CSEL Test Oral Prep

Types of NOTAMS

(D) NOTAMS - information regarding en-route navigational aids, public-use airports listed in the AFD, facilities, services, and procedures. FDC NOTAMS - Flight information that is regulatory in nature including, but not limited to, changes in IFR charts, procedures, and airspace usage. Pointer NOTAMS - Issued by FSS to highlight or point out another NOTAM. Military NOTAMS - NOTAMS that pertain to the US military SAA NOTAMS - Issued when special activity airspace will be active outside the published scheduled times.

ELT (91.207)

-Transmits at least 48 hours -Can be tested on the ground for five minutes after every hour, 121.5 -1/2 of battery life -1 hour cumulative usage -In the "armed" position during normal operations

Runway Width Illusion (AIM 8-1-5)

1. A narrower‐than‐usual runway can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is. The pilot who does not recognize this illusion will fly a lower approach, with the risk of striking objects along the approach path or landing short. 2. A wider‐than‐usual runway can have the opposite effect, with the risk of leveling out high and landing hard or overshooting the runway.

Decompression Sickness; The Bends (AIM 8-1-2)

1. A pilot or passenger who intends to fly after scuba diving should allow the body sufficient time to rid itself of excess nitrogen absorbed during diving. If not, decompression sickness can create a serious inflight emergency. 2. The recommended waiting time before going to flight altitudes of up to 8,000 feet is at least 12 hours after diving which has not required controlled ascent and at least 24 hours after diving which has required controlled ascent. 3. The waiting time before going to flight altitudes above 8,000 feet should be at least 24 hours after any SCUBA dive. These recommended altitudes are actual flight altitudes above mean sea level (AMSL) and not pressurized cabin altitudes. This takes into consideration the risk of decompression of the aircraft during flight.

What are several actions that you can take to enhance aircraft security?

1. Always lock your aircraft 2. Keep track of the keys 3. Lock hanger when unattended

What are the requirements to apply for a commercial pilot certificate?

1. At least 18 years old 2. English 3. Hold a PPL 4. Third Class Medical 5. Receive required ground and flight training endorsements 6. Pass the knowledge and practical test 7. Meet aeronautical experience required

What is required to perform preventative maintenance on an aircraft? (Part 43)

1. At least a Private pilot certificate 2. Registered owner/operator of the aircraft 3. Aircraft is not used in air carrier service 4. Complete appropriate logbook entries

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (AIM-8-1-4)

1. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas contained in exhaust fumes, that significantly reduce the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Consequently, effects of hypoxia occur. 2. Most heaters in light aircraft work by air flowing over the manifold. Use of these heaters while exhaust fumes are escaping through manifold cracks and seals is responsible every year for several nonfatal and fatal aircraft accidents from carbon monoxide poisoning. 3. A pilot who detects the odor of exhaust or experiences symptoms of headache, drowsiness, or dizziness while using the heater should suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, and immediately shut off the heater and open air vents. If symptoms are severe or continue after landing, medical treatment should be sought.

BasicMed Operating Requirements

1. Carries not more than five passengers 2. Operates under VFR or IFR, within the United States, at less than 18,000 feet MSL, not exceeding 250 knots. 3. Flight not operated for compensation or hire

Why do I need to fly under BasicMed?

1. Comply with the general BasicMed requirements (possess a U.S. driver's license, have held a medical after July 14, 2006). 2. Get a physical exam with a state-licensed physician, using the Comprehensive Medical Examination Checklist 3. Complete a BasicMed medical education course

Stages of a Thunderstorm

1. Cumulus Stage: Lifting cools air to dew point, condensing water vapor into water droplets or ice crystals High winds moving up and down and may extend above thunderstorm 2. Mature Stage: Beginning of precipitation Turbulent conditions 3. Dissipating Stage: Characterized by downdrafts Energy is released and storm weakens

When should pitot heat be turned on in flight?

1. Flight into IMC 2. Visible Moisture 3. Ambient temperatures ≤41°F

Aircraft Visual Intercept Signals

1. Follow the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft. 2. Notify ATC if possible. 3. Attempt to communicate with intercepting aircraft on 121.5. 4. Squawk 7700, unless other instructions given by ATC

POH Sections

1. General 2. Limitations 3. Emergency Procedures 4. Normal Procedures 5. Performance 6. Weight and Balance 7. Description and Operation of the Airplane and its Systems 8. Airplane handling, servicing and maintenance 9. Supplements 10. Operating Tips

When is a pilot required to hold a type rating?

1. Large Aircraft (>12,500lbs) 2. Turbojet powered airplanes 3. Other aircraft specified by the administrator through aircraft type certificates procedures

Motion Sickness Symptoms

1. Loss of appetite 2. Person begins to sweat 3. Nausea and disorientation 4. Headache 5. Vomit 6. Incapacitation

What privileges apply to a commercial pilot?

1. May act as PIC for carrying persons or property for compensation or hire 2. Allows you to act as PIC as a commercial operator (engages in the carriage of air commerce or people for hire)

To act as PIC what must be in a pilots possession?

1. Medical 2. Government issued Photo ID 3. Pilot's License

What should you do if a passenger is suffering from motion sickness?

1. Open up the air vents 2. Loosen clothing 3. Use supplemental oxygen 4. Keep eyes on a point outside of the aircraft 5. Avoid unnecessary head movements 6. Terminate the flight

Types of Stability

1. Positive static stability - Returns to its original attitude 2. Neutral static stability - Stay in the new attitude 3. Negative static stability - Continues moving farther away from original attitude 4. Positive dynamic stability - Oscillations dampen out over time 5. Neutral dynamic stability - Oscillations never dampen out 6. Negative dynamic stability - Oscillations get worse over time

What is required to act as PIC of a complex aircraft? (retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller)

1. Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor 2. Been found proficient in operating that aircraft 3. Received a onetime endorsement in your logbook from an authorized instructor

What is required to act as PIC of a high performance aircraft? (Over 200hp)

1. Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor 2. Been found proficient in operating that aircraft 3. Received a onetime endorsement in your logbook from an authorized instructor

Airworthiness Procedures (91.213 Inop Equipment)

1. Recognize what is broken 2. MEL - Comply with MEL (NA) 2. Type Certificate Data Sheet (NA) 3. KOL - Kinds of Operations List 4. Equipment list (POH/logbook) 5. 91.205 - (TOMATOAFLAMES FLAPS / GRABCARDD) 6. Airworthiness Directives 7. PIC Decision - Remove, Placard Inop, or get a special flight permit

Weather Avoidance Assistance

1. Request to deviate off course by stating the number of miles and the direction of the requested deviation. 2. Request a new route to avoid the affected area. 3. Request a change of altitude. 4. Request radar vectors around the affected areas.

What limitations are there if the commercial airplane pilot does not hold an instrument rating?

1. The carriage of passengers for hire on XC flights in excess of 50nm 2. The carriage of passengers for hire at night 3. Special VFR at Night

When may a commercial pilot log SIC time?

1. The person is qualified as SIC and occupies a crew member station in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft's type certificate.

Wake Turbulence Traffic Seperation

1. Two minutes when departing behind a heavy jet from the same threshold 2. Three minutes when departing from an intersection on the same runway behind a heavy jet 3. Enroute Separation - Small aircraft behind Large/Heavy at same altitude or less than 1,000ft below is 5 miles or more.

What is necessary for structural icing to occur?

1. Visible moisture 2. Temperature where the precipitation strikes the aircraft at freezing temp.

What are the requirements to remain current as a commercial pilot?

1. Within the proceeding 24 months the pilot must have accomplished a flight review by an authorized instructor and received a logbook endorsement 2. To carry passengers a pilot must have 3 takeoff and landings within the last 90 days. If carrying passengers at night or in a tailwheel these must be full stop.

ELT Battery Replacements

1/2 of battery life 1 hour cumulative usage

Max Takeoff Altitude

10,000ft MSL

Engine Oil Pressure

10-100psi

Fuel Type

100LL - blue or 100 - green

What is the required oil temp before runup?

100°F before runup

Scuba Diving Requirements

12 hours after diving 24 after after diving with a controlled descent FAA recommends 24 hours after any dive

Max Baggage Compartment Weight

130lbs

Standard Temperature

15°C or 59°F Decreases by 2°C per 1000ft of altitude

Max Operating Altitude

17,500ft MSL

Medicals >40 years old

1st class - 6 months 2nd class - 12 months 3rd class - 24 months

Medicals <40 years old

1st class- 12 months 2nd class - 12 months 3rd class - 60 months

Standard Climb Gradient

200 fpnm

What is the lowest altitude you can operate an aircraft over a wildlife refuge/park

2000ft AGL

Emergency Descent Procedure

200kts descent

What is the max speed below 10,000ft MSL?

250kts or less in class B. If told maintain best forward speed you must still stay at or below 250kts. Class C and D below 2500AGL within 4nm at 200kts or below.

What fuel quantity is Tabs?

26 Gallons

Maximum Overspeed Allowance

2700RPM

Standard Pressure Altitude

29.92 in Hg

Max Landing Weight

2900lbs

Pilot Controlled Lighting

3 - low intensity 5 - medium intensity 7 - high intensity

GPS Satellites Required

3 Satellites - 2D picture 4 Satellites - 3D picture 5 Satellites - 3D + RAIM Fault Detection 6 Satellites - 3D + RAIM Fault Detection Exclusion - isolates corrupt signal and removes it from navigational solution

VFR Day Currency Requirements for Passengers

3 takeoff and landings in the same category and class aircraft within 90 days, if using a tail wheel aircraft must be a full stop

VFR Night Currency Requirements for Passengers

3 takeoff and landings in the same category and class aircraft within 90 days, must be full stop. Must be completed between 1 hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.

