CSET Subtest 1 - Reading, Language, and Literature

Adverb:

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb add "ly" to adjective

Pax Romana (Roman Peace)

the reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as 200 year period of peace and prosperity in Rome

How many English colonies were there in the 1740s?

13

CA has been inhabited for about how many years?

13,000-15,000 years

infinative

"to" immediately followed by a verb ex. He was to chase the dragon.

Summary

A synthesis of the important ideas in a text

4 main regions in CA

Coast, Central Valley, Desert, Mountains

The Emergent Reader: Age

Early childhood to pre-K (pre-alphabetic)

1609

French city, Quebec, founded

Who is credited with establishing the first Christian mission in CA?

Father Serra

African Culture

Made up of art and culture, music/dance,storytelling and very Religious

Dark Ages

The first part of the Middle Ages from around 500-1000 A.D.

Interjections

Words that express emotion.

Conjunctions (FANBOYS)

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

The Muslim Empire

the rise of Islam

Five primary economic regions of CA

-Hollywood (entertainment) -Southern California (aerospace) -Central Valley (agriculture) -Silicon Valley (computers/high technology) -Napa Valley, Sonoma Valley, Santa Barbara, and Paso Robles (wine)

Graphic Organizers (text comprehension classroom activity)

-Illustrate concepts and interrelationships among concepts in a text, using diagrams or other pictorial devices -Known by different names, such as maps, webs, graphs, charts, frames, or clusters

Implications of Teaching Vocabulary Instruction in the Classroom

-Implement strategies for teaching specific words -Provide repeated exposure to words -Use word parts -Use context clues -Use dictionaries and other reference aids

Overregularizations

-In early childhood, children begin to use past tenses and plurals in speech -About this time, they also begin to add regular forms on irregular nouns, saying "foots" instead of "feet"

Theme

Dominant idea or meaning of a literary work. Themes may be implicit(you figure out the theme) or explicit(someone states the theme). One technique when searching for theme is to ask yourself "what gets resolved in the story's climax?"

Byzantine Empire Success

Domination of teh commercial trade routes controlled by Constintanople and a monopoly on the silk trade. Excellant use of diplonmacy to avoid invasions. Geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome. Codification of Roman Law. A forstress city with excellent defensible borders.

The ________ conquered the Peloponnesus (peninsula of southern Greece) and ushered in a "dark age" characterized by violence and instability

Dorians

What name was given to the earliest inhabitants of the Indus Valley in India?

Dravidians

Augustus

First emperor of the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar's grand-nephew.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes. He used troops to break Pullman Strike.

Draco

Harsh Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC)

Fall of the Bastille

Hundreds of hungry people stormed the prison in search of gunpowder to save Paris and the National Assembly; this was the symbolic start of the revolution

Insure and Ensure

INSURE means to guarantee something against loss, harm, or damage, usually through an insurance policy. ENSURE means to make sure, to confirm, or to be certain

MLA Book Citation Format

Last name, First name, Middle Initial, Title of Source, Publication Date.

Chicago Turabian Book Citation Format:

Last name, First name, Middle initial, Book Title, City, State: Publisher, Year of Publication

Texas Independence from Mexico

MEXICO REFUSED TO RECOGNIZE TX INDEPENDENCE, YEAR OF 1836 battles: Goliad and the Alamo Texas became state in 1845

Preposition

These are connection words that describe relationships between other words. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun, which is the object of the preposition. COMPLEX preposition consist of 2 or 3 words

Monologues and soliloquies

These are give. By a single uninterrupted speaker, but monologues are speeches given to others, while soliloquies occur when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.

________________ River drains interior of the US

Mississippi

Temporary capital of the US

NYC

Syllables

One complete unit of pronunciation. 6 different types of syllables- CLOSED syllables-ends in a consonant OPEN syllables-ends with a vowel VOWEL-CONSONANT-E syllable-end with a silent e VOWEL TEAM syllable-work in combination to create a new word CONSONANT + LE syllables-contain a consonant and end with an le R-CONTROLLED SYLLABLES-contain a vowel followed by the letter r, where the r is controls how the vowel is pronounced

Verbals

POS (parts of speech) derived for verbs, such as participles (ex: have been) and infinitives (ex: to get)

During the Civil War, CA was a ____________ state and immigration to CA went ___________.

Union Up

Bracero Program 1942-1964

United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico. Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage

Paraphrasing

Restating in one's own words, text, passage, or any information that has already been read, researched, or heard.

Which riders spread the word about the English march on Concord?

Revere and Dawes

Rhetorical speech

Rhetoric is speech (or writing) designed to persuade. As with any speech, elements such as volume, pace, and the integration of nonverbal components all contribute to effectiveness. A rhetorical speaker may also employ rhetorical devices such as anaphora (The repetition of a word or phrase; "I have a dream, I have a dream") and rhetorical questions (asking a question to provoke a reaction not to get an answer)

The mission system was based on the presumption that Native Am. needed help to become _______________.

Roman Catholics (so they were given food, shelter, work there)

The Roman Empire

Roman expansion resulted in a world republic. Emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranian.

Julius Ceasar

Roman general and dictator. He was murdered on the Ides of March in 44BC by a group of senators, Cassius, and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic.

The Lord of the Manor

Ruled the manor. Had bailiffs to take care of day-to-day affairs.

The Beginning Reader: Reading Instruction

Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -Phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, decoding -Vocabulary word-attack skills, spelling -Text comprehension -Listening and writing

Vocabulary

The words we must know to communicate effectively

The Middle Ages

a period in European history, between about 1000 AD and 1500 AD, when the power of kings, people of high rank and the Christian Church was strong

lyric poem

a poem that does not tell a story but expresses the personal feelings or thoughts of a speaker

Pio Pico was born in Los Angeles in 1801. What did he grow up to be?

a rancher/rancho owner and the last governor of Mexican California

Agarian

concerning farms, farmers, or agriculture and the use of land.

King Hammurabi

most famous king of Babylon; known for creating the world's first written code of law

year Columbus reached the mainland of N. America

never

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Taft Presidency

increase in progressivism from the Roosevelt Presidency, controversy arose after Roosevelt denounced this man's job as his own personal choice, as he was easily ridiculed, not a good politician or orator, and angered many with reversals of conservation policies and institution of tariffs

Comprehension Strategies

self-monitoring, re-reading, summarizing, note-taking and outlining, mapping, learning logs where they generate questions about the text The techniques that students can use to better understand reading texts. These techniques may include note taking, outlining, self-monitoring, rereading, summarizing , story mapping, and the use of learning logs. **Tell readers why, when and how they should use each strategy! 1. Direct explanation 2. Modeling 3. Guided practice 4. Application

Which practice of the Catholic Church was particularly repugnant to Protestants?

selling indulgences

Black Codes

laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers

Peter Abelard

leader in trying to reconcile Christian faith and logic (1079-1142) Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine

Land Ordinance of 1785

set up a system for surveying and dividing western lands A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S (NW).

Phonics

teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values relationship between phoneme and grapheme

Which industries were the first to develop after the Industrial Revolution?

textiles and metal

CA is what number state?

the 31st

The crest of the Rocky Mts. is called _________________. 1. Rivers that begin East of it flow toward the ______________ 2. Rivers that begin West of it flow toward the______________

the Continental Divide Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean

Reading Fluency

the ability to decode a printed text easily, accurately, expressively, and at an appropriate rate Bridge between word recog. and comprehension re-read something 4x, 50-200 words in length ***POEMS GOOD BECAUSE SHORT AND RHYMING

phonological awareness

the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language broader than phonemic awareness

James I

the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)

The Dark Ages

the name given to Medieval Europe due to its lack of cultural, societal, intellectual, political and economic progress

Prosody

the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry. Ability to read with expression

The Reconquista

the seven-and-a-half century long process by which Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula modern Portugal and Spain from the Muslim and Moorish states of Al-Ándalus

Mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620 to escape religious persecution

What event of 1861 speeded communication between California and the rest of the United States?

the telegraph

West of the Appalachian Mountains

the wind (prevailing westerlies) is an important influence on climate -winter-cold air from NW produces freezing temp. -summer-warm, moist air from SWwinds cause hot, humid climate

MLA or APA citation

• authors name is written "last, first + initial" • major works, such as novels, collections of stories, and journals are underlined or italicized. Websites hosting numerous articles are treated as major works as well. • short works, such as poems, short stories, or individual articles (both print and electronic) are written quotes.

Havana Harbor

◦USS main explodes in Havana, Cuba Harbor ◦Most Americans believe it was Spains fault ◦1976 US navy analyzed the sunken ship, decided that the hull blew OUT not IN How did it lead to war? ◦"Spark" that started the war ◦Remember the Main! To hell with Spain

Pacific Railroad Act

(1862) helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds. Right to build from Sacramento to Omaha. (Chinese workers provided labor). Difficult to construct in Sierra Nevada Mountains.

The Muslim Empire divided

- Abbasids overthrew Umayyads - Capital moved to Baghdad - Iberian and North African Muslims broke with Baghdad's control

3 civil rights amendments adopted from 1865-170

13. prohibits slavery 14. former slaves given citizenship 15. voting rights for former slaves

Communism

A system in which the government owns nearly all productive resources.(the government set the prices of things, they set jobs for people..)

1500 AD Native Am. Cultures Status

Advanced cultures existed across N. Am., lacking only technol. dev. of Europe and Asia

What continent drew the most attention from European countries during the period of New Imperialism?

Africa

Tone

Authors attitude toward his or her subject

Within-Word Pattern Stage

Children can use their understanding of phonics to attempt full words that incorporate vowels.

Emergent Spelling: Pre-Communicative Writing Stage

Children may be able to accurately identify various letters of the alphabet but will likely not be able to associate them to their corresponding sounds.

Manorialism

Giving land to people who would work the land for the economic benefit and pay a tax

Analogy

Comparisons between two things. They may take the form of metaphors and similes(like or as).

Adjective

Modifies a noun (ex: pouring ran, adj. is pouring)

Adverb

Modifies a verb, describes how the verb was done. (ex: quickly) a lot of them end in ly but not all. (Ex: to get out- out is the adverb)

Kublai Khan

Mongol ruler, he completed the conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty (1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

NW US Indian Cultures:

Nez Perce, Okahagon, and Walla Walla

Egypt (NE Africa) rivers

Nile River Mediterranean Sea Red Seas

What ideal did Buddha preach?

Nirvana: a rejection of worldly and material concerns and a surrender of individual consciousness

Name a US territory the US gained in the treaty ending the Spanish-American War?

Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

Pullman Strike (1894)

Railroad strike that started when the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages while maintaining high rents; led by Eugene V. Debs; ended when President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops. *Historical Significance:*

Horrace Mann

Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education; he worked for compulsory attendance for all children, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation; leading advocate of the public school movement.

Syntax

Sentences are formed using a very simple pattern: Subject + Verb + Object. Syntax provides a set structure to sentences in a language.

Participles

Verbal that ends with -ing or -ed and serves as an adjective

Sentence Formation

Verbs, nouns, adverbs, and adjectives.

Oral Vocabulary

Words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening

Adjectives

Words used to modify nouns and pronouns. INDEFINITE ARTICLES (a/an-nonspecific noun); DEFINITE ARTICLES (the- specific noun); COMPARATIVE ADJ [compares nouns- positive form/ comparative form/superlative form (between more than 2)].

Reading Vocabulary

Words we recognize or use in print

Phoneme Manipulation

Working with phonemes in words, including blending phonemes to make words, segmenting words into phonemes, deleting phonemes from words, adding phonemes to words, or substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word

Organization

Works maybe organized in a variety of ways: alphabetically, geographically, chronologically, thematically, etc. Convention such as a table of contents, and index, a bibliography and footnotes are often used to assist readers and navigating in understanding a text.

Federalist Papers

a series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convince readers to adopt the new constitution *Anti-federalists were concerned the Constitution did not sufficiently protect individual rights (answered in Bill of Rights)

New Babylonian Empire

a revival of the old Babylonian empire stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. (600-500 BC) Empire established by the Chaldeans that succeeded the Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia. King Nebuchadnezzar II

Brahman

The term for The Univeral Soul in Hinduism.

Fuedal Contract

provided land in exchange for personal service to the King.

What major trade was begun during the Age of Exploration?

slaves

Calvinism made Protestantism an international movement

the doctrine of predestination was central to Calvinism belief Calvinism became a revolutionary anti-catholic movement

denotative meaning

dictionary definition

The genre of the Odyssey is_______

epic

Impact of Industrial Revolution on Europe

inventions of scientific revolution drove revolution in manufacturing, industrial productivity, and transportation.

The Hopewell People

were skilled farmers & flourished in the Ohio & Mississippi Valleys (200BC to 400AD).

What was the main responsibility of federal troops from CA during the Civil War?

Control Nat. Am.

The Emergent Reader: Developmental Expectation

-Beginning of awareness that text progresses from left to right -Children scribble and recognize distinctive visual clues in environmental print, such as letters in their names

John Smith

1607-Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Tobacco exports slaves brought in from Africa in 1619 House of Burgesses formed- 1st elected body in America

Henry Hudson

1600's-Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America.

Benin

A kingdom of the West African rain forest

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Where was Napoleon exiled to?

Elba then St. Helena

Ceasar

Elected consul of rome in 59 bc. Genius with military strategy. Governed as an absolute ruler. Was assassinated in the senate chamber.

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

England's Magna Carta (1215)

Key provisions- kings authority limited by law, rights of the kings subjects declared (ie habeas corpus), respect for legal procedures. Modern influence- constitutionalism, individual rights, due process of the law.

Rajputs

Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. succeeded, intermarried, joined Hindu society and dominated N. India until 1200 AD. Caste system, power of Brahman priests dominant

The ___________________War (1848) added CA, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico with the Treaty of _________________

Mexican-Am. Guadalupe Hildalgo

CA came under the control of which country after Mexico gained its independence from Spain?

Mexico

Sutter's Mill

location where gold was discovered in California in 1848, setting off the gold rush

Greece Civilization

contributed city-state organization, direct democracy, polytheistic religion, and a high cultural period of art, poetry, philosophy, theatre, and architecture

The outcome of the Punic Wars was

Rome destroyed Carthage and took control of both sides of the Mediterranean

Phonics Test (reading assessment)

Tests phonics skills that are needed in reading

Ethos

The credibility of the speaker.

Egypt

defensible borders, unlike Mesopotamia afterlife, religion, and pharaoh medical advances and specialized surgery agriculture basis of economy annual flooding of nile was basis for sustained economy

Hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. ex: "You are the worst person that has ever lived"

Age of Pericles

the period between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power

connotative meaning

the personal and subjective meaning of a word

standardized test or teacher made tests

Not ideal Test developed by test-construction experts and published for use in many different schools and classrooms.

Egyptian History

Old Kingdom (massive pyramids) Middle kingdom New kingdom (gets agressive)

The Commonwealth Period

Oliver Cromwell ruled as a dictator and abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords.

Athens

Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.

Stages of literacy development

Pre-alphabetic, early alphabetic, late alphabetic, and orthographic

Lincoln Presidency (1861-1865)

Presidency which presided over the abolition of slavery, presented the Union from its most serious challenged, and created economic legislation that enabled the US to become the world's economic power by the 1890s; its presidential speeches inspired and challenges the nation even until today

Fast Mapping

-A process whereby young children are able to use context to arrive at a quick guess of a word's meaning -Easier to do with nouns (objects) than with verbs (actions)

Minoan Civilization

-An Aegean civilization -Minoan civilization of Crete (c. 4000-1400 B.C.) based its prosperity on extensive commerce

The Persians

-Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s B.C.) -Established an international government -Zoroastrianism, an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil -Failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 B.C.)

Topic Sentence

Sentence that expresses that main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs in the beginning of the paragraph

Original Japanese religion

Shinto (nature and ancestor worship)

During what centuries did the Mongol Kahn rule China?

1200-1400 AD

Egypt/New Kingdom 1550-1100 B.C.

1250 BC Egypt in decline Egyptians invaded Palestine and enslaved Jews King Tut

Spelling Conventions

3 areas: mechanics, usage, and sentence formation.

Cinquain Poem

A cinquain is an unrythmed poem made up of 5 lines

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as" Ex: Her nails are like tiger claws

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as Ex: My life's a tennis match, but I never get to serve

Early alphabetic

(K - 1st grade) students begin to develop phonemic awareness into applied the alphabetic principle, associating letters with sounds. They begin spelling simple consonant-vowel-consonant words, but will often omit the vowels. Teachers begin to place emphasis on phonemic awareness.

Japan early civilization

-3,000 BC entire BC period Japan was primitive society overrun by invasions of Mongols and Malays AD period, Chinese refer to Japanese as a backward nation Japan in shadow of China

Contributions of the Greek World

-4000-323 B.C. -Organized warfare: Mycenae (military stronghold), Sparta, phalanx (military formation -Literature: epic poetry (Iliad, Odyssey), plays (drama, tragedy, comedy) -History: Herodotus (historian who reported the Persian Wars), Thucydides (historian who reported the Peloponnesian War) -Architecture: columns and colonnades (sequence of columns), Parthenon -Arts: theater, sculpture, decorative pottery -Government: democracy (Athens), oligarchy (small group of people in power—Sparta), bureaucracy (Alexander the Great), a system of law to improve society -Other: founded most of the major philosophical schools, established the systematic basis for the scientific method, and perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. Only one defeat by Carthage's general, Hannibal.

Pragmatics

A subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. (The way you speak to your boss vs. your friend)

Frederick Barbarossa

Among the most vigorous of the medieval emperors. Clashed with the pope over the appointment of the clergy. Known as "the red beard" (r. 1152-1190). He attempted to conquer Lombardy (n. Italy) and unite the German princes, but the popes did not approve of this and forced him to surrender Lombardy.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Minoan Civilization

An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 BCE based its prosperity

The Council of Trent

An assembly of high church officials summoned by the Catholic Church to clarify doctrine and address reform in response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation.

Manorialism

An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.

African Desert

An extremely dry area with little water and few plants

Chinese religions

Buddhism: emphasized the middle path in the release of all cares as a route to nirvana. (Buddha means the enlightened one)(living a simple basic life) Taoism: emphasized a natural way of living and connectedness to the universe. (Based off of a mans lifestyle) Confucianism: dealt with the importance of people's roles in society, and coupled with the doctrine of legalism, largely formed the foundation of Chinese culture and politics. (believed in reciprocity: do unto others as you would have them do unto you; the golden rule)

What were the relations between business and CA govt. like at the turn of the 20th century?

