CRJU Exam 2
Which of the following policies did federal courts generally maintain with respect to prisoners' rights prior to the 1960s?
"hands-off," or rare recognition of any prisoners' rights for prisoners
Which of the following situations best describes the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule?
An officer believes he is acting correctly under the rules of evidence, but is actually incorrect.
A significant deprivation of liberty, involving taking a person into custody, transporting them to a police station or jail, and processing them into the criminal justice system, is called a(n):
Arrest
This US Supreme Court case originally ruled that the protections of the Bill of Rights apply only to the actions of the federal government.
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
Which group won major court cases securing religious freedom for prisoners in the U.S.?
Black Muslims
_______________________ are characterized by a division of labor, a chain of command, and rules to guide the activities of staff.
Bureaucracies
The federal government created this organization to increase law enforcement involvement within communities by offering grants and support to agencies.
COPS office
Which of the following statements about measurements of police productivity is true?
Clearance rate and crime rate do not give an accurate picture of police productivity.
Programs in which criminal justice officials cultivate relationships with and rely on assistance from citizens in preventing crime and apprehending offenders.
Community crime prevention
Approach to crime fighting using detailed crime statistics and forcing police supervisors to meet to plan goals for crime prevention purposes.
Compstat
This US Supreme Court case allows inmates to sue correctional establishments when their rights have been violated.
Cooper v. Pate (1964)
Community policing philosophies suggest that citizens should be viewed as _______________.
Customers
In federal agencies, the work of special agents is most similar to that of:
Detectives
Violent victimization that may occur between intimate partners, which frequently requires the use of officer discretion:
Domestic Violence
When there is an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed , officers may search, arrest, or question suspects without obtaining a warrant.
Exigent circumstances
True or False:"Stops" are defined as events that violate individuals' reasonable expectations of privacy.
False
True or False:All illegally obtained evidence will be excluded from trial based upon the exclusionary rule.
False
True or False:Even if a police officer is acting in the interests of public safety, he/she must obtain a warrant before searching an area.
False
True or False:In the case of Cooper v. Pate, the U.S. Supreme Court found that prison officials have a right to search cells and confiscate any materials found.
False
True or False:It is unconstitutional to use a police dog to search for illegal drugs.
False
True or False:Officers at the scene of a homicide can search anything in the immediate area, including closed bags and locked cabinets.
False
True or False:Police officers cannot stop and frisk suspects even if they have reasonable suspicion.
False
True or False:Police officers must be in marked police cars when making traffic stops.
False
True or False:The Amendments to the Constitution have been passed down to the states through the process of information
False
True or False:The Bill of Rights has been completely incorporated and applied to the states.
False
True or False:The U.S. Constitution states that people who have committed crimes forfeit their rights and civil liberties.
False
True or False:Under the Fifth Amendment, states are required to use grand juries in the criminal justice process.
False
True or false:Advocates of the community policing approach believe in focusing on only the most serious crimes, in order to avoid infringing the liberty of community members.
False
True or false:Aggressive patrol is a form of patrolling that directs resources to known high-crime areas.
False
True or false:Detectives were the first official law enforcement positions created in the expanding western rural areas.
False
True or false:Fusion centers were developed to encourage the use of community policing techniques.
False
True or false:Immigrants from Southeast Asia make up the fastest growing minority group in the U.S.
False
True or false:In large departments, detectives make up 2/3 of sworn officers.
False
True or false:Increasing the number of patrol officers in a given area has been found to significantly reduce the crime rate in that area.
False
True or false:Local police departments are not trained in homeland security issues.
False
True or false:Municipal police are usually responsible for maintaining security in and around nuclear power plants, oil refineries, and military facilities.
False
True or false:Physical conditioning tests for police officers are no longer standard, as they are considered a form of discrimination.
False
True or false:Private firms are not allowed to hire public police officers.
False
True or false:Public support for police budgets is greatest when police departments stress the service function.
False
True or false:Research indicates that citizen attitudes toward the police are largely independent of race.
False
True or false:Traffic units are responsible for identifying and apprehending suspects, as well as collecting evidence against them.
False
Interpol was created in order to:
Foster cooperation among the world's police forces
Excessive use of force violates what amendment?
Fourth
The US Supreme Court ruled, in this case, that the totality of circumstance test should be used for determining the existence of probable cause.
Illinois v Gates
Which of the following statements about public police officers who work for private security firms is true?
It is almost always legal for public police officers to work for private firms, and they may retain their powers and status as police personnel.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation rose to prominence under the leadership of:
J. Edgar Hoover
Which court case determined that evidence found through improper searches and seizures must be excluded from use at both state and federal trials?
Mapp v Ohio (1961)
This case ruled that police can systematically stop drivers in order to seek information.
Michigan Department of State Police v Sitz
The police function that includes the familiar sight of uniformed and armed officers on call 24 hours a day, also called the backbone of police operations:
Patrol
Which type of police officers accounts for two-thirds of all sworn officers?
