criminal justice final

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that defense attorneys are obligated to inform their clients about plea agreement offers made by the prosecutor?

Missouri v Frye

______ ruled that defendant's are entitled to effective assistance of counsel during the plea bargaining process.

Missouri v Frye

A person who is thought to be on the verge of getting into trouble is known by this acronym.

PINS

Which person (or group) typically determines the discretionary release of state prisoners?

parole board

A return to criminal behavior is the definition of:

recidivism

Samantha works as a parole officer in San Jose, California. She likes her job but is stressed because she currently supervises 73 parolees. One of the parolees, Susan is a decent person who, in Samantha's view, has had some bad breaks. Susan is doing very well on parole. She has a steady job, has moved in with family, and has a support network to deal with her prior drug addiction. In Samantha's view, Susan is likely eligible for:

reduced surveillance

The goal of restoring a convicted offender to a constructive place in society is called:

rehabilitation

Which of the following prison models would provide the best opportunities to learn a trade or gain an education?

reintegration model

Which is not one of the four key components of the police subculture?

religious practice

The Fourteenth Amendment:

requires states to observe federal process standards

For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide protection?

right against unreasonable search and seizure

Which of the following statements regarding searches, seizures, and stops is true?

seizures involve taking someone or something into custody, but stops do not

_____ is the notion that a person cannot be forced to respond to questions in which the answers may reveal that they may have committed a crime

self-incrimination

Programs designed to improve the lives of inmates are classified as:

services

Which of the following statements about technology and society is true?

society presumes scientific advances lead to progress and are always beneficial

Which of the following is/are challenges faces by law enforcement when it comes to transnational crimes?

some countries have less transnational crime than others

Most mid to large departments will frequently have units such as vice, homicide, juvenile, and plainclothes officers, a system of organization referred to as:

special units

The Constitution creates two separate justice systems in the United States.

state and federal

Jimmy was walking down the street late at night. A squad car pulled alongside him and ordered him to stop. The two officers then got out of the car and proceeded to frisk Jimmy. The police have just subjected Jimmy to a:

stop-and-frisk search

(T/F) An assigned counsel is a private sector attorney who works on a contract (for free) basis.

true

(T/F) Budget crisis had led several states to increase good-time credits.

true

(T/F) Civil law governs business deals, contracts, and real estate.

true

(T/F) Higher security managers are increasingly drawn from college graduates with degrees in criminal justice.

true

(T/F) In Kyllo v United States, the Supreme Court asserted that law enforcement officials cannot examine a home with a thermal-imaging device unless they obtain a warrant.

true

(T/F) In the federal court system, the presentence report is supplemented by an additional report written by a pretrial services officer (PSO).

true

(T/F) More money is spent every year on technologically based training and education for prisoner than on security.

true

(T/F) New technologies produce the risks of unanticipated, undesirable risks and consequences.

true

(T/F) Preventive detention has been ruled constitutional because it is not designed to be punishment.

true

Which of the following is not a factor on which an appeal can be based?

Unfavorable outcomes at the trial court level.

(T/F) The law enforcement function is a broad mandate to prevent behavior that either disturbs or threatens to disturb the peace or involves face-to-face conflict between two or more people.

false

Someone who places a personal diary in a locked drawer within a bedroom of her room has demonstrated:

a resonable expectation of privacy

Researchers who focus on the genetic predispositions to criminal behavior are working under these theoretical perspectives of behavior.

biological theories

In homage to the home secretary who supported passage of the act creating the London police force, the first English police officers were known as:

bobbies

The philosophy of community corrections assumes that:

both the offender and the community need to adapt

______ are characterized by a division of labor, a chain of command, and rules to guide the activities of staff.

bureaucracies

Federal sentencing guidelines were adjusted in 2007 and 2008 to reduce the impact of a highly criticized source of racial disparities in prison sentences for offenders convicted of offenses relates to:

cocaine

The most common reason for revocation of parole is:

commission of a new crime

(T/F) State legislators always support increases in funding for educational programs in the prison system because of success of these programs in reducing recidivism.

false

(T/F) States are prohibited from using probation for more serious offenses such as robbery or assault.

false

(T/F) Suburban middle-class communities often experience the legalistic style of policing.

false

(T/F) The FBI's National Computer Crime Squad investigates all types of crime.

false

(T/F) The US Supreme Court has riles that home confinement violates the right to privacy.

false

(T/F) The hands-off policy prevents prison staff from placing their hands of the inmate population.

false

(T/F) The juvenile justice system handles only delinquency cases; cases in which children are abused or neglected are not the responsibility of the juvenile justice system.

