CRM Final

Digitalization of justice -Prejictive policing

-computer algorithm tells police where to go -issues hides intentional and unintential bias creates a self- perpetuating cycle predictions appear impartial when assaigned numerical value avoiding social instittions

Racism, Drugs, and Sentencing

-drug laws were used as social control -sentencing differences between crack and cocaine -U.S. sentencing commission -The fair sentencing act of 2010 reduced the 100:1 disparity to 18:1 - THe New Jim Crow

Domestic violence

-global level = #1 killer -asia= 20000 -africa= 19000 rate was higher -north and south america= 8000 -europe=3000 -oceania= 300

Applying evidence-based prosecution to sexual assault

-has been sucessful in domestic violence -sexual assault is mostly felonies domestic violence is mostly misdemeanor -positive asspects 1) interest in enhancing community safety 2) shifting publc attitudes 3) Victims don't have to go through a trial

riminal justice administration components

-law enforement -adjudication -punishment -suspect>Arestee>defendant>convict

implictions

-law looks more at the victim than the offender -class-biased, but appears facially neutral on race and gender -definitions of crime/ criminal reflect social statuses

Man's domain

-msndstory vs preferred arrest policies -police discretion -prssecutorial discretion for female women arent seen as a threat -women on drugs= no compassion -sexual harrassment by police -police should take a human services approach

White privilege in Criminal Justice system

-no review for prosecutors -whites are more likely to have reduced charges be convicted of misdemeanor receive no incarceration

Differential application

-police, prosecutors, and other agents of the criminal justice system use their discretion to ignore or minimize the consequences

Feminism and the law

-all concerned with women's oppression and many inalization -differ in sources of oppression

Difference perspective

-call for differential treatment of women and men

Crimes causing injury or death

-causing the death of a employee from safety violations is a mistemeanor

This term _________________ refers to the ability for corporations to implement some reforms if the DOJ will agree to not indict them.

A. "Club Fed Deferred" B. private prosecution contract C. non-action agreement (D). deferred prosecution agreement E. private non-action contract

Men are more likely to be victimized by

A. ANother female who is a stranger B. None of these C. By a male known to them D. By a female know to them (E) Another male who is a stranger

A "true/ideal" victim is seen as

A. Asain middle-class female B. White middle-class male (C). White middle-class female D. Asain middle-class male E. Black middle-class female

Paul Butler, the legal scholar that wrote "Chokehold" stated that

A. police do not use undue force on people who resist B. white privilege is generally known but never recognized (C). police's work to maintain law and order is to uphold a racial order D. the criminal justice system will get way worse under Trump E. all of these

Which crime are women NOT most often arresed for?

A. passing bad checks B. welfare fraud (C). muggings D. shoplifting E. credit card fraud

Marxist Feminism

a perspective in feminist criminology that sees the oppression of women as caused by their subordinate class status within capitalist societies

Intersectionality and the law

race- criminal blackman womens physical liberties -Fetal protection laws -Women viewed as only vessels

Race, Crime, and the law: A History

-Rise of imprisonment of blacks since the civil war -most prisons were destroyed -leasing system of slaves

Selective enforcement vs. differential application

-Selective enforcement of harms by the law refers to the fact that most harms perpetrated by the affluent are "beyoond incrimination"

How much more likely are whites initially charged with misdemeanors than blacks to be convicted for crimes without incarceration or not be convicted at all?

(A) 75% B. 55% C. 35% D. 85% E. 25%

The term for the idea of "Harm caused by acts or conditions that are legal but produce consequences similar to those produced by illegal acts," is called

(A) analogous social injury B. analogous social crimes C. crimes of social injury D. analogous injury crimes E.social injury analogy

In "Patriarchy, Crime and Justice" the author explains all are part of the feminist backlash but

(A) none of these B. criminalizing of women's victimization C. masculinization of female offenders D. increased arrests and incarceration of women/girls E. media demonization of women

Research has shown that private prisons firms have

(A). All of these B. influenced public policy through campaign donations C. rejected shareholder proposal to disclose donations D. rejected proposals to make performance incentive for CEO related to labor violations E. an important role in maintin and sustanining the incarceration increase

A federal sentece should

(A). All of these B. protect the public from further crimes of the defendant C. afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct D. provide just punishment of the offense E. reflect the seriousness of the offense and promote respect for the law

The Supreme Court affirmed W. Rummel's life sentence by the majority opinion that

