CRSP - MS

Energy Systems Model - What is the Main Model?

- Ball - Ball Energy Model (all hazards involve some form of energy P. 54)

Motivational Models (3)?

- Content theories: try to help managers understand human needs and how people with different needs may respond to different work situations. - Process theories: try to help managers understand how people give meaning to rewards and work opportunities available to achieve them. - Reinforcement theory: tries to help managers understand how people's behavior is influenced by its environmental consequences.

Domino Models - Who are the Main Scholars?

- Heinrich - Bird - Adams

Competitive Advantage (1) - Steps in Strategy Formulation:

- Identify Organizational Purpose and Objectives - Assess Current Organizational Performance - Create Strategic Plans

Competitive Advantage (2) - Steps in Strategy Implementation:

- Implement Strategic Plans - Evaluate Results and renew Process

Which Standards focus on Safety (3)?

- OHSAS 18000 - CSA Z1000 - CSA Z731-03

Organizational Behavior Modification Strategies (4)?

- Positive Reinforcement: Strengthens desirable behavior - Behavior followed by a pleasant consequence - Negative Reinforcement: Strengthens desirable behavior - Avoidance of an unpleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behavior - Punishment: Eliminates undesirable behavior - Behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence - Extinction: Eliminates undesirable behavior - Behavior followed by the removal of a pleasant consequence

What are the levels of Learning Evaluation? (Kirkpatrick, Professor U of Wisconsin 1998)

- Satisfaction Index - Learner satisfaction with learning experience - Goal Achievement - Whether learners achieve stated learning outcomes - Learning Transfer - Whether learning transfers from classroom to shop floor - Training Relevance - Whether training effort made desired contribution to organizational performance

Adult Learning Styles (3)?

- Sensory Preference: Visual, Auditory, Kinesthtic, - Social Preference: Internal (Reflection, analysis, etc), External - Cognitive Preference: Global (Big Picture), Sequential (Step by Step)

What is Formal Organizational Structure?

- Shows the lines of formal authority and communication linking one position to the next. - The formal structure is the way the organization is intended to function in its official state and is often diagrammed in organizational flow charts.

What are the components of Jay Galbraith and Edward Lawler (organizational theorists)?

- Team Structure - when teams are used as the main or central co-ordinating device, that organization is using a team structure. This approach breaks down departmental barriers and decentralizes decision-making to the level of the work team - Modular Organizations - When teams are used as the main or central co-ordinating device, that organization is using a team structure. This approach breaks down departmental barriers and decentralizes decision-making to the level of the work team - Virtual Organization - this is a continually evolving network of independent companies -suppliers, customers, even competitors - linked together to share skills, costs, and market access. (Amazon) - Boundary less Organization - this structure seeks to eliminate the chain of command, have limitless spans of control, and replace departments with empowered teams

Organizations using Theory Z principles would expect to find (Japanese management practices)?

-A long-term employment philosophy. -Slower promotions and more lateral job movements. -An emphasis on career planning and development. -Broad concern for employee involvement.

What is the hierarchy of Bloom's Taxonomy (Triangle)?

1 (Base). Knowledge - Recall of information; Discovery; Observations; Listing; Locating; Naming 2. Comprehension - Understanding; Translating; Summarizing; Demonstrating; Discussing 3. Application - Using and applying knowledge; Using problem solving methods; Manipulating; Designing; Experimenting 4. Analysis - Identifying and analyzing patterns; Organisation of ideas; Recognizing trends 5. Synthesis - Using old concepts to create new ideas; Design and invention; Composing; Imagining; Inferring; Modifying; Predicting; Combining 6 (Peak). Evaluation - Assessing theories; Comparison of ideas; Evaluating outcomes; Solving; Judging; Recommending; Rating

4 absolutes of management for total quality control (Phillip Crosby)?

1) Quality means conformance to standards: workers must know exactly what performance standards to meet. 2) Quality comes from defect prevention, not defect correction: proper leadership, training, and discipline must prevent defects in the first place. This absolute is central to most OHS management models. 3) Quality as a performance standard must mean defect-free work: the only acceptable quality standard is perfect work. 4) Quality saves money: doing things right the first time saves the cost of correcting poor work.

