Criminology Final- Quiz Questions

According to Shover and Hochstetler, lure is not a full-fledged opportunity unless there is also Guilt A capitalist environment A lack of oversight A criminal culture

A lack of oversight

According to A General Theory of Crime, a criminal predisposition is Learned from negative peer influences A result of ineffective parenting A result of a weak commitment to school/education Innate

A result of ineffective parenting

Suppose a researcher finds the following: Delinquency is higher among individuals experiencing a variety of negative life events and various relational problems. Which theory is most supported by such findings? Merton's classic strain theory Cohen's status frustration theory Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional-anomie theory Agnew's general strain theory

Agnew's general strain theory

Which of the following theories can best account for crime among kids from wealthy families? Agnew's general strain theory Cohen's status frustration theory Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional-anomie theory Merton's classic strain theory

Agnew's general strain theory

The PATHE program Aims to prevent crime through problem-oriented policing. Aims to prevent crime through creating in classrooms and schools' greater competence, cooperation, and sense of belonging. Aims to prevent crime through drug treatment. Aims to prevent school crime through isolating delinquents in alternative schools.

Aims to prevent crime through creating in classrooms and schools' greater competence, cooperation, and sense of belonging.

Positive criminology believes that punitive policies with offenders Are effective Have no effect on criminal behavior Are counterproductive Should be used more often

Are counterproductive

A common opposition to theoretical integration is Assumptions of integrated theories are often conflicting. Theoretical integration always involves cross-disciplinary work, and not enough scholars are trained in such a way. Social behavior is not complex enough to require theoretical integration. Variation explained typically declines upon integration.

Assumptions of integrated theories are often conflicting.

In their life-course theory, Sampson and Laub argue that The Gluecks were incompetent scientists whose data were inherently flawed. Being in a quality marriage or having a stable job can be a transition out of a life in crime. The sources of crime lie in childhood, which is why virtually no one who is on a criminal trajectory ever escapes a life of crime. It is a myth that structural factors—like poverty—play any role in causing crime.

Being in a quality marriage or having a stable job can be a transition out of a life in crime.

According to Wilson, why are there racial differences in crime rates? Black communities face a concentration of economic disadvantage and are spatially and socially isolated. There is differential drug use between whites and blacks, with blacks using and selling more than whites. Black communities face more racial animus than white communities. There is a street code found in black neighborhoods that is not found in white neighborhoods.

Black communities face a concentration of economic disadvantage and are spatially and socially isolated.

When examining genetic influences on criminal behavior, crime is most likely when Both biological and adoptive parents are criminal. Neither biological nor adoptive parents are criminal. Adoptive parents are criminal and biological parents are noncriminal. Biological parents are criminal and adoptive parents are noncriminal.

Both biological and adoptive parents are criminal.

Stafford and Warr argue that deterrence researchers should focus on General deterrence only; specific deterrence is not operative. Both general and specific deterrence. Rehabilitation of offenders rather than deterrence. Specific deterrence only; general deterrence is not operative.

Both general and specific deterrence.

How do Sampson and Groves extend social disorganization theory? By emphasizing the importance of cultural disorganization as well as structural disorganization By emphasizing the link between social disorganization and racial inequality By providing a groundbreaking empirical test of social disorganization theory in which social disorganization was measured By introducing the term "collective efficacy", measuring it, and studying it as a dynamic process

By providing a groundbreaking empirical test of social disorganization theory in which social disorganization was measured

Macro-level learning theories argue which of the following? Definitions and differential reinforcements are important in predicting delinquency, but differential associations and imitation are not important Certain groups have values conducive to crime, so crime will be highest in areas with such groups Certain individuals have an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law; crime is more likely among those individuals Social learning factors indirectly affect behavior. That is, social learning factors directly affect social structural factors which, in turn, directly affect behavior

Certain groups have values conducive to crime, so crime will be highest in areas with such groups

From Bonger's perspective, what is the solution to crime in the United States? Changing the capitalist economic system into a socialist economic system Financing situational crime prevention programs in poor neighborhoods that are wracked by crime and drug use The expansion of correctional rehabilitation programs Passing "get tough" laws that put all criminals - rich and poor alike - in prison for long periods of time

Changing the capitalist economic system into a socialist economic system

According to Elliott Currie, the United States has what form of economy? Keirestu capitalism Contingent capitalism Social capitalism Compassionate capitalism

Contingent capitalism

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory, which of the following is true? Controls against crime may change across the life course. Controls against crime are internal and stable. Controls against crime are external to the individual. The quality of social bonds determines the level of crime.