If you move and fail to notify the FAA how long can you exercise your pilot privileges?

30 days after the move date

Max Takeoff Weight

3000lbs

Washington D.C. (SFRA)

30nm radius from the DCA VOR/DME from surface to FL180. Flight within 60nm requires a special D.C. SFRA awareness training program be completed. FAR 91.161 Must file and activate flight plan prior to entering airspace.

What fuel quantity is Tabs 5?

36 Gallons

What is the minimum height to engage autopilot in SR20?

400ft AGL

How many sumps are on the SR20?

5 sumps. 2 under each wing and a 5th under nose (Gascolator)

Total Usable Fuel

56 gallons

Oil Quantity

6-8 quarts

Total Fuel

60.5 gallons

Max Fuel Imbalance

7.5 gallons (1/4 tank)

Squawk Codes

7500 - hijack 7600 - lost comm 7700 - emergency

Alcohol Requirements

8 hours bottle to throttle <0.04 bac

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A - Airspeed (96kts) B - Best Field/Airport C - Checklists (Fuel, Air, Spark) Squawk 7700 Mayday 121.5 Forced Landing Checklist

Required Maintenance on Plane

A - Annual (12 months) A - Airworthiness Directives V - VOR (30 days) I - 100 Hour Inspection (100 hours) (FOR HIRE ONLY) A - Altimeter (24 months) T - Transponder (24 months) E - ELT (12 months) S - Static/Pitot (24 months)

Airspaces

A - FL180-FL600 B - Surface to specified C - Surface to 4000 AGL D - Surface to specified AGL E - Surface, 700, 1200, or 14500 to FL180 (Echo outside starts at 1200ft) G - Uncontrolled

Airspace Classes

A - FL180-FL600 (Listed in MSL) B - Surface to 10,000 (Listed in MSL). Up to 250kts. C - Surface to 4000 AGL. 200kts. (Inner=surface-4000, 5nm, Outer=1200-4000, 20nm) (Listed in MSL) D - Surface to 2500 (listed in MSL). 200kts E - Surface, 700, 1200, or 14500 to FL180 (Echo outside starts at 1200) (Listed in AGL) G - Uncontrolled at surface. (Listed in AGL)

Balanced Field Takeoff

A balanced field takeoff is a condition where the accelerate-stop distance required (ASDR) is equal to the takeoff distance required (TODR) for the aircraft weight, engine thrust, aircraft configuration and runway condition.

Prognostic Chart (prog)

A chart showing expected or forecast conditions, such as pressure patterns, frontal positions, contour height patterns, and so on.

Cold Front

A cold front is when a mass of cold air moves to displace warm air. Denser cold air moves along the surface and displaces the warmer air aloft. These move faster than warm fronts (25-30mph). Precipitation always falls in front of a cold front. Along the steep edge of a cold front, you'll often find cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds, because of the rapidly rising warm air. This is why cold fronts are associated with squall lines, thunderstorms, frontal turbulence, and overall bad weather.

Cirrus Progressive Inspection Cycle 91.213 or 91.409

A five phase cycle that consists of eight parts over the course of 12 calendar months, with an inspection occurring every 50 hours. 1,2,3,2,4,2,5,2

Can you warm up the aircraft in cold weather conditions?

A ground service receptacle, located just aft of the cowl on the left side of the airplane, permits the use of an external power source for cold weather starting and maintenance procedures.

Graveyard Spin (AIM 8-1-5)

A proper recovery from a spin that has ceased stimulating the motion sensing system can create the illusion of spinning in the opposite direction. The disoriented pilot will return the aircraft to its original spin.

What is a quick donning mask?

A quick donning mask must be able to be placed on the face properly with one hand and within 5 seconds. Pilots must also have a two hour supply of oxygen.

Somatogravic Illusion (AIM 8-1-5)

A rapid acceleration during takeoff can create the illusion of being in a nose up attitude. The disoriented pilot will push the aircraft into a nose low, or dive attitude. A rapid deceleration by a quick reduction of the throttles can have the opposite effect, with the disoriented pilot pulling the aircraft into a nose up, or stall attitude.

With full rudder applied what happens to the aileron?

A rudder-aileron interconnect is installed to provide a maximum of 8° down aileron with full rudder deflection.

Airport Hot Spot

A runway safety related problem area that presents an increased risk during surface operations. They are depicted on airport diagrams as open circles or polygons.

What class of medical is required for commercial pilots?

A second class medical

Special Flight Permits

A special flight permit may be issued for an aircraft that may not currently meet airworthiness requirements, but is still capable of safe flight. These are usually granted when flying the aircraft to a base for repairs, delivering an aircraft, evacuating an aircraft from areas of impending danger.

What is a squall line thunderstorm?

A squall line is a narrow band of active thunderstorms. Often it develops on or ahead of a cold front in moist, unstable air, but it may develop in unstable air far removed from any front. The line may be too long to detour easily and too wide and severe to penetrate. It often contains steady-state thunderstorms.

What is a Stopway?

A stopway is an area beyond the takeoff runway, centered on the extended runway centerline, and designated by the airport owner for use in decelerating an airplane during an aborted takeoff. It must be at least as wide as the runway and able to support an airplane during an aborted takeoff without causing structural damage to the airplane.

Wind Shear

A sudden drastic change in wind speed or direction over a small area. Wind shear can subject an aircraft to violent updrafts and downdrafts, as well as abrupt changes to the horizontal movement of the aircraft.

Weather Depiction Chart

A weather depiction chart details surface conditions as derived from METAR and other surface observations. The weather depiction chart is prepared and transmitted by computer every 3 hours beginning at 0100Z time and is valid data for the forecast period. It is designed to be used for flight planning by giving an overall picture of the weather across the United States.

Who can perform an Annual Inspection?

A&P with inspector authority. The IA allows them to sign the logbooks to certify inspection.

ADS-B Transpnder

ADS-B Out - GPS position, altitude, and ground speed. Continuously transmitting. ADS-B In - Optional component that allows pilots to receive datalink weather and traffic. Traffic is only transmitted when requested by interrogator.

Compass Errors

ANDS - Acceleration north deceleration south UNOS - Under north over south Oscillation - Anything else Deviation - caused by electrical interference Variation - difference between true and magnetic north

LAHSO (Land and Hold Short Operations)

ATC tool to increase airport capacity; pilot must accept/decline; no student solo pilots may participate. Pilots may accept such a clearance provided that the pilot-in-command determines that the aircraft can safely land and stop within the Available Landing Distance (ALD). ALD data are published in the special notices section of the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD). Controllers will also provide ALD data upon request.

When is the Stall Warning Horn Activated?

Activated 5-10kts above stall (Do not count on this range being accurate).

Acute Stress

Acute stress involves an immediate threat that is perceived as danger. This is the type of stress that triggers a "fight or flight" response in an individual, whether the threat is real or imagined. Normally, a healthy person can cope with acute stress and prevent stress overload. However, ongoing acute stress can develop into chronic stress.

Weather Brief Components in a Standard Brief

Adverse Conditions VFR Not Recommended Synopsis Current Conditions En Route Forecast Destination Forecast Winds Aloft Notices to Airman (NOTAMS) ATC Delays Any additional requested info

Sigmet Categories (Issued Every 4 hours)

Advisories concerning non-convective weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraft. Valid for 4 hours unless it relates to a hurricane, which is valid for 6 hours. 1 - Severe Turbulance or CAT 2 - Severe Icing 3 - Sandstorms/Dust storms (<3sm vis) 4 - Volcanic Ash

Convective Sigmet Categories (Valid 2 hours)

Advisory issued for hazardous convective weather that affects the safety of every flight. Issued for U.S. minus Alaska and Hawaii. Valid for 2 hours. time. If no hazardous weather exists, the convective SIGMET is still issued, Every 55 minutes, however it states "CONVECTIVE SIGMET...NONE." 1 - Hail/Tornado (>3/4 inch diameter) 2 - Line of Thunderstorms 3 - Embedded Thunderstorms 4 - Heavy rain covering greater than 40% of a 3,000 square mile area 5 - Surface winds greater than 50kts

Airmet Categories (Issued every 6 hours)

Advisory of a significant weather phenomena issued every 6 hours. Phenomena considered potentially hazardous to light aircraft and aircraft with limited operational capabilities. S - IFR Conditions T - Moderate Turbulence (>30kts winds) Z - Moderate icing Surface winds of 30kts or more

Air Data Attitude Heading Reference System (ADAHRS)

Air Data Computer (pitot/static system) -Airspeed Indicator -Altimeter -Vertical Speed Indicator Attitude Heading Reference System (gyro) -Heading Indicator -Turn Coordinator -Rate of turn Indicator

Define an Accident NTSB 830.2

Aircraft accident means an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.

When do you need to have your anti-collision lights turned on? 4-3-23

Aircraft equipped with an anti-collision light system are required to operate that light system during all types of operations (day and night). However, during any adverse meteorological conditions, the pilot-in-command may determine that the anti-collision lights should be turned off when their light output would constitute a hazard to safety (14 CFR Section 91.209).

Airplane Category

Airplane, glider, rotor-craft, etc.

Airport/Taxiway Markings

Airport Quick Reference Guide

TRSA (Terminal Radar Service Area)

Airspace surrounding some airports wherein ATC provides radar service. Separates all IFR aircraft. Separates participating VFR aircraft. Provides Class C services for participating aircraft.

