either disturbs or threatens to disturb the peace or involves face-to-face conflict between two or more people.
false
Someone who places a personal diary in a locked drawer within a bedroom of her room has demonstrated:
a resonable expectation of privacy
Researchers who focus on the genetic predispositions to criminal behavior are working under these theoretical perspectives of behavior.
biological theories
In homage to the home secretary who supported passage of the act creating the London police force, the first English police officers were known as:
bobbies
The philosophy of community corrections assumes that:
both the offender and the community need to adapt
______ are characterized by a division of labor, a chain of command, and rules to guide the activities of staff.
bureaucracies
Federal sentencing guidelines were adjusted in 2007 and 2008 to reduce the impact of a highly criticized source of racial disparities in prison sentences for offenders convicted of offenses relates to:
cocaine
The most common reason for revocation of parole is:
commission of a new crime
(T/F) State legislators always support increases in funding for educational programs in the prison system because of success of these programs in reducing recidivism.
false
(T/F) States are prohibited from using probation for more serious offenses such as robbery or assault.
false
(T/F) Suburban middle-class communities often experience the legalistic style of policing.
false
(T/F) The FBI's National Computer Crime Squad investigates all types of crime.
false
(T/F) The US Supreme Court has riles that home confinement violates the right to privacy.
false
(T/F) The hands-off policy prevents prison staff from placing their hands of the inmate population.
false
(T/F) The juvenile justice system handles only delinquency cases; cases in which children are abused or neglected are not the responsibility of the juvenile justice system.
false
Reginald was convicted of assault and battery and home invasion. He spent seven years in prison and was recently released on probation. He reports daily to a day reporting center where he submits to a drug test before going to work. Reginald's probation is being supervised:
in the community
The Progressives were a political movement who were especially influential:
in the early 1900s
This philosophy of punishment in which the primary function of imprisonment and execution is seen as preventing an individual from committing additional crimes is known as:
incapacitation
Which is not one of the three basic sentencing structures?
incarceration sentencing
Ronald works as a correctional officer in a maximum security prison. He is new to the job and faces a hostile reception whenever he appears on the cell block. It is a large prison with a high prisoner to staff ratio. But after a while, Ronald learns which prisoners are trustworthy and uses them to serve as an essential link in communications. This relationship is called a:
inmate leadership
The fact that ex-inmates require both support and supervision as they try to remake their lives in the community:
is often citied by proponents of community corrections
Which statement about the violent crime among juveniles today is true?
it has returned to a lower level matching the 1985 rate
In Roper v Simmons (2005), the Supreme Court ruled that
it is unconstitutional to sentence someone to death if they were under 18 when they committed the crime
What is the geographic location and/or legal boundaries which determine the range of the court's authority?
jurisdiction
Which correctional "era" was characterized by separate confinement, isolation, and inmate labor?
penitentiary
A child who is receiving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of their parents would be a:
neglected child
In which role does the judge spend significant amounts of time behind closed doors talking to prosecutors and defense attorneys?
negotiator
Arrests to referral as sentencing is to:
parole
Which of the following would not be an example of a less-lethal weapon?
chokehold
The use of waiver to adult court was reduced sharply during this period.
"kids are different"
What is the youngest age a juvenile can be waived to adult court in the United States?
10
Throughout the United States, the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction typically varies between:
15 and 17 years of age
What percentage of departments have patrol cars that have in-vehicle computers?
90%
Which of the following arguments does not explain the current trend in female arrest and conviction rates?
As women and men become more equal, gender differences in criminality decrease.
Which group won major court cases securing religious freedom for prisoners in the United States?
Black Muslims
The Supreme Court decision that endorsed warrantless searches for weapons and evidence in the immediate vicinity of people who are lawfully arrested was:
Chimel v California
_____ asserts that all members of society have the capacity to commit crime, but most are restrained by social norms.
Control theory
The police are searching for a serial rapist. They have a few leads, such as a description of the assailant, or other information that would be helpful, in identifying the rapist. One of the victims scratches her assailant and as a result the police were able to secure skin and blood samples. The police would use _____ to help determine if any matches existed.
DNA databases
Fines are a preferred way of dealing with criminality and are normally the sole sanction for a wide range of crimes in which continent?
Europe
The FBI is part of which federal department?
Justice
The US Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty did not violate the equal protection clause due to racial discrimination in
McCleskey v Kemp
Which statement is not consistent with the model of professional policing?
Police forces should be actively involved in politics
The case deciding than an attorney must be provided to a poor defendant facing the death penalty was:
Powell v Alabama (1932)
In which if the following cases did the US Supreme Court depart from its previous trend toward increasing juvenile rights by ruling that juveniles may be held in preventive detention before trial if they are deemed a risk to the community?
Schall v Martin
Which statements below concerning US marshals is true?