Situational Leadership Model suggests that the leadership style a person should use with individuals, groups, or teams depends on their readiness to perform a specific task. Describe the 2 factors that influence "Readiness".

1. Ability to do the assigned task 2. Willingness to assume responsibility for a task. These include many variables, such as: - skill level; - experience; - knowledge; - confidence; - motivation; - mutual trust and respect; and - commitment to agreed results.

Behavior Leadership Theories Kurt Lewin - Three Leadership Styles?

1. Autocratic Style - Clear divisions between leaders and followers. High Task - Low People 2. Democratic Style - Participative leadership style that encourages groups to provide input into the decision making process. High Task - High People 3. Laissez-faire Style - Style of leadership strives to delegate and tends to provide little or no guidence. Low task - Low People

Motivational theories fall into 3 main categories. What are they?

1. Content Theories - Help managers understand human needs and how people with different needs may respond to different work situations. (maslow) 2. Process Theories - Help managers understand how people give meaning to rewards and the work opportunities to achieve them. 3 Reinforcement Theories - Help managers understand how people's behavior is influenced by its environmental consequences.

Robert House - Path-Goal theory - four leadership styles that may be used?

1. Directive leadership: letting employees know what is expected; giving directions on what to do and how; scheduling work to be done; maintaining definite standards of performance; clarifying the leader's role in the group. 2. Supportive leadership: doing things to make work more pleasant; treating group members as equals; being friendly and approachable; showing concern for the well-being of employees. 3. Achievement-oriented leadership: setting challenging goals; expecting the highest levels of performance; emphasizing continuous improvement in performance; displaying confidence in meeting high standards. 4. Participative leadership: involving employees in decision making; consulting with employees; asking for suggestions from employees; using these suggestions when making a decision.

Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory builds on Maslow's work. Collapses Maslow's 5 needs categoriesinto 3:

1. Existence Needs: desires for physiological and material well being. 2. Relatedness Needs: desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships. 3. Growth Needs: desires for continued psychological growth and development.

Max Depree suggests that "a reward is a work outcome of positive value to the individual." There are 2 types of rewards. What are they?

1. Extrinsic Reward - These are value outcomes given to someone by another person. (incentive pay, promotion, time off benefits, and verbal praise) 2. Intrinsic Rewards - They are self-adminstered and occur naturally as a person performs a task. (competency, personal development, and self control)

Fredrick Herzberg, a psychologist, studied job satisfaction. His "two-factor theory" (performance evals) helps managers understand job satisfaction and related job performance issues. Describe the two factors:

1. Hygiene Factors are the source of dissatisfaction associated with the work setting. (perception based) 2. Satisfier Factors are sources of satisfaction with the job itself. (sense of achievement)

What are the 4 Strategies found in an Organization?

1. Institutional Strategy: Sets the organizational character. 2. Corporate Strategy: Sets the overall strategic direction. 3. Business Strategy: Sets strategic direction for a business unit. 4. Functional Strategy: Sets functional directions for supporting business and corporate strategies.

There are several job design strategies that vary how specialized the division of labour becomes. List the most common 3:

1. Job simplification 2. Job rotation & enlargement 4. Job enrichment

Components of Frank Bird's updated model of the Domino Sequence (most commonly used model in Canada)

1. Lack of Control - Inadequate Program, Inadequate Program Standards, Inadequate Compliance to Standards 2. Basic Causes - Personal and Job factors 3. Immediate Causes - Substandard acts and Conditions 4. Incident - Contact with Energy or Substance 5. Loss - People, Property, Process (ultimate cause of accidents is lack of control by management, not the personal characteristics of workers, nor the failures just by the supervisor)

Edward Adam's six dominos?

1. Management Structure (objective, organization, operations) 2. Manager Behaviour 3. Supervisor Behaviour 4. Tactical Errors (Unsafe acts/conditions) 5. Accident/Incident 6. Injury or Damage

Edgar Schien defined Organizational Culture as the system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behaviors of it's members. (corporate culture) What are the 2 levels of culture in a organization?