Controls against crime are internal and stable.

According to Cohen et al.'s groundbreaking research in which they developed routine activities theory, Crime declined starting in 1960 while, at the same time, personal consumption expenditures for durable goods increased. Crime increased starting in 1960 while, at the same time, the percentage of households unoccupied during the daytime increased. Crime increased starting in 1960 while, at the same time, the percentage of households unoccupied during the daytime declined. Crime declined starting in 1960 while, at the same time, labor force participation rates increased.

Crime increased starting in 1960 while, at the same time, the percentage of households unoccupied during the daytime increased.

Which of the following is true of traditional criminological theories in comparison to developmental theories? Developmental theories rely on longitudinal analyses, whereas traditional theories were largely examined with cross-sectional data. Developmental theories assume contexts have enduring, stable effects on people, whereas traditional theories emphasize the changing nature of social contexts. Developmental theories tend to focus on adolescence, whereas traditional theories focus on earlier childhood. Developmental theories are static, whereas traditional theories are dynamic.

Developmental theories rely on longitudinal analyses, whereas traditional theories were largely examined with cross-sectional data.

The following types of theories focus on race, except Cultural theory Structural theory Developmental theory Perceived discrimination theory

Developmental theory

According to Aker's social learning theory, which of the following is true? Imitation becomes more important as deviant acts are repeated Differential associations affect and are affected by deviant acts Reinforcements always precede rather than follow deviant acts Thoughts about the "rightness" of deviant acts always precedes the act

Differential associations affect and are affected by deviant acts

When crime is not really reduced, but is simply changed in some way, what has occurred? Diffusion of benefits Reactive control Proactive prevention Displacement

Displacement

Whose work, Sin and Society, was one of the first to discuss crimes in the business world? Edwin Sutherland E. A. Ross Michael Benson Francis Cullen

E. A. Ross

Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory grew out of research in what period? Early to mid 1900's Early 1800's 1850-1900 1980-2000

Early to mid 1900's

Which of the following crime prevention strategies did Wilson and Kelling advocate, stemming from their broken windows theory? Motorized police patrol. Tax incentives for businesses in poor neighborhoods. Foot patrol Installation of burglar alarms.

Foot patrol

From the perspective of Merton's anomie theory, what would be an example of legitimate means of achieving culture goals? Formal education The unrestrained pursuit of money Strong family supervision Individualism

Formal education

Research showing that monozygotic twins are more similar to one another in terms of criminal behavior than are dizygotic twins is supportive of which perspective? Negative emotionality and crime Genetic influences on crime Biological harms and crime Cognitive deficits and crime

Genetic influences on crime

According to Jody Miller, which of the following is false? Girls do not mind sexual harassment from their peers and friends and view it as playing Young inner-city girls are more apprehensive about sexual harassment from adult men than from their peers Neighborhood residents' response to violence against women is often unhelpful to victims Younger inner-city black girls' nonfatal victimization rates are similar to that of black adolescent boys

Girls do not mind sexual harassment from their peers and friends and view it as playing

Which of the following is the term used by developmental theories to describe variation among people in their orientation toward criminal conduct? Cross-sectional Mesomorphic Heterogeneity Intelligence

Heterogeneity

Which of the following reflects Clear's coerced mobility thesis? High rates of incarceration in poor communities lead to lower rates of crime because offenders are forced to leave the community. High rates of incarceration in poor communities destabilize social networks, thus undermining informal social control and creating more crime. High rates of incarceration in poor communities mobilize residents, thus increasing social networks and eventually decreasing crime. High rates of incarceration in poor communities are the result of coercive action on the part of young black men.

High rates of incarceration in poor communities destabilize social networks, thus undermining informal social control and creating more crime.

