Critical Thinking Section 4

In which argument do premises (1) and (2) provide conjoint support for conclusion (3)? (1) Broccoli is high in important nutrients like vitamin C. (2) Broccoli also has antioxidants that prevent cell damage. (3) I told you that broccoli was healthy! (1) If we fix our car, we will not have enough money for a vacation. (2) I guess we just have to fix our car, though. (3) Therefore, we will not have enough money for a vacation. (1) The Titanic famously capsized in 1912, even though people thought it was very safe. (2) There have been high-profile passenger plane crashes around the world. (3) Clearly traveling is not without some risk. (1) The new candidate has significant experience in the field. (2) Furthermore, they were recommended by someone I trust. (3) I think we should hire them.

(1) If we fix our car, we will not have enough money for a vacation. (2) I guess we just have to fix our car, though. (3) Therefore, we will not have enough money for a vacation. The two premises rely on each other to provide support for the conclusion, so this is conjoint support.

Which argument would require a conjoint, hidden assumption to be paired with premise (1) when mapped? (1) We can either eat out at a restaurant or stay in. (2) We should not stay in. (3) So we should go out to a restaurant. (1) If it had rained last night, the sidewalk would still be wet. (2) But the sidewalk is dry. (3) So it must not have rained last night. (1) Out of all the movies we could watch tonight, Movie A is the funniest. (2) Therefore, we should watch Movie A. (1) If we want to support a reasonable tax plan, we should vote for Candidate A. (2) We do want to support a reasonable tax plan. (3) So we should vote for Candidate A.

(1) Out of all the movies we could watch tonight, Movie A is the funniest. (2) Therefore, we should watch Movie A. The hidden assumption "we should watch the funniest movie" is required to support the conclusion (2).

Which statement correctly identifies the subpremise, the main premise, and the main conclusion in the following argument? (1)The elementary school should run more earthquake drills next year. (2) We have reason to believe that the likelihood of an earthquake is increasing because (3) a federal report released last year said that our area's earthquake danger is on the rise. 1 is the main premise, 2 is the subpremise, and 3 is the main conclusion. 1 is the main premise, 2 is the main conclusion, and 3 is the subpremise. 1 is the main conclusion, 2 is the main premise, and 3 is the subpremise. 1 is the subpremise, 2 is the main premise, and 3 is the main conclusion.

1 is the main conclusion, 2 is the main premise, and 3 is the subpremise. (1) is the main conclusion, and it is supported by (2), which is in turn supported by (3).

Types of Fallacies of Relevance

1. Ad hominem 2. Genetic Fallacy 3. Straw Figure 4. Red Herring 5. Irrelevant Appeals a. Appeal to Authority b. Appeal to force c. Appeal to Popularity, Bandwagon Fallacy, or Ad Populum Fallacy c. Appeal to Consequence 6. Equivocation

Types of Fallacies of Weak Induction

1. Appeals to Ignorance 2. Slippery Slope 3. Texas Sharpshooter 4. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc 5. Hasty Generalization a. Selection bias

Types of Fallacies of Presumption

1. Begging the Question 2. False Dilemma or Black and White Fallacy 3. Burden of Proof or Burden Shifting

Which statement is the burden of proof fallacy? A mother tells her child it is time to go to bed, and when the child asks why, the mother responds, "Because I said so." Proponents of sex education want to give kids license to have sex with no consequences. A hiker claims that Big Foot is real. When asked for evidence of Big Foot's existence, the hiker replies, 'prove Big Foot is not real. "Since you have not been able to prove you did not steal the bicycle, I will assume you are guilty.

A hiker claims that Big Foot is real. When asked for evidence of Big Foot's existence, the hiker replies, 'prove Big Foot is not real. A burden of proof fallacy is a logical fallacy that occurs when one attempts to shift the burden of proof to someone else.

Since I received high marks in the course, I conclude that Professor Murdock is a good teacher. What is the unstated assumption in this argument? Students like and respect Mrs. Murdock. Mrs. Murdock's class is lacking in educational rigor. Students who do homework and study for exams get good grades. A teacher is good if the teacher gives good grades.

A teacher is good if the teacher gives good grades. This argument makes a cause-effect assumption linking good teaching techniques with high grades.

It is okay to cheat on my taxes. Everyone else does it, so why shouldn't I? Which irrelevant appeal does the above argument commit? Appeal to consequences Appeal to authority Appeal to popularity Appeal to force

Appeal to popularity The arguer appeals to the alleged popularity of a practice to justify it.