Business controlled government; bribes and favortism were common

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

Development of First Language

First language acquisition passes through several predictable stages. Babies begin to cry to express discomfort. This is followed by cooing at 2 months. In later months, babbling and gurgling and repeating simple syllables shows signed of comprehension of certain words. Babies' first full words come around age 1. In the next several months, a simple word expressions and 2-to-3 word utterances follow. By age 2.5, they are in the telegraphic stage of language where they begin using grammatical structures of their native language. Your native language is L1.

Stages of acquisition

First phase: silent period (internal private speech) Next phase: formulaic speech (learner employs memorized phrases- where is the bathroom?) Third phase: experimental phase (learners begin to employ simplified semantics and grammar to construct original, impromptu phrases) Lastly: fluency (speaking in a way that shows command of the language like a native speaker)

Illiad

Homer's epic poem of the story of the Trojan War

The Early Middle Ages (500-1000)

Europe entered time of chaotic political, economic, and urban decline. (due to Rome collapsing and Germanic and Viking raiders) struggle back towards stability Christian church and local nobles formed new kind of society-politically reorganizing-competing nation-states

Slave Trade

European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506). He never reached N. Am., but landed in the Caribbean and established a settlement in Dominican Republic

Where were African slaves first brought to America?

Jamestown in 1619

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote. Not successful.

Cortes sailed from ____________ to ____________.

Spain to Cuba

Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Private speech

Talking out loud to oneself with no intention to communicate with others. (According to Lev Vygotsky, children begin to use private speech at age 3 to become more competent at language. The use of private speech helps children self-regulate. Through self-regulation, children organize, guide, and control their behavior. According to Vygotsky, private speech is responsible for all higher levels of intellectual functioning.).

Cause of the Chinese British Opium War?

The Chinese resisted the importation of Opium

Paul the Apostle

The Christian name for Saul who had been a persecutor of Christians before conversion., Was responsible for the spread of Christian theology & the resulting response from the Roman Empire.

Mood

The overall "feeling" created by a work.

Egyptian Religion

They were polytheistic worshiping over 2,000 gods and goddesses. They believed in the afterlife and that they would be judged for their life. They had sacred burials. Ruled by Pharoahs.

Asoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.

Gold Rush of 1849

mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Borrowings

Words that are borrowed and incorporated into one's own language originating from a different language (LOANWORDS).

Derivatives

Words that are formed from other words, otherwise known as root words. Derivatives add morphemes, or AFFIXES (an additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning), to the beginning of ending of root words to create new words with new meanings.

Derivational morpheme

a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit of a word that has meaning. It cannot be divided into smaller elements. For example, the word sing is a morpheme. It can be a syllable, affix, or root word. Derivational morphemes can be added to a word to create another word. When adding an affix, the grammatical part of speech can sometimes change. For example, the word sing is a verb, but if we add "-er" the word becomes a noun, singer.

Oligarthy

a government in which power is in the hands of a few people--especially one in which rule is based upon wealth.

area of brain associated with language comprehension

broca's area

Henry IV

first Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil Wars-gradual course to absolutism-politique-converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris

Islamic Culture

flourishing trade, medical encyclopedia, library, Algebra, spices, silks, perfumes, porcelain, textile goods

Jackson Presidency

focused on the "Common Man;" removal of Indians (ignored Supreme Court-Trail of Tears), removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto 1828-1836. He did increase democracy in the US

The teachings of Confucius influenced Chinese culture and encouraged people to

follow a code of moral conduct he wanted to improve society and taught that certain virtues are guidelines to happy life

Emergence of Japan

geography influenced its history -culture reflects reverence for nature -mts., forests and coastal areas determined cultural growth

Which ideals were stressed by the Romantic Movement?

nature, feelings, personal freedom, and humanitarianism

Muslim _________ oppressed ________________ and their supporters killed or converted many.

sultans Hindus

Roosevelt as President

wanted to end corruption, tax street railways, provide industrial safety and workmen's compensation; 1901-1909 opposed to monopolies moved by novel, The Jungle Used big stick diplomacy and US became policemen of world Earned Nobel Peace Prize for arranging cessation of Russo-Japanese War

Arab Conquests

wars which, in the century after the death of Muhammed in 632, created an empire stretching from Spain to the Indus Valley.

First motion picture

1908

Writing was invented in the year:

3500 BC

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Metacognition

Thinking about thinking

Romance Poem

similar to epic but focuses on love, chivalry

By ________, most of North Africa was Islamic.

1050 AD

Who conquered the Sumerians?

Babylonians

Militant Socialism

Forceful seizure of governmental power

Abbassides

Overthrew the Umayyad but one escaped

the norman conquest had a profound impact on development of culture, lang, and judicial system of eng.

battle of hastings-ended anglo-saxon rule in england by 12th century, english common law firmly estab. magna carta limited power of king. most important document in eng. constit. law 14th cent-english parliament firmly estab. -parliament gained power at expense of king -house of lords (titled nobility) and house of commons (gentry and middle classes) composed Parliament

Babylonian achievements

centralized government and advancements in algebra and geometry Hammurabi's code

The House of York

crused by the House of Lancaster

Event that marked the beginning of the Greek Hellenistic Age?

death of Alexander the Great

The Fluent Reader: Age

4th to 8th grade (orthographic)

About what % of the European population was killed by the bubonic plague?

50%

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force. Death of Bowie, Crockett and Travis.

Sung Dynasty

969 AD - 1279 AD reunited the country, invented paper money,typography, gun powder, and compass; taken over by the mongols nation prospered and standard of living rose to new heights

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea Japan emerges victorious.

San Francisco Earthquake

A 1906 earthquake that destroyed property and set off fires that burned for 4 days. 1,000-3,000 peopel died. It was one of the worst natural disasters of the US with a severe economic impact. The San Andreas Fault moved 20 feet 7.9 or 8.0 Rebuilding involved bribes and many public officials were prosecuted

Martin Luther

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Genghis Khan

A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia.

Egypt had ___ periods and many leaders, including Alexander the Great

7

General in the Mexican-American War

Taylor

Humans developed in Africa _________________ years ago

250,000

Approximately when were most Egyptian pyramids built?

2600-2100 BC

the highest point in CA the lowest point in CA

Mt. Whitney death valley

Interjection

An isolated word used to express emotion (ex: wow

The __________ built first road for wheeled vehicles in America in ________________.

Dutch 1650

Which Romanov leader began the modernization of Russia?

Peter the Great

What famous national song was written during the War of 1812?

The Star Spangled Banner

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. It was a response to rapid westward expansion.

The Renaissance (1350-1600)

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome initiated in independent city-states of Italy. spread westward and into N. Europe -due to conflicts betw. papacy and holy roman empire=regional autonomy for ital. city states -by 14th cent., move twrd secularization predominant revival of intellectualism , lit., philosophy, and artistic achievement lit. and philosophy reflected new secular trends -humanism-stressed importance of individ. -Machiavelli's The Prince stressed- the ends justify the means-political philosophy -infl. of classical art strong and new emphasis on science Ren. spread throughout Europe N. Europe- emphasis on Christianity and less humanism French- democratic realism English- didn't bloom until Elizabethan Age

Battle of San Jacinto

(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas. Admitted as slave state

Cumming v. County Board of Education

(1899) Ruled that laws establishing separate schools for whites are constitutional even if there are no comparable schools for blacks.

Orthographic

(2nd-3rd grade) students reading speed, and accuracy, increases dramatically. The ability to recognize text in larger units is a primary contributor to this increase in speed. Students begin to utilize decoding skills with fluency as well as develop broader word recognition. (Before this phase teachers are looking at teaching how to read words) during this phase, teachers will also generally begin to emphasize comprehension by having students perform activities such as summarizing what they have read.

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens (Ionian Descent) and Sparta (Descendants of the Dorian invaders) that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. Sparta was unable to unite Greek city states. Greek individualism was a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliancesA

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. Born near end of Chou Dynasty Emphasis on sincerity, benevolence, conformity and respect (esp. for parents and ancestors)

Great Depression

(HH: Herbert Hoover) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it. Grapes of Wrath written about it

Townshend Acts (1767)

*Provisions:* Imposed a tax - to be paid at American ports - on items produced in Britain & sold in the colonies, including paper, glass, lead, paint, & tea. Suspended the New York Assembly for refusing to provide British troops with supplies. Established an American Board of Customs & admiralty courts to hear cases of smuggling. Issued Writs of Assistance. *Historical Significance:* Led to a boycott of British goods, the Circular Letters, John Dickinson's "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer," and unrest in Boston. All taxes repealed except on tea

3 types of pronouns

*take the place of nouns to avoid repetition subjective: subject of clause, ex: I, we, he objective: object of verb or preposition; ex: him and me, Cathy helps both him and me possessive: shows possession; ex: my, our, his

Ancient River Valley Civilizations

- Egypt - Mesopotamia - Harappan - China

Purpose of the California Missions *By 1830, missions became secularized, and by 1836, most were privately owned

- create permanent and self-sufficient Spanish settlements in California -establish cultural and agricultural centers -populate Alta CA for Spain - defend Spanish empire to the south in Mexico - win Catholic converts among indigenous people

Negative Outcomes of California Missions

- fatally exposed the Indians to European diseases - destroyed native culture - exploited indigenous labor force

Napoleon and the First Empire: domestic reforms

-Domestic reforms resulted in a more efficient government. -The Napoleonic Code: ---No privileges/tax exemptions based on lineage ---Government promotion was based on ability ---Modernized French law (equality before the law-The Code of Napoleon)

Reading Aloud Exercises

-Student-adult reading -Choral/unison reading -Tape-assisted reading -Partner reading -Readers' theatre

the U.S. entry into World War II brought economic revitaliz. to CA

-manufacturing base greatly increased (airplanes, ships, other war products) -CA bec. defense center of nation -huge defense contracts following the war fueled economic prosperity (many armed personnel migrated to CA and the need for public services increased) -more military bases and installments than any other state

How far each year does the Pacific Plate move along the San Andreas fault?

1 inch

The Protestant Reformation

16th century religious movement led by Martin Luther that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the formation of Protestantism

From what years was the mission period?

1769-1834

Derivational morphemes

A morpheme that is combined with roots or stems to form new words with new meanings, and has the potential to change the part of speech. (Ex: adding -ly to unbelievable; it changes it from and adjective to an adverb)

Causes of the American Revolution

1775-1781 War fought between the colonists and England over taxes The Tea Act of 1773, The Stamp Act, Coloninsts were forced to house English troops

Revolutionary War

1775-1783 American War of Independence. Began as 13 colonies versus Great Britain but soon turned into G.B versus colonies, France, Netherlands, and Spain = American Victory

Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown

1781 beset by Am. guerrillas ended the war

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Mexican Independence from Spain occurred in what year? Started by Father ______________.

1821 Hildalgo

The Congress of Verona

1822 ended the congress system & allowed European powers to be guided by self-interest.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - by Monroe and Adams, Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Gothic Revival

1830s movement in architecture when buildings in the Gothic (high medieval) style became popular. It was in this period that the British Parliament building was built. This was the architectural manifestation of Romanticism. Where the Enlightenment had looked down on the Middle Ages as a "dark" period of ignorance, the Romantics celebrated the Medieval period for its spiritualism, depth, and sense of adventure.

Texas was annexed to the United States in _____________

1837

The Oregon Territory was added to the US in ______________ and encouraged settlement of the far west.

1846

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

In _______ the US occupied Mexico City. ______________ sailed to Monterey Bay and proclaimed CA possession of US. The US flag replaced the bear flag.

1847 Commodore Stout

What year did CA become a state?

1850

Until what year were Northern troops in the South following the Civil War?

1877

the california land boom of the_______ swelled the population again -ensuing bank collapse in ______ devastated economy -hard times and economic retrenchment followed

1880's 1887

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

In _____________ it took just ______ days to get from Omaha to San Francisco.

1890 3 days

Prohibition Movement

18th amendment banned alcohol; reduced national consumption of alcohol but was poorly enforced and easily evaded in cities. repealed by the 21st amendment. Prohibition enacted in 1919.

Dust Bowl Migration

1930s, farmers from the Midwestern Dust Bowl states, especially Oklahoma and Arkansas, began to move to California

CA emerged from depression because of ____________ and the construction of ____________ and building of ______________

1932 LA Olympics Hoover Dam the golden gate bridge

How many missions are there total?

21

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. Jim Crow laws reversed.

1920

19th Amendment - USA Women's Suffrage Womens right to vote

haiku poem

3 unrhymed lines (5, 7, 5), syllabic scheme, usually focusing on nature

When was Buddhism introduced to Japan?

550 AD Quickly spread

Hinduism

A body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth.

The Communist Manifesto

A book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that describes the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. The book states that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class), and predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services.

The Franks

A group of Germanic tribes. They became allies of the Romans and became Christian. In the 8th century they established the Carolingian rule. Perhaps the most famous leader was Charlemagne.

epic poem

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

Egypt Middle Kingdom (2050-1650 BC)

A new period of stability. Characterized by a new concern on part of the pharaohs for the people. Egypt came together.

Simple sentence

A sentence made up of only one clause. (Ex: the rabbit ran from the fox.)

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians/Iran in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Silk Road

A series overland trade routes that connected the Chinese silk industry with the Western world. Silk was very valuable and brought china a lot of money until others discovered how the silk was being made using the silkworm. They had land routes where there'd be trading spots along the way to Europe and then when sea travel became more popular that took over the transportation of the silk.

Paradox

A thing or event that seems self-contradictory. (Literary paradox, plot paradox)

Morpheme

A unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller elements, such as the word "book"

The English Civil War

A war that broke out between the parliament supporters (roundheads) and the king's supporters (cavaliers). It ended with the execution of the king, Charles I

The Thirty Years War

A war that occurred between 1618 and 1648; it was mainly a civil war in Germany and the Holy Roman Empire over religious and political issues; it also involved the countries of Spain, France, Denmark, and Sweden

Syllable

A word part that contains a vowel, or in spoken language, a vowel sound (e-vent; news-pa-per; ver-y)

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents. ex: Buzz

India to 1900

Advanced civilization dev. in Indus Valley Inhabitants: Dravidians 2500 BC: Floods and foreign invasions destroyed these civilizations 2500-1500 BC: Dravidians forced to S. India by a nomadic band (with Greek and Persian roots). They brought less sophisticated civilization and an early caste system with Dravidians as slaves. Society dev. around religious, non-secular concerns. 1,000 BC The Mohabharata 1,000-500 BC Caste System Fixed Top: Priests and Brahmans rulers and warriors farmers and tradesmen workers outcasts (could NOT participate in society)

The Roman empire

After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Augustus became the first emperor of the Roman Empire. (The map looks like a horse, covers the Mediterranean) Rome boasted massive architectural achievements, such as the Coliseum(games were held here, gladiators) and aqueducts( we're a way of moving water from rivers and wells into and thought the cities). In 286, the empire was divided into east and west. (They divided it because the emperor thought because of how vast it was that it was too much for one person to rule). In 313, Constantine made Christianity legal. (Early on in the empire the Christians and the Jews were persecuted by the Romans. When Rome burned they blamed the Christians.)

Arabia

After the death of Mohammed, the Muslim conquest (600- 700 A.D.) united the Arab peninsula under Islam. Arabia was ruled by a succession caliphs (600-1900 A.D.) though the Ottoman rulers (1300-1900 A.D.) tended to use the term sultan.

the opening of new worlds was associated with the ___________. In search of Asia, explorers found a new continent.

Age of Discovery -resulted in renewed European rivalry

20th Century CA

Agriculture, oil, citrus, movie industry Growth in # of cars, 2x population growth Panama Canal-1914-easier to ship goods to S. California aquaducts built- provide water for LA and San Francisco dams and canals built in Central Valley graft (corrupt politics), favortism, and kickbacks (quid-pro-quo bribe — a collusive agreement —designed to help or influence an individual, company, or government entity): the rule not the exception

Euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant ex: passing away vs. die

Stem

An underlying form to which an inflectional ending is attached, and can be made up of a root and affixes. For example, "unbelievable" is the stem of "unbelievably"

post war of 1812 and pre civil war, 2 parties emerged: whigs (federalists) and democratic (democrat-repub). During this time, _________________, having won the battle of new orleans, was in the spotlight. Democratic ______________ championed the cause of the -common man- and expansionist spirit-manifest destiny.

Andrew Jackson Jackson

Where did the first town in Africa appear?

Around the Nile River

What was the first governing document for the US?

Articles of Confederation

Who fought in the Peloponnesian War?

Athens and Sparta

Central Africa: Mystery ______speaking settled in ________. 14th century-___________kingdom formed.

Bantu 700AD Kongo

Universal language acquisition theory

Based on the formative work of Noam Chomsky; Language is innate and universally inherited by all human beings. (Children are prewired to learn language).

The Rise of Christianity

Began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God.

Sight-word program

Begin by Teaching a Sight-Word reading vocabulary of from 50-100 words After learning words, they use alphabetic principle

The Emergent Reader: Reading Instruction

Begin phonemic awareness: -Help to recognize print in environment -Help to make predictions in stories -Observe pretending to read -Help to recognize letter shapes

The Berbers

Berbers are a nomadic people of northern Africa who's origin extend as far back as ancient times. They have been referred to by other names such as Libyans, Mauri, and Moors.

The gold rush

Between 1847 and 1860, California's population grew from 15,000 to 380,000, leading to California's acceptance into statehood. Slavery was forbidden in California, upsetting the balance of slave and free states.

Basic economic systems

Capitalism, socialism, communism, fascism

Decentralization of the Germanic States

Caused by a continuing power struggle with the Pope.

Visitors before Columbus

Celtic and Norse settlements established in N. Am. between 1,000-1300 AD

Name a nonindigenous group that established North American settlements before Columbus

Celtic/Norse (Vikings)

The Aztecs

Central Mexico -Conquered much of central Mexico -The Toltecs preceded the Aztecs -The Aztecs built a great city (Tenochtitlan) and ruled an empire -Religion and war dominated Aztec life -Rich mythological and religious traditions -Architecturally accomplished (city planning, Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, temples and palaces) -Artistically advanced

Delhi Sultanate

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Who was named emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in the late 700s C.E. (A.D.)?

Charlemagne

Umayyad

Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam

Greek contributions

Classical architecture (straight lines, columns, colonnades, parthenon), Philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), epic poetry (Illiad and Odyssey) Democracy (Athens) Oligarchy- a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique (Sparta) Bureaucracy (Alexander the Great) Persian Wars Peloponnesian War

Fascism

Combines a dictatorship with private ownership of property. (Like in Nazi, Germany, they don't have a choice in what the government does it the politics aspect but they have their own private markets)

The Roman Government

Constituted of a mixed government including consuls, a senate, tribune, assembly of the tribes, ...

