Crop production exam 2 fill in the blanks

The number of elements essential for plant growth is _______________

17

the first stable compound of the C3 cycle is ______

CO2

the parts of the cell where respiration occurs are the __________ and ___________

Mitochondria, Cytoplasm

The process that ensures genetic integrity and quality of seed is called _________________________.

seed certification

the calvin cycle is also known as the ________ cycle

C3

________ is the process in which energy from sunlight is converted to chemical energy by a plant.

Photosynthesis

The bacterium used to transfer genes is _______________________

agrobacterium

An ecosystem modified to produce food, fiber, or shelter is called an ____________________.

agroecosystems

Alternate forms of the same gene are called ____________________.

alleles

Plants that contain compounds that inhibit the growth of other plants are ____________________

allelopathic

The three life cycles of plants are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

annual, biannual, perenial

In genetic engineering, two common ways to transfer genes are via a ____________________ or a ____________________.

bacterium, genegun

____________________ refers to all the species of living organisms in an agroecosystem.

biodiversity

The increasing concentration of chemicals at the highest levels of an ecological pyramid is an example of _______________________.

biological magnification

The ____________________ is the largest ecosystem of Earth, ranging from the depths of the ocean to the top of the tallest mountain

biosphere

The two equipment methods of seeding are ____________________ and ____________________.

broadcasting, drilling

The process of converting carbon dioxide to organic compounds during photosynthesis is called ______________________________.

carbon fixation

The market-based approach to encourage the reduction of the amount of human-generated CO2 entering the atmosphere is called ____________________.

carbon trading

____________________, ____________________, and ____________________ are three essential elements that plants can obtain from the air.

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,

The primary tillage implement used in mulch tillage is the _________________________

chisleplow

The sun's energy distribution and topographic features of Earth create our ____________________.

climate

____________________ is the typical long-term weather conditions of a region.

climate

____________________ tillage leaves a minimum of 30 percent residue.

conservation

____________________ cropping is when the same crop is grown for 2 or more years on the same land.

continuous

The form of strip cropping commonly used for conserving soil on sloping erodible land is ______________________________.

contour stripcropping

The response of perennial plants to shortening days and decreasing temperatures is called ____________________.

dormancy

____________________ is the failure of a seed to germinate despite having all the required factors for germination met.

dormancy

The weight of all a plant's components minus the water is called _________________________.

dry matter

The alteration in the jet stream occurring along the Pacific Coast of South America is called ____________________.

el nino

____________________ is the total water use by the plant.

evapotranspiration

A material applied to the soil to promote plant growth is called a ____________________

fertilizer

The soil water content after drainage of gravitational water is called _________________________

field capacity

____________________ seeding is broadcast seeding of a crop when the ground is frozen.

frost

Male and female reproductive cells are called ____________________.

gametes

_______________________ is technology that allows the transfer of one or a few genes of interest.

genetic engineering

GMO stands for __________________________________________________.

genetically modified organism

The soil water that drains through the soil within 48 hours of irrigation or rainfall is called ______________________________.

gravitational water

Crops grown to be plowed under to improve soil quality are _________________________ crops

green manure

Commercial nitrogen fertilizers are made through the ____________________ process.

haber-bosch

The specific environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and soil type to which a species is adapted is called a ____________________.

habitat

The layers seen within a soil profile are called ____________________.

horizons

The part of the soil composed of lignin, waxes, and carbon fractions resistant to decay is called ____________________.

humus

____________________ is the process where nitrate and ammonium are converted to organic nitrogen by soil microbes, making the nitrogen unavailable to plants.

imobilization

____________________ is the supplementation of precipitation with water from another source in order to grow crops.

irregation

_______________________ refers to the quantity or brightness of light measured in µE m-2s-1

light intensity

the 2 types of reactions of photosynthesis are__________ and__________ reactions

light, carbonfixation

____________________ describes the location of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian.

longitude

The type of cell division that results in gametes is called ____________________

meiosis

The type of polyculture where two or more crops are grown randomly together is called ______________________________.

mixed intercropping

_______________________ are DNA segments that facilitate the selection of useful traits.

molecular markers

The system that involves growing a single crop within a field during the growing season is a ____________________.

monoculture

The sequential production of two or more different crops from the same piece of land is ____________________ cropping

multiple

A sudden heritable change in nucleotide sequence is a ____________________.

mutation

In atmospheric fixation, the product of the reaction is the compound ____________________.

nitrate

The system where planters with disk openers slice through crop residues and deposit the seed is called ____________________.

no-till grassland drills

Chromosomes are located in the ____________________ of the cell.

nucleus

_________________________ is the portion of the soil that includes animal and plant residues.

organic matter

A breeding program for a self-pollinating crop commonly would include ____________________ selection.

pedigree

____________________ is the reaction of plants to changing lengths of darkness.

photoperiodism

______________________________ refers to seed viability and purity

pure live seed

Traits that are controlled by one or more genes are ____________________.

qualitative

The three properties of light that affect plants most are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

quality, duration, intensity

____________________ is the percentage of soil surface covered with remains of the last crop.

residue

the conversion of sugars to energy for the use in metabolism of living cells is called _______

respiration

The type of bacteria that symbiotically fix nitrogen are ____________________.

rhizobia

The two components of biodiversity are ____________________ and ____________________.

richness, evenness

_________________________ are swaths of trees, shrubs, or grasses planted along the banks of streams, rivers, wetlands, or lakes.

riparian buffers

The three terms used to describe soil salinity are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________

saline, sodic, saline-sodic

The three soil particles are _______________, _______________, and _______________.

sand, silt, clay

_________________________ are rows of trees at the ends of fields that slow wind velocity and protect crops and buildings from wind erosion and wind damage.

shelterbelts

The three categories of plants classified by their flowering responses are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

short day, long day, day neutral

The biochemically weathered uppermost portion of Earth's crust is called ____________________.

soil

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a soil is the _______________.

soil reaction

A __________________ trait variety is a crop with .more than one transgenic trait.

stacked

The polyculture system where crops are grown in monoculture in adjacent rows is called _________________________.

stripcropping

The system that involves tilling a narrow 8- to 12-inch band in crop residue in the fall and planting the row crop the following spring is called ____________________.

striptillage

The _______________ is the source of all energy on Earth.

sun

Irrigation can be divided into two categories: ____________________ irrigation and ____________________ irrigation.

surface, sprinkler

The three categories based on a crop adaptation to temperature are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

temperate, tropical, subtropical

____________________ is the measure of the intensity of heat or energy content of the air, of inert matter, or of an organism.

temperature

The property of having beneficial qualities relating to crop plant growth is soil ____________________

tilith

___________ is the process of water loss from plant stomata

transpiration

The four layers of the atmosphere, from lowest to highest, are the ____________________, the ____________________, the ____________________, and the ____________________

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

The process by which Earth's water constantly circulates is called the _________________________.

water cycle

Erosion is the accelerated loss of soil through the action of _______________ or _______________.

wind, water

The insurance that a polyculture can provide against total crop failure is called _________________________.

yield stability

Crop insurance can be divided into two types - coverage that protects against ____________________ loss or ____________________ loss.

yield, revenue

The highest point in the sky is known as the ____________________.

zenithangle