Which of the following is the most pertinent question to ask when trying to identify the fallacy of begging the question? Are the premises known to be true? Is the argument relevant to the topic of the debate? Are any of the premises of the argument identical to the conclusion of the argument? Is the conclusion known to be true?

Are any of the premises of the argument identical to the conclusion of the argument? The question-begging fallacy occurs when a person supports a conclusion with a premise that is identical to the conclusion. As such, the conclusion is not supported, but merely assumed to be true. Therefore, it is relevant to ask this question to identify the question-begging fallacy.

Professor Smith fell asleep during class today. So Professor Smith is probably a bad teacher. Which missing premise best completes the above argument? Some former students have given Professor Smith bad reviews online. Experts agree that falling asleep during class is a reliable sign of being a bad teacher. Professor Smith always gives me low grades even though I study hard. Experts agree that falling asleep during class is not a good teaching strategy

Experts agree that falling asleep during class is a reliable sign of being a bad teacher. This is a general claim that applies to all teachers, including Professor Smith, and forms a good, complete argument by properly linking together falling asleep in class with being a bad teacher.

begging the question fallacy

Fallacy of presumption. is a circular argument in which a premise of the argument presumes the truth of the conclusion.

burden of proof shifting fallacy

Fallacy of presumption. is committed when one presumes that one's (implausible) claim is justified unless someone else demonstrates otherwise.

false dilemma fallacy

Fallacy of presumption. is committed when one presumes that there are fewer options (typically two) than there actually are.

"A recent study found that dairy milk is healthier than soy milk. But that finding is obviously false because the study was conducted by the dairy industry." Which fallacy of relevance is depicted in this example? Post hoc ergo propter hoc Appeal to popularity Begging the question Genetic fallacy

Genetic fallacy occurs when an arguer critiques the origin of a claim or argument rather than the claim or argument itself.

Reese's partner was unfaithful, and this led to the end of their relationship; Reese has decided to avoid relationships because people cannot be trusted. Which fallacy of weak induction is exemplified in this argument? Slippery slope Hasty generalization Equivocation Appeal to ignorance

Hasty generalization occurs when one generalizes about a group of people or things or events, but one does so too quickly and without enough evidence or with too small of a sample.

"That restaurant served me a great lasagna. Therefore, they will probably serve a good hamburger." Identify the hidden assumption that would best complete this argument. If a restaurant makes one dish well, they are likely to make other dishes well The restaurant makes good hamburgers. The chefs at the restaurant are world-class experts in all forms of cooking. I am hungry.

If a restaurant makes one dish well, they are likely to make other dishes well This assumption and the stated premise together provide conjoint support for the conclusion.

Map the given argument to help you understand its structure. Then, select which is a hidden assumption of the argument. (1) Over 70% of residents say that traffic congestion is a major problem in our city. (2) The research group that conducted that survey has a great track record, by the way. (3) And other nearby cities that have invested in transportation have seen significant economic benefits. (4) This all shows that it would be a good idea for our city to invest in transportation. Other nearby cities spent significant sums to build subway systems. Residents' levels of concern regarding transportation are higher than their concern regarding education, public safety, or public recreation. If other nearby cities benefited economically from investing in transportation, our city is likely to benefit as well. The research group has a perfect track record on surveys regarding economic issues in particular.

If other nearby cities benefited economically from investing in transportation, our city is likely to benefit as well. In order for premise (3) to support conclusion (4), it is necessary to assume that the nearby cities' situations are analogous to the speaker's.

"Al will certainly pass his calculus class. After all, he did well in his algebra class." Identify the hidden assumption that would best complete this argument. Al will pass his calculus class. Al did well in his algebra class. calculus classes teach the exact same material as algebra classes. If someone does well in algebra, then they will do well in calculus.

If someone does well in algebra, then they will do well in calculus. This assumption and the stated premise together provide conjoint support for the conclusion.

Map the given argument to help you understand its structure. Then, select which is a hidden assumption of the argument. (1) We really should be giving more foreign aid to developing nations. (2) It is desirable for the people of the world to have a more equal access to resources, and (3) our nation has more resources than developing nations do. (4) Foreign aid will help give them more equal access to resources. Additionally, (5) there will be more international trade in the future once those nations are further developed, and (6) foreign aid will help them further develop. In the past, international trade was not necessarily beneficial to developed nations. We should give more foreign aid to developing nations. Generosity is a virtue. It would be a good thing to increase international trade.