Patrol
Which federal program was designed to provide training and financial incentives for college graduates to work as local police officers?
Police corps
Which of the following statements is not consistent with the model of professional policing?
Police forces should be actively involved in politics.
Law enforcement certification includes coursework on all of the following except:
Politics
Which of the following landmark U. S. Supreme Court cases required courts to provide attorneys for poor defendants facing the death penalty?
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
Which of the following is a vice offense?
Prostitution
In order for a stop to be permissible, officers must have:
Reasonable suspicion
When police officers use their authority to deprive people of their liberty or property and which must not be "unreasonable".
Seizure
A brief interference with a person's freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minutes is called a(n):
Stop
Some professionals have become concerned about lower-level security workers because:
Such positions have a high turnover rate The pay rate is generally low Low-level workers may be people who cannot find employment elsewhere
What US Supreme Court case ruled that deadly force may not be used against an unarmed and fleeing suspect unless necessary to prevent their escape and unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of serious injury.
Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
Which of the following is not one of the five factors that officers must take into account when exercising discretion?
The rank of the responding officer
True or False:A consent search provides a valuable investigatory tool for officers.
True
True or False:A motion to suppress would be used to ask a judge to exclude evidence that has been illegally obtained.
True
True or False:At a revocation hearing, a parolee must have specific rights recognized such as the right to confront witnesses and the right to be notified of charges.
True
True or False:Border patrol agents have broader powers to search than other law enforcement agents.
True
True or False:Even though the Constitution guarantees the right to a public trial, courts may place limits on how many members of the public may view each trial.
True
True or False:Miranda warnings must be read to a suspect prior to interrogation.
True
True or False:Probable cause must be established before an arrest warrant is issued
True
True or False:Probable cause must be established before an arrest warrant is issued.
True
True or False:Procedural due process requires that accused persons must be tried in accordance with legal procedures.
True
True or False:The Supreme Court of the United States may favor guilty people by ordering new trials.
True
True or False:The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners do not share the same rights against unreasonable search and seizure as non-incarcerated individuals.
True
True or False:The due process and equal protection clauses are found in the Fourteenth Amendment.
True
True or false:After September 11th, 2001, the FBI shifted the focus of its personnel assignments from crime-control activities to intelligence-gathering.
True
True or false:Although some departments may forbid moonlighting by their officers, some departments simultaneously facilitate and control the hiring of their officers.
True
True or false:Detectives are more closely supervised than patrol officers.
True
True or false:Forty percent of police officers in the U.S. today is a member of a racial or ethnic minority group.
True
True or false:Higher level security managers are increasingly drawn from college graduates with degrees in criminal justice.
True
True or false:Hot spots are locations where crimes occur frequently.
True
True or false:In 2008, 46 percent of private security officers had a high school diploma or less.
True
True or false:In the United States, the growth of cities led to pressures to modernize law enforcement.
True
True or false:Most citizens have positive things to say about the work of female police officers.
True
True or false:Most police organizations are organized hierarchically, in a fashion similar to military organizations.
True
True or false:Most police patrolling is still conducted in cars.
True
True or false:Native American tribes are separate, sovereign nations with a significant degree of legal autonomy within the United States.
True
True or false:Police help maintain order by enforcing traffic laws.
True
True or false:Police officers have considerable discretion
True
True or false:Police officers have considerable discretion.
True
True or false:Police officers must have the public's confidence.
True
True or false:Preventive patrol involves increased police presence in a community in order to reduce crime.
True
True or false:Problem-oriented policing tries to find the underlying causes of crime.
True
True or false:Prosecutors have used anti-terrorism legislation to prosecute gang members for criminal activity.
True
True or false:Refocusing attention on crime control and away from maintain order did more than anything else to change the nature of American policing during Professional Model Era.
True
True or false:Since September 11th, 2001, the shift towards homeland security has gained support from traditional law enforcement.
True
True or false:Supporters of the community policing model approach urge greater use of foot and bike patrol so that officers will become known to citizens.
True
True or false:The professional model of policing places a high value on the use of technology.
True
True or false:Traffic enforcement is a major job of the police.
True
Governmental employees that are responsible for federal court security and apprehending fugitives. Originally, enforced laws in western territories.
U.S. marshal
Which court case determined that when officers act in good faith on a warrant, the evidence will not be excluded even if the warrant was issued improperly?
United States v Leon (1984)
Which of the following areas is not an emphasis of the FBI?
Vandalism
The majority of searches take places without a:
Warrant
The practice of assigning individuals to night duty as to warn the public of crime that eventually evolved into a system of paid, uniform police
Watch system
In which of the following cases was the exclusionary rule originated?
Weeks v. U. S. (1914)
Which of the following statements about women in policing is true?
Women have been serving as police officers since the early 1900s.