Traditional Six Pack Layout

Airspeed Indicator (Pitot/Static) Attitude Indicator (Vacuum Gyro) Altimeter (Static) Turn Coordinator (Electric Gyro) Heading Indicator (Vacuum Gyro) Vertical Speed (Static)

Alert Areas

Alert areas are depicted on aeronautical charts to inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain high volumes pilot training, parachute jumping, glider towing, or an unusual type of aerial activity

Oxygen Requirements (91.211)

All altitude are based on cabin pressure altitudes. Part 91 Unpressurized Aircraft: 12,500-14,000 MSL - if longer than 30 minutes pilot must use oxygen >14,000 MSL - Pilot must use oxygen at all times >15,000 MSL - Each occupant must be supplied with supplemental oxygen for the entire flight time Part 91 Pressurized Aircraft: >FL250 - 10 minute supply of oxygen for each occupant >FL350 - at least one pilot wears mask at all times (unless quick donning mask and 2 pilots; otherwise mask at all times on pilot) >FL410 - One pilot must wear a mask at all times

Are the SR20 standby instruments vacuum or electronic?

All systems are electronic. NO vacuum system in the SR20.

Pitot Static System

Altimeter, vertical speed indicator, airspeed indicator (ram air)

Hypoxia Scenario Steps

Always treat as if its the worst possible scenario: 1. Oxygen masks on 2. Declare an emergency 3. Descend to a lower altitude 4. Land and seek medical attention

SVFR (Special VFR) 91.157

An ATC procedure which allows aircraft to request departure or arrival at certain airports (usually outlying smaller Class B,C,D, or E airports) when weather conditions are below VFR. (Various conditions must be met in order to do this, per Order 7110.65). Available only upon request at Class D, E, most Class C, and some Class B airports. ATC clearance must be obtained. Requirements: Must be requested 1 SM and Clear of Clouds If night requires IFR rating

What is an MEL and how do you obtain one?

An MEL is a minimum equipment list. Is basic terms it means what can be broken and still fly. MEL's are tail number specific and approved by the FSDO. In order to obtain an MEL you take the manufacturers MMEL and modify as you see fit. You then send that modified MMEL to the FAA and if approved they send a Letter of Authorization (LOA) confirming your new MEL. At all times you must keep a copy of the LOA, MEL, and MMEL in the aircraft.

The Leans (AIM 8-1-5)

An abrupt correction of a banked attitude, which has been entered too slowly to stimulate the motion sensing system in the inner ear, can create the illusion of banking in the opposite direction. The disoriented pilot will roll the aircraft back into its original dangerous attitude, or if level flight is maintained, will feel compelled to lean in the perceived vertical plane until this illusion subsides.

Coriolis Illusion (AIM 8-1-5)

An abrupt head movement in a prolonged constant-rate turn that has ceased stimulating the motion sensing system can create the illusion of rotation or movement in an entirely different axis. The disoriented pilot will maneuver the aircraft into a dangerous attitude in an attempt to stop rotation. May be prevented by not making sudden, extreme head movements, particularly while making prolonged constant-rate turns under IFR conditions.

Air Defense Identification Zone (AIDZ)

An area of airspace on the coast line and borders of the US for national security. You must file IFR or DVFR flight plan prior to crossing or risk being intercepted. Equipment required: 2 way radio, transponder with mode c, and position reports to ATC.

What is a trough?

An elongated area of low pressure. A trough is an area of rising air. Rising air is conductive to cloudiness and precipitation. (Low Pressure = bad weather)

METAR

An observation of current surface weather reported. New every hour with the exception of special weather reports (SPECI). A special report that can be given at any time to update the METAR for rapidly changing weather conditions, aircraft mishaps, or other critical information.

Anti-Icing vs De-icing systems FAA-H-8083-31

Anti-ice prevents ice from accumulating and deicing removes accumulated ice buildup

Runway Incursion

Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. 1. Failure to comply with ATC instructions 2. Lack of airport familiarity 3. Non-conformance with standard operating procedures

What flight time must you log?

Any time towards a certificate, rating or flight review

Where are microbursts most likely to occur?

Anywhere there is convective activity.

What instruments contain gyroscopes?

Attitude indicator, heading indicator, and turn coordinator

Difference from being current vs proficient

Being current means that the pilot has accomplished the requirements to make the flight legal. Being proficient means that the pilot has a high degree of competence and skill and can make the flight in a smart and safe manner as well as legal.

Engine Failure on Takeoff Procedure

Best Glide Speed - 96kts Mixture - Cutoff Fuel Selector - Off Ignition Switch - Off Flaps - As required Power - Idle Fuel Pump - Off Battery/Alternator - Off Seatbelts - Secure

Engine Failure in Flight

Best Glide Speed - 96kts Mixture - Full Rich Fuel Selector - Switch Tanks Fuel Pump - Boost Alternate Induction Air - On Ignition Switch - Cycle both Perform Engine Airstart/Forced Landing Checklist

Forced Landing Checklist

Best Glide Speed - 96kts Radio - Transmit 121.5 (mayday) Transponder - Squawk 7700

Blockages

Blocked pitot - Airspeed=zero Blocked pitot and drain hole - airspeed= acts as altimeter Blocked static port - airspeed= acts as reverse altimeter, altimeter= stuck at altitude that we become blocked, VSI=zero

VFR Airport Symbols

Blue Airport = control tower Magenta Airport = NO control tower

How to lean mixture for XC

Bring the hottest cylinder to peak EGT and then add 75.

Front Types

C - Cold Front O - Occluded Front W - Warm Front S - Stationary Front

Define Center of Gravity

CG is the point at which all weight is considered to be concentrated and about which all forces and moments are measured.

At what temperature can carb ice occur?

Carb ice can occur with temperatures as high as 100°F and the humidity as low as 50%. It is more likely with temps below 70°F and the relative humidity above 80%. Does not apply to SR20.

What factors can make a pilot more susceptible to hypoxia?

Carbon Monoxide Anemia Certain Medications Alcohol Drugs Extreme heat, cold, fever, or anxiety

Category Class Type

Category - Airplane, Rotorcraft, Glider, Lighter-than-air Class (for airplane) - SEL, SES, MEL, MES Type (specific make and model)- B-737, DC-9, ect.

Who can do a Flight Review?

Certified Flight Instructor

Charitable Flight

Charitable flight are permitted for pay under far 91.146.

Chronic Stress

Chronic stress can be defined as a level of stress that presents an intolerable burden, exceeds the ability of an individual to cope, and causes individual performance to fall sharply. Unrelenting psychological pressures, such as loneliness, financial worries, and relationship or work problems can produce a cumulative level of stress that exceeds a person's ability to cope with the situation. When stress reaches these levels, performance falls off rapidly. Pilots experiencing this level of stress are not safe and should not exercise their airman privileges. Pilots who suspect they are suffering from chronic stress should consult a physician.

VFR Cloud Clearance Weather Minimums

Class A - IFR Class B - 3 C.O.C. Class C - 3 152 (sm, above, below, behind) Class D - 3 152 Class E >10,000 - 5 111 Class E <10,000 - 3 152 Class G >10,000 - 5 111 Class G >1,200/<10,000 - Day- 1 152 Night- 3 152 Class G <1,200 - Day- 1 C.O.C. Night- 3 152

What phrase is required to enter each Airspace?

Class A - IFR Route Class B - "cleared into" Class C - establish two way radio Class D - establish two way radio Class E - Nothing, uncontrolled

Airspace Equipment Requirements

Class A - IFR, ADS-B out, transponder Class B - Mode C within 30nm, ADS-B out, 2way radio, PPL or student endorsement within 90 days. Class C - 2way radio, ADS-B out, mode c transponder (in + above airspace) Class D - 2way radio Class E - ADS-B out if over 10,000ft MSL but not below 1500AGL. Gulf of mexico >3000ft MSL and within 12nm of us coast Class G - Nothing required. Above 10,000ft MSL = Mode C Transponder + ADS-B Out

Class E Airspace starting at surface

Class E at surface depicted by segmented magenta line.

Class E Airspace starting at 14500 AGL

Class E starts at 14500.

Class E Airspace at 1700

Class E starts at 1700 AGL by jagged blue lines. Near airways or navaids.

Icing Types

Clear - smooth Rime - rough Mixed - mixture of the two

Types of structural icing

Clear Icing - Forms when only a small portion of the drop freezes immediately. Rime Icing - Forms when droplets rapidly freeze. Mixed Icing - A mixture of clear and rime ice.

In a conventional engine what direction does the prop rotate?

Clockwise

Private Carriage vs Common Carriage?

Common carriage: four elements 1: a holding out of a willingness to 2: transport persons or property 3: from place to place 4: for compensation (not just money...FAA has held that intangibles such as economic benefit can be compensation...the receipt of anything with value) If the operation meets these four elements, it is common carriage and not permitted under part 91. You would need an air carrier certificate. Private carriage: carriage for hire that does not involve holding out (generally for one or several select customers). Still not allowed under part 91 - you need an air carrier certificate

Requirements to Remain Current

Complete a flight review within 24 months (minimum 1 hour ground+flight) Complete the FAA WINGS Program Add an additional rating or certificate

Radiation (Ground) Fog

Condensation of water vapor that results from the cooling of air that is in contact with the ground

LOST 5 C's

Confess, climb, conserve, communicate, comply

What medications can a pilot use?