It would be a good thing to increase international trade. Premises (5) and (6) together show that foreign aid will increase trade, but the assumption that trade is good is necessary to conclude (1).

Review the following argument: (1) Rory is a motivated student. (2) ? (3)Therefore, Rory will finish the assignment on time. Which missing premise best completes the above argument? Payton is a motivated student who will finish the assignment on time. Motivated students are respected by their classmates. Motivated students finish their assignments on time. Rory finished the last writing assignment on time.

Motivated students are respected by their classmates. This is a general claim that applies to all motivated students, including Rory, and forms a good, complete argument by properly linking together being a motivated student with being someone who will finish the assignment on time.

Quinn started eating donuts for breakfast every day. Consequently, Quinn is likely to gain weight. Which missing premise best completes the above argument? Donuts are not healthy. Nutritionists have found that eating donuts for breakfast causes weight gain. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. When I started eating donuts for breakfast, I gained five pounds by the third day.

Nutritionists have found that eating donuts for breakfast causes weight gain. This is a general claim that applies to anyone who eats donuts, including Quinn, and forms a good, complete argument by properly linking together eating donuts with gaining weight.

Which two statements depict the fallacy of presumption called begging the question? Choose 2 answers. The universe could not have been created from nothing, so it must have been created by the big bang. People who lack humility have no sense of beauty, because everyone who has a sense of beauty also has humility. Real estate is the best investment because every other type of investment is inferior. Washington DC is the capital city of the United States of America.

People who lack humility have no sense of beauty, because everyone who has a sense of beauty also has humility. Real estate is the best investment because every other type of investment is inferior. Correct. Begging the question occurs when one (either explicitly or implicitly) assumes the truth of the conclusion in one or more of the premises. Correct. Begging the question is a kind of circular reasoning. In essence, the premise and the conclusion are the same, only worded differently.

A military veteran is engaged in a heated debate about national security with a reporter who has never served in the military. Which response best enables the veteran to undermine the reporter's argument? Pointing out that the premise of the reporter's argument is flawed Pointing out the reporter's well-known reputation for taking faulty positions Pointing out the reporter's affiliation with news networks that are known to have a political slant to their coverage Pointing out that the reporter has never served in the military

Pointing out that the premise of the reporter's argument is flawed Pointing out a flawed premise would undermine the soundness or cogency of an argument.

There is a conversation in which a woman expresses disappointment with her friend for not picking her up at the airport. In response, the friend says, "Well, you never returned the wheelbarrow I let you borrow." Which response best matches this fallacy of relevance? Red herring False cause Genetic fallacy Straw figure

Red herring is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone deliberately tries to derail the discussion from the relevant issue to a different one.

My nutritionist said that "a vegetarian diet can be healthy." However, it is absurd to say that we can live on lettuce and carrots alone. We are not rabbits. Humans need protein. Which fallacy of relevance does the above argument commit? Red herring Ad hominem Straw person Appeal to authority

Straw person The arguer replaces the nutritionist's actual position with the different and far less plausible "straw" claim that humans should eat only lettuce and carrots.

In a political science debate, Student A says she supports raising the national minimum wage to $15 an hour. Student B disagrees with Student A's position. Which response from Student B is a red herring fallacy? Student B stating her concern about international policy Student B stating the $15 rate would not help to lift poor families above the poverty line Student B stating businesses cannot offset the hourly wage increase by raising the cost of goods and services Student B stating Student A does not have a background in economics

Student B stating her concern about international policy A red herring fallacy is a fallacy of relevance because the arguer is attacking an irrelevant argument. The argument here is relevant to the topic.

Which is the most plausible counterexample to the general moral principle that one should never lie? Telling a lie to save innocent lives Telling a lie to get out of trouble Telling a lie to avoid paying income tax Telling a lie to land a dream job

Telling a lie to save innocent lives It is plausible that it is morally permissible to lie when doing so is necessary for saving innocent lives.

Aircraft and ships have gone missing all over the planet under unknown circumstances, but a number of these disappearances have occurred in an area of the North Atlantic Ocean known as the Bermuda Triangle. So the claim that the Bermuda Triangle is haunted must be true. Which fallacy of weak induction best describes this argument? Burden of proof shifting Slippery slope Appeal to ignorance Texas sharpshooter

The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is an informal fallacy that is committed when similarities in data are overemphasized.