They are federal law enforcement officials originally appointed to handle duties in western territories
Samantha works as a parole officer in San Jose, California. She likes her job but is stressed because she currently supervises 73 parolees. One of the parolees, Susan is a decent person who, in Samantha's view, has had some bad breaks. Susan failed her last drug tests and thus is in technical violation of her parole. Which of the following will occur firsts?
a revocation hearing
Reginald was convicted of assault and battery and home invasion. He spent seven years in prison and was recently released on probation. He reports daily to a day reporting center where he submits to a drug test before going to work. Reginald failed his drug test and so his probation has been revoked due to:
a technical violation
The majority of searches take place without:
a warrant
CALEA is a nonprofit organization formed by major law enforcement executives' associations to:
a. develop standards for police policies and practices b. review police agencies c. award accreditation d. determine if standards are met e. ALL OF THESE
Which of the following is an appropriate duty and use of police resources?
a. helping people who have been locked out of their homes b. educating the pubic about crime c. helping give emergency medical assistance d. preventing crime e. ALL OF THE ABOVE
The Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to prisoners because of their:
a. race b. gender c. religion d. ALL OF THE ABOVE
In which role does the judge uphold the rights of the accused in decisions about detention, plea, trial, and sentence?
adjudicator
Which of the following is not a factor in how the judge determines the amount of the bail?
admissibility of evidence gathered by the police
______ is the juvenile justice equivalent of parole in which a delinquent is released from a custodial sentence and supervised in the community is called;
aftercare
Drug enforcement in large cities often combat organized crime and gangs involved in drug abuse with this type of patrol.
aggressive
A characteristic of a well run prison includes anything that enhances the comfort of the inmates, such as good food, clean cells, and recreational opportunities, which are referred to as:
amenities
Bail is employed to:
assure an offender appears for trial
At what point must Miranda warnings be given to suspects?
before being interrogated
Joan has been arrested for forgery and passing bad checks. She is awaiting trial. Joan's lawyer is hopeful given Joan's status as a mother, the nonviolent nature of her crimes, and her relatively clean record that, if convicted, she will be given probation monitored under what program?
community corrections
Programs in which criminal justice officials cultivate relationships with and rely on assistance from citizens in in preventing crime and apprehending offenders are:
community crime prevention
Which of the following intermediate punishment imposes the lowest level of control upon an offender?
community service
Which of the following prison staff are the most numerous?
corrections officers
Officers who participate in violations of law and departmental policy for personal gain are guilty of:
corruption
The Supreme Court rules in Kent v United States that juveniles have the right to:
counsel
During which period did punishments become harsher for juvenile repeat offenders?
crime control
In which of the following situations must Miranda warnings be given?
custodial interrogations
(T/F) Private firms are not allowed to hire public police officers.
false
The function of the preliminary hearing grand jury is to:
decide whether there is enough evidence to proceed
The last step in the trial process is:
decision by the jury
Which of the following is not a type of stress experienced by police officers?
departmental
The job of the ____ is mainly to talk to witnesses, suspects, and victims.
detective
Supermax prisons:
house the "toughest of the tough"
The motion of ____ suggests that an individual can only be subjected to one prosecution or punishment for a single offense in the same jurisdiction.
double jeopardy
(T/F) Prisoners serve shorter sentences in the United States in comparison to other Western nations.
false
According to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which stage of life is held to be most significant?
early childhood
Which of the following job training programs is least likely to be found in a women's prison?
electronics repair
Ronald works as a correctional officer in a maximum security prison. He is new to the job and faces a hostile reception whenever he appears on the cell block. Mickey, a prisoner on the cell block, is willing to help Ronald out if he can get access to the prison library. Ronald agrees. This is referred to as an ____ relationship.
exchange
As a form of corrections, probation falls under the administration of the ____ branch.
executive
(T/F) A "general warrant" for searching many location sis the most common type of warrant issued.
false
(T/F) A determinant sentence means that the defendant determines his/her own punishment with the assistance of a counselor.
false
(T/F) According to the Fifth Amendment's double jeopardy clause, a defendant may be subjected to a maximum of two prosecutions for a single offense within the same jurisdiction.
false
(T/F) Boot camp programs often provide aftercare to help offenders transition back into the community.
false
(T/F) Consent searches occur when there is an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed. In a consent search, officers may search, arrest or question suspects without obtaining a warrant or following other usual rules of criminal procedure.
false
(T/F) Corrections' officers unions have widely supported private prisons.
false
(T/F) Even if a potential juror feels so strongly about capital punishment that the individual could not give an impartial verdict, that individual must still serve on the jury.
false
(T/F) Income has no influence on likelihood of crime victimization.
false
(T/F) International crimes, such as terrorism and genocide, are also considered transnational crimes
false
(T/F) Most juvenile arrests are for violent crimes.
false
(T/F) Most states use the "contract counsel" method of providing attorneys for those who cannot afford their own attorneys.
false
(T/F) Offenses that are wrong by their very nature have traditionally been called mala prohibata.
false
(T/F) One criticism by police departments using CompState is that it tends to decrease productivity.
false
(T/F) Passive electronic monitoring systems send constant streams of information to the receiver.
false
The psychological and emotional affects of crime on a victim cannot be calculated, and so are not considered as a cost of crime.