Consult your AME

Oxygen Mask Systems

Continuous Flow - Pure oxygen supplied can be used as high as 25,000ft. (Used for passengers typically) Diluter-Demand - Masks are often used for operations between 25,000 and 35,000ft. These masks can be set to dilute the oxygen with ambient air or to deliver 100% oxygen. Pressure Demand - Use a regulator to deliver oxygen under pressure when inhaling. Typically used above 25,000ft. Required for aircraft rated 35,000 to 45,000ft. (Requires heavy exhale)

What do Ailerons do?

Control roll about the longitudinal axis

DECIDE Model

D - Detect a change E - Estimate need to respond C - Choose a desirable outcome I - Identify corrective action D - Do it E - Evauluate

Airplane Type

DC-3, B737, etc. If type rating is required.

Logbook Entry for Preventative Maintenance

Date Description Number of hours on aircraft Pilot certificate number Signature

Fuel Requirements Day + Night + COA

Day - 30 minutes Night - 45 minutes COA - 60 minutes

CAPS System Demonstrated

Demonstrated above 500ft AGL Vpd = 133kts Requires 45lbs to pull Turn Everything Off and Brace for impact, sitting upright, tightened seatbelt. Does NOT require electrical power for activation. Keep in mind 2000ft AGL as a decision altitude.

Oil Type

Depends on outside temperatures. Generally 20W-50 (all temps)

Prognostic Chart

Depicts forecast weather conditions at a specific time. (12, 24, 36, 48 hours)

VFR Day Fuel Reserve Requirements

Destination + 30 minutes

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Destination + 45 minutes

Hypoxia symptoms

Deterioration of night vision, judgement, memory, alertness, coordination, calculations, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, uncoordinated, euphoria, belligerence.

What is Dew Point?

Dew point is the temperature at which a sample of air must be cooled to in order to attain a state of saturation

Symptoms of Hypoxia

Dizziness, headache, confusion, euphoria, light-headed, cynosis

Effects of a Microburst

During an inadvertent takeoff into a microburst, the plane may first experience a performance-increasing headwind: (1), followed by performance-decreasing downdrafts (2) Followed by a rapidly increasing tailwind (3) This can result in terrain impact or flight dangerously close to the ground (4). An encounter during approach involves the same sequence of wind changes and could force the plane to the ground short of the runway.

When is 100 hour inspection required?

During commercial operation only. Most private owners will never do a 100 hour. This can be accomplished by a license A&P mechanic.

What types of systems are used in the prevention and elimination of propeller ice? FAA-H-8083-31

Electrically heated boots - Heating elements in the boots which are bonded to the propeller. Ice is heated and then thrown off by the centrifugal force of the prop. Fluid System - Consists of an electrically driven pump which distributed fluid along the propeller assisted by centrifugal force.

How does the autopilot work in SR20?

Electronic trim settings

What is a Ridge?

Elongated area of high atmospheric pressure. An area of descending air, which favors dissipation of cloudiness. (High pressure = good weather)

Right of Way 91.111

Emergency Balloons Gliders Airships Airplanes Rotorcraft

Non Towered Airport Pattern

Enter 500ft above pattern altitude and state intentions. Standard traffic is left turns

Towered Airport Pattern

Enter as instructed by ATC at pattern altitude Standard traffic is left turns

ILS Critical Area Boundary

Exit boundary of ILS critical areas

Runway Safety Area/Obstacle Free Zone Boundary

Exit boundary of runway protected areas

METAR Example: METAR KGGG 161753Z AUTO 14021G26KT 3/4SM +TSRA BR BKN008 OVC012CB 18/17 A2970 RMK PRESFR

Explanation: Routine METAR for Gregg County Airport for the 16th day of the month at 1753Z automated source. Winds are 140 at 21 knots gusting to 26. Visibility is ¾ statute mile. Thunderstorms with heavy rain and mist. Ceiling is broken at 800 feet, overcast at 1,200 feet with cumulonimbus clouds. Temperature 18 °C and dew point 17 °C. Barometric pressure is 29.70 "Hg and falling rapidly.

Part 125 Requirements

FAR part 125 governs transport category aircraft and raises the certification standards of many items on privately owned aircraft, including standards for crew, equipment, etc. To account for this, there are regulations governing the operation of transport category aircraft (more than 20 seats or more than 6,000 pounds of payload).

How can I obtain weather while enroute to your destination?

FSS ATIS On-board Radar Datalink weather (if in airplane) ATC

Gear System

Fixed tricycle gear. The mains are made of composite material and the nose gear is steel. The nose gear shock absorption is provided by polymer shock absorbing pucks.

What are the secondary flight controls? (PHOAK CH.6)

Flaps, trim, spoilers, leading edge devices

What types of systems are used in the prevention and elimination of Windshield ice? FAA-H-8083-31

Fluid System - Consists of an electrically driven pump which may be activated to spray a fluid onto the windshield to prevent ice. Electrical System - Heating elements are embedded in the windshield or an attached device activates to prevent the formation of ice.

Upslope Fog

Forms when moist air is forced up sloping terrain

When do you need to turn on your aircraft position lights? 4-2-23

From sunset to sunrise

Is the SR20 carbureted or fuel injected?

Fuel Injected (no carb ice)

Ground Effect

Ground effect occurs due to the interference of the ground surface with the flow pattern about the airplane in flight. A wing in ground effect has a reduction in upwash, downwash, and tip vortices. With reduced tip vortices, induced drag is reduced.

HASSELL Checklist

H - Height A - Aircraft Configuration (Flaps) S - Speed S - Seatbelt E - Engine Parameters (In green, boost pump) L - Lookout (Clearing turns) L - Location (Announce position)

Prop Type

Hartzell Constant Speed Prop; tri-blade

Heater System

Heating is accomplished by mixing ram air from the fresh air inlets with heated air from the heat exchanger an then distributing "conditioned" air to the occupants or windshield. Air for heating is supplied by an inlet in the engine compartment to a muffler type heat exchanger surrounding the right engine exhaust muffler.

Airspace Charted Flyways

Helps the pilot plan flights into, out of, or near complex terminal airspace. Compliance is voluntary.

High Pressure System in Northern Hemisphere

High Pressure - Air flow outward, downward, and clockwise (anti-cyclone) (good weather)

Single Engine Shutdown Altitude

Highest Altitude wins: 3000ft AGL - FAA 4000ft AGL - MFG

Service Ceiling

Highest altitude the aircraft can maintain at least a 100 FPM rate of climb with all engines operating.

Runway Approach Hold Position

Hold Short of aircraft on approach

ILS Critical Area Hold Position

Hold short of ILS approach critical areas

Holding Out

Holding out implies offering to the public the carriage of persons and property for hire. You can holdout yourself or the aircraft. Holding yourself out is simply making it known that you are a commercial pilot who is seeking to fly for hire. Applying to a pilot posting, giving out business cards, etc...they are all you holding yourself out and are perfectly acceptable...IF you do not make any mention of providing yourself AND an aircraft. Do not provide the package (pilot, price, plane); just provide yourself.

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation is a condition in which you suddenly start to breathe very quickly and decrease the carbon dioxide in the blood. To reverse the symptoms breathe into a bag or distract them.

What is hyperventilation?

Hyperventilation is the excessive rate and depth of respiration leading to abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood. It can lead to unconsciousness due to the respiratory system's overriding mechanism to regain control of breathing.

What is Hypoxia?

Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and other organs.

Hypoxia Types

Hypoxic - Not enough oxygen available in the air (Altitude) Hypemic - Oxygen in air but body is unable to collect it (Carbon Monoxide) Histotoxic - Organs can't use the oxygen (Alcohol/Drugs) Stagnant - Body has oxygen in it but is unable to flow correctly (Pulling G's)

IMSAFE Checklist

I - Illness M - Medication S - Stress A - Alcohol F - Fatigue E - Emotion/Eating

Ice Fog

Ice fog occurs in cold weather when the temperature is much below freezing and water vapor forms directly into ice crystals. Conditions favorable for its formation are the same as for radiation fog except for cold temperature, usually -25 °F or colder. It occurs mostly in the arctic regions but is not unknown in middle latitudes during the cold season.

Taxiway Location

Identifies taxiway on which aircraft is located

If you advance the power level and the rpm does not respond what do you do?

If the RPM does not respond to power lever movement or overspeeds, the most likely cause is a faulty governor or an oil system malfunction. If moving the power lever is difficult or rough, suspect a power lever linkage failure and perform the Power Lever Linkage Failure checklist in POH.

What do the secondary flight controls do? (PHOAK CH.6)

Improve the aircraft's performance characteristics

Autokinesis (AIM 8-1-5)

In the dark, a static light will appear to move about when stared at for many seconds. The disoriented pilot will lose control of the aircraft in attempting to align it with the light. Do a scan to prevent this.

Define an Incident NTSB 830.2

Incident means an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.

Taxiway Ending Marker

Indicates taxiway does not continue

Induced Drag

Induced drag is the part of total drag created by the production of lift. Induced drag increases with a decrease in airspeed. The lower the airspeed, the greater AOA required to produce lift, therefore the greater the induced drag.

Class E Airspace starting at 700 AGL

Inside of a magenta vignette. Class E starts at 700ft AGL

Four-stroke engine Cycle

Intake Compression Combustion Exhaust

Hazardous Pilot Attitudes

Invulnerability - "It won't happen to me" Macho - "Over Confident" Anti-authority - "Don't need to follow the rules" Impulsivity - "Not thinking through the decision first" Resignation - "I can't do this"

Can you perform this operation? Can I hire you to fly my plane for my business partner?