"If you are not at the game rooting for our high school football team, then you must not have any school spirit." Which two statements accurately describe this argument? Choose 2 answers. The argument includes a false dichotomy. The argument assumes the truth of the conclusion in the premise. The argument contains black-and-white thinking. The argument mistakes causation for correlation.

The argument includes a false dichotomy. The argument contains black-and-white thinking. Correct. A false dichotomy falsely assumes that there are only two options in the given situation. Correct. The argument assumes that either someone roots for the team at the game or they have no school spirit.

Conner and Miller are discussing the topic of intelligent life in other solar systems. Conner asks Miller, "Do you believe that there is intelligent life in the Alpha Centauri planetary system?" Miller replies, "I don't know that there isn't intelligent life there. There's no proof that there isn't. So, I believe there is intelligent life in that planetary system." Which fallacy did Miller commit? The false dilemma fallacy The fallacy of appeal to ignorance The fallacy of begging the question The fallacy of appeal to the people

The fallacy of appeal to ignorance This is a clear example of the appeal to ignorance fallacy. This fallacy occurs when one takes ignorance about a subject as evidence for a conclusion about that subject.

A pen is a writing utensil. Sometimes, animals are kept in a pen. Thus, sometimes, animals are kept in a writing utensil. What fallacy is found in this argument? The fallacy of equivocation The fallacy of begging the question The fallacy of sweeping generalization The appeal to popularity fallacy

The fallacy of equivocation This fallacy occurs when a term is used in more than one sense in an argument. In other words, the fallacy involves ambiguity.

Suppose Jones believes that every morning that he steps out of his house with his right foot first, he will have a good day. Jones believes this because last Tuesday morning he stepped out of his house with his right foot first. Later in the day, he received a raise at work, his friends took him to lunch, and he won $500 in the lottery. Which fallacy did Jones commit? Hasty generalization fallacy The Texas sharpshooter fallacy The fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc The slippery slope fallacy

The fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc This fallacy occurs when one confuses proximity in time with causation.

Suppose that Smith asserts a claim that could be true but seems implausible. Jones recognizes this point and asks Smith to provide evidence for his claim. Smith responds: "Why don't you try to disprove my claim?" Which fallacy is found in this argument? The fallacy of shifting the burden of proof The fallacy of begging the question The hasty generalization fallacy The red herring fallacy

The fallacy of shifting the burden of proof If the person tries to avoid the responsibility of shouldering the burden of proof by shifting that burden onto someone else, then the person is shirking an intellectual duty.

Suppose a person argues that one and only one of two options is true. However, there are more than two options. In other words, the argument looks like this: Either p is true or q is true. Q is not true. Therefore, p is true. However, there is a third option, r. Which of the following fallacies is present in this argument? The hasty generalization fallacy The fallacy of shifting the burden of proof The fallacy of begging the question The false dilemma fallacy

The false dilemma fallacy This fallacy occurs when a person assumes that only two options are available for consideration, when in fact there are more than two. It is important to note that the argument in the example is not fallacious if premises (1) and (2) are in fact true.

Which of the following is a fallacy of relevance? The fallacy of hasty generalization The fallacy of shifting the burden of proof The fallacy of anthropomorphism The genetic fallacy

The genetic fallacy a fallacy of relevance because it involves the mistake of drawing a conclusion based on information that is not relevant to the conclusion.

Two politicians are engaged in a debate about healthcare. The first politician claims that human beings have a right to access healthcare. The second politician responds that this claim is unclear. He asks, "What do you mean by 'right' and 'access'?" The first politician responds by claiming that voters support accessible healthcare. Which fallacy is the first politician committing? The false dilemma fallacy The red herring fallacy The equivocation fallacy The ad hominem fallacy

The red herring fallacy The first politician claimed that access to healthcare is a right. The second politician fairly asked for clarification. The first politician then changed the subject by making a claim about what voters support.