(A). TX was entitled to place the onus on Rummel of just not being able to behave within the norms prescribed by the criminal law B. crimes of the poor are the only criminal ones influencing the idea that those crimes are the most serious and/or dangerous C. long sentences were neither disproportionate nor unreasonable D. his life sentence was cruel and unusual punishment by being grossly disproportionate to the crime E. it was difficult to think of these felonies as dangerous to the good order of civil society

All are exaples of missing victimization data in the NCVS except

(A). low income people who where robbed B. people faced with credit card fraud C. low income people experiencing wage theft D. upper income people who lost their Enron retirement E. people who have no dental insurance and take out own teeth

Examples of "invisible punishments" to offenders who have served their time

(A)all of these B. excluded from public housing C. denial of student loans D. loss of the right to vote E. collateral consequences

Advantages of corporate laws

-U.S. lacks many corporate laws -Civil rather than criminal -Exempt from Zero tolerance polocies

Class, crime, and the law

- the behavior or law- Donald Black -richer you are the more you can get out of crime -by cops off -wealthy hurts the poor

Race control

-"typical criminal young black and lives in the citys DWB (driving while black) -whites are 3x more confidnet because they know they will not go to jail from just a simple traffic stop

Socialist Feminism

-2nd shift -FMLA (family medical leave act) 8 weeks of time off could come back but to a different job but same pay

Wahsington post study

-36% had a restraining order or previous violent conviction

Maryland study

-5741 vehicles, 93.3% violated law -17.5% blacks: 74.7% whites -Minorities were more likely to experience harsher punishments, vehicles searches and use of police force

Women, crime and the media

-95% of all reproted crimes against women do not receive any media attention -victims characterized as "bad women" or "good women"

Other Minorities

-Enbancing public safety executive order -"Muslim ban"

Liberal Feminism

-Goal: to ensure that women and men have equal civil rights and a level playing field when it comes to economic opportunities -Concentate: on discrimination against female offenders, prisoners, and workers as well as on the criminalization of deviance among women for behaviors such as prostitution

immigration control due process

-Padilla vs. Kentucky if you get public defender and get plea guilty can get deportation Sanctuary cities California Religious freedom act no law enforement or jail time

Evidence- based prosection

-prosecutor can pursue without victim cooperation -history of in the 1980s and 1990s -911 tapes- pictures ofeverything and videos -medical records -appx. 70% of the time vitims will recant -crawford vs. washington (2004)

Radical Feminists

-revolution wouldn't fix this because its so ruted -no gneder -transformation must also happen to all the social and cultural institions (family, government, church, educational system)

Fraud and theft examples

-savings and loan crisis -corporate scandels- Enron, Tyco, Gobal crossing -the great recession of 2008 -Dodd-Frank and Consumer Financial protection Bureau (CFPB)

sexual harassment

-we learn about legality through legal images -mobilizing use several framework to understand experiences (Gender descrimination) (me two movement) -age plays a factor

Stages of the court subsystem

1) Charging -complaint information or indictment 2) Pretrial -initial appearance -summary trail or probable cause hearing -preliminary hearing -arraigment -plea bargaining 3) Trial -jury trial vs bench trial 4) sentencing -incarceration or probation

sexual assault Limits

1) prosecutors don't want to move forward if the victim doesn't try to get bench trial= you and judge 2) Victim credibility rape sheild laws-protects women frommedia and doesn't bring up past sexual history educate jury on sexual assault and rape 3) consent defense more likely to know each other aquital and hung- can't make up mind testimonty from victim 4) defense can still sebpoena victim contempt of court presecutor doesn't know victim not showing up

Approach to Gender inequality

1) sameness perspective 2) difference perspective 3) dominance perspective

Why don't the rich even go to prison?

1) state regulators and prosecuters dont make white collar a priorty 2) FBI does not make white collar corporate crime a priority 3) crpration resources result in substantial legal talent and an array of tacties that help force settlements favorable to the corperation

challenges to racial profiling lawsuits

1) Whren vs. U.S. -supreme court upheld saying that as long as the police saw a violation for which they could stop a car 2) Title VI under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 3) Presidential administation

Corporate stategies to avoid the law:

1) endurance and delay 2) walth and polotical connections 3) secrecy and deception 4) threats of economic consequences

problems with paternalism studies

1) not empirically evaluated 2) chivalry is a racist and classist concept chain gang

The 2009 Matthew Shepard Act added federal penalties for hate cries based on

A. Disability B. Gender identity (C). all of these D. actual or perceived sexual orientation E. Gender

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) represents all statements but

A. Does not include information on wealth B. is based on criminal law only (C). records the majority of all victimization in the U.S. D. based on nationally representative sample E. one of the largest victimizations surveys

Most of victimology is narrowly focused on

A. Victim precipitaton B. Victim-offender relationship C. Criminal Victimization (D). All of these E. Street crime rather than corporate crime

What are the fours roles an individual goes through in the criminal justice system?