It depends on the type of aircraft. 91.501 permits various operations in a large or turbine aircraft, including operation for a friend or business partner - if no charge is made.

Can you fly over/under a Thunderstorm?

It is impossible to fly over thunderstorms in light aircraft. Severe thunderstorms can reach staggering heights of 50,000 to 60,000 feet depending on latitude. Flying under thunderstorms can subject aircraft to rain, hail, damaging lightning, and violent turbulence. A good rule of thumb is to circumnavigate thunderstorms by at least 20nm since hail may fall for miles outside of the clouds. If flying around a thunderstorm is not an option, stay on the ground until it passes.

What is maneuvering speed in an aircraft?

It is the speed at which we can make full and abrupt control movements. This is used in thunderstorms because it helps to prevent damage to control surfaces.

Turbocharger

It uses exhaust gas to turn a turbine, which compresses and forces more air into your engine. And when you have more air entering your engine, you can add more gas for your engine's fuel/air mixture, which means you'll get more power. Turbos are especially useful at high altitude, where there is considerably less air than at sea level.

Supercharger

It's driven by the engine's crankshaft, and it's usually connected with a belt or chain. That's important because a supercharger requires engine power to run, as opposed to a turbocharger, which runs off of waste exhaust gasses.

Where is the airworthiness certificate stored?

Its listed on the baggage compartment for passengers to confirm airworthiness.

What do you do if you find yourself in the middle of a thunderstorm?

Keep straight and level and fly maneuvering speed.

Electrical System

Largest Voltage available is what each system draws power from: BAT1 - 24v and 10amp/hours (right firewall) BAT2 - 2x12v and 7amp/hours (connected in series, aft cabin bulkhead) ALT1 - 28v and 75amps (belt driven, front of engine) ALT2 - 28.75v and 20amps (accessory driven, rear of engine) Main/Non-Essential Bus=MainBus1/2,Non-esstial, AC Essential Bus=Essential/Avionics

Different Axis of Airplane

Lateral (Pitch) Vertical (Yaw) Longitudinal (Roll)

If icing occurs how to get rid of it

Leave the area of visible moisture. 1. Change altitudes (i) Descend to an altitude below the cloud bases (ii) Climb to an altitude above the cloud tops 2. Turn to a different course 3. Divert to different airport 4. Pitot heat on

What happens as we increase our altitude?

Less dense air = worse prop efficiency and less horsepower output from engine.

When does the Fuel Caution Light come on?

Less than 8.5 gallons on each side

How is lift generated?

Lift is generated by the airflow over the wings. The shape of the airfoil causes a difference in pressure that generates a high and low pressure side. The air flows from high to low and Newton's 3rd Law generates a downward drag force as well.

Requirements for a thunderstorm

Lifting action, visible moisture, and unstable air

Symptoms of Hyperventilation

Light-headed, drowsy, disorientation, passing out

Load Factor

Load factor is the ratio of the aerodynamic force on the aircraft to the gross weight of the aircraft. In a normal category aircraft the structure is capable of withstanding a load factor of 3.8Gs without structural failure. A 60 degree bank will produce a load factor of 2 Gs.

Accelerometer (ADAHRS)

Located in PFD MEMS - Micro Electrical Mechanical System -Uses tuning forks to sense acceleration in any direction. Takes a base reading on the ground and compares that to in air readings. -3 axis solid state gyro (X, Y, and Z)

Runway Selection

Look at available runway length and calculate crosswind

Weather Charts

Look at weather charts and practice depiction.

Low Pressure System in Northern Hemisphere

Low Pressure - Air flows inward, upward, and counterclockwise (cyclonic) (bad weather, increasing cloudyness and precip)

If your flight takes you toward an area of low or high pressure what kinds of general weather can you expect?

Low Pressure - Characterized by rising air, which is conductive to cloudiness, precipitation, and bad weather. High Pressure - Area of descending air, which tends to favor dissipation of cloudiness and good weather.

Weather Pressure Effects

Low Pressure - bad weather (counter-clockwise) High Pressure - good weather (clockwise)

MTR (Military Training Route) AIM-3-5-2

Low-level, high-speed military training flights. Speeds above 250kts below 10,000ft MSL. VR= VFR IR= IFR Less than 1500ft AGL = 4 digits 1500ft or above AGL= 3 digits

Airworthiness Procedures 91.213

MEL - Comply with MEL 91.205 (TOMATOAFLAMES/GRABCARDD) POH - Special Flight Permit Type Certificate - Special Flight Permit Airworthiness Directives - Special Flight Permit Safe - Placard Inop

What hydraulic fluid is used in the brake system?

MIL-H-5606 (red)

VFR XC Altitudes

Magnetic Course 0-179= odd thousand +500 180-359= even thousand +500

Magnetometer (ADAHRS)

Magnetic compass and OAT (located in right wing to prevent interference) Senses magnetic flux to determine compass information with gyro.

National Park/Wildlife Refuge Airspace

Maintain a minimum altitude of 2,000 feet AGL

What is Vno speed?

Maximum structural cruising speed

Special Flight Permit

May be issued for an aircraft that does not meet airworthiness requirements. Issued if the aircraft needs to be flown to a repair shop, maintenance, or storage. Contact the FSDO for permit.

What might have happened if you get no RPM drop on magneto checks?

May indicate faulty grounding of one side of the ignition system or a magneto timing issue.

MOA

Military Operations Area. Designed to separate military training from civilian flight. Permission is not required but you enter at own risk. Contact FSS within 100nm to determine status of MOA or look on charts.

What is an MEL?

Minimum equipment list (not on SR20)

Engine Fire in Flight Checklist

Mixture - Cutoff Fuel Pump - Off Power - Idle Fuel Selector - Off Ignition Switch - Off Forced Landing Checklist

When can you log night time for passenger currency?

Must be completed between 1 hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.

Restricted Area

Must receive permission prior to entering the airspace. Contains unusual, often invisible hazards to aircraft.

NBAA Exemption 91.501

NBAA's Small Aircraft Exemption allows operators of piston airplanes, small airplanes, and all helicopters to utilize the limited options for cost reimbursement permitted under Part 91, Subpart F of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs).

Composition of the Atmosphere

Nitrogen accounts for 78% of the gases that comprise the atmosphere, while oxygen makes up 21%. Argon, carbon dioxide, and traces of other gases make up the remaining 1%.

Stationary Front

No apparent movement because the opposing forces of the two air masses are relatively balanced. Less than 5 knots of movement Winds. Can remain stationary and affect local flying conditions for several days. Weather in a stationary front is a mix of cold and warm front characteristics. Wind blows parallel to fronts, but opposite directions to one another. Weather found along the front usually reflects the more dominant air mass. And while thunderstorms are possible, you're more likely to find stratus clouds and steady, light rain or drizzle. Stationary fronts tend to cover large areas in IMC, with calm surface winds that parallel the frontal boundary.

Prohibited Area

No operations are allowed to be conducted in this area. Prohibited areas range from Disney world, Naval stations, Presidential homes, key NASA facilities, Area 51, etc.

Aerobatic Airspace Requirements 91.303

No person may operate an aircraft in aerobatic flight - (a) Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement; (b) Over an open air assembly of persons; (c) Within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport; (d) Within 4 nautical miles of the center line of any Federal airway; (e) Below an altitude of 1,500 feet above the surface; or (f) When flight visibility is less than 3 statute miles.

Does a commercial pilot certificate expire?

No, but the privileges to use that certificate do.

You are a commercial multi-engine pilot. You find yourself in the following scenarios. Can you take the job? Someone approaches you and says he owns a fleet of cargo PA44s, and with an exceptionally busy month, doesn't have enough planes. He needs you to rent an airplane and fly his cargo for the month. You tell him you can't rent it, but that if he rents it, he provides the airplane and you can do it.

No, holding out. You are not directly providing the aircraft, but you are involved in procuring it for the operation.

Is it common carriage? A Stryker Challenger takes executives from a hospital considering a multi-million dollar deal with Stryker from their base in SEA to AZO to wine and dine them. The moment the jet touches down, the executives decide they want to do business to someone else. Did that operation make Stryker money?

No, the aircraft was not available to the general public and the executives did not pay to be on the jet. The aircraft is incidental to business.

Can you charge a dead battery with an external power cart?

No, the external power receptacle cannot be used to charge a dead battery. You must remove the battery in order to service it.

You are a commercial multi-engine pilot. You find yourself in the following scenarios. Can you take the job? Someone approaches you and says he owns a fleet of cargo PA44s, and with an exceptionally busy month, doesn't have enough planes. He needs you to rent an airplane (he will pay) and fly his cargo for the month.

No, you are providing the aircraft.

You are a commercial multi-engine pilot. You find yourself in the following scenarios. Can you take the job? Someone approaches you on the ramp as you are waxing 520MS and says he is late for a meeting in TVC. He offers $500 for a one way flight.

No, you are providing the aircraft.

Can you fly with commercial rights under basic med?

No.

Can you takeoff or land with any weight outside of the CG limits in an aircraft?

No.

Does every state require your aircraft to be registered?

No. Michigan does however.