James Marshall

Discovered gold in California while building a sawmill for John Sutter

Sentence Purpose

DECLARATIVE-simple statement that ends with a period IMPERATIVE-command, instruction, or request that ends with a period INTERROGATIVE-question that ends with a question mark EXCLAMATORY (statement or command that expressed emotions

Article

Definite (the) or indefinite (a, an).

First state to ratify the Constitution

Delaware in December 1787

Harrison Presidency

Died one month into presidency

In 1800 BC, after the glaciers melted in Alaska, there were ______________ and ______________

Eskimos and Inuit Indians

Phonemic Awareness (reading assessment)

Estimates the level of phonemic awareness in students

T/F Phonemic awareness does not help reading comprehension and learning to read

F

T/F: Whole language approach does NOT help students develop a better attitude towards reading

F

T/F Overall the missions were a good thing for the first Californian's

F They were stripped of their identity and treated harshly. Nat. Am. population declined 75% during mission period.

Junipero Serra

Franciscan priest who established 9 missions in California

Authentic Assessment/Portfolio Assessment

Good/Ideal Assessment of students' knowledge and skills in a "real-life" context.

Capitulation of Cahuenga

Granted full US Citizenship to All Californians, ending hostilities in California. It effectively made CA a part of the US

The land between the Rockies and Sierra Nevada is called the _____________

Great Basin

Classical Civilizations

Greece and Rome

California Water System

Import also from Colorado River Agriculture: fruits, nuts, veggies

Mexican-American war

In 1846, the US declared war on Mexico. After the US victory, the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo gave control of California, and other surrounding regions, to the US. (This was mainly because of boarder disputes)(the victory was easy)

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence 1898 war that began when the United States demanded Cuba's independence from Spain in Cuba and the Phillipines lasted 8 months Casualties mainly from disease

What was the Boston Tea Party?

In response to the Tea Act, (which said colonists could only buy tea from one company) colonists dressed like Indians, to protest, raided 3 British ships in the Boston harbor and destroyed/dumped the tea.

Where and when does most CA precipitation fall?

In the winter and in the northern mountainous regions

Reasons for the Spread of Christianity

Individual conviction of ones belief, The effeciency and organization of the the early church, Doctrines that stressed equality and immorality. The establishment of the Pope.

What was the dominant civilization in S. Am. in 1500 AD?

Incas

What did the Underground Railroad do?

It assisted slaves out of the South and into Canada

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished because fighting was illegal; had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas

The ________________________ (1803) became the greatest real estate purchase in US History.

Louisiana Purchase

Which port did Spanish galleons sail from as they traveled down the California coast on their way to Acapulco?

Manila

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China

Invaders from _____________ attacked China in ____________ and controlled N. China until ______________. China in S. independent from N. China divided into # of states. Influence from_____________ established Buddhism.

North 315 AD 560 AD India

Caste system

One feature of Indian society that emerged from Hinduism was the caste system. The caste system was a rigid social structure that divided the population into four distinct castes which are believed to have emerged from the varnas(or arm of this underlying God) or Purusha. (Caste system in order: Brahmin/highest Hindu caste: teachers and priests. Rulers and warriors, merchants and artisan, peasants.)(people born outside of the caste system or thrown out were shunned could only have the low of the low jobs) India's open geography subjected the region to wave after wave of invasions from central Asia and other surrounding regions. (North was the Himalayas so that was hard to invade from but other areas could be)

Sumer (3500-2000 B.C.)

One of the first civilizations on earth. So Marians invented a wheel, one of the first systems of mathematics, one of the earliest writing systems, cuneiform(wedged form). Samaritans also constructed complex systems of irrigation. Religiously, Sumerians were polytheistic, with each Sumerian city-state( a city that is its own self governing entity) typically worshiping it's own distinct patron god. In the 2000s B.C., the Sumerians were conquered by Semites. (People who spoke a Semitic language like Hebrew or Arabic)

Tribal Organization

Organization with midsize societies ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand people, with somewhat more power available to leaders.

T/F: Dependent clause can't stand alone as a sentence

T

T/F: Independ. clause can stand alone as a sentence

T

After defeating the _____________, conflict between Athens and Sparta dominated Greek politics.

Persians

Phonemic awareness

Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds - phonemes - in spoken words, It is the understanding that sounds work together to make words, and it is the most important determinant toward becoming a successful reader.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Council of Trent

Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Realism (Plato)

Reality consists of ideas that exist in the mind, independant of sensory powers of perception.

Bear Flag Revolt

Rebellion by Americans in 1846 against Mexican rule of California. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.

King Nebuchadnezzar II

Reigned as king when Babylon was the largest city in the world; rebuilt Babylon after it was destroyed by the Assyrians

Calvinism

Religious movement founded by John Calvin, based on the doctrine of predestination.

African Rivers

Several have inland as well as coastal deltas Nile flows northward . Niger, Nile, Congo, Zambezi And were important to Africa's economic history.

Joan of Arc fought for which country in what war?

She fought for France in the Hundred Years War

Idiolects

Speech patterns unique to each individual.(read a conversation and guess who is saying what; your mom or your dad)

Encoding

Spelling of words. Sound it out.

Which action began the French revolution?

Storming of the Bastille

Semantics

Studies the meaning of words, phrases, sentences, and texts. Semantics can be divided into 2 categories: LEXICAL SEMANTICS (analyzes affixes, compound words, and phrases) and PHRASAL SEMANTICS (studies the meaning of phrases and words).

Concepts About Print (reading assessment)

Tests important concepts about books, including: -The front and back of a book -That print tells the story -The concept of letters, words, and sentences -That spaces have a purpose

Ashikaga Shogunate

The Ashikaga Shogunate is the weakest of the three Japanese bakufu governments. Unlike its predecessor, the Kamakura Shogunate, or its successor, the , when Ashikaga Takauji established his bakufu he had little personal territories with which to support his rule. The Ashikaga Shogunate was thus heavily reliant on the prestige and personal authority of its shoguns.

The New Babylon (700-500 B.C.)

The Chaldeans conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine, establishing the new Babylonian empire under King Nebuchadnezzar. The government of the new Babylon utilized in advance system of bureaucracy(departments in the government, depending on your problem you go to a certain bureau)

The Glorious Revolution

The English Parliament drove out an absolute monarch and replaced him with two constitutional monarch's William and Mary. 1688, change of who is in power without bloodshed. Established the supremacy of Parliment.

India

The Indus Valley civilization(3300-1700 B.C.) evolved into a highly advanced culture whose architectural achievements included a planned urban grid and the world's first urban sanitation system. During its mature phase, The Indus Valley civilization was also referred to as the Harrapan civilization. This civilization was highly advanced, which historical contributions ranging from a precise scientific measurement system to graceful bronze and terra-cotta sculptures. Following the Indus Valley civilization came the Verdic period (Lasting until around 500 BC) which laid the foundation's of early Hinduism, a diverse belief system which spans the gamut of monotheism, polytheism, and pantheism(God is in all things).

Bull Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

The Viking Invasions

The Vikings built fast ships where they would ship men and cargo from their land to charlemagnes empire to pilage and plunder.

Alexandar the Great

The conqueror who united the peoples of Greece, Egypt, Persia and Indus River Valley into an empire by conquering them.

Plagiarizing

The copying of text, passage, or any other information in print or digital form and claiming it to be one's own work.

Denotative

The dictionary definition of the word -it's specific and direct meaning. (Ex: comrade and ally have a very similar meaning)

End of reconstruction

The disputed presidential election of 1876 led to compromise which ended reconstruction. The north offer a compromise to the south that if they excepted their president that they would get rid of the radical reconstruction. But what they feared would happen did and the end of the reconstruction gave rise to the races Jim Crow laws. It would not be until 75 years later that the American civil rights movement would overturn these practices and monumental court cases like Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka would grant a quality to blacks.

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Fuedal System

The economic and social system of medieval europe, lords recieved land from the King in exchane for loyalty and serfs worked the land for the lords in exchange for protection.

Denotative meaning

The exact literal meaning of a word according to the dictionary, as opposed to "connotative meaning," which implies a suggested meaning of a word.

Syntax

The examination of various ways that words are organized to create meaning, the study of how sentences are formed, and the patter or structure of word order in sentences.

St. Augustine

The first great Christian philosopher. He was a sinner and did not believe but eventually was converted and he wrote CIty of God as well as Confession, he is also responsible for the doctrine of Original Sin

Emperor Nero

The first recorded persecution of Christians began in Rome around AD 64 under him, he blamed Christians for a fire in Rome that he actually started Committed suicide

Shinto Religion

The first religion of Japan, "The way of the Gods." Shinto celebrates the mysteries and unforeseen forces of nature. Animistic. According to Shinto beliefs, divine spirits called kami are associated with the awesome forces of nature, such as rushing rivers, thundering waterfalls, etc.

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. Buddhism spread to Asia, China, ans SE Asia

Patterns of immigration

The gold rush: massive growth in population California land boom of the 1880s: offered homesteads(free or low cost land) to try to attract people to start businesses on these lands) The Great Depression: (the dust bowl: people who are suffering from climatic issues in places like Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas moved to California to try to get jobs in agriculture, but there weren't enough jobs to go around so they suffered from exploitation and abuse 1965 reforms to US immigration laws: immigration reform act, revisions to mcKaren Walters act, lots of things that repealed the nativist laws that were kind of racist laws that were excluding people from coming to the US, in particular excluding Asain people, with repeals and changes to the immigration policy you saw a lot more people being able to immigrate to the US in general and many people chose to make their homes California because of all the opportunities economically, saw you saw a lot of Asain population centers booming in the late 60s early 70s

Multimedia

The practice of combining text and images like the combination of videos, websites, and hypertext, interconnecting vast amounts of information. Important to find the right balance of different media, of text, image, video, and Internet resources.

Morphemes

The smallest piece that is meaningful. (Ex: unbelievably-> un-believe-able-ly)

Phonics

The understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes. Labels to describe these relationships: -Graphophonemic relationships -Letter-sound associations -Letter-sound correspondences -Sound-symbol correspondences -Sound-spellings

What do anarchists believe?

There should be no authority

Causes of the War of 1812

These included: British impressment of sailors, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, and the reasons given by the War Hawks (the British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the U.S. to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada).

Mughuls

These people united and ruled most of India. After Babur invaded India, Akbar became the main ruler of this kind. They were great builders Taj Mahal, but their empire declined quickly (by 1750).

Vowels

They are sounds that can be produced without occluding, diverting, or obstructing the flow of air from the lungs. (We don't have to move our lips, tongue, or mouth to make the sounds of vowels)

Analogy

This compares 2 objects that are different yet share similar characteristics. SIMILES-compares 2 objects using the words like "like" or "as" METAPHORS-compares 2 unlike objects by replacing 1 word with another

Black Death/Bubonic Plague

This killed between one-third and two-thirds of the population in less than five years. The epidemic spanned from China to England to North Africa, transmitted along the Silk Road and other trade routes. Carried by rat fleas. By 1350 almost half European population killed.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Elizabeth I

This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England

The Hundred Years War

This was a war between France and England between 1346 and 1453. It was fought over land in France that each wanted to control. The British began strongly, but with the help of Joan of Arc, the French rallied and eventually beat England. Two famous battles from the war are Crecy and Agincourt.

The Act of Supremacy

This was the 2nd law passed by Parliament for King Henry VIII. It said that King Henry VIII was the only supreme head of the Church of England, and this church was formed from this act.

The Code of Napoleon

This was the French law put in place by Napoleon. It promoted equality before the law, toleration of all religions, and outlawing serfdom and feudalism. It also took away women's rights and outlawed trade unions and strikes.

The Ottoman Empire

Took over Turkey from the Byzantine Empire and strived to expand its borders into Eastern Europe, mainly fighting the Holy Roman Empire and its various princes throughout the Middle Ages. Constanople the center. Over time it started to shrink and grow weaker, it was dismantled after WWI.

Mesopotamia (SW Asia) Rivers

Tigris and Euphrates

Treaty that ended the Mexican American War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Basal Reading Approach

Whole word reading approach that makes use of flashcards, manuals, workbooks, readers and tests; may be meaning-emphasis or code-emphasis. Does not meet individual needs of student pays limited attention to letter/sound relationships provides little/no instruction on how to blend letters and pronounce words

Sentence contains:

subject + predicate (every predicate has verb: what subject is doing)

John Tyler (1841-1845)

Whig (sorta) Domestic Affairs: Refused revival of the National Bank Enraged cabinet and Congress Demonstrated Jacksonian powers Foreign Affairs: Secured annexation of Texas Ended hostilities with Seminoles China trade Webster-Ashburton Maine/CN border

Swahili

a Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast

Greek Individualism

a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliance.

Aegan

a center for civilizations which flourished in the 2nd and 3rd millenniums BC

Constanople

a city established as the new eastern capital of the roman empire by the emperor constantine in a.d. 330 that is now called istanbul

The Code of Hammurabi

a collection of laws covering crimes, farming, business activities, and marriage and family. Many of the punishments were cruel, but the code was an important step in the development of a justice system

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that exploded in Los Angeles, California, between white sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored; the effect of the infamous Sleepy Lagoon murder which involved the death of a young Latino man in a barrio near Los Angeles; triggered other similar attacks in other places

Romanesque

a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD

Trojan War

a war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia Chronicled by Homer in The Illiad

Islamic Civilization

a warlike monotheistic civilization that spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and were constantly at war. They are known for their brilliant arabesques and gorgeous craftsmanship

dangling modifier

a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence

Preposition

a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence

What was the average life expectancy in the early 1700's?

about 30

Assyrian Empire (1000-600 BC)

an empire which dominated N. Mesopotamia with their main capital at Nineveh on the Tigris river. They were heavily influenced by the Babylonian culture to the south.

Connotation

an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.

Literature Based Approach

an approach that uses high-quality literature as a basis for reading instruction. Emphasize reading and writing

The Battle ___________ (AD 732) resulted in________ halting Muslim expansion in ___________. The _____________dynasty increased Arab lands (661-750)

of Tours Franks Europe Umayyad

Nomadic

characterized by moving about from place to place as nomads

The Newberry Award is for ____________

children's books

Reciprocal Teaching Strategy

clarifying points, summarizing the text, asking and answering questions, making predictions

Cornwallis

commander of the British forces in the American War of Independence

The Summarians

creators of the Mesopotamia civiliztion. Large scale irrigation projects, advanced system of mathematics and the invention of the wheel.

Old Babylonian Empire

declined because of a combination of a series of rulers lacking governing skills and the inability to adjust to new fighting techniques Lasted from about 2000-1550 BC; first empire to rule Mesopotamia after Sumerians

Battle of Tours (732)

defeat of the Muslims by Charles Martel, which preserved Christian Europe Frankish army led by Charles Martel repelled a Muslim invasion of Western Europe

Boston Tea Party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

Impact of Spanish Exploration and Conquest on Indigenous People of the Americas

disease devastated native population (smallpox, measles, and typhus) aztecs conquered by cortez incas conq. by pizarro mass transfer of wealth-gold and silver- from americas to spain end of pol. and econom. independ loss of native culture conversion to christianity

Seljiks

dominateTurkish group control caliphate

China to 1900

early civilization dev. near yellow river cities dev. in China after Egypt

The Egyptians

establishe a civiliztion in the Nile Valley.

The Union strategy of _______________ the South was a success. The Union blockade economically strangled the South. The defeat at ________________ ended the Southern chances for foreign recognition. Economic and military weaknesses, along with a devastated South led to_____________________.

isolating Gettysburg (1863) Lee's surrender at Appomattox (1865)

1433 Chinese ______________ and ____________________ of foreigners grew

isolation suspicion

How does the 1906 San Francisco earthquake compare with the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake?

it 15-20x stronger

Which things frequently used by colonists were taxed by the original Townsend Acts?

just about everything

Rome's Decline—when? Why?

lasted 5 centuries economic and political decline repeated civil wars ravaged Roman Republic immediate cause-continuous barbaric invasion internal factors- political instability, decrease in farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, decline of the military, incl. the use of mercenaries (an individual who is hired to take part in an armed conflict but is not part of a regular army or other governmental military force. Mercenaries fight for money or other recompense rather than for political interests). Also, the rise of Christianity divided the empire. Caesar assassinated in 44BC end of 2nd century AD- in decline, which weakened the empire Constantine tried to fix it-split empire into E and W, but barbarian invasions from Goths, Vandals, and Huns devastated Rome. It fell in 476 AD. (E Roman empire survived at Constantinople; Byzantium survived until 1453)

chinese culture was maintained by the ming and manchu dynasties

ming (native chinese)-ousted the mongols ming rulers limited contact with the west manchus overran china and followed policy of isolationism, weakening china

Adverbs

modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs as well as words groups that express a relation of place, time, circumstance, or cause. Adverbs answer any of the following questions: how, when, where, why, in what way, how often, how much, in what condition, to what degree?

5 areas of reading instruction

phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, text comprehension

Outcomes of Feudalism

political stability leading lords emerged as kings foundation of nation states. Economic self sufficiency foundation for urbanization productive surpluses and skills for trade trade would lead to growth Christian value system institutionalized by the church

Arab Caliphs

political leaders after the death of Muhammad

The Spanish built _______ and ___________ to accompany the missions.

pueblos (towns) and presidios (forts)

Johnson's Impeachment

result of Stanton's (secretary of war) dismissal by the President, this was the last straw for the House Republicans. Johnson was just barely acquitted. As a result for the rest of his term he was powerless to alter the course of Reconstruction and the country.

plural possessive noun

shows ownership by more than one person or thing; example: my friends' parents

Roman Republic

started after Etruscan (civilization of ancient Italy) control was overthrown society divided into- patricians (propertied class), plebians (main body Roman citizens), and slaves government- consuls, senate, and centurial assembly roman army-became most powerful military organization in world after Punic wars with Carthage (north coast of Africa, founded by Phoenicians), emerged as dominant power in Mediterranean incorporated greek culture into its empire After Augustus, first emperor, pax romana

Which is CA's largest industry?

state, regional, county and local government

Which group of Japanese Americans did the US government consider a particular threat?

the Kibei (they were Japanese American born in the US who had returned to Japan for their education)

Battle of Hastings

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

Humanism

the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason

The Jungle is about:

the meat packing industry problems

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union Civil Rights Ammendments 13-15 added

High Middle Ages

the period from 1000 to 1300 in which the church had a key role shaping the new world Roman road system rebuilt and Europe grew larger than Muslim and Byzantine Empires

The Grapes of Wrath is about:

the plight of migrant workers during the Depression chronicles the lives of dust bowl immigrants to CA

Mohammed established a ____________ based on Islamic law. Spread of Islam began in ________century. Muslim empire ruled by Arab ___________.

theocracy (government by divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided.In many theocracies, government leaders are members of the clergy, and the state's legal system is based on religious law) 7th AD caliphs (a spiritual leader of Islam, claiming succession from Muhammad)

What was the original CA constitutions' position on women?

they could own land, but not vote

"frac" root means

to break into pieces

Language acquisition

(0-24 months) Child-directed speech (8-12 months) Holophrase (2 years) Telegraphic speech (2-5 years) Fast mapping (3 years) Private speech (4-5 years) Overregularization

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom Influenced subsequent proclamations of personal liberties like the Am. Constit.