The classical school of criminology argued that To teach criminals a lesson, judges should have as much discretion as possible to give offenders any sentence they want to. The purpose of the criminal justice system should be rehabilitative Individuals choose to engage in crime based on a rational calculation of the costs versus benefits of crime. Most criminals are pathological

Individuals choose to engage in crime based on a rational calculation of the costs versus benefits of crime.

According to work by Sutherland and contemporary scholars (e.g., Cullen), white-collar crime generates what sort of costs? It generates financial, social, and physical costs. It generates social and financial costs, but not physical costs. It generates financial and physical costs, but not social costs. It generates social and physical costs, but not financial costs.

It generates financial, social, and physical costs.

Which of the following is true about control theories? Society is characterized by culture conflict Merton's anomie theory is an example of a control theory Control theories view individuals as blank slates onto which society writes a script It is human nature for people to break the law

It is human nature for people to break the law

Which of the following statements about classical theory is true? It is based on the work of Cesare Lombroso Its foundations were outlined in "An Essay on Crimes and Punishment" Its foundation were outlined in "The Criminal Man" The solution to crime lies in riddling offenders of evil spirits

Its foundations were outlined in "An Essay on Crimes and Punishment"

On whose work was critical criminology developed? Emile Durkheim Cesare Lombroso Cesare Beccaria Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Genetic influences on crime may be most relevant to Childhood-selective offenders Adult-onset offenders Life-course persistent offenders Adolescence-limited offenders

Life-course persistent offenders

Which of the following statements about Lombroso's entire body of work (spanning his career) is true? Lombroso saw born criminals as compromising over half of all offenders Lombroso consistently viewed all offenders as born criminals Lombroso's later work viewed criminals as forming a graduated scale leading from born criminal to normal individual Lombroso denied the role of environment throughout his career

Lombroso's later work viewed criminals as forming a graduated scale leading from born criminal to normal individual

Social support theory argues the United States has higher rates of crime because of its Vast diversity Government programming Low levels of communitarianism High rates of poverty

Low levels of communitarianism

Which of the following is true according to Elliot Currie's perspective? Market societies tend to have strong and effective firearms regulations Market societies tend to have low inequality Market societies are associated with high-wage labor Market societies tend to have weak public support systems

Market societies tend to have weak public support systems

Which of the following theorists argued that "to integrate theories is to formulate relationships among them"? Hirschi Messner et al. Sutherland Shaw and McKay

Messner et al.

Cornish and Clarke's rational choice perspective was developed in which period? Late 1700's Mid-1970's Mid-1980's Late 1800's

Mid-1980's

Which of the following is false about social concern theory? Social concern has been exhibited in nonhuman primates. People are more likely to show social concern with members of an ingroup than with members of an outgroup. Females have more social concern than men. More social concern is shown with people believed to have violated moral institutions.

More social concern is shown with people believed to have violated moral institutions.

What is the concept that Agnew uses to describe events and conditions that are generally disliked by most people? Objective strains Vicarious strains Subjective strains General strains

Objective strains

Cullen et al. argue that this should be used to reduce criminal propensity. Opportunity assessments along with place managers and offender handlers. Intensive supervision Boot camps Restorative justice

Opportunity assessments along with place managers and offender handlers.

Which of the following is true about Wilcox et al.'s theory? Opportunity occurs only at the contextual level Opportunity only occurs at the individual level Opportunity is a constant Opportunity can occur at the individual level, at the contextual level, or as an interaction between levels.

Opportunity can occur at the individual level, at the contextual level, or as an interaction between levels.

Farrington and Welsh's review of early intervention showed which of the following to be particularly effective at the individual level? Elimination of exposure to alcohol. Pre-school enrichment programming. Drug therapy. Exposure to soothing music.

Pre-school enrichment programming.