Airplane Categories 23.3

Normal Commuter Utility Acrobatic

Normal Category Airplane Certification 23.2005

Normal category Seats - 9 or less (excluding pilot) Weight -12,500 lbs or less G Limit - +3.8Gs to -1.52Gs. Allowed maneuvers: 1. Any maneuver incident to normal flying 2. Stalls (except whip stalls) 3. Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, angle of bank 60 degrees or less

Unusual Attitude Recovery

Nose High - Add power, Lower nose, Roll level Nose Low - Cut power, Roll level, Pitch up

Common Carriage

Not allowed under Part 91. You would need an air carrier certificate. 1. A willingness to holdout 2. Transport persons or property 3. From place to place 4. For compensation (the receipt of anything with value) (Typically part 121, UAL, AA, Delta)

Private Carriage

Not allowed under Part 91. You would need an air carrier certificate. 1. Carrying persons or property for a select client without holding out 2. Has few select long term customers 3. Number of customers must be small, or it can imply willingness to contract anybody (Typically part 135, Northern Jet) (The aircraft is the principle money making entity.)

Controlled Firing Areas (CFAs)

Not charted as they do not cause nonparticipating aircraft to change their flight plan. Activities are suspended immediately when spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookouts indicate an aircraft may be approaching the area.

Airworthiness Directives

Notification of unsafe conditions that may exist due to design defects, maintenance, or other causes. AD's MUST be complied with and are issued by the FAA. Located on FAA.gov website.

What is an AD (Airworthiness Directives)

Notification of unsafe conditions that may exist due to design defects, maintenance, or other causes. AD's MUST be complied with and are issued by the FAA. Located on FAA.gov website.

Spatial Disorientation

Occurs when a conflict exists between signals relayed by central vision and information provided by peripheral vision

Occluded Front

Occurs when a fast-moving cold front catches up to a slow-moving warm front. The temperature within each front is the primary determinant as to the type of front/weather to be expected. Cause persistent weather lasting over 24 hours. Classified cold or warm based on what is in contact with the ground. Cold Front Occlusion: A cold occlusion results when the coldest air is behind the cold front. Cold air pushes underneath a warm air mass, forcing it skyward. High potential for serious weather Warm Front Occlusion: Warm occlusion results when the coldest air is ahead of the warm front. The cold air forces the cooler air of the advancing front aloft.

Gust Factor Calculation

On a gusty day, the FAA recommends that you add half the gust factor to your final approach speed. For example, if the winds are reported at 18 knots, gusting 30 knots, it means you have a gust factor of 12 knots (30-18 = 12). So if you take half the gust factor, you get 6 knots (12/2 = 6).

Class E Airspace starting at 1200 AGL

Outside of a magenta circle. Class E starts at 1200ft AGL. OR Class E starts inside of a blue vignette

PAVE Checklist

P - PIC A - Aircraft V - eVironment E - External Pressures

What are the aeronautical requirements to apply for a commercial pilot certificate? 61.129/141 Appendix B

PART 141: -190 hours total time. Must have 120 hours of dual time including in the total. -Must complete 55 hours of training with an instructor in which must include: -10 hours under the hood; simulated instruments. -One 2 hour cross-country that consists on more than 100 nm straight line distance during the day. -One 2 hour cross-country that consists on more than 100 nm straight line distance during the night. -10 hours of training in a SEL complex aircraft . -3 hour of training 60 days prior to the checkride. -Student must complete 10 hours solo in which must include: -One cross-country with landings at a minimum of three points and one segment of the flight must consist of a straight-line distance of at least 250 nm. -5 hours of night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs/landings which must be performed during pattern work. PART 61: -250 hours total time which must include: -100 hours of PIC time flight time which includes at least: -50 hours in cross-country flight -20 hours of training with instructor in which includes: -10 hours under the hood; simulated instruments -One 2 hour cross-country that consists more than 100nm straight line distance during the day. -One 2 hour cross-country that consists more than 100 nm straight line distance during the night. -10 hours of training in a SEL complex aircraft. -3 hour of training 60 days prior to the checkride. -Student must complete 10 hours solo in which must include: -One cross-country with landings at a minimum of three points and one segment of the flight must consist of a straight-line distance of at least 250 nm. -5 hours of night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs/landings which must be performed during pattern work Lookup reg for more in depth details.

Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs)

PIREPs provide valuable information regarding the conditions as they actually exist in the air, which cannot be gathered from any other source. When unexpected weather conditions are encountered, pilots are encouraged to make a report to a FSS or ATC.

Minimum Oil Quantity

POH states not less than 6 quarts of oil. Seven is recommended for long flights.

Parasite Drag

Parasite drag is caused by the friction of the air moving over the aircraft structure; its amount varies with airspeed. There are three types of parasite drag: form drag, interference drag, and skin friction drag.

Pivotal Altitude

Pivotal altitude is the height for a given ground speed at which the line of sight from the cockpit will remain stationary on an object on the ground. Pivotal altitude may be approximated by squaring groundspeed (knots), then dividing by 11.3.

What types of systems are used in the prevention and elimination of airframe ice? FAA-H-8083-31

Pneumatic (deice) - Inflatable boots attached to the leading edges of the wings and tail surfaces. Compressed air from the vacuum pump cycles into the boots and causes them to inflate. Hot Air (anti-ice) - Hot air is directed from the engine to the leading edges of the wings.

What is Density Altitude?

Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature

Runup RPM Drop Requirements

RPM drop must not exceed 150 RPM for either magneto. RPM differential must not exceed 75 RPM between magnetos.

What does Icing Affect

Reduced Performance Loss of lift Less controllability Easier to stall Pitot/Static Blocks Decreased radio/comm performance

TFR (Temporary Flight Restrictions)

Restrictions imposed by FAA to protect persons or property on the surface or in the air from a specific hazard or situation. Listed in Notams or check with FSS.

Gyroscopic Principles

Rigidity in Space - A spinning disk remains fixed in its plane of origin. Precession

What do you do if the electric trim fails while using the autopilot?

Run the autopilot failure checklist. Pull circuit breakers and use manual pressure as needed.

Fuel System

S - Selector A - Auxiliary Fuel Pump G - Gascolator (filter, lowest drain point) E - Engine Driven Fuel Pump T - Throttle Metering Valve Injector Manifold

Required Documents on Board Aircraft

S - Supplements (R9 System/Section 9 of POH) P - Placards (Section 2 of POH) A - Airworthiness Certificate (Doesn't expire, must be in US) R - Registration (State=12 months Federal=36 months) R - Radio Operators Certificate (Outside U.S./both pilot and aircraft) O - Operator Handbook (POH) W - Weight and Balance

Spin Recovery

SR20 not Spin Approved. Pull CAPS PARE/PREA in other airplanes P - Power - Idle A - Aileron - Neutral R - Rudder - Full Opposite (breaks spin) E - Elevator - Full Forward (breaks stall)

Define the Bends

Severe pain caused by excess nitrogen in the blood after changing pressure after a dive.

Survival Kit Contents

Signal Mirror Whistle Flares Hand Cranking Flashlight Rope Multi-tool Compass First Aid Kit Survival Blanket Magnesium Fire Starter Survival Information Cards

Significant Weather Prognostic Charts

Significant weather prognostic charts are available for low-level significant weather from the surface to FL240 and high-level significant weather from FL250 to FL630. The low-level chart is is a forecast of aviation weather hazards, primarily intended to be used as a guidance product for briefing the VFR pilot. Issued four times daily and are valid at fixed times: 0000z, 0600z, 1200z, and 1800z. Each chart is divided on the left and right into 12 and 24 hour forecast intervals.

Airplane Class

Singe Engine, Multiengine, Land, Sea, etc.

Flap System on SR20

Single slotted flaps. When extended, they open a slot between the wing and the flap. High pressure air from the bottom of the wing flows through the slot into the upper surface. This adds energy to the wing's boundary layer, delays airflow separation, and produces less drag. Flap detent positions: 0% flaps - 0° 50% flaps - 16° 100% flaps- 32°

False Horizon Illusion (AIM 8-1-5)

Sloping cloud formations, an obscured horizon, a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars, and certain geometric patterns of ground light can create illusions of not being aligned correctly with the actual horizon. The disoriented pilot will place the aircraft in a dangerous attitude.

What are microbursts?

Small-scale intense downdrafts which, on reaching the surface, spread outward in all directions from the downdraft center. This causes vertical and horizontal wind shears that is extremely hazardous to aircraft, especially at low altitudes. They are not easily detected because they are so small. Lifespan=5-15min.

119.1 (e) Exemptions

Some commercial operations are listed in part 119.1(e) as being exempt and therefore allowed under part 91. Examples include Flight Instruction, Ferry Flights, Aerial Work, Emergency Mail Service, etc.

What provides the spark to start an engine?

Spark plugs which are provided electrical current through the magnetos.

Effects of Stable and Unstable Air

Stable - Smooth air, steady precipitation Unstable - Rough air, showery precipitation

Types of weather briefings

Standard Brief - Anytime where no previous briefing was obtained Abbreviated Brief - When you need to update a previous briefing or only need a few items Outlook Brief - Whenever your proposed time of departure is six or more hours away In-flight Brief - When needing to update a preflight brief

Fix Blockages

Static blockage = alternate air (puncture vsi if emergency, chart in POH for errors with normal/alternate static) Pitot tube blockage = pitot heat

Steam Fog

Steam fog, or sea smoke, forms when cold, dry air moves over warm water. As the water evaporates, it rises and resembles smoke. This type of fog is common over bodies of water during the coldest times of the year. Low-level turbulence and icing are commonly associated with steam fog.

VFR on Top

Still on IFR flight plan 1. Fly at the appropriate VFR altitude as prescribed in 14 CFR Section 91.159. 2. Comply with the VFR visibility and distance from cloud criteria in 14 CFR Section 91.155 (Basic VFR Weather Minimums). 3. Comply with instrument flight rules that are applicable to this flight; i.e., minimum IFR altitudes, position reporting, radio communications, course to be flown, adherence to ATC clearance, etc.