What fallacy occurs when a person reasons that one event is likely to lead to another event due to a chain of intermediary events, even though the probability of that entire chain being realized is low? The slippery slope fallacy The fallacy of ad hominem Hasty generalization fallacy The bandwagon fallacy

The slippery slope fallacy

Argument: (1) If the dog is itching and scratching, then the dog has fleas. (2) The dog is itching and scratching, (3) So the dog has fleas. a. 1 + 2 --> 3 b. 1 --> 2 --> 3 c. 1/2 --> 3 d. 2 + 3 --> 1

a. 1 + 2 --> 3 Premises (1) and (2) provide conjoint support for conclusion (3).

Argument: (1) We have been out in the sun all day. (2) It is unhealthy to spend a lot of time in the sun, so (3) we should go inside. a. 1 + 2 --> 3 b. 1 --> 2--> 3 c. 1 / 2 --> 3 d. 2 + 3 --> 1

a. 1 + 2 = 3

Argument: (1) Unless it is not supposed to rain today, we should carry an umbrella. (2) But it is supposed to rain today. (3) Consequently, we should carry an umbrella. a. 1 +2 --> 3 b. 1 --> 2 --> 3 c. 1/2 --> 3 d. 2 + 3 --> 1

a. 1 +2 --> 3 Premises (1) and (2) provide conjoint support for conclusion (3).

Argument: 1. Everyone loves fruit. 2. Emma loves bananas. 3. Mario loves apples. 4. Tyler loves bananas. a. 2/3/4 -- > 1 b. 2 + 3 + 4 --> 1 c. 1 --> 2/3/4 d. 2+4 and 3 --> 1

a. 2/3/4 -- > 1

We should buy an electric car. Granted, they are more expensive up front than gas cars, but we have the money, and we will save on gas in the long run. Additionally, electric cars are better for the environment. And they are becoming more stylish! Which is a hidden assumption of the given argument?a. If something is better for the environment, then that counts in favor of choosing it. b. Gas cars will continue to become cheaper in the future as they lose popularity. c. Electric cars' batteries do not have any negative consequences for the environment. d. We do not have enough money for an electric car because we spent all our money on a vacation this year.

a. If something is better for the environment, then that counts in favor of choosing it. To make the inference from "they are better for the environment" to "we should buy one," they must assume that being better for the environment is a reason to buy something.

My neighbor's teenager offered to mow my lawn for free. Teenagers these days are very responsible and helpful. Which fallacy is present in this argument? a. hasty generalization b. appeal to ignorance c. genetic fallacy d. red herring

a. hasty generalization

Argument: (1) This recent economic report is from a reliable source. (2) We should believe it when the report says that people are going to be retiring at younger ages in the future. (3) If you retire younger, you need to save more money. (4) This means that you should start putting away more money for retirement. a. 1/2 --> 3 --> 4 b. 1 --> 2 + 3 --> 4 c. 1 + 2 + 3 --> 4 d. 1/2/3 --> 4

b. 1 --> 2 + 3 --> 4

Argument: (1) We have a long way to drive, and (2) the traffic is bad today. (3) So we will have to leave early. a. 1 + 2 --> 3 b. 1/2 ---> 3 c. 1 ---> 2 ---> 3 d. 1/3 ---> 2

b. 1/2 ---> 3 Premises (1) and (2) provide independent support for conclusion (3).

Argument: (1) We are all very hungry, and (2) it is lunch time. (3) So we should get some food. a. 1 + 2 --> 3 b. 1/2 --> 3 c. 1 --> 2 --> 3 d. 1/3 --> 2

b. 1/2 --> 3 Premises (1) and (2) provide independent support for conclusion (3).

I think that this applicant is the best candidate for the job. Why do I think that? Well, because they are better than the other applicants. Which fallacy is present in this argument? a. slippery slope b. begging the question c. hasty generalization d. appeal to unqualified authority

b. begging the question

(3) There are two movies showing tonight: a comedy and a horror. (2) We are too scared to see the horror movie. (1) So, we should see the comedy. Which statement accurately represents this argument? a. The first premise indirectly supports the conclusion b. the premises conjointly support the conclusion. c. the two premises independently support the conclusion. d. the second premise indirectly supports the conclusion.

b. the premises conjointly support the conclusion.

Argument: (1) The statistics from the last game show that Shiloh scored most goals. (2) so Shiloh did score the most goals, and (3) the player who scored the most goals is the most valuable player. (4) Thus, Shilo is the most valuable player. a. 1 + 2 + 3 --> 4 b. 1/2 -->3 --> 4 c. 1 --> 2+3 --> 4 d. 1/2/3 --> 4

c. 1 --> 2+3 --> 4 Premise (1) provides reason to believe premise (2), and then premises (2) and (3) provide conjoint support for the conclusion (4).