Restorative justice as a solution to crime is more consistent with the perspective of which of the following theories? Quinney's peacemaking criminology Currie's conflict theory Bonger's conflict theory Marx's conflict theory

Quinney's peacemaking criminology

Individuals acquire cynicism through Relationally through interactions with social networks Personal experience with police brutality Living in an impoverished area Media portrayal of the police

Relationally through interactions with social networks

Which concept is at the heart of the code of the street, according to Anderson? Addiction Decency Reinforcement Respect

Respect

According to Sutherland's definition, white-collar crime is crime committed by a person of ____ and ______ in the course of his occupation. Respectability; convictability Wealth; opportunity Respectability; high social status Wealth; guilt

Respectability; high social status

Which of the following is a policy implication of social concern theory? Restorative justice Solitary confinement Radical nonintervention Intensive supervision

Restorative justice

Which of the following is not an example of an integrated theory? Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional-anomie theory. Ron Akers's social learning theory. Thornberry's interactional theory. Cohen's theory about delinquent boys.

Ron Akers's social learning theory.

According to Wikstrom's situational action theory, this refers to the ability to act in accordance to one's morality when tempted or provoked. Self-control Morality Moral context Action alternatives

Self-control

Which of the following is argued by Chesney-Lind in A Feminist Theory of Female Delinquency? More work opportunities for women have coincided with more opportunities for women to experience victimization. Male delinquents outnumber female delinquents because of the special efforts of the juvenile justice system to protect girls. Sexual victimization of girls is a major reason behind female offending. Offending among women has increased dramatically, while victimization of women is declining.

Sexual victimization of girls is a major reason behind female offending.

Policy aimed at providing community-based recreational programs for youth is most consistent with which research? Sampson and Wilson's work, "A Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality" Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls's work, "Collective Efficacy and Crime" Burgess's work, "The Growth of the City" Shaw and McKay's work, "Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas"

Shaw and McKay's work, "Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas"

Mary did not steal the money because she was a straight-A student and has a bright future ahead of herself. If she broke the law, she might lose everything she had worked for. Which theory would best describe this statement? Social bond theory Techniques of neutralization Self-control theory Differential association theory

Social bond theory

Which of the following is true about social concern theory? Social concern completely ignores traditional theories of crime. Social concern only indirectly affects criminal behavior. Social concern has received vast empirical support. Social concern theory has not received much attention in criminology.

Social concern theory has not received much attention in criminology.

Agnew's general theory of crime relies on all the following theories except Strain Control Social learning Social disorganization

Social disorganization

Cohen and Felson argued that three factors were needed for a crime to occur. Which of the following did they not include as one of these three factors? Absence of capable guardianship Social learning Motivated offender Suitable target

Social learning

Which of the following is true according to Akers's theory of social structure and social learning? Social structural factors indirectly affect behavior. That is, social structural factors affect social learning factors which, in turn, directly affect criminal behavior Social structural factors and social learning factors both directly affect behavior Social learning factors indirectly affect behavior. That is, social learning factors directly affect social structural factors which, in turn, directly affect behavior Social learning factors only affect behavior in certain social structural environments

Social structural factors indirectly affect behavior. That is, social structural factors affect social learning factors which, in turn, directly affect criminal behavior

According to Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory, who among the following is least likely to be a crime victim? An adolescent who hangs out with his peers Someone who is married and has children A college student who likes to party A single person who works at night

Someone who is married and has children

Stafford and Warr claim that direct avoidance of punishment plays a role in whether _____ occurs. Specific deterrence Celerity Bounded rationality General deterrence

Specific deterrence

According to Wright and Decker, after committing a robbery, the offenders usually Spend the money on necessary items for day-to-day living (e.g., shelter, food, child care). Spend the money recklessly gambling, buying drugs, and/or drinking heavily. Save the money and spend frugally. Pay back any debts they may have outstanding.

Spend the money recklessly gambling, buying drugs, and/or drinking heavily.

Which of the following is true according to the theory of reintegrative shaming? Stigmatization increases the attraction to criminal subcultures Stigmatization involves reconciling the offender with the community Stigmatization decreases the attraction to criminal subcultures Stigmatization leads to effective control

Stigmatization increases the attraction to criminal subcultures

Which of the following theorists would argue that radical nonintervention would be an effective crime prevention policy? Tannenbaum Sherman Matsueda Braithwaite

Tannenbaum

This hormone, which is associated with criminal behavior in adults, may explain gender differences in antisocial behavior. Dopamine Testosterone Serotonin Cortisol

Testosterone

Which of the following was true before the rise of feminist criminology? Males and females were equally represented among criminologists, but only studies by male criminologists were being published. Males and females were equally involved in crime, but only male crime was being studied. The social experience of gender was given little or no importance. Female offenders were assumed to commit crime for exactly the same reasons that males committed crimes.