1. Observable Culture - What one sees and hears when walking around an organization. 2. Core Culture - Values and beliefs about the right way to behave. - Stories - tales about events conveying core values - Rites and Rituals - Celebration of heroes and events displaying core values - Heroes - People, past and present who display core values - Symbols - Language and other symbols conveying core beliefs

What are the four main areas of concern to the safety professional, in which the Canadian and provincial governments take an active role in regulating business affairs?

1. Occupational health and safety 2. Fair labour practices 3. Consumer Protection 4. Environmental protection

Key components of Safety Culture - Wiegmann et al. 5 Components are:

1. Organizational Commitment 2. Management Involvement 3. Employee Empowerment 4. Reward Systems 5. Reporting Systems

2 criteria are used to indicate a managers success in the quest for productivity?

1. Performance Effectiveness - Measures task output or goal accomplishment 2. Performance Efficiency - Measures the material resource cost associated with goal accomplishment

What are the key features of the Management Process (4)?

1. Planning - Setting objectives and deciding how to accomplish them 2. Organizing - Arranging tasks, people, and other resources to do the required work. 3. Leading - Inspiring people to work hard to perform according to plans. 4. Controlling - Monitoring performance and taking corrective action.

All managers share four basic management functions or responsibilities. They are:

1. Planning: Determine what is to be achieved, setting goals, and identifying appropriate action steps. 2. Organizing: Allocating human and material resources in appropriate combinations to implement plans. 3. Leading: Guiding the work efforts of other people. 4. Controlling: Monitoring performance, comparing results to goals and taking corrective action. CONTOLLING REFERS TO WHAT IS DONE TO THE WORK PROCESS, NOT TO PEOPLE.

The "Five P" Techniques for Safety Talks?

1. Prepare: Think about the subject, write notes, organize, practice. 2. Pinpoint: Zero in on one idea, don't try to cover too much. 3. Personalize: Make it personal and meaningful. Establish common ground. 4. Picturize: Create clear mental picture, use visual aids. 5. Prescribe: In closing, answer the questions that your listeners have in mind...."So what?"; "What does this mean to mean to me?";"How will this help me?" Tell me what to do, ask for special action

The three branches of the classical approach to management, listed with their principal proponents are?

1. Scientific management: Frederick Taylor; the Gilbreths. (rules for motion for every job: motion study) 2. Administrative principles (similar to planning, org, leading & controlling): Henri Fayol; Mary Parker Follett. 3. Bureaucratic organization: Max Weber.

4 theories and their proponent for behavioural approaches to management?

1. Theory of Human Needs - Abraham Maslow 2. Hawthorne Studies - Elton Mayo (people who are singled out for special attention tend to perform as anticipated merely because of the expectations created by the situation) 3. Theory X and Y - Douglas McGregor (workers dislike work, lack ambition vs. workers willing to work and willing to accept responsibility). Either way both can create self-fulfilling prophecies. 4. Personality and Organization - Chris Argyris (Expand job responsibilities, allow more task variety. With this positive treatment of people, responsible adults will achieve productivity.)

Patrick Hudson - Evolutionary Model of Safety Culture 4 Components:

1. Values 2. Beliefs 3. Common Problem Solving Methods 4. Common Working Practices

James Reason (swiss cheese model of accident prevention) - Theorized Engineering a Safety Culture. 5 components are:

1.Informed Culture 2. Reporting Culture 3. Just Culture 4. Flexible Culture 5. Learning Culture

Which Management Model did James Reason Create?

1997 - Swiss Cheese Model and the Accident Trajectory - A dynamic model where an "Accident Trajectory" passes through holes in the series of barriers causing a loss. Some holes are due to "Active Failures" - unsafe acts that have an immediate impact on the safety of the system. These are called "Sharp end Human Failures". Reason identifies them as symptoms rather than true causes. Some holes are "Latent Conditions" in complex systems that cause people to make errors or to violate procedures.

