Crop production exam 2 fill in the blanks
The number of elements essential for plant growth is _______________
17
the first stable compound of the C3 cycle is ______
CO2
the parts of the cell where respiration occurs are the __________ and ___________
Mitochondria, Cytoplasm
The process that ensures genetic integrity and quality of seed is called _________________________.
seed certification
the calvin cycle is also known as the ________ cycle
C3
________ is the process in which energy from sunlight is converted to chemical energy by a plant.
Photosynthesis
The bacterium used to transfer genes is _______________________
agrobacterium
An ecosystem modified to produce food, fiber, or shelter is called an ____________________.
agroecosystems
Alternate forms of the same gene are called ____________________.
alleles
Plants that contain compounds that inhibit the growth of other plants are ____________________
allelopathic
The three life cycles of plants are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
annual, biannual, perenial
In genetic engineering, two common ways to transfer genes are via a ____________________ or a ____________________.
bacterium, genegun
____________________ refers to all the species of living organisms in an agroecosystem.
biodiversity
The increasing concentration of chemicals at the highest levels of an ecological pyramid is an example of _______________________.
biological magnification
The ____________________ is the largest ecosystem of Earth, ranging from the depths of the ocean to the top of the tallest mountain
biosphere
The two equipment methods of seeding are ____________________ and ____________________.
broadcasting, drilling
The process of converting carbon dioxide to organic compounds during photosynthesis is called ______________________________.
carbon fixation
The market-based approach to encourage the reduction of the amount of human-generated CO2 entering the atmosphere is called ____________________.
carbon trading
____________________, ____________________, and ____________________ are three essential elements that plants can obtain from the air.
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
The primary tillage implement used in mulch tillage is the _________________________
chisleplow
The sun's energy distribution and topographic features of Earth create our ____________________.
climate
____________________ is the typical long-term weather conditions of a region.
climate
____________________ tillage leaves a minimum of 30 percent residue.
conservation
____________________ cropping is when the same crop is grown for 2 or more years on the same land.
continuous
The form of strip cropping commonly used for conserving soil on sloping erodible land is ______________________________.
contour stripcropping
The response of perennial plants to shortening days and decreasing temperatures is called ____________________.
dormancy
____________________ is the failure of a seed to germinate despite having all the required factors for germination met.
dormancy
The weight of all a plant's components minus the water is called _________________________.
dry matter
The alteration in the jet stream occurring along the Pacific Coast of South America is called ____________________.
el nino
____________________ is the total water use by the plant.
evapotranspiration
A material applied to the soil to promote plant growth is called a ____________________
fertilizer
The soil water content after drainage of gravitational water is called _________________________
field capacity
____________________ seeding is broadcast seeding of a crop when the ground is frozen.
frost
Male and female reproductive cells are called ____________________.
gametes
_______________________ is technology that allows the transfer of one or a few genes of interest.
genetic engineering
GMO stands for __________________________________________________.
genetically modified organism
The soil water that drains through the soil within 48 hours of irrigation or rainfall is called ______________________________.
gravitational water
Crops grown to be plowed under to improve soil quality are _________________________ crops
green manure
Commercial nitrogen fertilizers are made through the ____________________ process.
haber-bosch
The specific environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and soil type to which a species is adapted is called a ____________________.
habitat
The layers seen within a soil profile are called ____________________.
horizons
The part of the soil composed of lignin, waxes, and carbon fractions resistant to decay is called ____________________.
humus
____________________ is the process where nitrate and ammonium are converted to organic nitrogen by soil microbes, making the nitrogen unavailable to plants.
imobilization
____________________ is the supplementation of precipitation with water from another source in order to grow crops.
irregation
_______________________ refers to the quantity or brightness of light measured in µE m-2s-1
light intensity
the 2 types of reactions of photosynthesis are__________ and__________ reactions
light, carbonfixation
____________________ describes the location of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian.
longitude
The type of cell division that results in gametes is called ____________________
meiosis
The type of polyculture where two or more crops are grown randomly together is called ______________________________.
mixed intercropping
_______________________ are DNA segments that facilitate the selection of useful traits.
molecular markers
The system that involves growing a single crop within a field during the growing season is a ____________________.
monoculture
The sequential production of two or more different crops from the same piece of land is ____________________ cropping
multiple
A sudden heritable change in nucleotide sequence is a ____________________.
mutation
In atmospheric fixation, the product of the reaction is the compound ____________________.
nitrate
The system where planters with disk openers slice through crop residues and deposit the seed is called ____________________.
no-till grassland drills
Chromosomes are located in the ____________________ of the cell.
nucleus
_________________________ is the portion of the soil that includes animal and plant residues.
organic matter
A breeding program for a self-pollinating crop commonly would include ____________________ selection.
pedigree
____________________ is the reaction of plants to changing lengths of darkness.
photoperiodism
______________________________ refers to seed viability and purity
pure live seed
Traits that are controlled by one or more genes are ____________________.
qualitative
The three properties of light that affect plants most are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
quality, duration, intensity
____________________ is the percentage of soil surface covered with remains of the last crop.
residue
the conversion of sugars to energy for the use in metabolism of living cells is called _______
respiration
The type of bacteria that symbiotically fix nitrogen are ____________________.
rhizobia
The two components of biodiversity are ____________________ and ____________________.
richness, evenness
_________________________ are swaths of trees, shrubs, or grasses planted along the banks of streams, rivers, wetlands, or lakes.
riparian buffers
The three terms used to describe soil salinity are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________
saline, sodic, saline-sodic
The three soil particles are _______________, _______________, and _______________.
sand, silt, clay
_________________________ are rows of trees at the ends of fields that slow wind velocity and protect crops and buildings from wind erosion and wind damage.
shelterbelts
The three categories of plants classified by their flowering responses are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
short day, long day, day neutral
The biochemically weathered uppermost portion of Earth's crust is called ____________________.
soil
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a soil is the _______________.
soil reaction
A __________________ trait variety is a crop with .more than one transgenic trait.
stacked
The polyculture system where crops are grown in monoculture in adjacent rows is called _________________________.
stripcropping
The system that involves tilling a narrow 8- to 12-inch band in crop residue in the fall and planting the row crop the following spring is called ____________________.
striptillage
The _______________ is the source of all energy on Earth.
sun
Irrigation can be divided into two categories: ____________________ irrigation and ____________________ irrigation.
surface, sprinkler
The three categories based on a crop adaptation to temperature are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
temperate, tropical, subtropical
____________________ is the measure of the intensity of heat or energy content of the air, of inert matter, or of an organism.
temperature
The property of having beneficial qualities relating to crop plant growth is soil ____________________
tilith
___________ is the process of water loss from plant stomata
transpiration
The four layers of the atmosphere, from lowest to highest, are the ____________________, the ____________________, the ____________________, and the ____________________
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
The process by which Earth's water constantly circulates is called the _________________________.
water cycle
Erosion is the accelerated loss of soil through the action of _______________ or _______________.
wind, water
The insurance that a polyculture can provide against total crop failure is called _________________________.
yield stability
Crop insurance can be divided into two types - coverage that protects against ____________________ loss or ____________________ loss.
yield, revenue
The highest point in the sky is known as the ____________________.
zenithangle