Colonial Era

(13 British colonies) New England colonies: shipbuilding in commerce. Middle colonies: farming in commerce. Southern colonies: tobacco and cotton. (Slavery was a big thing) (Jamestown settlement in Virginia-founded by the London company(organization of merchants)) (Massachusetts bay colony: bible common wealth-pilgrims) (New York colony: British overtook the Dutch (gave the region to the duke of York-new York)) (Pennsylvania founded by the Quakers)

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

(1756-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. English victory encouraged colonial America to seek a more active voice in its own affairs.

Important battles

(1776 July 4th they declared independence from Britain) Revolutionary war battles to know are the battle of Saratoga(the patriots won a victory against the British, which convinced the French that they had a chance, the French wanted to back the patriots to weaken the British, and so the gave them economic aid, weapons and thing and people say that without this aid from the French the patriots may not have won) and the battle of Yorktown(The patriots won a decisive victory that insured their victory in the war and after this the British surrendered. Led to these colonies becoming independent states which later became the United States of America

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights Four Score and Seven Years Ago

Hebrew civilization

(1900B.C.-100A.D.) established the first lasting monotheistic religion, which became the basis for modern Judaism. (Christian and Islam were the other two main monotheistic religions of the world) The Jews initially lived in Canaan, but moved to Egypt under Joseph, where they were later enslaved. (The exodus: under the leadership of Moses, the Jews fled Egypt). Around 1000 B.C. the 12 tribes United under Saul. (Then David then Solomon) During this period the teachings of Moses were written down to form the Torah. After the death of Solomon, Hebrew civilization split into Israel and Judah. Much later, conflict with Rome led to the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of many Jews from Palestine. (Jesus was executed by the Romans) (diaspora- where the Jewish people were spread from their traditional homeland to different places throughout the world/disperse of Jewish people outside Israel)

Late alphabetic

(1st grade) students begin to consistently include vowels and also begin to recognize groups of letters called phonograms(group of letters that make a single sound. Ex: ough saws aw-one sound)(digraph-th,sh, ch- is a phonogram) Students use phonemic awareness to decode unknown words.

Kush

(2000 B.C.-350 A.D.) was a region south of Egypt that was conquered and Incorporated into Egypt, but later conquered Egypt. It was important as a place of cultural exchange amongst peoples of the Mediterranean, near east, and Africa. Much of early Kushite society and religion were adopted from Egypt, but Kushites later developed their own styles of art, a writing system, and their own gods after winning independence.

Constantine

(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Sui Dynasty

(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north. The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China. China reunited (North and South) 618- Dynasty overthrown

Trail of Tears

(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands to OK. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. Cruel forced marches

French and Indian War

(Extension of the seven years war.) during the colonial era, the French and Indian war was fought in the Americas.(fought between British and French & Spanish, recruited the Indians)(British still won even though they got ganged up on) (the Spanish held the Louisiana area for a long time but gave it to the British as a spoil of the war)(the British turned around and sold it to the US.) As a result of their victory in this war, the British acquired substantial new land holdings, but also acquired serious debt, and problems of controlling this large new territory.(spread British resources thin and created animosity between the colonists and the British rule)

Pre-alphabetic

(Preschool-kindergarten) children become aware of the directional nature of text layout (reading left to right, top to bottom- in English) and begin to recognize basic visual cues, such as letters and their names. (They are more likely to recognize the initial letters over end and middle letters)

Europeans in the New World

(Spain) Columbus: West Indes; Bahamas (Spain) Balboa: Panama (Spain) Cortes: Mexico (Spain) Pizarro: Peru (Portugal) Cabral: Brazil (Britain) Virginia Co.: Jamestown (VA) (France) de Champlain: Canada (Quebec) (France) La Salle: LA (Netherlands) Hudson: New Netherlands (New York)

Important battles of the Civil War

(There were over 1000) Fort Sumter: Beauregard fires on federal fort and Charleston Harbor - the first battle of the Civil War Antietum: McClellan ends Lee's invasion of north - the bloodiest day of the war Chancellorsville: it was a major win for the south. Lee defeats hookers army of Potomac(major army of the north), but Jackson is killed.(bitter sweet for the south) Gettysburg: Second major surge of the south into the north. Lee loses to Meade, Pickett's charge fails, end second invasion of the north. (this was the beginning of the end for the south) Appomattox: Lee's forces are surrounded and Lee is forced to surrender. Though there are still a few small skirmishes to follow, the war is over.

Genres

(Type) includes novels, short stories, folk and fairy tales, poetry, among others. Each genre and subgenre has its own unique conventions. (Ex: native American folktales typically teach a lesson or answer questions about the origin of life and the universe. Because they are part of an oral tradition(passed down by word of mouth/not written down), they usually feature simple plot structures. They also often include anthropomorphic animals(have characteristics like a human) and a character who is a trickster.

The Olmec

-1200-400 B.C. South-central Mexico -Developed one of the first civilizations in Mesoamerica -Developed an agricultural community -Developed the first calendar in America -Noted artwork in many media (jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone) -Monumental sculpture (colossal heads)

Mexican rule in California

-1821-1846 -After Mexican independence from Spain in 1822, California residents exerted increased control in local political matters -California was a territory of the Republic of Mexico -Mexican authority never strong. Mexico allowed trade with foreigners and issued land grants to individual Mexican citizens. -Missions secularized and lands sold to powerful local families (Californios). -Ranchos owned by Californios—the dominant institutions. Land-grant system and ranchos fueled independent action. -Mexican rule marked by feuds among the ranchos and with Mexican government. By 1845, the Californios expelled the last of the Mexican governors. -Encroachment of non-Mexicans into California increased. American trappers (including Jedediah Smith), explorers (including Kit Carson, Joseph Walker), and a variety of wagon masters opened California to American settlement.

Phonological Awareness

-A broad term that includes phonemic awareness -It includes identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken language, such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes, as well as phonemes -It also encompasses awareness of other aspects of sound, such as rhyming, alliteration and intonation

Results of the Industrial Revolution

-A dramatic increase in productivity and the rise of the factory system -Demographic changes (from rural to urban centers) -The division of society into defined classes (propertied and nonpropertied) -The development of modern capitalism (profits linked to manufacturing of products)

Historical interpretations of the Middle Ages

-A period of transition between ancient and modern Europe -Unique with a distinctive culture; out of feudal customs and traditions that included Greek and Roman classical culture, influences from the Arab world and the East, and tenets of Judeo-Christian belief, evolved a modern Europe and the foundations of Western civilization emerged

Systematic and Explicit Phonics Instruction

-A plan of instruction which includes a carefully selected set of letter-sound relationships that are organized into a logical sequence -Provides teachers with precise directions for the teaching of letter-sound relationships -Particularly beneficial for children who are having difficulty learning to read and who are at risk for developing future reading problems

Holophrase

-A single word that expresses a complete thought -These include symbolic gestures, where the child shows an understanding that symbols (words) represent a specific object, desire, or event (e.g. blowing on food to mean "hot"), or representational gestures, which involve gesturing to show what the infant desires (e.g. holding up a bottle to show an infant wants more to drink)

Phoneme Awareness/Phonemic Awareness

-A subcategory of phonological awareness -The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words -The understanding that sounds work together to make words -The most important determinant toward becoming a successful reader -Before children learn to read print, they need to become aware of how the sounds in words work -The reason is that children who cannot hear and work with the phonemes of spoken words will have a difficult time learning how to relate these phonemes to the graphemes when they see them in written words

Story Maps

-A type of graphic organizer -Show the sequence of events in simple stories

The Incas

-A.D. 1200-1533 -Northwest coastal region and inland region of South America Peru -Controlled a vast empire in South America -The Tiahuanaco culture developed in the Andes Mountains and the Incas unified an extensive empire -The Incas developed a sophisticated record-keeping system and were highly skilled craftsmen -Engineering/architecture Machu Picchu, stone construction without mortar, extensive road system linking empire together -Art (gold and silver working, ceramics, textiles

The Mayas

-A.D. 250-900 -Yucatan peninsula -Achieved a complex civilization -Maya cities were trade and religious centers -The Mayas excelled in many fields, including mathematics, science, astronomy, and engineering (pyramid building) -Only known written language of pre-Columbian Americas -Sophisticated art -Monumental architecture (Tikal, Palenque)

Chinese civilization under the Sungs

-A.D. 960-1279 -The Chinese Empire lost much territory after the fall of the Tang rulers -Advances in education, art, and science contributed to an improved way of life

Child-Directed Speech (CDS)/Motherese

-Adults modify their speech to make it easier for children to learn language, including modifying sentence structure, repeating key words, and focusing on present objects -First words are spoken by 12 months and are usually familiar objects or persons -First sentences are spoken by 18 to 24 months and are usually two-word sentences (telegraphic speech)

Dictionaries and Other Reference Aids (vocabulary instruction)

-Allow students to easily eliminate inappropriate definitions based upon the context of a defined word. -For example, in searching for the definition of the word "board" in a dictionary, students can eliminate the wrong definitions of "board" by looking at the word in the context of the sentence -In this example, the definition of "board" is, "to get on a train, an airplane, a bus or a ship" -The teacher next has students substitute the most likely definition for "board" in the original sentence to verify that the sentence makes sense: "The children were waiting to 'get on' the buses"

Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)

-American novelist, essayist and satirist -Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer

California's Independence from Mexico (1846-1848)

-American pioneer families swelled the Am. population in CA-settling in san joaquin and sacramento valleys, they increased the demand that CA become a part of the US -president polk indirectly supported annex. of CA -war declared on mexico in 1846 -bear flag revolt (settlers moving westward from missouri to ca worried Mexican government was going to move against them so they did the revolt but agabdoned it once they heard the us was already at war with mexico and they joing john fremont in fight. -commodore john sloat captured monterey bay and claimed area for US -gen. stockton and kearney defeated pico and raised american flag over los angeles

Background to the French Revolution

-An inequitable class structure was the basic cause of the revolution -A disorganized legal system and no representative assembly added to the problems of the government -Enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class -The bankruptcy of the French treasury was the immediate cause of the revolution -The "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (influenced by Locke's ideas) defined enlightenment concepts of national law and the sovereignty of the people

The Phoenicians

-Became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 B.C. -Greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world -Developed extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and set up distant trade networks and trading colonies such as Tyre and Sidon -Invented the first true alphabet -Dominated the Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple)

Early Japanese civilization

-Borrowed from China -Archaeology has revealed Japan's ancient past -Japanese culture developed during the Heian Era (794-1156) -Poetic form such as the Haiku developed, and literature spread

Mycenaean Civilization

-Centers of Aegean civilization; depended on the Aegean Sea to develop and extend their culture -The Mycenaean civilization (c. 2000-1150 B.C.) developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare a greek civilization that took off where the Minoans left off (possibly conquered the Minoans), militaristic, expanded trade through sea raids, piracy, colonization - fought Troy in Trojan war, written about in Iliad (ca. 1400-1200 BC)

Philosophy influenced by the Age of Reason

-Christianity and church dogma were questioned -The proper function of government was defined by Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau. Their ideas led to the philosophical bases for the American and French revolutions. -In economics, the doctrine of "laissez faire" (limited government intervention in business affairs) stood in opposition to regulated trade -Adam Smith wrote the "Wealth of Nations" (1776) and advocated manufacturing as the true source of a nation's wealth (the laws of the market place and not government regulations dictate national economies); considered the father of modern economics

Egypt: developments

-Complex religion of gods, rituals, and governance (pharaoh) -Writing (hieroglyphics) -Engineering and building (pyramids) -Mathematics

Reasons for the Protestant Reformation

-Dissatisfaction with church ritual and Latin overtones -Humanism emphasized man's needs and concerns -The printing press allowed mass communication (Luther's 95 Theses were translated, widely copied, distributed throughout Europe) -Luther questioned the right of the pope to grant indulgences -Luther's excommunication

Non-Systematic Phonics Instruction

-Does not teach consonant and vowel letter-sound relationships in a prescribed sequence -Informal; based on the teacher's perceptions of what students need to learn and when they need to learn it -Often neglects vowels; does not provide practice materials that offer children the opportunity to apply what they are learning about letter-sound relationships Programs often include: -literature-based programs -basal reading programs -sight-word programs

Reading Difficulty Assessment

-Easy text: readers show that no more than 1 in 20 words are difficult (95% success) -Challenging text: readers show that no more than 1 in 10 words are difficult (90% success) -Difficult text: readers show that more than 1 in 10 words are difficult (less than 90% success)

Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success

-Economic prosperity was based on domination of the commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade -The Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions, and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome -Codification of Roman law by Justinian (A.D. 528-565) strengthened the bureaucracy -Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders

1st Century Rome

-Emperor Nero -Jewish zealots also committed suicide following destruction of the temple by the Romans -Roman empire reached its greatest size during this century -Colosseum constructed -scientists: Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder active

Criticisms of Phonics Instruction

-English spellings are too irregular for phonics instruction to really help children learn to read words -However, phonics instruction teaches children a system for remembering how to read words -Once children learn, for example, that "phone" is spelled this way rather than "foan," their memory helps them to read, spell, and recognize the word instantly and more accurately than they could read "foan" -The same process is true for all irregularly spelled words -Most of these words contain some regular letter-sound relationships that can help children remember how to read them -The alphabetic system is a mnemonic device that supports our memory for specific words

The Manchus

-Entered China and easily changed the Ming dynasty into the Qing dynasty since they were sinicized before -Established a Confucian government with six ministries, a censorate, and other Chinese institutions -Were segregated from the Chinese Forbidden to marry Chinese The children had to study their language No footbinding Followed a policy of Isolationism.

The Israelites

-Established the first lasting monotheism -Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030-1010 B.C.) -After the death of Solomon (922 B.C.), the Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) -Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 B.C.) and Judah (586 B.C.) -The revolt of the Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132-135)

The importance of city life in the Sung Empire

-Foreign trade enabled populations to grow in cities and to become sophisticated -The family was the focus of Chinese life -Women had lower status than men

Prior Knowledge (text comprehension classroom activity)

-Good readers draw on prior knowledge and experience to help them understand what they are reading; making use of this improves students' comprehension -Before students read, preview the text with them -Ask them what they already know about the content of the selection (for example, the topic, concept or time period), what they know about the author and what text structure s/he is likely to use -Discuss the important vocabulary used in the text -Show students some pictures or diagrams to prepare them for what they are about to read

Metacognitive Strategies

-Good readers use these to think about and have control over their reading -Before reading: they clarify their purpose for reading and preview the text -During reading: they monitor their understanding, adjusting their reading speed to fit the difficulty of the text and "fixing up" any comprehension problems they have -After reading: they check their understanding of what they have read

Oral Reading Inventory (reading assessment)

-Graded passages that give an indication of the fluency with which a student is able to read -Also evaluated are accuracy, reading rate, reading level, and comprehension level

Semantic Organizers (text comprehension classroom activity)

-Graphic organizers that look somewhat like a spider web; lines connect a central concept to a variety of related ideas and events -Also called semantic maps/webs

Phonics Instruction

-Helps teachers explicitly and systematically instruct students in how to relate letters and sounds, how to break spoken words into sounds, and how to blend sounds to form words -Helps students understand why they are learning the relationships between letters and sounds -Helps students apply their knowledge of phonics as they read words, sentences, and text -Helps students apply what they learn about sounds and letters to their own writing -Can be adapted to the needs of individual students, based on assessment -Also includes alphabetic knowledge, phonemic awareness, vocabulary development, and reading of text -Most effective when it begins in K or 1st grade -Approximately two years is sufficient for most students

Context Clues (vocabulary instruction)

-Hints about the meaning of an unknown word that are provided in the words, phrases, and sentences that surround the word. Include definitions, restatements, examples or description -Because students learn most word meanings indirectly, or from context, it is important that they learn to use these effectively

Habituation

-Infants and children repeat sounds that are reinforced -Children can distinguish abstract rules for sentence structure

Muslim contributions

-Institutions: hospitals, medical schools, libraries, universities -Agriculture: cash crops, crop rotation -Mathematics: algebra, algorithms, Arabic numerals, decimal point -Globalization: exploration, work of scholars, trade (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, China Sea) -Science: methodology, theory and experimentation, astrolabe (astronomical instrument used to locate and predict the positions of the sun, moon, planet and stars), alchemy -Arts: calligraphy, illuminated manuscripts, glazed pottery, Persian and Arabian mythology -Medicine: forceps, bone saw, scalpel, surgical needle -Technology: mechanical clocks, pointed arch, stained glass, windmill -Poetry, philosophy, literature

Answering Questions (text comprehension classroom activity)

-Instruction encourages students to learn to answer questions better and, therefore, to learn more as they read -One type of instruction simply teaches students to look back in the text to find answers to questions that they cannot answer after the initial reading -Another type helps students understand question-answer relationships—the relationships between questions and where the answers to those questions are found -In this instruction, readers learn to answer questions that require an understanding of information

Reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire

-Its geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all of whom were becoming more powerful -The loss of commercial dominance of the Italians -Religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church -The sack of Constantinople during the fourth Crusade -the fall of Constantinople (1453) marked the end

Word Parts (vocabulary instruction)

-Knowing some common prefixes and suffixes (affixes), base words, and root words can help students learn the meanings of many new words -For example, if students learn just the four most common prefixes in English (un-, re-, in-, dis-), they will have important clues about the meaning of about two-thirds of all English words that have prefixes -Prefixes are relatively easy to learn because they have clear meanings (un- = not, re = again), they are usually spelled the same way from word to word, and they always occur at the beginning of words

Roman contributions to the western world

-Law (greatest contribution): rule of law/equality before the law, civil and contract law codes -Engineering and architecture: concrete, arch, roads (200,000 miles of roads), aqueducts and cisterns, monumental buildings (the Colosseum) -Culture: history, literature (Virgil's Aeneid, Ovid's Metamorphoses), rhetoric (the art and study of the use of language with persuasive effect) -Continued the Greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities

The Beginning Reader: Developmental Expectation

-Letters are associated with sounds -Children begin to read simple CVC words (such as mat, sun, pin) -They usually represent such words with a single sound, and later spell with the first and last consonant: for example, CT for cat -When writing later, vowels are included in each syllable -Children now rhyme and blend words -When reading later, they begin to recognize "chunks," or phonograms.