Argument: 1) Student 1 fails the math test. 2) Student 2 fails the math test. 3) Student 3 fails the math test. 4) The math test is hard. a. 4 --> 1+2+3 b. 1 --> 2 --> 3 --> 4 c. 1/2/3 --> 4 d. 4

c. 1/2/3 --> 4

Parrots live longer than dogs. Therefore, parrots make better pets. Which statement represents the hidden assumption that would best complete this argument? a. parrots live a long time. b. parrots' cages require a lot of cleaning c. Animals who live longer make better pets. d. pets who live shorter lives can still be best if they are good companions

c. Animals who live longer make better pets.

Which argument contains indirect support for its conclusion? a. If someone lives in Los Angeles, then they live in California. Al lives in Los Angeles. Therefore, Al lives in California. b. You need to be at least five feet tall to ride the rollercoaster. You are four foot ten. Therefore, you cannot ride the rollercoaster. c. Brenda has a cat. This means that she is responsible. Because of that, I think we should ask her to babysit for us. d. Every president has given an inaugural address. Therefore, Carter must have given an inaugural address.

c. Brenda has a cat. This means that she is responsible. Because of that, I think we should ask her to babysit for us.

Which argument does this map accurately represent? 2/3 --> 1 a. (1) All lawyers are good at math (2) Our company has a lawyer (3) So, our company has at least one person who is good at math. b. (1) Carl has experience as a leader (2) Carl also used to a teacher (3) Therefore, Carl should be on the school board. c. (1) We must be getting close to the mountains now. (2) I just saw a hawk, and (3) hawks only live near the mountains. d. (1) We should buy a new car (2) First, our current car keeps breaking down. (3) Also, prices on new cars are good right now.

d. (1) We should buy a new car (2) First, our current car keeps breaking down. (3) Also, prices on new cars are good right now.

Immediately after the last time I took the subway to work, the stock market dropped dramatically. My use of the subway must have caused stock prices to drop. Which fallacy is present in this argument? a. appeal to unqualified authority b. appeal to ignorance c. hasty generalization d. post hoc ergo propter hoc

d. post hoc ergo propter hoc

appeal to authority fallacy

fallacy of relevance-irrelevant appeal. is committed when one appeals to an unqualified authority in support of one's claim.

appeal to consequences fallacy

fallacy of relevance-irrelevant appeal. is committed when one appeals to the bad (or good) consequences of accepting a claim as a reason to reject (or accept) it as true.

appeal to popularity fallacy

fallacy of relevance-irrelevant appeal. is committed when one appeals to the popularity of a belief as a reason to affirm its truth. Also called Ad populum or Bandwagon Fallacy

appeal to force fallacy

fallacy of relevance-irrelevant appeal. is committed when one uses a threat to compel agreement with one's claim.

Irrelevent appeals

fallacy of relevance. any kind of appeal to a factor consideration, or reason that isn't relevant to the argument at hand.

genetic fallacy

fallacy of relevance. is committed when one argues that the origin of an idea is a reason for rejecting (or accepting) that idea.

ad hominem fallacy

fallacy of relevance. is committed when one attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself.

red herring fallacy

fallacy of relevance. is committed when one introduces an irrelevant topic.

straw figure fallacy

fallacy of relevance. is committed when one misrepresents another's argument then attacks the misrepresented (weaker) argument rather than the actual (stronger) argument.

fallacy of equivocation

fallacy of relevance. is committed when one's argument mistakenly uses the same word in two different senses.

Texas Sharpshooter fallacy

fallacy of weak induction. is committed when one selectively uses, or "cherry-picks," only the evidence supporting their desired conclusion.

slippery slope fallacy

fallacy of weak induction. is committed when someone argues, without sufficient reason, one event will lead to a series of events ultimately ending in some further (usually disastrous) event.

post hoc fallacy

fallacy of weak induction. is committed when someone claims some event causes another just because the first event (the alleged cause) occurs before the second event (the alleged effect).

hasty generalization fallacy

fallacy of weak induction. is committed when someone generalizes too quickly about a group of people, things, or events.

appeal to ignorance fallacy

fallacy of weak induction. is committed when someone reasons from our lack of knowledge that a claim is false (or true) to the assertion the claim is true (or false).