What is the ADDIE process (education & training)?

A - Analysis D - Design D - Develop I - Implement E - Evaluate

Who is John P. Kotter?

A leadership consultant, suggests too many organizations today are over managed and under led.

What is Bottom-up Planning?

Begins with plans that are developed at lower levels without constraints from upper-management. The plans are then sequentially passed up the hierarchy to top-level management.

Canada has a National Environmental or Sustainable Development Plan that has two specific categories?

Canada's Green Plan and Agenda 21

knowledge + skills + attitudes = ?

Competency and Performance

The main premise of the ISO 9000 standard series?

Competition can be assisted by efficiently organizing the manufacturing of quality products

Functional Conflict is?

Conflict that is managed properly and maintained at an optimal level, and used by an organization to increase performance, productivity, definition of purpose, and cohesiveness.

Dysfunctional Conflict is?

Conflict which is counterproductive and often leads to a waste of company resources and negatively impact interpersonal relations.

Supportive leadership?

Doing things to make work more pleasant; treating group members as equals; being friendly and approachable; showing concern for the well-being of employees.

Types of Structures, 3 Traditional Structures?

Functional Divisional Hybrid structure

What is the responsibility of Function Managers in an Organization?

Functional managers have responsibilities for a single area such as finance, marketing or personnel.

Tripod - 1997 - James Reason - 3 cornerstones?

General Failure Types, Hazard/unsafe acts, Accidents/incidents

What theory did Edwin Locke contribute?

Goal-setting theory - Based on clear and desirable performance targets called task goals.

Frank Bird's domino model incorporates concepts from the _____ model

ISMEC

Which Standards focus on Environment?

ISO 14000 Series

Which Standards focus on Quality Management Systems?

ISO 9000 series (eight quality management principles -TQM)

What is Outside-in Planning?

Involves analyzing the external environment in order to select a unique niche for the organization's activities.

What is Inside-out Planning?

Involves focusing on what we are already doing with a view to doing it better.

What is Contingency Planning?

Involves identifying alternative courses of action that can be implemented if and when an original plan becomes inappropriate due to changing circumstances.

Participative leadership?

Involving employees in decision making; consulting with employees; asking for suggestions from employees; using these suggestions when making a decision.

Directive Leadership?

Letting employees know what is expected; giving directions on what to do and how; scheduling work to be done; maintaining definite standards of performance; clarifying the leader's role in the group.

Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Human Needs

Lower-order Needs 1. PhysiologicalConcerns 2. Safety Concerns 3. Social Concerns Higher-order Needs 4. EsteemConcerns 5. Self-actualizationConcerns

The concept that adults learn differently from children stems from?

Malcolm Knowles' theories on andragogy

Describe the major feature of a "Mechanistic Organization"?

Mechanistic Organizations are highly bureaucratic in form. They typically operate with more centralized authority, a precise division of labour, narrow spans of control, and formal means of control. (McDonalds)

What are the 11 accident theories?

Multiple causation and total loss (iceberg - Berg Germain)Heinrich's Pyramid Model Herbert Heinrich's Domino Model Frank Bird's Original Domino Model Bird's Up-Dated Accident Sequence A People-Oriented Revision of Adams' Accident Sequence The Adams Domino Theory The Ball Energy Model James Reason's Model (Swiss Cheese Model and the Accident Trajectory) The Tripod-Delta Model

What Level of Planning do Middle-Level Managers involve themselves with?

Operational and Standing Use Plans

What is Matrix Structure?

Permanent and temporary teams are created to improve lateral relations and solve problems throughout an organization. The matrix structure has many advantages including: more inter-functional co-operation, flexibility,customer service, better accountability, improved decision making, and improved strategic management. This model is very useful for organizations that have several projects operating at any given time.

Kurt Lewin Describes the Process of Change in an Organization as what 3 Phases?

Phase 1. Unfreezing: Managers task to create a felt need for change Phase 2. Change: Managers task to implement change Phase 3. Refreezing: Managers task to stabilize change

Productivity, Efficiency and Effectiveness. What is the relationship?