The topography of Africa

-Mainly composed of three regions: desert, savanna, and tropical rainforest -The Sahara desert dominates the continent (covers most of northern Africa) -Trade and commerce were connected to the geographical potential of the area -Large populations flourished in the savanna and were primarily agrarian

High Frequency Word Recognition (reading assessment)

-Measures word recognition out of context -In general, proficient readers can read words in and out of context, and poor readers over-rely on context for decoding -This also assists the teacher in determining a level to start testing in oral reading inventories

Text Comprehension Classroom Activities

-Monitoring comprehension -Using graphic and semantic organizers -Answering questions -Generating questions -Recognizing story structure -Summarizing -Making use of prior knowledge -Using mental imagery

India under Muslim rule

-Muslims controlled India for centuries -Muslim invaders came into India in the 11th and 12th centuries and created kingdoms in the north -The Delhi Sultanate was the most powerful (1206-1526) and dev. art and architecture -Hindus lived and worked under Muslim rule -self sufficient farmers -caste system dominated life -supreme being (Brahman) and reincarnation -Mughuls united and ruled most of India -Babur invaded India, and Akbar became greatest mughul ruler -great builders (taj mahal) -empire declined quickly, by 1750-fallen apart

Sight-Word Programs

-Non-systematic phonics instruction -Begin by teaching children a sight-word reading vocabulary of from 50 to 100 words -Only after they learn to read these words to children receive instruction in the Alphabetic Principle

Literature-Based Programs

-Non-systematic phonics instruction -Emphasize reading and writing -Phonics instruction is embedded in these activities, but letter-sound relationships are taught incidentally, usually based on key letters that appear in student reading materials

Basal Reading Programs

-Non-systematic phonics instruction -Focus on whole-word or meaning-based activities -These programs pay only limited attention to letter-sound relationships and provide little or no instruction in how to blend letters to pronounce words

Lydians

-Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.) -Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King) -Were responsible for the first coinage of money

The Lydians

-Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.) -Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King) -Were responsible for the first coinage of money

The Caste System

-Originated in India (1500 B.C.) as part of the teachings of Hinduism -Divided people into four distinct and inflexible social groups: priests and teachers; rulers and warriors; merchants and artisans; and peasants and servants (the lowest caste) -People who did not belong to any group were the untouchables -Members of one caste could not marry or even eat with members of another caste -No amount of success would allow a person to move from one caste to another -Outlawed in 1950

Partner Reading (reading aloud exercise)

-Paired students take turns reading aloud to each other -More fluent readers can be paired with less fluent readers -Stronger reader reads a paragraph or page first, providing a model of fluent reading -Then the less fluent reader reads the same text aloud -Stronger student gives help with word recognition and provides feedback and encouragement to the less fluent partner -The less fluent partner rereads the passage until s/he can read it independently -Partner reading need not be done with a more and less fluent reader -Two readers of equal ability can practice rereading after hearing the teacher read the passage

Onset and Rime

-Parts of spoken language that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes -Onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable (the b- of bag; the sw- of swim) -Rime is the part of the syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it (the -ag of bag; the -im of swim)

California water delivery system

-Population is 37 million+; fresh water is a precious resource and its availability is a pressing issue -While 75% of the state's water resources originate north of Sacramento, 80% of the demand lies in the southern 2/3 of the state -Engineering has proven to be the controversial solution to California's water problems -Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct Provides water to the Bay Area of San Francisco -California, Los Angeles, and Colorado aqueducts meet the water needs of Los Angeles and San Diego counties -Population and demand continue to grow; new solutions needed to this centuries-old problem

Problems with the Articles of Confederation

-Problems became clear during the "Critical Period" after the Revolutionary War (1781-1789) -Had to rely on requesting funds from the states -Did not bind the states together in a true union -No centralized control over trade ---Uniform tariffs could not be imposed ---States could impose their own trade restrictions against other states -13 different currencies continued to exist -No authority to borrow money inside or outside the United States -Lacked balance in Congress between large and small states ---All states given one vote, even though large states were expected to provide more financial support than small states -Unanimous approval was needed for changes or amendments -No executive authority to balance the power of Congress or to ensure that laws of Congress were carried out

Mental Imagery (text comprehension classroom activity)

-Readers (especially younger readers) who visualize during reading understand and remember what they read better than readers who do not visualize -Help students by urging them to picture a setting, character, or event described in the text

Summarizing (text comprehension classroom activity)

-Requires students to determine what is important in what they are reading, to condense this information, and to put it into their own words -Instruction helps students identify or generate main ideas, connect the main or central ideas, eliminate redundant and unnecessary information, and remember what they read

Telegraphic Speech

-Simplified speech or an early form of speech -This is usually a two-word sentence spoken by a 2-year-old -First sentences consist of just enough words to get the meaning across (e.g. I cold)

Choral/Unison Reading (reading aloud exercise)

-Students read along as a group with the teacher/another fluent adult reader -They might follow along with you as you read from a big book, or they might read from their own copy of the book you are reading -Predictable books are particularly useful, because their repetitious style invites students to join in -Begin by reading the book aloud as you model fluent reading -Students should read the book with you 3 to 5 times total -At this time, students should be able to read the text independently

Tape-Assisted Reading (reading aloud exercise)

-Students read along in their books as they hear a fluent reader read the book on an audiotape -You need a book at the student's independent reading level and a tape recording of the book read by a fluent reader at about 80 to 100 words per minute -The tape should not have sound effects or music -1st reading: student should follow along with the tape, pointing to each word in his/her book as the reader reads it -Next: student should try to read aloud along with the tape -Reading along with the tape should continue until the student is able to read the book independently, without the support of the tape

The Fluent Reader: Developmental Expectation

-Students read larger units of print and use analogy to decode larger words -Decoding becomes fluent -Reading, accuracy and speed are stressed

Readers' Theatre (reading aloud exercise)

-Students rehearse and perform a play for peers or others -They read from scripts that have been derived from books that are rich in dialogue -Students play characters who speak lines or a narrator who shares necessary background information -Provides readers with a legitimate reason to reread text and practice fluency -Also promotes cooperative interaction with peers and makes the reading task appealing

Private Speech

-Talking out loud to oneself with no intention to communicate with others -This helps children to integrate language and thought

Phonemic Awareness Instruction

-Teaches children to notice, think about, and work with/manipulate sounds in spoken language. This helps children become aware of English sound systems, consonants, and vowels. -Teachers can use a variety of instructional methods, however, teaching one or two types of phoneme manipulation—specifically, blending and segmenting phonemes in words—is likely to produce greater benefits -Should be explicit about the connection between phonemic awareness and reading

Generating Questions (text comprehension classroom activity)

-Teaching students to ask their own questions improves their active processing of text and their comprehension -By doing this, students become aware of whether they can answer the questions and whether they understand what they are reading -Students learn to ask themselves questions that require them to integrate information from different segments of text

Early cultures in Mesoamerica

-The Olmec-dev. one of first civ. in mesoamerica (now mexico, central am.)-dev. agricultural community and 1st calendar in America-noted artwork in many media -The Mayas-yucatan peninsula-only known written lang. of pre-columbian americas-achieved complex civ.-cities were trade and religious centers-excelled in math, science, astronomy, and engineering (pyramids)-sophisticated art and monumental architecture-tikal and palenque -The Aztecs-conq. much of central mexico-Toltecs preceded Aztecs-Aztecs built great city (Tenochtitlan) and ruled an empire-religion and war dominated life-rich mythological and religious traditions-temples and palaces-artistically advanced -The Incas-controlled vast empire in S. Am.-Tiahuanaco culture dev in Andes mts. and Incas unified an extensive empire-Incas dev sophisticated record-keeping system and were skilled craftsmen-stone contruction with mortar-extensive road system linking empire together-art:gold, ceramics, textiles

Spain and Portugal during the later Middle Ages

-The Reconquista reestablished Christian control over Muslim Spain in 1492, Portugal in 1250 ---The Spanish state was marked by strong, absolutist rule ---The monarch instituted inquisitions and also expelled the Jews

Turks assumed leadership of Muslim world

-The Seljuks fought the crusaders and regained lost land -Mongols invaded the eastern Muslim Empire -The Ottoman Empire expanded territory and lasted for many centuries -Constantinople was the center of the Ottoman Empire

Fluency

-The ability to read a text accurately and quickly; when reading aloud, the ability to do so effortlessly and with expression (sounds natural, as if they are speaking). -Provides a bridge between word recognition and comprehension. Because they do not have to concentrate on decoding the words, they can focus their attention on what the text means. Readers recognize words and comprehend at the same time and focus their attention on making connections among the ideas in a text and between these ideas and their background knowledge. -Develops gradually over time and with practice. -To read with expression, readers must be able to divide the text into meaningful chunks (including phrases and clauses), know when to pause appropriately within and at the ends of sentences and when to change emphasis and tone.

Semantics

-The analysis and study of meanings of words, phrases, and sentences -This is useful as a strategy in decoding to analyze the word that "sounds" correct in a sentence.

Decoding

-The analysis of spoken or written symbols in order to understand their meaning -This primarily refers to word identification

The Intellectual Response to the Industrial Revolution

-The classical economists advanced the theory of laissez faire -Thomas Malthus (1776-1834) theorized that population growth would far outstrip food production -The revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated a violent overthrow of the present economic system ---History was seen as a class struggle between the exploiters (bourgeoisie) and the exploited (proletariat)

Stages of Reading Development

-The emergent reader -The beginning reader -The fluent reader -The remedial reader

General characteristics of renaissance

-The emphasis was on man rather than God -There was a reawakening or rebirth of classical models -The ideal of the "universal man" was widely held

The Alphabetic Principle

-The goal of phonics instruction -The understanding that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds -Knowing these relationships will help children recognize familiar words accurately and automatically, and "decode" new words -Contributes greatly to children's ability to read words both in isolation and connected text

Economic advantages of California

-The gross domestic product (GDP) ranks California number one in the nation -The California GDP ranks it among the top 10 COUNTRIES in the world -Vast natural resources (oil, timber, minerals, etc.) and abundant fertile land allow for future growth -Cali leads the nation in manufacturing and agricultural production -The higher education system (junior colleges, state colleges, and universities) is among the finest in the nation

The Remedial Reader: Developmental Expectation

-The key approach to successful reading programs is preventive rather than remedial while understanding that there is a full range of learners in the classroom -Therefore, students who are struggling to read are taught from the same systematic framework taught in the early grades of successful readers

Effects of the Reformation

-The medieval political unity of Europe was replaced by the spirit of modern nationalism -The authority of the state was strengthened -The middle class was strengthened -Calvinism gave capitalism its psychological base -Religious wars reflected the fervor of the times

Phonology

-The rule system within a language by which phonemes are sequenced, patterned, and uttered to represent meanings -Also, the study of this rule system

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

-The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions -The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base -Geographic and social conditions in England favored industrialization: ---The cotton textile industry was well established ---Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products; rivers provided the necessary waterpower to run machinery ---England had abundant reserves of coal and iron ---The necessary labor force was in place following the enclosure movement that forced thousands of people from rural land to cities ---Investment capital supplied by a burgeoning middle class provided money to purchase equipment for the emergent factories

Grapheme

-The smallest part of written language that represents a phoneme in the spelling of a word -May be just one letter (such as b, d, f, p, s) or several letters (such as ch, sh, th, -ck, ea, -igh)

Phoneme

-The smallest unit of sound/part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words -English has about 41 -Sometimes represented by more than one letter Examples: "oh" (/o/), "if" (/i/ /f/), "stop" (/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/), "check" (/ch/ /e/ /k/)

the cascade range and modoc plateau

-The southern extreme of the Cascade Range is located in the northeastern corner of California. It extends 550 miles northward into Canada. -The area is separate from the Sierra Nevada and is about 25 miles wide -The Cascade Range mountains were formed exclusively by volcanic activity. Many, like Mt. Shasta (14,162 feet), are dormant or extinct volcanoes -Lassen Peak is the largest plug-dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world -The Modoc Plateau is a level tableland of volcanic origin

Student-Adult Reading (reading aloud exercise)

-The student reads one-on-one with an adult (teacher, parent, classroom aide or tutor) -The adult reads the text first, providing the students with a model of fluent reading -Then the student reads the same passage to the adult with the adult providing assistance and encouragement -The student rereads the passage until the reading is quite fluent (should take approx. 3 to 4 readings)

Pragmatics

-The system of principles and assumptions for using language and related gestures communicatively in social contexts -Also, the study of language use for the discovery of this rule system

Text Comprehension

-The ultimate goal of reading -Although the basics of reading (word recognition and fluency) can be learned in a few years, reading to learn subject matter does not occur automatically -Should be emphasized from the beginning, rather than waiting until students have mastered the basics of reading -Instruction at all grade levels can benefit from showing students how reading is a process of making sense out of text, or constructing meaning

Story Structure (text comprehension classroom activity)

-The way content and events of a story are organized into a plot -Students who recognize this have greater appreciation, understanding, and memory for stories -In instruction, students learn to identify the categories of content (setting, initiating events, internal reactions, goals, attempts, and outcomes) and how this content is organized into a plot -Students often learn to recognize this through the use of story maps -Instruction in the content and organization of stories improves students comprehension and memory of stories

Open hostility toward the Chinese erupted

-They were blamed for most of the economic problems (backlash from the mining and railroad frontier) -The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by federal Congress in 1882 (excluded Chinese from immigrating to the U.S.) -By 1877, politicians, newspapers, and citizens urged open agitation against the Chinese in California -The Workingmen's Party was established. It was nativist, anti-Chinese, and anti-big business (1877) ---It demanded a constitutional convention and populist-type reforms ---The California Constitution (1879) codified anti-Chinese legislation

The Transverse and Peninsular ranges

-This area extends from Santa Barbara to San Diego -The Transverse/Los Angeles ranges extend in an easterly (transverse) direction from the coast. (All other California ranges extend north and south.) -These ranges include the Santa Ynez, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernadino mountains -The Los Angeles Basin is the state's largest coastal basin and was formed by the alluvial deposition of soil from the surrounding mountain ranges -The Penninsular ranges extend south from the San Bernadino Mountains in Baja California and from the Pacific Ocean east to the Salton Sea Trough -The faulted eastern sections of the Peninsular ranges are characterized by sharp drop-offs. It is a complex region of active fault zones. Significant faults include the San Jacinto (near Palm Springs) and the Elsinore.

Spelling Inventory (reading assessment)

-Through examination of words spelled correctly and incorrectly, a student's skills can be classified into developmental spelling stages -In this way, skills are examined that directly tie to reading -This assists in planning appropriate spelling and reading instruction.

Five primary sectors for employment of CA

-Trade, transportation, and utilities -Government -Professional and business services -Education and health services -Leisure and hospitality

India: developments

-Urban culture -Planned cities (i.e. citywide sanitation systems) -Metallurgy (gold, copper, bronze, tin) -Measurement (weight, time, length, mass)

China: developments

-Writing -Commerce -Government

Mesopotamia: developments

-Writing (cuneiform) -Organized government -Written law code (Hammurabi's Code) -Systematized religion (Zoroastrianism) -Astronomy; astrology

The Later Middle Ages

-c. 1000-1500 transition from feudal customs to modern Europe and foundation for western civilization

The intellectual response to the Industrial Revolution

-classical economists advanced laissez faire theory -thomas malthus theorized population growth would far outstrip food production -revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated violent overthrow of present economic system -history seen as class struggle between exploiters (bourgeoisie) and the exploited (proletariat) -Communist Manifesto-written by Marx and Engels, advanced theories of modern scientific socialism

200's AD Rome: Civil War

-defeats of the provinces by the Persians and Goth's -Constantine's attempts to stop the empire's decline were fruitless and the Visigoths looted Rome in 400 AD

Van Buren's Presidency

-elected in 1836 plagued by the collapse of the economy and The Panic of 1837 because Jackson had previously destroyed the bus -Panic of 1837: led to economic depression -issues Specie Circular -Divorce Bill -lost re-election

Impact of the Great Depression in CA

-increase migration meant more job competition -mexican repatriation (to bring or send back (a person, especially a prisoner of war, a refugee, etc.) to his or her country or land of citizenship) -mexican workers target or agricult. jobs -deported or forcibly repatriated -film industry grew in popularity because inexpensive way to escape -falling prices and rising surpluses forced production cuts in oil industry

Economic depression hit California in the 1870's; cycle of boom and bust

-low wages -high unemployment -railroad abuses (unfair pricing) -restriction of water rights by land monopolies -collapse of Bank of CA 1875 weakened CA economy

Achievments of Byzantine Empire

-preserved heritage of greco-roman civiliz. while the west was culturally stagnant -spread civiliz. to all of E. Europe -preserved E. orthodox church -economic strength based on stability of money economy

The Formation of the New Nation (1763-1789)

-relationship between British and colonies soured after victory in French and Indian War-Britain no longer had French competition in N. America and had huge debt from war. They wanted the colonies to help pay the debt. So they fought a war for independence. With Washington and help from France, the colonies won. First, under the Articles of Confederation, and then the Constitution.

Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late middle ages

-society based on strict class division: clergy and nobility were privileged class, peasants and artisans were the workforce, and serfs tied to land -decline of feudalism and manorialism (social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. Its basic unit was the manor, a self-sufficient landed estate, or fief, that was under the control of a lord who enjoyed a variety of rights over it and the peasants attached to it by means of serfdom-made feudalism possible) evident by 12th century, ending in 16th century -commercial revival led to the rise of towns -true middle class emerged -economic activities in the towns supervised by guild system (merchant and craft guilds) -crusades led to revival of international trade -education stressed liberal arts -theology infl. both religion and politics -univ. created in paris, oxford, cambridge in 11th and 12th cent. -latin-lang. of intellect. europe; vernacular used by 12th cent. -philosophy (scholasticism) dealt with consistency of faith and reason -architecture dominated by romanesque (11-12th) and gothic (12-15th cent) styles

Word Learning Strategies

-use of dictionaries & other reference aids, use information about word parts to figure out the meanings of words in text and how to use context clues to determine word meanings.

The House of Lords

...The House of Lords mainly consist of the peers and the people that have inherited their money. This House of Parliament has slowly lost its power to influence the system of government over the years.

Analyzing Prose Fiction/Narrative Fiction: tries to make point that goes beyond story itself **Prose lacks the more formal metrical structure of verse that can be found in traditional poetry. Prose comprises full grammatical sentences, which then constitute paragraphs while overlooking aesthetic appeal, whereas poetry often involves a metrical and/or rhyming scheme.