The social experience of gender was given little or no importance

Which of the following categories is most appropriate for Sampson and Laub's life-course theory? Theories of continuity or change. Theories of continuity and change. Theories of continuity Biological theories

Theories of continuity and change.

When comparing blacks and whites in the using and selling of drugs, statistics show that Whites use and sell more than blacks. There are no reliable statistics assessing this difference. Blacks use and sell more than whites. There are no racial differences between blacks and whites.

There are no racial differences between blacks and whites.

According to Beccaria's ideas about law and punishment, which of the following is true? There should be a fixed proportion between crimes and punishments The certainty of a small punishment will make less of an impact than the fear of a more severe punishment The longer the interval of time between the crime and the punishment, the more effective it will be The intent of punishment is to rehabilitate the offender

There should be a fixed proportion between crimes and punishments

How do those who make good handle their past criminal behavior? They find meaning in it and use it to help others They attempt to hide it from others They define that time as their true identity They attempt to ignore it or not think about it

They find meaning in it and use it to help others

What role do criminal subcultures play in Braithwaite's theory of shaming? They reintegrate the offender into mainstream society They provide systematic social support for crime They engage in stigmatizing shaming more than reintegrative shaming They make the offender an outcast

They provide systematic social support for crime

According Unnever and Gabbidon, nearly all blacks believe They will encounter discrimination They have the same opportunities as whites. In restorative justice ideals to solve the disparity issue in the criminal justice system. Racism is dead

They will encounter discrimination

Beccaria's ideas about human nature and behavior are closely aligned with which of the following? Ernest Hooten Cesare Lombroso Thomas Hobbes Charles Darwin

Thomas Hobbes

This form of IQ has been to be shown to be most associated with criminal behavior. Performance Emotional Mathematical Verbal

Verbal

Which of the following criminal penalties is likely to result in the lowest recidivism, according to defiance theory? When a weakly tied individual receives a penalty he/she perceives as unjust When a strongly tied individual receives a penalty that he/she perceives as just When a weakly tied individual receives a penalty he/she perceives as just When a strongly tied individual receives a penalty he/she perceives as unjust

When a strongly tied individual receives a penalty that he/she perceives as just

According to Messerschmidt, which of the following groups of boys is most likely to accomplish masculinity by achieving academically and/or occupying high social status at school? White, middle-class boys All white boys, regardless of social class Racial-minority, lower-working class boys White, working-class boys

White, middle-class boys

Which of the following would Benson not agree with, according to his 1985 work? White-collar offenders do not feel the same level of guilt that street offenders do White-collar offenders use accounts to deny that they are "true criminals" White-collar offenders use accounts to neutralize feelings of guilt after the crime White-collar offender use accounts to neutralize feelings of guilt before the crime

White-collar offenders do not feel the same level of guilt that street offenders do

In contrast to other theories, what question do control theories seek to answer? Why don't people commit crime? Why are most criminals located in inner-city neighborhoods? Why are criminal mentally ill and in need of control? Why do people commit crime?

Why don't people commit crime?

According to Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory, why have women become more victimized by crime in the past few decades? Patriarchy in society has increased and thus men are more likely to think that they can use violence against women. Women are more likely to be away from home by themselves, such as going to work, going to college, and going out to bars. Because women are under more strain these days, they are less able to protect themselves. Although routines of women have not changed, there are simply more motivated offenders in society these days.

Women are more likely to be away from home by themselves, such as going to work, going to college, and going out to bars.

In Women and Crime, Rita Simon suggest which of the following? Women are at more risk for violent victimization within the family because of patriarchy Extension of rights to women should bring about women's greater involvement in violent crime Women offenders are extremely rare; those who do exist are pathological Women's entrance into the workforce should bring about women's greater involvement in white-collar crime

Women's entrance into the workforce should bring about women's greater involvement in white-collar crime