A. citizen, arrestee, defendant, convicted criminal B. fugitive, suspect, defendant, convicted criminal C. suspect, defendant, convicted criminal, parolee (D). suspect, arrestee, defendant, convicted criminal E. citizen, suspect, defendant, convicted criminal

The reason that minorities are overrepresented is that they experience _________________ at each stage of the criminal justice system.

A. collateral consequences B. white privilege C. institution racism D. cumulative advantage (E). cumulative disadvantage

All types of feminisms share these similarities except for

A. concern with women's oppression (B). where they locate the source of oppression C. concern with women's marginalization D. centralized women's experiences in political and economic analysis E.makes women's experiences central to social analysis

In addition to community service, _______ is a commonly used practice in restorative justice.

A. detention B. repentance C. retribution D. therapeutic intervention (E). restitution

According to the chapter, the crimainal law

A. helps to classify the acts and actors that power is to be used against B. shapes people's attitudes about what is dangerous and harmful behavior (C). All of these D. tells police and prosecutors how to prioritize their E. distinguishes what acts should be crimes and subjected to formal social control

A Supreme Court case in California ordered a decrease in the prison population because

A. it was interrupting "the cost of doing business" B. the state could no longer afford it C. shorter sentences were found to deter future offenses (D). conditions cased "needless suffering and death E. all of these

The text states the primary role of criminal justice administration is to

A. maintain law and order for the people B. exercise forcible control for the powerful (C). persuade people to abide by the dominant values of society D. enforce the law, punish criminals, and provide safety to citizens E. keep society safe by protecting everyone

All of these policies have categorized lawmaking for social harms done by the poor but

A. mandatory minimum B. getting tough on crime C. zero tolerance D. the war on drugs (E) deregulation

Economists call the results of all of this corrections spending

A. mopping the water off the floor while we let the tub overflow B. a cost benefit analysis C. an investment in future D. the biggest expense in most capital budgets (E). an opportunity cost

The Chinese Exclusionary Act of 1882 outlawed

A. none of these B. cocaine use among Chinese but not whites C. criminalization of minorities in surplus populations (D). opium use among Chinese but not whites E. Chinese from gaining employment

Which is not true about punishment for a worker's death from willful safety violations?

A. only 7% are referred for prosecution B.the level of punishment has not changed since created in 1970 in Congress C. Congress has voted down all laws to increase penalties on these types of deaths D. it's a misdemeanor with a maximum of six months in jail (E). repeat violators were at least regularly prosecuted

The concept illiustates "that blacks are, biologically speaking, older than whites of the same chronological age."

A. progressive aging theory B. stress and aging structure C. racial biological health model (D) weathering framework E. ethnic group victimization

Women are typical incarcerated for such crimes as

A. prostitution (B). all of these C. public order violations D.begging E. diving under the influence

"Sanctions applied to offenders without regard to their personal characteristics" refers to

A. restriction of the freedom B. selective incapacitation C. none of these (D).collective incapacitation E. "habitual offender"

Which one is not a strategy of top legal talent hired by corporations for favorable settlements?

A. secrecy and deception about ownership and control B. use of corporate wealth and political connections to undermine enforcement C. threats of economic consequences to communities and the economy D. endurance and delay, to prolong litigation, raising many motions as possible (E). becoming so large that it's too difficult to prosecute them

Within women's prisons

A. sexual violence tends to be inmate-on-inmate B. all of these C. they have more diverse programs (D). inmates often form supportive "prison families" E. they were the model for all prisons

If there is a felony case a ______________ is held to see if there is enough evidence for bail.

A. summary trial (B)probable cause hearing C. initial appearance D. preliminary hearing E. arraignment

In "The Behavior of Law" Donald Black concluded from a wide variety of cases that

A. when a rich person is victimized by a corporation there is more likely to be "less law" in the downward direction (B)when a corporation is victimized by a poor person there is more likely to be "more law" in the downward direction C. when a poor person is victimized by a rich person or corporation there is more likely to be "more law" in the downward direction D. when a rich person is victimized by a poor person there is more likely to be "less law" in the downward direction E. All of these

The lack of action on the part of state agencies to investigate and prosecute is often

A. white collar crime B. due to an acquittal C. none of these (D). misuse of exeptional clearance E. invoking the 5th amendment

what group in NYPD stop and frisks were more likelly to have weapons or contraband?