/1. Genre: novels, short stories, letters, diaries, journals, and non-fiction Sub genre: biographies, and memoirs, and others are based on the subject matter, like romances, fantasies, and mysteries. /2. Speaker, Goal, Perspective (Political or Social), POV and Opinion /3. Setting, time (past, present or future) /4. Main purpose, subject 5. characters, what they represent and conflicts? /6. Tone? /7. Imagery? emotional, physical or symbolic images /8. Have figurative or literal meaning? 9. Plot /10. Your reaction *make sure to acknowledge reasonableness of those who differ from me

Which two main forces trapped Cornwallis at Yorktown, VA?

1. Am. Army 2. French Fleet

Implications of Teaching Phonics in the Classroom

1. Assess phonics and other word identification strategies. Select and use formal and informal tools such as decoding tests, fluency tests, and sight word checks to collect data, and analyze to plan instruction. 2. Plan instruction that is systematic, explicit, and sequenced according to the increased complexity of linguistic units including sounds, phonemes, onsets and rimes, letters, letter combination syllables, and morphemes. 3. Explicitly teach and model phonics, decoding, and other word identification strategies in reading for meaning. Positive explicit feedback for word identification errors is an essential strategy in this process. 4. Select and design resource material and strategies for assessment and instruction. Resources include materials for teaching decoding, word identification strategies, and sign word mastery in multiple and varied reading and writing experiences. 5. Provide fluency practice in a variety of ways: -Practice decoding and word-attack skills so that they become automatic in reading text. -Provide application and practice decoding skills to fluency in decodable (controlled vocabulary) text and word recognition skills taught out of context. -Continue to develop fluency through the use of decodable texts and other texts written at the student's instructional level. 6. Provide ongoing assessment to demonstrate the student's progress toward the mastery of State Standards.

Implications of teaching phonics in the classroom

1. Assess phonics and other word identification strategies. Select and use formal and informal tools such as decoding tests, fluency tests, and sight-word checks to collect data and analyze to plan instruction 2. Plan instruction that is systematic, explicit, and sequenced according to the increased complexity of linguistic units including sounds, phonemes, onsets and rimes, letters, letter combination syllables, and morphemes. 3. Explicitly teach and model phonics, decoding, and other word identification strategies in reading for meaning. Positive explicit feedback for word identification errors is an essential strategy in this process. 4. Select and design resource material and strategies for assessment and instruction. Resources include materials for teaching decoding, word identification strategies, and sight word mastery in multiple and varied reading and writing experiences. 5. Provide fluency practice in a variety of ways: -practice decoding and word-attache skills so that they become automatic in reading text. -Provide application and practice decoding skills to develop fluency in decodable (controlled vocabulary) text and word recognition skills taught out of context -Continue to develop fluency through the use of decodable texts and other texts written at the student's instructional level. 6. Provide ongoing assessments to demonstrate the student's progress toward the mastery of CCSS.

The Research Process

1. Decide on a topic 2. Set the purpose 3. Locate sources of information 4. Evaluate the sources 5. Summarize information and cite sources 6. Write draft. 7. Revise and edit. 8. Publish Writing.

Analyzing Poetry:

1. Genre: epic, lyric, or romance 2. Speaker, Goal, Perspective (Political or Social), POV and Opinion 3. Setting, time 4. Main purpose, subject 5. Structure: Is there rhyming, formal, free form, haiku 6. Tone? 7. Imagery? emotional, physical or symbolic images 8. Have figurative or literal meaning? 9. Sound contributes to it's meaning by use of: alliteration, onomatopoeia, etc 10. Your reaction *make sure to acknowledge reasonableness of those who differ from me

Byzantine Accomplishments

1. Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved 2. Center for world trade and exchange of culture 3. Codification of Roman Law ("Justinian Code") 4. Eastern Church ("Greek Orthodox") converted Slavic people to Christianity 5. New focus for art; glorification of Christianity

Implications of Teaching Fluency Instruction in the Classroom

1. Teachers are good models of fluent reading. By listening, students learn how a reader's voice can help written text make sense. 2. Teachers should read aloud to students daily. 3. Teachers should help students practice orally rereading text that is reasonably easy for them (text containing mostly words they know or can decode easily). The texts should be at students' independent reading level and relatively short (probably 50-200 words) depending upon the age. 4. Teachers should assess to see if the text is at the students' independent reading level. Students should be able to read with about 95% accuracy (only 1 of every 20 words misread). If the text is more difficult, students will focus so much on word recognition that they will not have an opportunity to develop fluency. 5. Teachers use a variety of reading materials, including stories, nonfiction and poetry. Poetry is especially well suited to fluency practice because poems for children are often short and contain rhythm, rhyme, and meaning, making practice fun, easy and rewarding.

Implications of Teaching Phonological Awareness in the Classroom

1. Teachers help children identify and make oral rhymes. "The pig has a (wig)." "Pat the (cat)." "The sun is (fun)." 2. Teachers help children identify and work with syllables in spoken words: "I can clap the parts in my name: An-drew." 3. Teachers help children identify and work with onsets and rimes in spoken syllables or one-syllable words. "The first part of 'sip' is s-." "The last part of 'win' is -in."

Implications of Teaching Phonemic Awareness in the Classroom

1. Teachers help children recognize which words in a set of words begin with the same sound. ("Bell, bike, and boy all have /b/ at the beginning.") 2. Teachers help children isolate and say the first or last sound in a word. ("The beginning sound of dog is /d/." "The ending sound of sit is /t/.") 3. Teachers help children combine or blend separate sounds in a word to say the word ("/m/, /a/, /p/—map"). 4. Teachers help children break or segment a word into its separate sounds ("Up"—/u/,/p/).

Name 2 of the self evident truths found in the Declaration of Independence:

1. equality of all persons 2. inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness 3. rights of govt. come from the governed 4. right of the people to alter/abolish a destructive government

improve text comprehension strategies

1. metacognition: thinking about thinking, checking before, during and after the reading 2. comprehension monitoring: knowing when they do and don't understand 3. using graphic and semantic organizers 4. recognizing story structure 5. summarizing: condense info and put into own words

The railroads owned ___________% of CA land, which was battled over. ____________ had the idea for the transcontinental railroad, but the banks wouldn't finance him, he didn't have enough money to form a corporation. So the __________ financed the railroad.

10 Theodore Judah Big 4

During what century did N. Africa become predominantly Islamic?

1000-1100 AD

Chou Dynasty

1100-250 BC AKA Middle Kingdom Chinese longest ruling dynasty; used iron implements and metal coins Jade carvings and Chinese calligraphy developed

Shoguns

1150 AD permanent leaders of Japan, not just military leaders Military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japan). Before Shogun leadership, there were emperors, who now only hold ceremonial duties However, succession of Shoguns unsuccessful in unifying Japan and Japan reduced to group of warring states

Rise of Feudal monarchs resulted in development of the nation states of France

13th century, royal auth. expanded and france had become European power conflicts with pope over extent of religious infl. led to increase in power of monarcg hundred years war- betw. eng. and france, english driven out of most of france

Jacques Cartier

1500's French explorer who explored the Great Lakes

Act of Supremacy

1534 Declared the king to be head of the English church rather than the Pope (created by Henry VIII)

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

American-Indian Wars

1622-1923 80 individual wars most notably occurred during and after the Civil War end: US govt. forced treaties on Nat. Am. and placed many on reservations

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain, including 4 self evident truths

Articles of Confederation

1781-A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Treaty of Paris

1783-agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Baroque Style

17th century Europe, elaborate and detailed artwork, drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land. Most of it fought outside of CA. And paid US 15 million

Dawes Severalty Act

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Japanese war with China

1894, over dispute about Korea. Japan defeated China and Japan established itself as military power

Native Americans and Early Cultures in America

20-30k yrs ago during last Ice Age, first humans crossed Bering Sea Land bridge to Americas inhabited Alaska to Tierra del Fuego

Population of world in 1 AD vs. 1992 AD

200 million to 5.7 billion

The Hittites

2000-1200 B.C. conquered much of Asia Minor & northern Mesopotamia; a major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare.

Feudalism and a samurai warrior-class developed

3 periods of feudal govt.-Kamakura, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa Shogun-actual ruler; emperors were figureheads Nobles struggled for power during Ashikaga shogunate arts flourished central govt. grew strong during Tokugawa era old Samurai class and feudal way of life declined = major political and social change

Vocabulary Development

3-tier- TIER 1: most basic means of expressions (eat, sleep, school) TIER 2: general academic words (interpret, analyze, synthesize) TIER 3: highly specific words (electromagnetic, sociolinguistic, antropological).

Humans spread throughout Africa ___________ years ago

30,000

Rome acquired all of Italy by _________ Rome Defeated Carthage (N. Africa) during the _____________Wars

300 BC The Punic Wars

California from 1930-1960: -Great Depression hit CA -Dust Bowl migrants added more than_________ to population -CA ___________ still productive -WW2 revived economy -great economic boom lasted well beyond war-"__________" -economic down turned renewed the call for political reform-_______ society promoted economic and social reform-_______________ plan favored pensions for aged and graduated income tax

350,000 agriculture second gold rush utopian townsend

CA Geography

3rd largest state Ca rivers: Trinity,, colorado, sacramento, san joaquin, and lake tahoe Mts: Klamath (extension of the coast ranges), sierra nevada (highest in CA with Mt. Whitney at Southern end at 13,000 ft.) rain: Ca depends on annual 70 inches of rain on sierra nevadas (majority of water caught in central valley as runoff from sierra nev.) sacramento delta: where sacramento and san joaquin rivers meet death valley formed from faulting, not erosion

The Remedial Reader: Age

3rd to 8th grade (students who do not demonstrate competency)

Columbus led _____ expeditions in ____________(year) to find a new trade route to _______. He was backed by ____________.

4 1492 Asia King Ferdinand

English Literacy Development

4 Stages BEGINNING-Receptive language development. Interaction EARLY INTERMEDIATE-When a child begins to communicate to express a need or attempt to ask or respond to a question INTERMEDIATE-When a child begins to demonstrate comprehension of more complex vocabulary and abstract ideas EARLY ADVANCED-When a child is able to apply literacy skills to learn new information across many subjects

Africa is a land of geographical diversity

4 rivers (nile, congo, niger, and zambezi) egyptian civ. dev. in nile valley africa above the sahara often assoc. with arab influence irregular coastline (no natural harbors) restricted European exploration

N. border of CA closest to which degree of latitude?

42 degrees

Approx. what % of CA population us Caucasian

47%

SW US Indian Cultures:

500 AD Pueblo and Hop Indians 600 AD Cahokia (mound bldg. culture from Mississippi River to Ohio) 750 AD Blackfoot (nomadic culture that followed and hunted bison) 1400 AD Navajos and Apaches (migrated from Canada)

Approximately when was Confucius born?

550 BC

In what year did nomadic people first arrive in San Francisco?

5500 BC >100 Native Am. tribes; diff. languages; no written lang.; not well organized; many killed by disease, weapons and/or enslaved

Buddha born in ______________. Ideas of Nirvana spread throughout _____.

580 BC India

Rome was founded between _________ and ___________

700-800 BC

Underground Railroad

75,000 escaped

________________Egypt ceased to be dominant force in area. ________________Egypt came under control of Roman Empire

750 BC 30 BC

The Anasazi Culture

800-1300 developed in the Southwest & the Anasazis were skilled builders & sophisticated farmers. Example Mesa Verde Cliff houses

Affix

A bound (non-word) morpheme that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to produce a word. For example, combining the prefix "ad-" and suffix "-ing" to the word "join" produces the word "adjoining".

Affix

A bound morpheme attached before (prefix), after (suffix), in (infix), around (circumfix), or above (suprafix) a root or base word to modify its meaning or linguistic function

Affix

A bound morpheme attached to a root or base word to modify its meaning or function. Prefixes are what comes before the root word suffixes are what comes at the end of the root word.

The Age of Enlightenment

A broad intellectual movement in 18th‐century Europe that advocated the use of reason in the re‐evaluation of accepted ideas. Also known as the Age of Reason.

Prosody

A component of fluency that refers to reading with expression, which includes the use of appropriate emphasis, stress, intonation, pitch, pauses, and phrasing that demonstrates understanding of syntax and mechanics. Prosody may also reflect the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or comment); or other elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or choice of vocabulary.

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. It was replaced by the Plebian Assembly in 300 BC

Athens (1,000 BC)

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta. Birthplace of democracy Parthenon built here.

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

African Savana

A flat, dry grassland with trees and bushes

What type of government did Lincoln call for in his Gettysburg Address?

A government for the people, by the people, and for the people

Sentences

A grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it,(an adjective in this sentence modifies a noun in this sentence not a previous one or one that follows) often preceded and followed in speech by pauses, and typically expressing an independent statement, question, request, or command.

Phrases

A group of words that functions as a single unit within the syntax of a sentence. For example, the rusty bucket. (Noun phrase) These are defined by the unit of speech as which they function.

Clauses

A group of words that includes a subject and a predicate. For example, "the rabbit ran from the fox." The subject is typically a noun or noun phrase. It is the main person, place or thing that the sentences describing.(the rabbit) The predicate is typically a verb or verb phrase that describes the action of, or upon, the subject. (ran from the fox) * The tradition of subject/predicate structure in clauses and sentences dates back to Aristotle, and is a universal feature of nearly all the worlds language.

Holophrase

A holophrase is a composite of a one-word and nonverbal gesture to express a complete and meaningful thought. (Example: shaking head for "no"; blowing on food to indicate "hot"; holding up a bottle to show they want to drink).

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

Parthenon

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.

Xia Dynasty

A legendary series of monarchs of early China, traditionally dated to 2200-1766 BCE This was the earliest known dynasty. There is no written evidence of this early time period, but artifacts have been found. The people of this time were farmers and made pottery.

The Puritan Revolution

A lesser used title for the English Civil War.

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century.The ousted the Mongols. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Phoenicians

A maritime people first explorers, traders and colonizers of ancient world invented first true alphabet located on eastern Med. coast-stretching through what is now Syria, Lebanon and northern Israel dominated Med. commerce exported manufactured glass and purple dye

Visigoths

A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century. A Germanic tribe who settled primarily in Spain; the first such group to lay siege to Rome.

Kamakura Shogunate

A military dictatorship in Japan headed by the shoguns from 1185 to 133. It was based in Kamakura which was the capital of the shogunate.

Mycenaean Civilization

A more militaristic civilization then Minoans, they traded and raided, turning on their Minoan teachers, helping to destroy Crete.

Root

A morpheme that underlies an inflectional or derivational paradigm. For example "believe" is the root of "unbelievably"

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

past participle

A past participle is a VERB + -ED used as an adjective or a verb. been, begun, broken but preceded by had, has or have

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Mongols (1215 AD)

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. Invaded and controlled much of N. China

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Phoneme

A phoneme is the smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words. English has about 41 phonemes. A few words, such as a or oh, have only one phoneme. Most words, however, have more than one phoneme: The word if has two phonemes (/I/ /f/); check has three phonemes (/ch/ /e/ /k/), and stop has four phonemes (/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/). Sometimes one phoneme is represented by more than one letter.

Formal Poetry

A poem that follows a fixed, traditional pattern that may include a specific rhyme scheme, meter, line length, or stanza structure

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme. -his war against the bank and tariff were key issues for new party -he pursued nationalistic (having or expressing strong identification with one's own nation and vigorous support for its interests) policies

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Designed to avoid conflict with Indians and make it easier to tax colonists.

Mesopotamia "between the rivers"

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. Modern day Iraq First place Agriculture dev.

Mesopotamia

A region in the near east situated between the Tigris and Euphrates river is what is known as the Fertile Crescent. The ideal farming conditions in this region led to the Neolithic revolution(the transfer from hunting and feathering to farming and the birth of civilization. *farming allowed people to stay in one location, which allowed the to build, and because it produced enough to feed multiple families people were able to specialize in different things like being blacksmith, politician, artists. Because of its flat, open geography and obvious land value, Mesopotamia was subject to numerous invasions over the course of its existence in the ancient world. Some important civilizations in Mesopotamia were Sumer, Babylon, the Hittites, new Babylon, and Persia. (The reason for so many civilizations was because it was so easy to invade)

The French Religious Wars

A religious wars in France that started because of the Concordat of Bologna. This war was not only a religious war but a class war. It was between the Huguenots, who were Upper-class intellectuals who were Calvinist vs. the average poor French Catholics. The real fighting started after the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre and did not end until 15 years later when the Edict of Nantes was set into place.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. at least 7 total; ultimately unsuccessful, many Muslims and Jews killed 1st crusade started Jewish persecution scholasticism-attempt to bring together Christian faith and logic was active during this time leaders: St. Anselm, Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus

The Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Allegory

A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. Characters, story, etc represent other people, settings, abstract ideas

Socialism

A system in which the government owns or controls certain major economic sectors. (There may be other sectors privately run, but the government runs the major things, the people might have a vote in how it's done)

Neoplatonism

A system of philosophical and religious doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism

Conjunction

A word that functions as a "connector". Usually joining two independent clause. (Ex: but, and, because)

Voice

ACTIVE Voice-when the subject completes the action. Jamie ate the ice cream PASSIVE Voice-when the subject receives the action of the sentence. The ice cream was eaten by Jamie

Affect and Effect

AFFECT is a verb-meaning to influence or to have an impact on something. EFFECT (verb: to bring about or to make happen/ noun: synonymous with a result).

Figurative Language

ALLITERATION-repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of several words in a phrase (Robby say rabbits resting by roses) HYPERBOLE-exaggeration (the building can touch the clouds) IDIOM-expression that cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements (kick in the bucket/ under the weather) IRONY-opposite of what is meant ONOMATOPOEIA-words that sound like what they are (POP!) PERSONIFICATION-Making an inanimate object or animal act like a person (the broom danced across the floor)

Indicators of fluency

Accuracy: determines that the students are pronouncing the words correctly as the read. Pacing: students are reading the text at the correct speed (according to the speed of their daily speech). Prosody: students are reading with expression, phrasing, pitch and volume according to context and punctuation.

Rift Valley

African Civilization developed here

Kush

African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. Important iron working center.

Battle of Waterloo (1815)

After Napoleon escapes Elba from 100 days, he rallies his troops for one last battle. It was against the seventh coalition of Prussian and British forces. Blucher of Prussia arrived just in time to doom Napoleons army. Napoleon is given to the British and they send him to exile on St. Helena in the middle of nowhere 1500 miles away from Brazil

Commodore Perry

After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) opening some ports to America. Helps to end Japanese isolation

Which Indian group established a culture off S. Alaska about 7,000 years ago? (5,000 BC)

Aleuts

in 3,000 BC in NE US, what tribes lived there?