What are the three main types of aircraft icing? (AC 00-6)

Structural, induction system, and instrument icing.

What does SLD stand for? (FAA AC 91-74A)

Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD). A super-cooled droplet with a diameter greater than 50 micrometers that exists at a temperature lower than 0°C. Supercooled water freezes on impact with an aircraft. Clear icing can occur at any altitude above the freezing level, but at high levels, icing from smaller droplets may be rime or mixed rime and clear ice. Pilots should be alert for icing anytime the temperature approaches 0 °C and visible moisture is present.

delete

T - Tachometer (Engine RPM) O - Oil Pressure M - Magnetic Compass A - Airspeed Indicator T - Temperature Gauge (If liquid cooled) O - Oil Temperature A - Anti-Collision Lights (Strobe lights, after 1996) F - Fuel Gauge L - Landing Gear Position Indicator (Retractable landing gear) A - Altimeter M - Manifold Pressure (Needed due to prop type) E - ELT S - Seatbelt F - Fuses/Circuit Breaker L - Landing Light (Only for Hire) A - Anti-Collision Lights P - Position Lights S - Source of Power

Required Equipment for VFR Flight Day/Night FARS (91.205)

T - Tachometer (Engine RPM) O - Oil Pressure M - Magnetic Compass A - Airspeed Indicator T - Temperature Gauge (If liquid cooled) O - Oil Temperature A - Anti-Collision Lights (Strobe lights, after 1996) F - Fuel Gauge L - Landing Gear Position Indicator (Retractable landing gear) A - Altimeter M - Manifold Pressure (Neeeded due to prop type) E - ELT S - Seatbelt F - Fuses/Circuit Breaker L - Landing Light (Only for Hire) A - Anti-Collision Lights P - Position Lights S - Source of Power

Can you fly right after scuba diving?

Technically yes, but the AIM says you should wait at least 12 hours prior to flying at 8,000ft MSL or 24 hours if a controlled descent was used on the dive.

Engine Type in SR20

Teledyne Continental IO-360-ES I=Fuel Injected, O=Horizontally Opposed, 360=Cubic inches of engine, ES=Model/MFG Numbers -Fuel Injected (no carb ice) -Horizontally opposed -Air Cooled -Naturally Aspirated -Dual Magnetos +6 Cylinder +200hp @2700rpm

TAF

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast - A forecast of weather conditions at a specific airport within 5sm. Each TAF is valid for a 24 or 30-hour time period and is updated four times a day at 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, and 1800Z. Information may also be shown as from (FM), and temporary (TEMPO). "FM" is used when a rapid and significant change, usually within an hour, is expected. "TEMPO" is used for temporary fluctuations of weather, expected to last less than 1 hour.

Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)

The Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) facilities are responsible for maintaining separation between flights conducted under instrument flight rules (IFR) in the enroute structure.

Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS)

The FAA issues a type certificate when a new aircraft or part is found to meet safety standards. The TCDS lists the specifications, conditions, and limitations for airworthiness requirements. If its not listed as required we can fly without it. Requires the need of supplements in an aircraft. What is changed and the paperwork to make that change airworthy.

Letter of Authorization (LOA)

The FSDO issues an LOA to an operator when the FSDO authorizes an operator to operate under the provisions of an MEL. The LOA and MMEL constitute a supplemental type certificate (STC). The STC must be carried in the aircraft during operation.

Flight Service Station (FSS)

The FSS is the primary source for preflight weather information. A preflight weather briefing from an FSS can be obtained 24 hours a day by calling 1-800-WX BRIEF from anywhere in the United States and Puerto Rico. The FSS also provides inflight weather briefing services and weather advisories to flights within the FSS area of responsibility.

GPS

The GPS system has three components: The space segment, control segment, and user segments. 24 Satellites.

KOL (Kinds of Operation List)

The KOL specifies the kinds of operations (VFR/IFR/Day/Night) in which an aircraft can be operated. It indicates the installed equipment that may affect any operating limitation.

What are the primary flight controls? (PHOAK CH.6)

The ailerons, elevator (stabalator), and rudder

What is Pressure Altitude

The altitude indicated when the barometric pressure scale is set to 29.92.

Brake System

The brake system consists of a master cylinder for each rudder pedal, a hydraulic fluid reservoir, a parking brake valve, a single disc brake assembly on each main landing gear wheel, and associated hydraulic plumbing.

Pressurized Cabin Aircraft System (FAA-H-8083-25)

The cabin pressure control system provides a means for selecting a desired cabin altitude. Basic Components: 1. Cabin Pressure Regulator - Controls cabin pressure to a selected value range (altitude). Typically about 8000ft at cruising altitude. 2. Cabin Air Pressure Safety Valve - (a) Pressure relief valve - prevents cabin pressure from exceeding a predetermined differential pressure above ambient pressure. (b) Vacuum relief valve (outflow valve) - prevents ambient pressure from exceeding cabin pressure by allowing external air to enter the cabin when the ambient pressure exceeds cabin pressure. Constantly letting air out of cabin slowly to prevent vacuum. (c) Dump valve - Actuated by a cockpit control which will cause the cabin air to be dumped to the atmosphere. (emergency release) 3. Instrumentation (a) Cabin differential pressure gauge - Indicates difference between inside and outside pressure (b) Cabin altimeter - This is a check on system performance (c) Cabin rate of climb - indicates cabin rate of climb or descent

What is a Clearway?

The clearway is a clearly defined area connected to and extending beyond the runway end available for completion of the takeoff operation of turbine-powered airplanes. A clearway increases the allowable airplane operating takeoff weight without increasing runway length.

Temperature/Dew Point Relationship

The dew point, given in degrees, is the temperature at which the air can hold no more moisture. As moist, unstable air rises, clouds often form at the altitude where temperature and dew point reach the same value. At this point, the air is completely saturated, and moisture begins to condense out of the air in the form of fog, dew, frost, clouds, rain, hail, or snow.

Accelerate-Stop Distance

The distance required to accelerate with all engines operating, have an engine failure at least one second before rotation and bring the airplane to a stop.

Accelerate-Go Distance

The distance required to accelerate with all engines operating, have one engine fail at least one second before rotation, continue the takeoff, liftoff and reach a point 35 feet above the runway surface.

Time Between Engine Overhaul (TBO)

The engine has a 2000 hour time before overhaul.

Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)

The forecasts are made twice a day based on the radiosonde upper air observations taken at 0000Z and 1200Z. If the wind speed is forecast to be greater than 99 knots but less than 199 knots, the computer adds 50 to the direction and subtracts 100 from the speed. To decode this type of data group, the reverse must be accomplished. For example, when the data appears as "731960," subtract 50 from the 73 and add 100 to the 19, and the wind would be 230° at 119 knots with a temperature of -60 °C. If the wind speed is forecast to be 200 knots or greater, the wind group is coded as 99 knots. For example, when the data appears as "7799," subtract 50 from 77 and add 100 to 99, and the wind is 270° at 199 knots or greater. When the forecast wind speed is calm, or less than 5 knots, the data group is coded "9900," which means light and variable.

What is a graphical Forecast for Aviation? (GFA)

The graphical forecast for aviation is intended to provide a complete picture of the weather in the US. (replaced the Area Forecast)

Prop System

The prop governor automatically adjusts propeller pitch to regulate prop and engine rpm. The prop governor uses flyweights and senses the engine throttle setting through cable linkage in the throttle. Moving the throttle forward causes the governor to meter less high pressure oil to to the prop hub allowing the blades to lower the pitch, high RPM setting. Moving the throttle backward causes the governor to meter more high pressure oil to the prop hub forcing the blades to a higher pitch, lower RPM setting. During stabilized flight the governor automatically adjusts the pitch to maintain an RPM setting. No oil pressure = Low/finer pitch setting.

The oil warning light came on. What might have caused this?

The red oil engine indicator light indicates either a high oil temp or low oil pressure. (>240°F or ≤10psi)

What needs to be reported as an Accident NTSB 830

The report must be submitted to the NTSB within 10 days of the accident. An aircraft accident or any of the following listed serious incidents occur: (1) Flight control system malfunction or failure (2) Inability of any required flight crewmember to perform normal flight duties as a result of injury or illness; (3) Failure of any internal turbine engine component that results in the escape of debris other than out the exhaust path; (4) In-flight fire; (5) Aircraft collision in flight; (6) Damage to property, other than the aircraft, estimated to exceed $25,000 for repair (including materials and labor) or fair market value in the event of total loss, whichever is less. (7) For large multiengine aircraft (more than 12,500 pounds maximum certificated takeoff weight): (i) In-flight failure of electrical systems which requires the sustained use of an emergency bus powered by a back-up source such as a battery, auxiliary power unit, or air-driven generator to retain flight control or essential instruments; (ii) In-flight failure of hydraulic systems that results in sustained reliance on the sole remaining hydraulic or mechanical system for movement of flight control surfaces; (iii) Sustained loss of the power or thrust produced by two or more engines; and (iv) An evacuation of an aircraft in which an emergency egress system is utilized. (8) Release of all or a portion of a propeller blade from an aircraft, excluding release caused solely by ground contact; (9) A complete loss of information, excluding flickering, from more than 50 percent of an aircraft's cockpit displays known as: (i) Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) displays; (ii) Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) displays; (iii) Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (ECAM) displays; or (iv) Other displays of this type, which generally include a primary flight display (PFD), primary navigation display (PND), and other integrated displays; (10) Airborne Collision and Avoidance System (ACAS) resolution advisories issued when an aircraft is being operated on an instrument flight rules flight plan and compliance with the advisory is necessary to avert a substantial risk of collision between two or more aircraft. (11) Damage to helicopter tail or main rotor blades, including ground damage, that requires major repair or replacement of the blade(s); (12) Any event in which an operator, when operating an airplane as an air carrier at a public-use airport on land: (i) Lands or departs on a taxiway, incorrect runway, or other area not designed as a runway; or (ii) Experiences a runway incursion that requires the operator or the crew of another aircraft or vehicle to take immediate corrective action to avoid a collision. (b) An aircraft is overdue and is believed to have been involved in an accident.