false

Reginald was convicted of assault and battery and home invasion. He spent seven years in prison and was recently released on probation. He reports daily to a day reporting center where he submits to a drug test before going to work. Reginald's probation is being supervised:

in the community

The Progressives were a political movement who were especially influential:

in the early 1900s

This philosophy of punishment in which the primary function of imprisonment and execution is seen as preventing an individual from committing additional crimes is known as:

incapacitation

Which is not one of the three basic sentencing structures?

incarceration sentencing

Ronald works as a correctional officer in a maximum security prison. He is new to the job and faces a hostile reception whenever he appears on the cell block. It is a large prison with a high prisoner to staff ratio. But after a while, Ronald learns which prisoners are trustworthy and uses them to serve as an essential link in communications. This relationship is called a:

inmate leadership

The fact that ex-inmates require both support and supervision as they try to remake their lives in the community:

is often citied by proponents of community corrections

Which statement about the violent crime among juveniles today is true?

it has returned to a lower level matching the 1985 rate

In Roper v Simmons (2005), the Supreme Court ruled that

it is unconstitutional to sentence someone to death if they were under 18 when they committed the crime

What is the geographic location and/or legal boundaries which determine the range of the court's authority?

jurisdiction

Which correctional "era" was characterized by separate confinement, isolation, and inmate labor?

penitentiary

A child who is receiving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of their parents would be a:

neglected child

In which role does the judge spend significant amounts of time behind closed doors talking to prosecutors and defense attorneys?

negotiator

Arrests to referral as sentencing is to:

parole

Which of the following would not be an example of a less-lethal weapon?

chokehold

The use of waiver to adult court was reduced sharply during this period.

"kids are different"

What is the youngest age a juvenile can be waived to adult court in the United States?

10

Throughout the United States, the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction typically varies between:

15 and 17 years of age

What percentage of departments have patrol cars that have in-vehicle computers?

90%

Which of the following arguments does not explain the current trend in female arrest and conviction rates?

As women and men become more equal, gender differences in criminality decrease.

Which group won major court cases securing religious freedom for prisoners in the United States?

Black Muslims

The Supreme Court decision that endorsed warrantless searches for weapons and evidence in the immediate vicinity of people who are lawfully arrested was:

Chimel v California

_____ asserts that all members of society have the capacity to commit crime, but most are restrained by social norms.

Control theory

The police are searching for a serial rapist. They have a few leads, such as a description of the assailant, or other information that would be helpful, in identifying the rapist. One of the victims scratches her assailant and as a result the police were able to secure skin and blood samples. The police would use _____ to help determine if any matches existed.

DNA databases

Fines are a preferred way of dealing with criminality and are normally the sole sanction for a wide range of crimes in which continent?

Europe

The FBI is part of which federal department?

Justice

The US Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty did not violate the equal protection clause due to racial discrimination in

McCleskey v Kemp

Which statement is not consistent with the model of professional policing?

Police forces should be actively involved in politics

The case deciding than an attorney must be provided to a poor defendant facing the death penalty was:

Powell v Alabama (1932)

In which if the following cases did the US Supreme Court depart from its previous trend toward increasing juvenile rights by ruling that juveniles may be held in preventive detention before trial if they are deemed a risk to the community?

Schall v Martin

Which statements below concerning US marshals is true?

They are federal law enforcement officials originally appointed to handle duties in western territories

Samantha works as a parole officer in San Jose, California. She likes her job but is stressed because she currently supervises 73 parolees. One of the parolees, Susan is a decent person who, in Samantha's view, has had some bad breaks. Susan failed her last drug tests and thus is in technical violation of her parole. Which of the following will occur firsts?

a revocation hearing

Reginald was convicted of assault and battery and home invasion. He spent seven years in prison and was recently released on probation. He reports daily to a day reporting center where he submits to a drug test before going to work. Reginald failed his drug test and so his probation has been revoked due to:

a technical violation

The majority of searches take place without:

a warrant

CALEA is a nonprofit organization formed by major law enforcement executives' associations to:

a. develop standards for police policies and practices b. review police agencies c. award accreditation d. determine if standards are met e. ALL OF THESE

Which of the following is an appropriate duty and use of police resources?

a. helping people who have been locked out of their homes b. educating the pubic about crime c. helping give emergency medical assistance d. preventing crime e. ALL OF THE ABOVE

The Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to prisoners because of their:

a. race b. gender c. religion d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

In which role does the judge uphold the rights of the accused in decisions about detention, plea, trial, and sentence?