Algonquin speaking tribes -Shawnee -Iroquis

13 colonies

All along eastern seaboard The colonies that composed the original United States in 1776: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia.

Huns

All three of the classical empires (Romans, Han, and Gupta) faced the threat of invasion by this central Asian pastoral nomadic group. large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

Early cultures in North America

American Indians: originated from Asia; agriculture changed some Indian cultures from nomadic to arming N. American Indians skilled in many ways: -Hopewell people-farmers, flourished in Ohio and Mississippi valleys -Mississippian culture dev. and built large religious mound structures -Anasazi culture dev. in SW. and were skilled builders (Mesa Verde cliff houses) and sophisticated farmers -Pueblo-inhabited SW after Anasazi, built extensive adobe cities

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809). He wrote "Common Sense"

What action started the War of 1812?

American invasion of Canada

Idioms

An expression that has a meaning apart from the meanings of its individual words ex: A slap on the wrist Head over heals

Concepts of print

An important predictor of learning to read. It is the familiarity with print conventions, such as reading left to right, top to bottom. The direction of print on a page, the use of the spaces to denote words, and the ideas that print represents word and pronunciation.

Boston Massacre (1770)

An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed. *Historical Significance:* Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war.

Identifying types of clauses

An independent clause is a clause that contains at least a subject and a verb, and can stand alone as a complete sentence. (Ex: the rabbit ran from the fox) A dependent clause (a.k.a. a subordinate clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. (Before I woke up, I was sleeping soundly->before I woke up is a dependent clause, I was sleeping soundly is independent) A relative clause is a type of dependent clause that is introduced by a relative pronoun, adjective, or adverb, and usually modifies an antecedent.(something that comes before it) (Ex: I'm trying to point out my dad and I say "he is the tall man" you look over and see a lot of tall men, so I say "he is the tall man, who wears glasses" who wears glasses is the relative clause, the antecedent is man which is being described further as the one who wears glasses. (*look for words like: who, which, and that. These tend to indicate you are looking at a relative clause)

Which leaders were defeated at the Battle of Action?

Anthony and Cleopatra

Pathos

Appeal to emotion (if we don't do this everyone will lose there jobs)(if we do this we will all get big raises)

Logos

Appeal to logic (if we do this then this will happen, then this..)

Decoding

Application of letter-sound correspondences, letter patterns, and phonological relationships that students use to read and pronounce words; it is necessary for increasing fluency and comprehension. Reading.

Choosing the right research source

Appropriate research sources and methods will vary depending on the topic and the type of writing that is being undertaken, and in particular, whether the writing is intended to be subjective(has a persons opinion) or objective(unbiased/ doesn't take sides)

Rise of Islam

Arabia desert-Mohammed-messenger of God/Allah-last in line of prophets traced to Jesus. Working to unite disparate tribes of Arabia under articles of a single faith, mohammed conquered and brought most of arabian peninsula under his control until death in 632 ad. His successors conquested surrounding region, in name of islam- Mesopotamia, Persia, N. Africa, and SW Asia into Muslim fold. Through flourishing trade, muslims bring advances in govt., commerce, science and arts to rest of world.

Paragraph Structure

Argumentative and informative writing should begin with an introduction that tells the reader their thesis or the main idea of their essay, then lead into body of paragraphs which include relevant details and information, and end with a conclusion that restates the thesis. Narrative writing should have a clear beginning, middle, and end.

The war of 1812

As the US grew it was respected in northern America but wasn't respected as a seafaring power or a global power. The French and the British were picking on their sailing vessels, the French eventually agreed to stop doing it but the British didn't. One of the things they were doing was impressing(taking them off their ships and forcing them to work on British vessels) American sailors. Because of this in 1812, the US declared war against England because of these factors of interfering with US shipping. The war was a draw with no real winner but what it did was establish the US as a naval power and not just a land power globally. It also stirred up strong feelings of nationalism in the country('Merica)

Intense interest in exploiting a lucrative trade in spices from _______ drove a period of exploration in search of trade routes to the________. Joining Spain, were rivals, Portugal, France, the Netherlands, and England. It was ______________that would dominate and estab. settlement.

Asia Far East England

East Africa: Had early exposure to ___________people. Town established by _________and_______________settlers. Intermarriage (marriage between people of different religions, tribes, castes, ethnicities, or racial groups) among natives and settlers. Smaller states emerged in ________. Ex: __________and _________________

Asian Arab and Indonesian 1250AD Mogadishu and Mombasa

Assyria(2000-600 B.C.)

Assyrians were a warlike people who conquered much of Mesopotamia, they ruled by terror and intimidation. (Assyrian laws were very harsh, and they dealt harshly with people who broke them.) Assyrians built vast highway systems, and extensive library(recorded lots of their history), and a postal system. Sennacherib (king of Assyria) destroyed the city of Babylon and 11 years later his son rebuilt it which is what brought on new Babylon.

Greek civilization was dominated by ____________ and __________

Athens and Sparta

The Pelponnesian War

Athens vs Sparta, Sparta won but both were devastated unable to unite Greed city-states.

Persian war

Athens, Sparta, and other Greek city-states united to defend Greece against invading Persian armies. After defeating Persia, however, Athens and Sparta turned against each other, dividing the other city-states along the lines of allegiance, and for 13 years, fought the Peloponnesian war, a conflict which devastated Greek society. (Sparta won but didn't win nearly as much property as what was there before because of all the mass destruction)

Babylon (2000-1500 B.C.)

Babylon was a great city which served as the capital of Babylonia. The Babylonian ruler Hammurabi built a great empire, which lasted from around 1800 to 1500 BC and which unified the region under a more centralized government(similar to how Rome was run). Much of Babylonian culture was recorded by scribes, and Babylon contributed one of the worlds first written legal codes, Hammurabi's code. (In math they created the 360° and the 60 mins in an hour thing.

Breed's Hill/Bunker Hill

Battle between the Americans & British that took place after the Battle of North Bridge. This was the last battle before the American's Olive Branch Petition, which was the last attempt to avoid war with Britain. Battle with 3,000 british and 1,500 colonists that led to retreat of colonists when they ran out of gunpowder. Gage attacked the colonists on top of the hill.

Blending

Blending is the ability to fluidly combine individual sounds to form words. It is also used to combine onsets and rimes in order to form syllables, and it is used to combine syllables to form words.

_____________stepped into this void and the ________________ ruled India through 1857. In 1857, the _____________ mutinied and revolt lasted 2yrs. _______________ ruled India directly now. (Indian troops fought with Britain in WWI and WWII).

Britain/England E. India Company of England sepoys (Indian soldiers in British army) British government

What was the fastest way from the Eastern part of the U.S. to CA during the gold rush?

By boat, with overland transfer through Isthmus of Panama

Arabs conquered much of the _______ and _____________empires, incl. N. Africa and ____________ (lasted 711-1031).

Byzantine and Persian Spain

Eastern Roman empire

Byzantine empire, continued to exist for many centuries after the fall of the western Roman Empire. (Christianity was there religion)(the most lasting influence of the Romans was their law, the Justinian Code)

Prose fiction: Use CAPS strategy.

CAPS stands for: C - character: look for information regarding them. A - attitude: Look for attitudes. P - problem: Determine what the problem (issue) is. S - solution: Find the solution typically in the conclusion. the first paragraph often sets the tone/mood for what follows. So read it carefully.

FICTION

CLASSICAL-work of fiction considered timeless in message or theme FABLES-short fiction that generally features animals, fantastic creatures, or other forces within nature and has a moral for the reader FAIRY TALES-children's stories with magical characters in imaginary, enchanted lands, usually depicting a struggle between good and evil. FOLKLORE-types of fiction passed down from oral tradition, stories indigenous to a particular region or culture, designed to help humans cope with their condition in life and validate traditions, beliefs, and customers MYTHOLOGY-closely related to folklore, but more widespread, features mystical, other-worldly characters and addresses the basic question of why and how humans exist; often feature gods and heroes SCIENCE FICTION-fiction that uses the principle of extrapolation-or prediction-to imagine future realities and problems of the human experience. SHORT STORIES-short works of prose fiction with fully-developed themes and characters, focused on mood, generally developed with a single plot, with a short period of time for settings. DRAMA-fiction that is written to be performed in a variety of media POETRY-fiction in verse that has a unique focus on the rhythm of language and the intensity of feeling

Usage and Punctuation

COLONS-are used before a list, summary, elaboration or explanation SEMICOLONS-can connect stand-alone sentences

Nouns

COMMON noun PROPER noun ABSTRACT noun-idea, state, or quality. Something that cannot be touched. happiness, courage, evil, humor CONCRETE noun-Something that can be experienced through the senses) COLLECTIVE noun-Collection of people places, or things that act as one team, jury, class, family, audience, and flock

Octavius

Caesar's adopted son and appointed successor. Octavius, who had been traveling abroad, returns after Caesar's death; he then joins with Antony and sets off to fight Cassius and Brutus. Antony tries to control Octavius's movements, but Octavius follows his adopted father's example and emerges as the authoritative figure, paving the way for his eventual seizure of the reins of Roman government. Defeats Antony and Cleopatra Crowned 1st "God emperor"

American settlers in Northern CA, formed an army, captured Mexican garrison Sonoma, declared independence there as ____, Lasted less than a month (joined US forces against Mexico). Mexico didn't have the resources to resist and wanted the US to annex (take possession of) CA.

California Republic

California's American Indian people

California was home to more Native Americans than any other region of the United States. California's Indians relied on acorns as their primary food source. They would smash the acorns to make acorn flour so that they can make bread which also led to basket weaving. They were generally polytheistic cultures.

California's Constitution and government

California's constitution was similar in many ways to the US Constitution, including separation of powers. (Legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial) (One difference in the California government is the type of veto power that the governor has, he has line item veto)(The US president has to either sign an entire bill or veto an entire bill and that leads to riders, which is when they will attach parts to a bill that they know the president wants to sign but maybe not that part which is called a rider)(the California governor can cross out the parts he doesn't want) California passed progressive reforms for initiative(a citizen can get signatures on a petition and have a law brought up to a vote.), referendum(They also can challenge A law on the ballot and maybe get enough signatures to take the law off), and recall(they can also remove an elected official)(recall of governor Ray davis).

1757 Chinese government offended by some western traders. Allowed trade only through port of __________. Government objected _________ imports, which led to ____________. Western intervention in China continued through _____________.

Canton (strict regulations) Opium Opium War of 1839 (won by the British) 1900

The ________________________replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers 1. _______________appointed by the pope as king, and estab. the papal states on former byzantine lands. 2, _________________dominated the political structure of the early middle ages -crowned emperor of the romans -revived concept of holy roman empire -Carolingian renaissance resulted in estab. of a palace academy with prescribed academic curriculum 3. Frankish system of inheritance hastened the dissolution of Frankish empire -treaty of verdun-divided charlemagne's empire among his 3 grandsons -Carolingian rule ended 10th century because decline in central authority and invasion of Scandinavian tribes

Carolingians pepin the short charlemagne

The Sierra Nevada and the _______________ form the western mountain ranges 1. The western slope of the Sierra Nevada borders the Central Valley of CA 2. The Coast Ranges form the western wall of the Central Valley

Cascade Range

Character

Characterization can be based on a number of factors, such as physical appearance, occupation, family history, and more, though true character is generally revealed through choices. Certain literary traditions rely heavily on stock characters (villain, hero, damsel in distress) or characters who represent a particular archetype (people that embody a certain character like intelligent-Einstein)

In 3,000 BC in what is now FL and Georgia, what tribes lived there?

Cherokee Choctaw Seminole

Syllables and Affixes Stage

Children at this stage are focused on syllables and combining them to form words.

Letter Name-Alphabetic Stage

Children begin to understand unique letter-sound correspondence and can begin to differentiate between various consonant sounds.

China

China's history alternate between periods of unity, called dynasties, and periods of disunity. Overtime invaders entering China were typically assimilated in the Chinese population. (Invaders that would come in instead of forcing their beliefs they would assimilate in the Chinese population) Some important dynasties to know for the exam include: Shang dynasty: The first dynasty. Chou dynasty: they came from the west and so they kind of allowed individual states to continue what they were doing in the east(the Chou was only exerting a strong control over the west so the east had a lot of fighting and were fragmented.)(during this dynasty was the beginning construction of the Great Wall of China-stretches 4,000 miles) Ch'in dynasty: root of the name China. The first strong central government that unified China as a whole. They introduced the philosophy of legalism(laid the groundwork for cultural ideas-strict set of laws and responsibility that an individual had to society) (the completion of the Great Wall) Han dynasty: root cultural dynasty, really thrived during this time, they were trading with Europe. Politics were highly influenced by Confucianism. Buddhism also came from India into China and became very influential. (Became fragmented) Sui dynasty: (reunified briefly) the grand canal was built at this time connecting the Yangtze River Valley with the north where politics and the military was stationed( key to creating and preserving China as a whole.) Tang Dynasty: 300 year period of prosperity where art and culture flourished. Distinctly Chinese schools of Buddhism occurred. Sung dynasty: they came up with early ripening rice, allowed them to have three different planting cycles in a year which gave them a lot more food. (Allowed them to support the huge population) they had big inventions like gun powder, the magnetic compass, and movable type set for printing, all important things on their influence on the world.

Under Kublai Khan, the ____________ launched a feet to attack Japan, but it was destroyed in _____________ (Japanese call it the divine wind-kamikaze)

Chinese typhoon

Influence of Christianity in Medieval & EMEC

Christianity Rosen power after becoming the official religion of the Roman empire in 300 A.D. During the middle ages, the Crusades were carried out with initial goal of capturing Jerusalem, and later with other goals. They did things like trading but originally it was to find holy relics for their lords. Catholicism had a great influence in European culture and education. The university system that we have today is really rooted in the traditions of Catholicism and seminaries.

Political Feudalism Hierarchy:

Church Lords/nobles vassals/lesser lords knights peasants

The civil war

Civil War stem from the South's resistance to the northern abolitionists movement, and was accelerated by the shift and federal power that occurred when California was admitted to the union as a free state. (Also the election of Lincoln) Secessionists called for a new nation, which they called the Confederate states of America. (They got their own president and were establishing their own country) * The North had almost all the advantages they had more population in the south and a more developed manufacturing base. So they were able to produce weapons and things like that more effectively. They also had a more developed transportation network. So beginning of the war in 1861 they had 3 times more of the amount of railroad track. The only real advantage that the South had was they had stronger military leadership, they had much more experience and tactile leaders.(stonewall Jackson)(this is why the war was 4 years long) Some of the strategies of the north was to isolate the south, Close off their access to shipping along the eastern seaboard, they tried to capture the southern capital and their leaders which is why the south kept moving it around to avoid capture. The north try to split the south and make them fight on two different fronts, to basically try to isolate them and starve them out. The South had a lot of cash crops but not a lot of food crops. (that is why this war was referred to as the war of attrition-to see who is going to outlast who) The south strategy was to surge into the north and try to take over some of those supply lines and trade routes and some of the manufacturing base that they had.

Name of the Justice Codes formulated in ancient Mesopotamia?

Codes of Hammurabi

Powers of Congress

Collect taxes, borrow money, regulate commerce with other nations, coin money, declare war, control armed forces, make necessary laws, make treaties, regulate trade, establish immigration laws

Spanish Exploration

Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god Cortez, Pizarro Natives forced to convert to Catholicism Spanish imported diseases

Basics of punctuation

Commas should be used to set off nonessential clauses and phrases, appositives (a second noun describing a proceeding noun), introductory clauses, and interrupting words or phrases. A good rule of thumb: if a phrase could be removed from sentence, and the sentence would still make grammatical sense, then that phrase should generally be separated by a comma. Commas should also be used to separate elements in a list or series of words. Semicolons are used to separate independent clauses when the separation is not done by a coordinating conjunction, or when the clauses are joined by a conjunctive adverb (such as "however" or "therefore") (ex: I went to the store; however, it was closed) semicolons are also used to separate independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction if there are commas in any of the clauses. They are also used to separate items in a series if there are commas within the items. (Ex: I went to the store and bought toys such as balls, blocks, stuffed animals; food such as grapes, bread, and meat.) A colon is used to introduce a quotation, and explanation, an example, or series, and is generally translated to mean "as follows" whether or not the phrase "as follows" actually appears within the sentence. A colon should not be used following any conjunction of the verb "to be".

Water delivery system

Complex system of canals and reservoirs were built to supply California's water needs. Most importantly, the California Aquaduct was built to supply the populous desert regions in the south with water from the north.

The Near East

Comprised the Tigris & Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent, and The Nile Valley. They had the first system of independent states and writing. Architectural achievements are the ziggurat & pyramid. the first codification of law. the first lasting monotheism.

The Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house House of Representatives Senate

The failure of the politics of compromise led to the war. -___________(1850) failed to hold the nation together -Failure of the _____________ (1854) led to bloodshed over the expansion of slavery and raised the issue of popular sovereignty. -The _______________failed to solve the slavery question. Slaves were not _______________and could not___________. -The election of a sectional candidate in 1860, made secession inevitable. -The _________________were formed. (13)

Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act Dred Scott Decision citizens sue Confederate States of America

Literary and structural elements

Concepts and conventions of text fall into two broad categories: literary elements and structural elements. Literary elements deal with the themes, characters, plot, and literary devices used by the author. Structural elements relate to the format in the linguistic devices employed by the author. Both literary and structural elements contribute to a works meaning.

Usage

Concerns itself with word order, verb tense, and subject-verb agreement.

What action began the Civil War?

Confederate attack on Fort Sumter (SC)

Conflicts over slavery

Conflict over slavery between the north and the south created a growing rift in the United States. Several compromises were made to try to settle the disputes: •the Missouri compromise: as Missouri was going to come into the union it was going to offset the balance between free states and slave states. So what they agreed to do was split off a portion of the Massachusetts state and create the state of Maine and Maine would be a Free state and Missouri would be a slave state. For awhile that appeased everyone. •the compromise of 1850: this was when California was coming in as a state and it was very popular even back then and would have a lot of votes. So the compromise was at California would come in as a free state and that when New Mexico and Arizona became states they would have a choice of whether they wanted to be a free state or slave state. They also said there'd be very strict laws for capturing runaway slaves. •the Kansas-Nebraska Act: as they were coming in to join the union they were going to let them choose if they want to be free states or slave states but that was causing a lot of problems with the Northerners and the Southerners. It became clear that even with these attempts to compromise, abolitionists were getting stronger and there were clearly conflicts between the north and the south that might eventually create a split between. Events such as the Dred Scott decision(was about a slave who escaped to a free state but the owner wanted him back) and the election of Lincoln(he grew to become more of an abolitionist over time) further inflamed the nation.

