Oceanography Final

What is the rate of deposit for an abyssal clay, pelagic deposit? 0.001 millimeter (0.00004 inch) 1 meter (3.3 feet) 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) 1 millimeter (0.04 inch)

1 millimeter (0.04 inch)

What is the average CCD depth below sea level? 15,000 feet 10,000 feet 5,000 feet 25,000 feet 20,000 feet

15,000 feet

In what year was the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) initiated? 1966 1968 1969 1965 1967

1966

What is the density (grams per cubic centimeter) for oceanic crust? 1.5 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.5

3.0

Radiometric dating of space rocks left over from the formation of the solar system indicates Earth is about [a] years old. 100 million 4.6 billion 3.1 billion 575 million

4.6 billion

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 40 degrees south and a longitude 140 degrees east? Less than 50% by weight 50%-80% by weight Greater than 80% by weight

50%-80% by weight

Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago. 50,000 500,000 5,000 4,000,000

50,000

Relic sediments cover about ________ of the world's continental shelves. 60% 40% 50% 70% 8%

70%

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary? Mendocino Fault Red Sea San Andreas Fault Aleutian Islands East Pacific Rise

Aleutian Islands

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was ________. Drummond Matthews Alfred Wegener Frederick Vine John Tuzo Wilson Harry Hess

Alfred Wegener

Which of the following is not a known hotspot? Galapagos Antarctica Iceland Yellowstone Hawaii

Antarctica

Which layer of the Earth behaves in a plastic manner? Inner core Asthenosphere Crust Outer core Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

In the diagram of an active margin below, click on the letter that indicates a mid-ocean ridge.

B, crack in ocean surrounded by ridges

In the diagram below, click on the lettered box that indicates the shelf break.

B, where the "shelf" breaks and goes downward toward seafloor

Which type of marine sediments include siliceous and calcareous oozes? Lithogenous Biogenous Hydrogenous Cosmogenous

Biogenous

Siliceous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? Terrigenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Biogenous Sediment

Biogenous Sediment

The study of the life of the oceans, including dolphins, algae, and more is considered [a] Oceanography. Geological Chemical Physical Biological

Biological

In the diagram of an active margin below, click on the letter that indicates a seamount.

C, little hills in the ocean floor

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was ________. Drummond Matthews Charles Darwin Alfred Wegener John Tuzo Wilson Harry Hess

Charles Darwin

In the diagram below, click on the lettered box that indicates the continental rise.

D, kind of middle of the ocean, after the slope, before the deep ocean

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Limestone Diatoms Stromatolites Chalk Coccolithophores

Diatoms

In the digram below, mark the box that depicts a siliceous ooze.

Diatoms and Radiolarians

What is the motion of a juvenile stage of the Wilson cycle? Convergence (subduction) Uplift Divergence Convergence (collision) Convergence and uplift

Divergence

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary? East Pacific Rise Mendocino Fault Red Sea San Andreas Fault Aleutian Islands

East Pacific Rise

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? Erik Thorvaldson Claudius Ptolemy Christopher Columbus Pytheas Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes

In the diagram of an active margin below, click on the letter that indicates an oceanic trench.

F, deep ocean trench, dark blue v area

Density stratification has caused our Earth to be homogeneous (the same) throughout.

False

Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust because it is made of silica and manganese.

False

The GPS system is a tool used for determining surface temperatures of the ocean.

False

What type of seafloor feature does a transform plate boundary make? Mid-ocean ridge Rift valley Trench Tall mountains Fault

Fault

The European "Age of Discovery" ended with ________. Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe Viking voyages to North America Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World"

Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

In the digram below, mark the box that depicts a calcareous ooze.

Foraminifera and calcite crystals

Which ship was involved with the initial Deep Sea Drilling Project? Resolution Glomar Challenger Comet Chikyu Challenger

Glomar Challenger

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees south and a longitude of 20 degrees west? Less than 50% by weight 50%-80% by weight Greater than 80% by weight

Greater than 80% by weight

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Japan Andes Mountains Aleutian Islands Hawaiian Islands Mariana Trench

Hawaiian Islands

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Mariana Trench Andes Mountains Hawaiian Islands Japan Aleutian Islands

Hawaiian Islands

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Volcanoes Mountains Oceanic trench Hydrothermal vents Island arc

Hydrothermal vents

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? Giovanni Caboto Vasco Nunez de Balboa Vasco da Gama Juan Sebastian del Caño Ferdinand Magellan

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Biogenous Sediment

Lithogenous Sediment

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Magellan Herodotus Pytheas Eratosthenes Ptolemy

Magellan

In the digram below, mark the box that depicts a hydrogenous sediment.

Manganese nodules

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the middle and lower mantle? Asthenosphere Inner core Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core

Mesosphere

The San Andreas Fault in California cuts through which two plates? Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate Pacific Plate and North American Plate Juan de Fuca Plate and Pacific Plate North American Plate and Gorda Plate

Pacific Plate and North American Plate

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? Manganese nodules and crusts Sand and gravel Rare-earth elements Gas hydrates Petroleum

Petroleum

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________. Chinese Greeks Polynesians Phoenicians

Phoenicians

The study of the waves, tides, and currents is considered [a] Oceanography. Geological Chemical Physical Biological

Physical

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. John Cabot Ferdinand Magellan Ptolemy Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus

Ptolemy

Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years? Phosphorite Rare-earth elements Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Manganese nodules and crusts

Rare-earth elements

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Dredge Gravity corer Long line Rotary corer Seiche disk

Rotary corer

Which of the following is an example of a continental transform plate boundary? Himalaya Mountains Andes Mountains San Andreas Fault Aleutian Islands Mendocino Fault

San Andreas Fault

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Thick sediment accumulations occur on the continental shelves and rises, especially near the mouths of major rivers BECAUSE these locations are close to major sources of lithogenous sediment.