Productivity measures the quantity and the quality of work performance while taking resource utilization into consideration. Productivity= Quantity + Quality - Resources (P= Q + Q - R)

Stephen Covey - What was his Idea for Behavioral Management Theory?

Proposed the idea that being a high trust leader was predictive of team and organizational success. -Character Based Behavior - talk straight, demonstrate respect, create transparency, rights wrongs, show loyalty -Competence Based Behavior - deliver results, get better, confront reality, clarify expectations, practice accountability -Character and Competence Behavior - listen first, keep commitments, extend trust

The definition of total quality management?

Quality principles should be applied to all aspects of operations to meet customer needs

Achievement-oriented leadership:

Setting challenging goals; expecting the highest levels of performance; emphasizing continuous improvement in performance; displaying confidence in meeting high standards.

What Level of Planning do Lower-Level Managers involve themselves with?

Short Range Single-Use Plans

The dominoes of Henrich's model?

Social Environment, Fault of.., Unsafe Act/Condition, Accident, Injury (focus on unsafe acts)

What is the role of Staff Managers in an organization?

Staff Managers use their special technical expertise to support the production efforts of line personnel. In a typical organization, the safety manager is the staff manager.

Steps in the Problem-Solving Process (6)?

Step 1: Find and define the Problem Step 2: Generate alternative solutions Step 3: Evaluate alternatives and choose solutions Step 4: Conduct ethics double-check Step 5: Implement the Solution Step 6: Evaluate Results

6 Steps in Team Building?

Step 1: Problem Awareness Step 2: Data Gathering Step 3: Data Analysis and Diagnosis Step 4: Action Planning Step 5: Action Implementation Step 6: Evaluation

What Level of Planning do Top-Level Mangers involve themselves with?

Strategic Long-Term Planning

3 Essential Management Skills (Robert Katz)?

Technical skills, Human Skills, Conceptual Skills

Andragogy is?

The specific needs of adult learners. Knowles emphasized that adult learners are self directed; they bring a wealth of previous experiences that should be used to integrate new knowledge; they want information to be relevant and useful; and they prefer to take responsibility for their own learning and their own decisions.

What is Top-down Planning?

Top management sets the broad objectives and then allows lower levels of management to make plans within these constraints.

Who created the TQM (Total Quality Management) System?

W.E. Demming - 1950 - Generally defined as applying quality principles to all aspects of operations, and meeting customer needs by doing things right the first time. - Virtually interchangeable with modern safety management systems.

Learning can be demonstrated through knowledge, skills or attitudes. Skills?

a demonstration of manual or physical abilities and are typically thought of as kinesthetic learning. Skills are a part of the psychomotor or doing domain

In order for an organization to succeed it must depend on two complementary forces?

differentiation and integration. Differentiation creates differences through a division of labour. Integration co-ordinates the results of the labour so some common purpose is achieved.

Peter Drucker states: "....effectiveness is doing the right thing, but?

efficiency is doing the thing right."

Learning can be demonstrated through what 3 ways?

knowledge, skills or attitudes

Learning can be demonstrated through knowledge, skills or attitudes. Attitudes?

more closely related to our social and emotional intelligence. It is part of the affective or feeling domain that focuses on emotions and values. Sometimes abilities is included in this component as well

The four functions of management?

planning, organizing, leading, controlling

Total Quality Management works to increase what 3 things?

safety, quality and efficiency

Learning can be demonstrated through knowledge, skills or attitudes. Knowledge?

way of demonstrating thinking, memory, or mental skills. Knowledge focuses on the cognitive or thinking domain

Types of Structures, 3 Non-traditional structures?

• matrix structure • team structure • network structure

8 Quality Management Principles ISO 9000 Quality Management System standard is based on?

•Principle 1 - Customer Focus •Principle 2 - Leadership •Principle 3 - Involvement of People •Principle 4 - Process Approach •Principle 5 - System Approach to Management •Principle 6 - Continual Improvement •Principle 7 - Factual Approach to Decision Making •Principle 8 - Mutually Beneficial Supplier Relationships