adjudicator

Which of the following is not a factor in how the judge determines the amount of the bail?

admissibility of evidence gathered by the police

______ is the juvenile justice equivalent of parole in which a delinquent is released from a custodial sentence and supervised in the community is called;

aftercare

Drug enforcement in large cities often combat organized crime and gangs involved in drug abuse with this type of patrol.

aggressive

A characteristic of a well run prison includes anything that enhances the comfort of the inmates, such as good food, clean cells, and recreational opportunities, which are referred to as:

amenities

Bail is employed to:

assure an offender appears for trial

At what point must Miranda warnings be given to suspects?

before being interrogated

Joan has been arrested for forgery and passing bad checks. She is awaiting trial. Joan's lawyer is hopeful given Joan's status as a mother, the nonviolent nature of her crimes, and her relatively clean record that, if convicted, she will be given probation monitored under what program?

community corrections

Programs in which criminal justice officials cultivate relationships with and rely on assistance from citizens in in preventing crime and apprehending offenders are:

community crime prevention

Which of the following intermediate punishment imposes the lowest level of control upon an offender?

community service

Which of the following prison staff are the most numerous?

corrections officers

Officers who participate in violations of law and departmental policy for personal gain are guilty of:

corruption

The Supreme Court rules in Kent v United States that juveniles have the right to:

counsel

During which period did punishments become harsher for juvenile repeat offenders?

crime control

In which of the following situations must Miranda warnings be given?

custodial interrogations

(T/F) Private firms are not allowed to hire public police officers.

false

The function of the preliminary hearing grand jury is to:

decide whether there is enough evidence to proceed

The last step in the trial process is:

decision by the jury

Which of the following is not a type of stress experienced by police officers?

departmental

The job of the ____ is mainly to talk to witnesses, suspects, and victims.

detective

Supermax prisons:

house the "toughest of the tough"

The motion of ____ suggests that an individual can only be subjected to one prosecution or punishment for a single offense in the same jurisdiction.

double jeopardy

(T/F) Prisoners serve shorter sentences in the United States in comparison to other Western nations.

false

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which stage of life is held to be most significant?

early childhood

Which of the following job training programs is least likely to be found in a women's prison?

electronics repair

Ronald works as a correctional officer in a maximum security prison. He is new to the job and faces a hostile reception whenever he appears on the cell block. Mickey, a prisoner on the cell block, is willing to help Ronald out if he can get access to the prison library. Ronald agrees. This is referred to as an ____ relationship.

exchange

As a form of corrections, probation falls under the administration of the ____ branch.

executive

(T/F) A "general warrant" for searching many location sis the most common type of warrant issued.

false

(T/F) A determinant sentence means that the defendant determines his/her own punishment with the assistance of a counselor.

false

(T/F) According to the Fifth Amendment's double jeopardy clause, a defendant may be subjected to a maximum of two prosecutions for a single offense within the same jurisdiction.

false

(T/F) Boot camp programs often provide aftercare to help offenders transition back into the community.

false

(T/F) Consent searches occur when there is an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed. In a consent search, officers may search, arrest or question suspects without obtaining a warrant or following other usual rules of criminal procedure.

false

(T/F) Corrections' officers unions have widely supported private prisons.

false

(T/F) Even if a potential juror feels so strongly about capital punishment that the individual could not give an impartial verdict, that individual must still serve on the jury.

false

(T/F) Income has no influence on likelihood of crime victimization.

false

(T/F) International crimes, such as terrorism and genocide, are also considered transnational crimes

false

(T/F) Most juvenile arrests are for violent crimes.

false

(T/F) Most states use the "contract counsel" method of providing attorneys for those who cannot afford their own attorneys.

false

(T/F) Offenses that are wrong by their very nature have traditionally been called mala prohibata.

false

(T/F) One criticism by police departments using CompState is that it tends to decrease productivity.

false

(T/F) Passive electronic monitoring systems send constant streams of information to the receiver.

false

The psychological and emotional affects of crime on a victim cannot be calculated, and so are not considered as a cost of crime.

false

Crime usually considered and punished by more than a year in state or federal prison are called:

felonies

The ____ Amendment guarantees citizens protection against "unreasonable search and seizure."

fourth

Which of the following are run by states and large cities to analyze and facilitate sharing of information in order to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and terrorism threats?

fusion centers

The philosophy which assumes that the general public will not commit a crime because they observe the punishment of others is called:

general deterrence

According to the UCR and other government sources, over the past 20 years the rate of violent crime has:

generally and consistently decreased

The view held by local court officials as to the proper sentence, given the characteristics of the case, is known as the:

going rate

According to Cole and Smith, which is not an explanation for the recent drop in both violent and property crime?