The assertion and reason are both correct, and the reason is valid

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect

Discuss the origin of Earth's oceans and how is it related to the origin of our atmosphere.

The origin of the ocean is linked directly to the origin of the atmosphere. Earth's initial atmosphere was blown out to space by the Sun's solar wind. A second atmosphere was created by outgassing of water vapor (steam), with small amounts of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and other gases. This water vapor was the primary source of water on Earth, including supplying the oceans with water. Not all water came from inside Earth. Other sources of water, such as asteroids, may have contributed to Earth's oceans as well.

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years.

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

In general, the salinity content of ocean water has remained constant throughout the majority of Earth's history.

True

Radiometric dating is used to determine the ages of rocks.

True

Submarine canyons which are narrow but deep submarine valleys that are ________-shaped in profile view. T U V Y L

V

The [a] describes the continuing evolution of ocean basins during their formation, growth, and destruction over millions of years. Wilson Cycle Theory of Plate Tectonics Nebular Hypothesis Law of Gravity

Wilson Cycle

The Gulf of California is an example of ________ plate boundary. a continental-continental convergent an oceanic-oceanic divergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent a continental-continental divergent an oceanic-continental convergent

a continental-continental divergent

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by ________. a glacier a volcanic eruption organisms the wind a river delta

a glacier

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the ________. continental shelf abyssal plain far from a continent crest of a mid-ocean ridge continental rise

abyssal plain far from a continent

The Eltanin Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary. an oceanic-continental convergent a continental transform a continental-continental convergent an oceanic transform an oceanic-oceanic convergent

an oceanic transform

The Mendocino Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary. an oceanic transform an oceanic-continental convergent a continental-continental convergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent a continental transform

an oceanic transform

The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary. an oceanic-oceanic divergent an oceanic-continental convergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent an oceanic transform a continental transform

an oceanic-oceanic convergent

The East Pacific Rise is an example of ________ plate boundary. an oceanic-oceanic divergent a continental-continental divergent an oceanic-continental convergent an oceanic transform an oceanic-oceanic convergent

an oceanic-oceanic divergent

measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography

bathymetry

siliceous ooze

biogenous sediment

The Earth's interior can be subdivided based on its ________. chemical composition ecological composition physical composition biological composition

chemical composition

Deep, strong earthquakes are associated with [a] plate boundaries. divergent convergent transform shallow

convergent

meteors and meteorites

cosmogenous sediment

The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. mature juvenile terminal suturing declining

declining

The dissolution of the thick tests of foraminifers below the CCD is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. dilution destruction ecology productivity erosion

destruction

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a [a] plate boundary. convergent divergent transform hot spot

divergent

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a ________. divergent plate boundary convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic) convergent plate boundary (continent-continent) transform fault boundary convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic)

divergent plate boundary

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. rare-earth elements ethanol wind power gas hydrates coal

gas hydrates

The Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount chain in the northern Pacific Ocean formed as a result of volcanic activity at a [a]. hotspot convergent boundary divergent boundary transform fault

hotspot

manganese nodules

hydrogenous sediment

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a(n) ________. theory law hypothesis guess observation

hypothesis

cumulative plot of the frequency of depth or elevation

hypsographic curve

Coral reefs ________. can be found at latitudes above 60° are most common in deep and cold sub-tropical basins form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to Hispaniola

include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

One's position north or south of Earth's equator is called [a]. latitude longitude cartography angle of incidence

latitude

volcanic ash

lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

One's position east or west of Earth's Prime Meridian is called [a]. latitude longitude cartography angle of incidence

longitude

Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. suturing declining terminal juvenile mature

mature

a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60km wide

multibeam sonar

Sediments found on continental margins are called ________. continental estuarine neritic oceanic pelagic

neritic

New lithosphere is produced in association with ________. deep-sea trenches fracture zones transform faults oceanic ridges hydrothermal vents

oceanic ridges

The gently sloping and fast-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________. oceanic rises oceanic ridges guyots volcanic arcs nemataths

oceanic rises

Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________. the Sun's solar wind comet vaporization leftover gases from the nebula outgassing

outgassing

The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________. historical oceanography paleoceanography biogeochemistry climatology plate tectonics

paleoceanography

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography. archaeological geological biological chemical physical

physical

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

precision depth recorder

One of the most abundance, chemically stable, and durable minerals in the Earth's crust is ________. fluorite quartz gypsum feldspar plagioclase

quartz

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called ________. mantle plumes tablemounts seamounts guyots hotspots

seamounts

used to determine ocean structure beneath the seafloor

seismic reflection profile

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are ________. clays tektites silt oozes evaporites

tektites

When two oceanic plates converge, [a] plate will subduct. the younger the older the more granitic the least dense

the older

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of ________. guesses laws hypotheses theories observations

theories

Earth's mantle is exposed on the ocean floor in great slabs of rock between widely-spaced volcanoes in ________. deep-ocean trenches oceanic ridges volcanic arcs oceanic rises ultra-slow spreading centers

ultra-slow spreading centers

Earth's mantle is exposed on the ocean floor in great slabs of rock between widely-spaced volcanoes in ________. deep-ocean trenches ultra-slow spreading centers oceanic rises oceanic ridges volcanic arcs

ultra-slow spreading centers