Balanced Takeoff Length

The runway length, where the engine-out accelerate go distance equals the accelerate-stop distance.

Starter System

The starter runs off battery power. When cranking key the starter engages and turns the crankshaft until engine fires and starter disengages itself.

Surface Analysis Chart

The surface analysis chart depicts an analysis of the current surface weather. This chart is transmitted every 3 hours and covers the contiguous 48 states and adjacent areas. A surface analysis chart shows the areas of high and low pressure, fronts, temperatures, dew points, wind directions and speeds, local weather, and visual obstructions.

What is Adverse Yaw?

The tendency of an airplane to yaw opposite the direction it is rolling. When an aircraft is banked to start a turn, the down aileron creates more drag (parasitic and Induced) than the up aileron. The effect of this added drag causes the nose of the aircraft to yaw away from the direction you are turning and coordinates the maneuver.

When can you log night flight time?

The time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight as published by the Air Almanac.

What do the primary flight controls do? (PHOAK CH.6)

These are required to control the aircraft safely during flight

Four Forces of Flight

Thrust - Thrust is the forward force produced by the powerplant/propeller It opposes or overcomes the force of drag Drag - Drag is a rearward, retarding force and is caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, fuselage, and other protruding objects Drag opposes thrust and acts rearward parallel to the relative wind Weight - Weight is the combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel, and the cargo or baggage Weight pulls the aircraft downward because of the force of gravity Lift - Lift opposes the downward force of weight, is produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the wing, and acts perpendicular to the flight path through the wing's center of lift (CL)

Can you paint the SR20 any color?

To ensure that the temperature of the composite structure does not exceed 150° F (66° C), the outer surface of the airplane must be painted in accordance with the paint colors and schemes as specified in the Airplane Maintenance Manual. Refer to Airplane Maintenance Manual (AMM), Chapter 51, for specific paint requirements.

Left Turning Tendacies

Torque - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. P-Factor - happens when the downward moving prop blade is taking a bigger 'bite' of air than the upward moving blade. Gyroscopic Precession - Felt 90 degrees in the direction of rotation. Spiraling Slipstream - which happens when your prop is moving fast and your plane is moving slow.

Air Data Computer (pitot/static system)

Transduces and interprets manual pitot/static data into electronic so it can be displayed on the MFD. Provides TAS, OAT, ground speed, winds aloft, and other pitot/static system features.

Wake Turbulence

Turbulent air behind an aircraft caused by any of the following: (a) wing-tip vortices; (b) rotor-tip vortices; (c) jet-engine thrust stream or jet blast; (d) rotor downwash; (e) prop wash. Wake turbulence can impose rolling moments exceeding the roll-control authority of encountering aircraft, causing possible injury to occupants and damage to aircraft. Landing - Stay above and land beyond Takeoff - Rotate prior to other aircraft, maneuver upwind

How does the magnetic compass work?

Two small magnets attached to a metal float sealed inside a bowl of clear compass fluid. A card is wrapped around the float and visible from the outside with a lubber line. The float/card has a steel pivot in the center riding inside a spring loaded, hard glass jewel cup. The magnets align with the Earth's magnetic field and direction is read opposite the lubber line (The pilot sees the card from its backside).

Class G Airspace

Uncontrolled airspace that starts at the surface and extends up to 14,500 MSL or Class E. Don't need to talk or have permission to enter. Still require cloud mins.

Weather Minimums

VFR - >3000ft and 5sm vis Marginal VFR - 1000 to 3000ft and 3 to 5sm vis IFR - 500 to 1000ft and 1 to 3sm vis Low IFR - <500ft and <1sm vis

VOR

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range. Three types of VORS: 1. VOR - Provides magnetic bearing information to and from the station 2. VOR/DME - When DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) is also installed with the VOR 3. VORTAC - When military tactical air navigations (TACAN) equipment is installed with a VOR. DME is always an integral part of a VORTAC VOR ground stations transmit within a VHF frequency band of 108.0 - 117.95 MHz. Because the equipment is VHF, the signals are subject to line-of-sight restrictions

Hyperventilation Symptoms

Visual impairment, Unconsciousness, Lightheaded or dizzy sensation, Tingling sensations, Hot and cold sensations, and Muscle spasms

V Speeds (KIAS)

Vpd = 135kts (CAPS demonstrated) Vx = 81kts (best angle of climb) Vy = 96kts (best rate of climb) Vr = 67kts (rotation speed) Va3000 = 131kts Va2600 = 122kts Va2300 = 114kts Vfe50% = 120kts (flaps extended) Vfe100% = 100kts (flaps extended) Vno = 165kts (max structural cruising speed) Vne = 200kts (never exceed speed) Vso = 56kts (stall with flaps) Vs = 65kts (stall without flaps) Vg3000 = 96kts (Best Glide)

Preflight List

W - Weather K - Known traffic delays R - Runway lengths A - Alternate route F - Fuel requirements T - Takeoff performance

WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System)

WAAS Is A 4-Step Process 1. Signals from the GPS satellite constellation are monitored by WAAS ground-based stations, to determine satellite clock and position corrections. 2. Two master stations, located on either coast, collect data from the reference stations and create a GPS correction message. 3. The correction message is prepared and uplinked to a geostationary satellite via a ground uplink station. This correction accounts for GPS satellite orbit and clock drift, plus signal delays caused by the atmosphere and ionosphere. 4. The corrected differential message is broadcast through 1 of 2 geostationary satellites, or satellites with a fixed position over the equator. The information is compatible with the basic GPS signal structure, which means any WAAS-enabled GPS receiver can read the signal. All of this happens within a matter of seconds, ensuring the continuous accuracy of your GPS system.

Advection Fog

Warm humid air moving over a cold surface

Warning Area

Warnings areas are sections of airspace that contain activities that may be hazardous to non-participating aircraft. Established beyond 3 mile limit of international airspace. Permission is not required, but a flight plan is advised.

Warm Front

When warm air overtakes and replaces cooler air. Typically move at a slower rate than cold fronts (10-25mph). The slope of a warm front is very gradual. Precipitation always behind the front. Rain or other precipitation from a warm front falls into the colder air below, causing widespread precipitation, fog, low ceilings/visibility, and heavy snow (during colder months of the year). And if the warm front moves slowly across the ground, you'll often find several days of poor weather and IFR conditions.

Airport Beacons (AIM 2-1-10)

White & Green - Land Airport Two White & Green - Military Green, Yellow, & White - Heliport White & Yellow - Water Airport

Airspeed Indicator Markings

White Arc - 56-100kts Green Arc - 65-165kts Yellow Arc - 165-200kts Red Line - 200kts

Wingtip Vortices

Wingtip vortices are caused by the air beneath the wing, which is at the higher pressure, flowing over the wingtip and up toward the top of the wing. The end result is a spiral or vortex that trails behind the wingtip anytime lift is being produced. This vortex is also referred to as wake turbulence

You are a commercial multi-engine pilot. You find yourself in the following scenarios. Can you take the job? Someone approaches you and says he owns a fleet of cargo PA44s, and with an exceptionally busy month, needs you to fly his planes for a month since he doesn't have enough pilots.

Yes, legal. You are not providing or procuring the aircraft.

Is it common carriage? The Amway Grand Plaza Hotel runs a special wherein purchasing a week's stay in their presidential suite rewards customers with a round trip flight to and from GRR on an Amway jet.

Yes, the aircraft is available to the general public (by way of booking a hotel room), so it is common carriage.

Is it common carriage? A revenue flight on Delta Air Lines from DTW to ATL. The moment the aircraft lands in ATL, ask yourself: did it make money by simply arriving?

Yes, the passengers paid a fee to be on the aircraft, and Delta earned money by getting them to ATL. The aircraft is the primary money making means.

You are a commercial multi-engine pilot. You find yourself in the following scenarios. Can you take the job? Someone approaches you and says he owns a fleet of cargo PA44s, and with an exceptionally busy month, doesn't have enough planes. He needs you to rent an airplane and fly his cargo for the month. You tell him you can't rent it, but that if he leases or buys one, he provides the airplane and you can do it.

Yes, you are not providing or procuring the aircraft. You assisted the customer in the purchase of an aircraft and are now flying a plane he owns. Leases are treated as owned planes for this definition.

You are a commercial multi-engine pilot. You find yourself in the following scenarios. Can you take the job? You are again waxing the pride of the fleet, and someone says his hired pilot for his own PA44 just got sick, and he needs a ride to MCD.

Yes, you are not providing or procuring the aircraft.

Can you perform this operation? I own a plane. Can you fly my plane for me, for hire?

Yes, you are not providing or procuring the plane.

What happens if your radio keyboard fails?

You can manually twist in frequencies on the screen.

Can you hold out?

You cannot hold out with an airplane. You can, however, hold yourself out.