greater awareness of the societal costs of crime

Which of the following is not considered one of the desired goods and services of prison life?

greater visitations

The political era of policing was characterized by:

hiring of officers through connections to elected officials

Jerry was 12 when he first shoplifted and by the age of 14 had a rather lengthy record of delinquency. The last attempt at shoplifting did not end so well and he was caught. He is now facing the juvenile justice system, again. Based on the preface, Jerry will be charged with a:

juvenile crime

Which statement about the due process rights of juvenile is true?

juveniles have only some of the due process rights guaranteed to adults

According to public opinion polls, which police function fo citizens believe is most important?

law enforcement

Which of the following statements about technology and crime is true?

lawbreakers can develop and use technology for the purpose of committing crimes

Most homicide cases in the United States would fall into which category of the the wedding cake model?

layer 2

Which of the following is not a method by which indigents receive legal defense?

legal aid attorney

Which would describe the juvenile justice system under the philosophy, "kids are different?"

less severe

Which of the following is not a responsibility of judges?

making arrests

Offenses that are considered wrong by their very nature are traditionally referred to as:

mala in se

"Three strikes and you're out" is an example of which of the three basic sentencing structures?

mandatory sentencing

Which of the three basic sentencing structures was used when the public's fear and anger about crime dominated corrections?

mandatory sentencing

Accidents are the clearest examples of which legal principle?

mens rea

Defendants may deposit up to 10 percent of the full bail with the court. The full amount will be required if they do not appear. If they appear, the money will be refunded except for 1 percent. This is an example of:

percentage bail

The criminal justice agency on the "front line" in controlling crime is/are:

police

Probation officers play a role in sentencing by:

preparing the presentence report for the judge

Which is not an intermediate sanction?

prison

When sufficient evidence is available to support the reasonable conclusion that a person has committed a crime, then a police officer may claim to have:

probable cause

Procedures criminal justice professionals must follow in enforcement, adjudication, and corrections are:

procedural criminal

By the 1940s the development of _____ as a field of social science research led probation officers to shift their emphasis from moral leadership to therapeutic counseling.

psychology

Which of the following is not included as one of the prosecuting attorney's key relationships?

public defender

(T/F) Alexander Maconochie was one of the original founders of parole.

true

A case originating in a state court is first appealed through:

that state''s appeal system

Which of the following is not one of the criterion probation officers use to classify clients?

the likelihood of the offender finding work

Funds raised from forfeitures go to:

the police agency that made the arrest

In the case of In re Kemmler (1890), the Supreme Court decided that:

the use of the electric chair was a humane method of extinguishing life

How have the conservative crime control policies that have affected the adult criminal justice system influences children in training schools and detention centers?

they have led to increased ligation challenging the abuse of children

(T/F) A parolee can be prevented from working as a bartender by a parole officer.

true

(T/F) Adjudication is the trial stage of the juvenile justice process.

true

(T/F) Refocusing attention on crime control and away from maintaining order did more than anything else to change the nature of the American policing during Professional Model Era.

true

(T/F) Restorative justice programs in Vermont include alternative punishments, public apologies, restitution, and interactions between offenders and victims seeking to advance both accountability and restoration.

true

(T/F) Sexual assault victims are more likely to be assaulted by someone they know

true

(T/F) Some defendants plead guilty even when they are innocent.

true

(T/F) Special units within local police departments deploy officers who are dedicated to a specific tasks, such as investigation.

true

(T/F) The British court developed a standard for determining criminal reponsibility known as the "right-from-wrong) test or the M'Naghten rule.

true

(T/F) The Department of Homeland Security was created after the terrorist attacks on September 11., 2001.

true

(T/F) The FBI's National Computer Crime Squad is tasked with investigating instances of industrial espionage.

true

(T/F) The US Supreme Court has rules that prisoners do not share the same rights against unreasonable search and seizure as non-incarcerated individuals.

true

(T/F) The community corrections model of corrections is base don the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.

true

(T/F) The service style of policing provides officers with a great deal of discretion.

true

(T/F) Trial counsel for the police is considered one of the functions performed b prosecutors.

true

(T/F) Victimless crimes are prosecuted on the idea that society as a whole is being injured, even if the participants in the criminal act do not feel victimized

true

_______ is not an emphasis of the FBI?

vandalism

Acts against people in which death or physical injury are known as:

violent crime

Researchers have found that ____ are the most likely to be victimized by crime.

young male residents of lower income communities