A. youth (B). Whites C. African americans D. Hispanics E. Immigrants

Former drug czar William Bennett allowed that the typical crack smoker was a

A.black urbanite B. rural minorities (C.) white suburbanite D.black suburbanite E. white urbanite

Research found that mandatory minimums and three strike laws have

A.helped to increase crime rates B.helped to decrease incarceration rates (C). little or no effect on crime rates D. prevented mroe crime from happening E. helped to decrease crime rates

All incidences mentioned in the chapter provide evidence of Christopher Columbus's arrival in North America and subsequent colonialism as genocide but

A.the Trail of Tears and other forced marches off native land B. forced into institutions, like reform schools, and their culture denied C. U.S. government has broken every treaty made with Native Americans (D)the shared celebration of all people on Thanksgiving E. settlers intentionally giving disease-infested blankets

Lethality Assessment

Ask questions if abuser has a gun issues with self reports

#SAYHERNAME

Awareness of black cis-gender and trasgender women killed by law enforcement Black women/girls have the highest level of cynicism motherhood dynamic

Interectionality and identification of criminals

Class is the key dynamic involved (nnot race or gender) Criminal= black man what is a "white man's" crime? -corporate fraud task force cases -Butler's "chokehold" #blacklivesmatter #sayhername #alllivesmatter #certainlivesmatter

approaches to punishment

Deterrance, rehabilitation, incapacitation, retribution, restoration

Criminal identification and class control

Dorm real dealer

Human services approach

Ex. housing for abusers -safe haven program in Australia -always full -focuses on perportator -removing mother and children from abuser

CPS/DHS can become involved

Gender bias couples counceling classes to mantage their behavior

Produce additional information on fraud related to false claims by patients and doctors?

Insurance companies

Restraining order

Nothing police can do until its violated

Criminal identification and gender control UCR (Uniform crime report) women

Shoplifting credit card fraud bad checks benifits from police officers and judges paternalistic chivalrous attitudes

Sameness perspective

also referred to as the "gender neutral" or "equal treatment" -support a single standard governing the treatment of women and men -avoids perception of "special treatment" for women and tends to accept a male standard that is then applied to women as well.

Most popular crimes in the media

children ederly mass shotings police brutality

inapacitation

collective and selective remove or restrict you from society

restoration

collective approach half way house

researchers have found that the overall level or amount of victimization in rates of urban criminal violence is due to?

differnces in racial inequality socioeconomic conditions

Class punshment: monetary sanctions

fines & fees after imprisonment becomes a life sentence until debt are paid their sentence isnt finished Judges and countries impose their own policies and procedures

#FreeBlackmamas & bail bonds

impacts on macro and micro level Micro- suffer from intersection macro- post bond- consign- bond premiuna aggressive policing and the impact on poor minorties broken window theory operation impact in NY Looked at pedestrian stops crime complaints and arrests 2 potential impacts in educational achievement

restitution

money community service

Bureaucratic redtape

need a one-stop resouce center Oklahoma city family justice center

retribution

oldest form of an eye for an eye

Opposition to feminism

oppose feminism

Women suffer the most

pregnancy can lead to domestic violence post partum depression -greater rick of suicide -car crashes -domestic violence

Dominance perspective

recognized that men and women are different and that the sexes are not equally powerful -most differences between men and women can be attributed to a society in which women are subordinate and men are dominant

NYSOAG (new york state office of the attorney general) data:

results: whites were more likey to by ridin' dirty

postmodern feminism

skeptical and affirmative -Skeptical:embrace and more extreme relativist perspective, where there are no objective truths, and therefore they do not adopt policy stances and remain noninterventionist, relying on critque and deconstruction alone -affirmative: address the possiblities of reconstruction, of rebuilding through policies based on contingent thruths.

deterrence

specifc and general

many of the state crimes and human rights abuses fall into this category

state-sanctioned victimization

Vicimology

the scientific study of victims and victimization

Abuse of police authority and discrtion rages from

verbal slures racial profiling physical brutality murder reports are widely circulated about the misuse of pepper spray tasers police dogs deaths resulting from dangerous restraint holds police shootings in disputed circumstances

Negative impact of police

white students feel safer when their police officers around schools lowered education of black boys -skipped/absent because they didnt feel safe because of the police -afraid they would get into trouble