Scholars have determined that officer stress is increased based upon which of the following:
Work environment Work-family conflict
Which of the following tests must recruits pass to become a police officer?
Written test Background check Fitness test Physical exam
Drug enforcement in large cities often combat organized crime and gangs involved in drug abuse with this type of patrol.
aggressive
In the case of U.S. v. Drayton (2002), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that police officers:
are not obligated to notify citizens they have a right to say "no" to a search
How is procedural criminal law defined?
by courts, through judicial rulings
Oftentimes, citizens will form a committee to investigate complaints against the police, which are referred to as:
civilian review board
The percentage of crimes that police believe they have solved through an arrest is called:
clearance rate
The idea that crime control does not rest solely with the police is in line with the concept of:
community crime prevention
Officers who participate in violations of law and departmental policy for personal gain are guilty of:
corruption
In which of the following situations must Miranda warnings be given?
custodial interrogations
Which two elements of police work define the working personality?
danger and authority
Grand juries are used to:
determine whether an offender should be prosecuted
The approach to policing that involves assigning priorities to various calls for service is known as:
differential response
According to this protection, an individual can only be subjected to one prosecution or punishment for a single offense in the same jurisdiction.
double jeopardy
This type of policing involves examining social science studies on the nature of crime and social problems.
evidence based
The application of force against individuals by police officers that violate either departmental policies or constitutional rights by exceeding the level of force permissible in a given situation.
excessive use of force
Because the fourth amendment protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by all law enforcement officials, evidence found through improper searches or seizures must be:
excluded
True or false:Suburban middle-class communities often experience the legalistic style of policing.
false
True or false:The community policing philosophy does not include community residents in decision-making.
false
Police forces throughout the United States are characterized by:
fragmentation and a local orientation
A legal doctrine supporting the idea that so long as a state's conduct maintains basic standards of fairness, the Constitution has not been violated.
fundamental fairness
The political era of policing was characterized by which of the following?
hiring of officers through connections to elected officials
The policing approach in which calls for service are the main instigators of police action is known as:
incident-driven policing
The extension of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to make binding on state governments the rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.
incorporation
Evidence that would have been discovered even without the need for a warrant can be admissible under the:
inevitable discovery rule
This is the unit of a police department that receives and investigates complaints alleging violation of rules and policies on the part of officers.
internal affairs
According to public opinion polls, which police function do citizens believe is most important?
law enforcement
Which of James Q. Wilson's styles of policing is marked by professionalism and emphasis on law enforcement?
legalistic
According to the theory of broken windows police should focus more on:
maintaining order by being attentive to "little problems"
Preventive patrol emphasizes:
making police presence known
Officers who participate in widespread corruption including drug smuggling, money laundering, etc.
meat eaters
According to the Supreme Court, exigent circumstances might exist when:
officers believe others might be in grave danger
When police arrest subway fare-beaters, loiterers, and panhandlers, they are focusing upon:
quality of life crimes
The police subculture is comprised of four key components, which include all of following except:
religious practice
Most police work is reactive, which means that police primarily:
respond to citizen calls for service
Which of the following is an example of a proactive strategy to combat crime?
responding to victimless crimes using a stakeout
For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide protection?
right against unreasonable search and seizure
A person cannot be forced to respond to questions in which the answers may reveal that they may have committed a crime.
self-incrimination
Police officers who provide first aid, rescue animals, or help the homeless are fulfilling which of the following police functions?
service
The law enforcement official, which was created for the enforcement of rural areas as well as maintaining the country jails.
sheriff
The process in which members learn the symbols, beliefs, and values of a group is known as:
socialization
Units within local police departments that deploy officers, often in plainclothes if not assigned to the traffic unit, who are dedicated to a specific task are known as:
special units
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the service style of policing?
strict enforcement of laws
Employees who have taken an oath and been given powers by the state to make arrests and use necessary force in the commission of their duties.
sworn officers
Henry Fielding organized a group of "thief takers" to pursue and arrest law breakers, which became known as:
the Bow Street Runners
Which of the constitutional amendments guarantees citizens protection against "unreasonable search and seizure"?
the Fourth Amendment
To improve efficiency, police departments utilize the policy of differential response, which allows:
the appropriate response
The medieval English system in which groups of families agreed to uphold the law, keep order, and bring violators, to court was known as:
the frankpledge
Which historical era of policing involved close ties between police and local leaders of government?
the political era
True or False:In order to revoke parole, there must be a determination of probable cause that the parolee violated the conditions of release established by the parole board and a subsequent finding that the violation, in fact, occurred.
true
True or False:Self-incrimination occurs when an offender provides information about his or her guilt in a criminal offense.
true
True or false:Community policing can take many forms depending on the needs and priorities of the police department.
true
The practice of assigning individuals to night duty as to warn the public of crime that eventually evolved into a system of paid, uniform police.
watch system
The set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to a work situation and environmental influences is known as:
working personality