false
Crime usually considered and punished by more than a year in state or federal prison are called:
felonies
The ____ Amendment guarantees citizens protection against "unreasonable search and seizure."
fourth
Which of the following are run by states and large cities to analyze and facilitate sharing of information in order to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and terrorism threats?
fusion centers
The philosophy which assumes that the general public will not commit a crime because they observe the punishment of others is called:
general deterrence
According to the UCR and other government sources, over the past 20 years the rate of violent crime has:
generally and consistently decreased
The view held by local court officials as to the proper sentence, given the characteristics of the case, is known as the:
going rate
According to Cole and Smith, which is not an explanation for the recent drop in both violent and property crime?
greater awareness of the societal costs of crime
Which of the following is not considered one of the desired goods and services of prison life?
greater visitations
The political era of policing was characterized by:
hiring of officers through connections to elected officials
Jerry was 12 when he first shoplifted and by the age of 14 had a rather lengthy record of delinquency. The last attempt at shoplifting did not end so well and he was caught. He is now facing the juvenile justice system, again. Based on the preface, Jerry will be charged with a:
juvenile crime
Which statement about the due process rights of juvenile is true?
juveniles have only some of the due process rights guaranteed to adults
According to public opinion polls, which police function fo citizens believe is most important?
law enforcement
Which of the following statements about technology and crime is true?
lawbreakers can develop and use technology for the purpose of committing crimes
Most homicide cases in the United States would fall into which category of the the wedding cake model?
layer 2
Which of the following is not a method by which indigents receive legal defense?
legal aid attorney
Which would describe the juvenile justice system under the philosophy, "kids are different?"
less severe
Which of the following is not a responsibility of judges?
making arrests
Offenses that are considered wrong by their very nature are traditionally referred to as:
mala in se
"Three strikes and you're out" is an example of which of the three basic sentencing structures?
mandatory sentencing
Which of the three basic sentencing structures was used when the public's fear and anger about crime dominated corrections?
mandatory sentencing
Accidents are the clearest examples of which legal principle?
mens rea
Defendants may deposit up to 10 percent of the full bail with the court. The full amount will be required if they do not appear. If they appear, the money will be refunded except for 1 percent. This is an example of:
percentage bail
The criminal justice agency on the "front line" in controlling crime is/are:
police
Probation officers play a role in sentencing by:
preparing the presentence report for the judge
Which is not an intermediate sanction?
prison
When sufficient evidence is available to support the reasonable conclusion that a person has committed a crime, then a police officer may claim to have:
probable cause
Procedures criminal justice professionals must follow in enforcement, adjudication, and corrections are:
procedural criminal
By the 1940s the development of _____ as a field of social science research led probation officers to shift their emphasis from moral leadership to therapeutic counseling.
psychology
Which of the following is not included as one of the prosecuting attorney's key relationships?
public defender
(T/F) Alexander Maconochie was one of the original founders of parole.
true
A case originating in a state court is first appealed through:
that state''s appeal system
Which of the following is not one of the criterion probation officers use to classify clients?
the likelihood of the offender finding work
Funds raised from forfeitures go to:
the police agency that made the arrest
In the case of In re Kemmler (1890), the Supreme Court decided that:
the use of the electric chair was a humane method of extinguishing life
How have the conservative crime control policies that have affected the adult criminal justice system influences children in training schools and detention centers?
they have led to increased ligation challenging the abuse of children
(T/F) A parolee can be prevented from working as a bartender by a parole officer.
true
(T/F) Adjudication is the trial stage of the juvenile justice process.
true
(T/F) Refocusing attention on crime control and away from maintaining order did more than anything else to change the nature of the American policing during Professional Model Era.
true
(T/F) Restorative justice programs in Vermont include alternative punishments, public apologies, restitution, and interactions between offenders and victims seeking to advance both accountability and restoration.
true
(T/F) Sexual assault victims are more likely to be assaulted by someone they know
true
(T/F) Some defendants plead guilty even when they are innocent.
true
(T/F) Special units within local police departments deploy officers who are dedicated to a specific tasks, such as investigation.
true
(T/F) The British court developed a standard for determining criminal reponsibility known as the "right-from-wrong) test or the M'Naghten rule.
true
(T/F) The Department of Homeland Security was created after the terrorist attacks on September 11., 2001.
true
(T/F) The FBI's National Computer Crime Squad is tasked with investigating instances of industrial espionage.
true
(T/F) The US Supreme Court has rules that prisoners do not share the same rights against unreasonable search and seizure as non-incarcerated individuals.
true
(T/F) The community corrections model of corrections is base don the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.
true
(T/F) The service style of policing provides officers with a great deal of discretion.
true
(T/F) Trial counsel for the police is considered one of the functions performed b prosecutors.
true
(T/F) Victimless crimes are prosecuted on the idea that society as a whole is being injured, even if the participants in the criminal act do not feel victimized
true
_______ is not an emphasis of the FBI?
vandalism
Acts against people in which death or physical injury are known as:
violent crime
Researchers have found that ____ are the most likely to be victimized by crime.
young male residents of lower income communities