Theodore Judah joined _____________ because he was more interested in the quality of the railroad, and had a conflict with the Big 4.

Congress

The president and ________________ differed on how to reconstruct the South. President: tolerance for defeated south. _________: Radical plan, emphasized use of military force in treating the South like a conquered territory. Reconstruction under ______________control from 1866-1876 (14th and 15th Ammend. passed, president _________________impeached for opposing Radical Reconstruction. The disputed election of 1876 ended Radical Reconstruction with ______________ as president. Jim Crow laws and Black Codes restricted and delayed black rights.

Congress congressional Radical Johnson Hayes

the need for a stronger central government led to the framing of the ________________. Solved many major problems. A ______________ system was created that divided __________ and ________power. Checks and balances was created to limit power of central government. see pg. 130

Constitution federal federal state

Complex sentence

Contains one or more dependent clauses in addition to the main clause. (Ex: before I woke up, I was sleeping soundly.)

Compound sentence

Contains two or more coordinate independent clauses, usually join by one or more conjunctions, but no dependent clause. (Ex: the rabbit ran from the fox and he got away.)*if not using a conjunction you would comin one them with a semicolon.

The Fall of Rome

Continuous barbaric invasion. Internal factors included political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military. The rise of Christianity divided the Empire.

Scientific Revolution and the Universe Reconsidered

Copernicus: challenged church in earth center theory. Proposed sun center theory Galileo: provided first evidence, with telescope, of Copernicus's theory. Also, phases of Venus; four moons of Jupiter Kepler: man could understand God's intelligible plan through application of reason; three laws of planetary motion-math calculations regarding planetary orbits that supported Copernicus theory Newton: laws of motion, gravity (gravity proved force of earth's gravity on orbit of moon) -applied to all planets; provided FINAL proof of Copernicus theory

Spanish conquest of CA: First aware of CA when __________ explored Mexico in 1519. Not until the mid 1700's did the Spanish make their presence in CA a permanent one with the 21 missions, linked by CA first transportation route-El Camino Real.

Cortes

Foreshadowing

Creates suspense by causing a reader to anticipate events to come.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Cursaded against slavery Organized a movement for women's rights

Language

DIALECT-variety of language in terms of pattern, grammar, vocabulary, and/or phonology that distinguish it from other forms of language. Dialects are not separate languages because they are mutually intelligible. PIDGIN-formed when speakers of different languages begin utilizing a simplified mixture of elements from both languages to communicate with each other. ACCENT-unique speech patterns, particularly in terms of tone or intonation. COLLOQUIAL-language that is used conversationally or familiarly. VERNACULAR-refers to native, everyday language of a place. REGIONALISM-word or expression used in a particular region. JARGON-vocabulary used within a specialized field. SLANG-non-standard expressions that are not used in elevated speech and writing. CODE-SWITCHING-altering speech patterns depending on context.

Bear Flag Republic

Declaring independence from Mexican control, this republic was declared in 1846 by American settlers living in California; this political act was part of a larger American political and military strategy to wrest Texas and California from Mexico. It existed in CA less than one month

Decoding

Decoding is the process of translating print into spoken words in order to understand the meaning of the written letters. This primarily refers t word identification.

the name CA came from which book?

Deeds of Esplandian CA was a fictional place, an island Cortes or someone in his clan was familiar with the story

Contributions of the Greeks

Democracy, Drama, Art, Architecture, Philosophy, Sculpting, Performing Arts, Philosphical Schools, Scientific Method.

What is a relative clause?

Dependent clause that begins with relative pronoun: which, who, whoever,... (words that begin with w mainly)

Californios

Descendents of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California. They settled in CA before the Mexican-Am. war.

Modifiers

Describes or modifies someone or something in the sentence Belong near the words they modify Ex: Les delivered pizza to the house in a large box (incorrect) Les delivered pizza in a large box to the house

Early Japanese Culture

Developed their own language, a sophisticated systemof writing, literature and poetry, with great emphasis on a love of nature, beauty, and good manners.

Dialects

Different forms of language used by speakers from different social groups, cultures, geographic locations. (Y'all)

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Roman Military Strategy

Divide and conquer, attack one enemy at a time, always ally with the weak power against the strong, then conquer both afterwards. Give conquered people a stake/citizenship in the empire, respect local religions and traditions. Demand loyalty and taxes, rebellion in any form is ruthlessly suppressed

The Magna Carta

Document written in 1215 which limited the power of the King and established the principle of limited government and the fundamental rights of English citizens. The document also introduced such fundamental rights as trial by jury and due process of law.

Christopher Columbus

During his four major trips to the Americas, Columbus took Native American slaves back to Spain and also established poorly managed agricultural and mining camps in which Native Americans were often raped, tortured, and forced to perform slave labor. European exploration introduced a variety of new elements to both the old world and the New World. (Things he took from the new world to the old world was corn, the canoe, syphilis, from the old world to the new world they brought small poxs, Christianity, horses)

China

During the 1200s medieval China fell under the control of the Mongol Empire, the largest continuous empire in the history of the world, ruled by Genghis Khan and his successors. During the Ming dynasty, 1300-1600, the Mongols were ousted, and China practiced an isolationist policy.

War and Plague in medieval and early modern European civilization

During the 1300-1400s A.D., French and English kings fought for control of Europe in the Hundred Years War (this war really devasted the people-made poor people even poorer) Meanwhile, the bubonic plague, or Black Death, swept through Europe.

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Hellenic age

During this time Alexander the great of Macedonia conquered and united the Greek and Persian worlds.

Peter Minuit

Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24 (1580-1638)

Yuan Dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)

Minoans

Earliest Greek civilization One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1250 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. The Mediterranean society who were a big maritime society.

Japan

Early Japan borrowed heavily from Chinese politics and culture, but Japan began to develop a distinct identity during the Heian era (800-1200 A.D.) In feudal Japan, the emperor held little real power. Power was instead vested in the shogun, a military ruler who is usually chosen from amongst the daimyo. The daimyo were served by samurai. (The daimyo would give them land and the samurai would fight for them). Later, during the Tokugawa period, Japan practiced extreme isolationism (nobody in, nobody out; because of the threat they were feeling from Christianity possibly taking over?)

Early emergent reader

Early childhood to kindergarten (Pre-alphabetic): Young children rely on story reading from picture books with minimal prompts, and begin an awareness that text progresses from left to right. Children scribble and recognize distinctive visual cues in environmental print, such as the letters in their names. Teachers often observe children pretending to read and using private speech. Begin phonemic awareness and concepts of print instruction by helping students to: -recognize print concepts in the environment -recognize that print has meaning -understand that text is read from left to right -make predictions in stories -enjoy matching words and sounds (rhythm) -name pictures associated with the spoken word -recognize letter shapes (in their name) -learn the alphabet song

Stages of reading development

Early emergent reader (early childhood to kindergarten) The beginning reader (kindergarten to third grade) The fluent reader (fourth grade to eighth grade) Tre remedial reader (third grade to eighth grade)

Rise of Christianity

Early in the Pax Romana, Christianity was created in the Roman empire. Christianity grew rapidly and by A.D. 395, Christianity had been declared the official religion of the Roman empire. met resistance from roman emperors. the christian promise of a better world to come continued to win converts as rome was facing decline. Accepted/adopted by Constantine as official religion-gave foothold in E and W world.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman empire after the fall of Rome.

Most of interior is generally flat land Eastern half- called _______________ Western half- called _______________

Eastern half- called interior lowlands Western half- called Great Plains

Phonics - Systematic and Explicit Instruction

Effective systematic and explicit phonics instruction: -helps teachers systematically and explicitly instruct students in how to relate letters and sounds, how to break spoken words into sounds, and how to blend sounds to form words -helps students understand why they are learning the relationships between letters and sounds -helps students apply their knowledge of phonics as they read words, sentences, and text -helps students apply what they learn about sounds and letters to their own writing -can be adapted to the needs of individual students based on assessment -includes alphabetic knowledge, phonemic awareness, vocabulary development, and the reading of text.

Egypt

Egyptian civilization (3100-500 B.C.) A rose around the for tile Nile River Valley. Egypt is called the gift of the Nile. The Nile had very regular annual floods. (Located in Northern Africa) not only was the Nile a huge advantage because of its ability to provide crops it also allowed for transportation. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt was geographically isolated, with defensible borders, leading to the long periods of political stability. (Not easily conquered) Egyptian life centered around serving the Pharaoh, who was regarded as a living god. (Horas was the name of their God which is also a falcon). Egyptians worshiped a variety of other important gods as well, such as Rah, the son god, and Anubis, the god of the dead. Driven by their belief in afterlife, Egyptians mummified the dead and built mammoth pyramids to house them. (These pyramids are on of the seven wonders of the ancient world.) they made magnificent strides in architecture and engineering. Egyptians also made huge advances in mathematics, medicine, and developed one of the earliest writing systems, hieroglyphics. (Logographic writing system)

Egypt Old Kingdom (2685-2180 BC)

Encompassed the 3rd through the 6th dynasties of Egyptian kings, when the largest pyramids of Egypt's history where built. **In 2150 BC a series of weak pharaohs, civil war, and famines fragmented Egypt

Homestead Act of 1862

Encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for five years. Over 400,000 families got land through this law. Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects

The Peace of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years War. 1. Recognized independent authority of German princes. 2. Allowed France to intervene in German affairs. 3. Pope couldn't participate in German religious affiars.

Causes of the French Revolution

Englightenment, unequal tax system, bad harvests, debt, absolute monarchy, economic issues, inequitable class structure, disorganized legal system, no representation.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland in 1497 for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Richard the Lion-Hearted

English king, leader of the Third Crusade, agreed to a truce with Saladin, followed Henry II

Historically-related languages

English language learners who speak a language historically related to English may acquire English as second language more easily do to the similarity between Latin roots that underlie the vocabulary of both English and their native languages. Some other languages that are Latin-based are French, Italian, Spanish, and Romanian. (English language learners who speak something like Chinese or Japanese will have a harder time because they are nothing a like. (*although English has a lot of Latin words its syntactic structure is anglo-Saxon or Germanic. There are also Germanic vocab in English as well as Latin (Ex: Fire-short harsh Germanic sound; conflagration- has a melodic Latin sound; both mean the same thing))

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Modifiers

Enhance meaning by clarifying or giving greater detail about another part of a sentence. MISPLACED modifier-modifier that is not located appropriately in relation to the word or phrase that is modifies DANGLING modifier-modify a word or phrase that is not readily apparent in the sentences

Israelite's

Estab. first lasting monotheism Saul estab. first kingdom in Palestine After Solomon's death, Hebrews divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) Disunity and conquest resulted in destruction of both revolt of Israelites against Rome led to destruction of Jerusalem (AD 70) and forced dispersal of Jews from Palestine

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

The Chaldeans

Established the new Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 B.C.)-Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine Developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

Persians

Ethnic group that settled in what is now Iran. Attempted to unify entire near East under one rule Estab. international government Zoroastrianism-ethical religion based on concept of good and evil Failed to conquer the Greeks. Eventually conquered by Alexander the Great

Persians

Ethnic group that settled in what is now Iran. They were rivals for control of Mesopotamia with the Greeks, and later the Arabs. tolerant; bureaucracy; Cyrus the Great and Darius were the most famous rulers; Royal Road was their trade route and united empire; Zoroastrianism (5th century BC)

Three primary ways to persuade someone

Ethos, pathos, and logos.

Age of Enlightenment/Age of Reason (1700-1789)

European intellectuals began to think of new ways to unify and govern nation-states. The traditional feudal loyalties had disintegrated, rise of powerful monarchies, and collapse of single religious doctrine had caused them to think. It was encouraged by exciting processes in Scientific Revolution.

In the 1700's, there were more _______________ than Native Americans

Europeans

Population of the colonies steadily increased. -large families of 10+ common -steady immigration from abroad -____________and_________were the major population groups

Europeans and Africans

World War Two

Event that brought the United States completely out of the Great Depression, we entered because of Japanese bombing at Pearl Harbor in 1941.

Road to Civil War

Events such as the slave conflict, abolition movement, the decisions over which new states should be free or slave states led to acts of violence (Bleeding Kansas), which led to the South's cessation from the union.

Confederate States of America

Eventually made up of 11 former states that seceded; Jefferson Davis was the 1st & only president; unable to defeat the North b/c of lack of railroad lines, lack of industry, & inability to get European nations to support their cause.

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

Polk Presidency

Expansion is the main point. Signs Oregon Treaty (1846) that expanded the U.S. all the way up to the northwest of modern U.S. Took money out of state banks and put funds in the Treasury. Signed Oregon treaty with Great Britain to get the Pacific Northwest. After a border attack, he started the Mexican-American war to get land for America. A lot of Manifest Destiny achieved under Polk

The California governments' official position toward Native Am. during the gold rush?

Extermination

Fast mapping

Fast mapping is a mental process in which young children are able to use the context of a word or phrase and accurately arrive at the word's meaning. (Example: researchers Carey and Bartlett (1978) showed a group of toddlers two objects (one blue, one beige). The color blue was familiar to the toddlers, but the color beige was not familiar. The toddlers were able to quickly decipher the meaning of beige when the researchers asked the children to "bring me the beige one." All of the children were able to differentiate (fast map) the two objects because of their familiarity with the color blue.)

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast.

Cultural contributions of ancient near East

First system of writing First independ. states First lasting monotheism First code of law

Developing Literacy

First they develop phonological and phonemic awareness, word decoding and phonics (letter-sound relationships and correct pronunciation), vocabulary development, fluency (speed, accuracy, and expression or prosody), and comprehension.

The House of Lancaster

Following the Hundred Years' war, civil war broke out between these two rival branches of the English royal Family, Lancaster claimed the throne of England when the Hundred Year finally ended

The Romanov Dynasty

Following the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, Russia experienced a period of weakness and disorder known as the Time of Troubles. Hoping to restore order, an assembly of nobles elected Michael Romanov to be the next czar. The Romanov Dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.

Implement Strategies for Teaching Specific Words (vocabulary instruction)

For example, if reading a novel: -Choose a concept that is important to understanding the novel's plot (i.e. "taxes") -Engage the students in a discussion of that concept -Read a sentence from the book that contains the word and ask students to use context and their prior knowledge to try to figure out what it means -Ask students to use the word in their own sentence

Provide repeated exposure to words (vocabulary instruction)

For example, if reading a novel: -Choose a word important to understanding the book ("science") -Get students to understand the words in other contexts, such as school and everyday life

Reading Assessments

Formal and informal; used with students in grades K through 8 to target areas of strength and wekness, to monitor student reading development, and to aid the teacher in planning reading instruction. -Alphabet knowledge -Concepts about print -Phonemic awareness -Phonics test -High frequency word recognition -Oral reading inventory -Spelling inventory

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Fought after the war of 1812 ended (signing of Treaty of Ghent). Also opened up new lands to settlers. making Andrew Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency. Treaties with Spain and England and under leadership of John Adams, US established borders with Canada, acquiring FL from Spain and gave up any claims to TX

Han Dynasty in China

Founded by Liu Bang (a peasant) Second imperial dynasty of China Considered a golden age in Chinese history - economic prosperity, military advancement, newly conquered territories, science, technology, and mathematics Lasted for four centuries (206 B.C to 209 AD) During this period, the Chinese court sponsored the teaching of Confucianism in education and court politics Confucianism was a religion, tradition and a way of life

The fluent reader

Fourth to eighth grade (Orthographic): Students read larger units of print and use analogy to decode larger words. Decoding becomes fluent and is representative of adult readers. Reading, accuracy, and speed are stressed. Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -word attack skills (multisyllabic words) and words within families -decoding -spelling and vocabulary -fluency -text comprehension (context skills) -utilizing metacognition

____________ became the dominant Germanic tribe 1.___________converted to Christianity. 2. Domestic feuds and civil war broke out among the _______________. -political power shifted away from the monarchy. -______________ halted the Muslim advance into Europe at the ______________. His victory helped preserve western civilization.

Franks Clovis Merovingians Charles Martel Battle of Tours

Describe effect of 3 of the 1st ten amendments to the US Constitution:

Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition Right to bear arms (own guns) Government can't lodge troops in private homes Search and seizure only with a warrant from a judge Rights of the accused - a person accused of a crime is entitled to certain rights Right to a speedy trial by jury and a lawyer Jury trial in civil cases involving money Forbids cruel and unusual punishment and unreasonable bail People have rights not listed in the Constitution Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states.

The Huguenots

French Protestants who suffered persecution. Many left Europe for America to find religious freedom

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance

Cornwallis took over S. Army and defeated Am. forces under ________.

Gates

The law of Primogeniture

Gave all property to the eldest son. Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Gave federal government authority in cases involving runaway slaves; aroused considerable opposition in the North.

Presidents of the United States

George Washington, 1789-97 John Adams, 1797-1801, Federalist Thomas Jefferson, 1801-09, Republican 4. Madison 5. Monroe 6. Jackson 7. Van Buren 8. Harrison 9. Tyler

Analysis of text features

Graphs: well suited to represent the change in one variable against the change in another variable; example: price(X) change over time(y) Charts: such as pie charts, can be used to represent the quantity of one part in relation to other parts, or the whole. Tables: also useful way to organize information, if the content can best be shown in columns and rows.

The ideas of which ancient civilization were dominant during the Renaissance?

Greece

Sparta

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts. Developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor.

Sparta (750 BC)

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts. They revolved around necessity. Each male citizen became lifetime soldier at age 7.

Achievements of the Byzantine Empire

Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved. Center for world trade and exchange of culture. It spread civilization to all of eastern Europe. It preserved the Eastern Church which converted Slavic people to Christianity. Its economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy. New focus for art; glorification of Christianity.

US Geography

Gulf Steam- Atlantic warm-water current, wars East coast in winter SE Coastal Plain-extends along coast from NJ to Texas and is low land Piedmont- foothills at base of Appalachian Mts. Piedmont, App. Mts, the Cumberland and Allegheny plateaus in Eastern region of US NE-App. Mts. meet the ocean, forming rough rocky coast

Verbs

HELPING (auxiliary) verbs assist main verbs in expression tense, ability, possibility, permission, or obligation (have do, be, can, may) PARTICLES are minor function words that become part of the verb itself (not, in, out, up, down). Participles are words formed from verbs that are often used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb or verb phrase.

Joseph Pulitzer

He used yellow journalism (sensationalized journalism) in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

populist (political approaches that deliberately appeal to 'the people') reform aimed to bring government closer to the people. 1. ____________-progressive-elected governor-reform program initiated -______amendments added to CA Constit. (womens suffrage, workmens comp., new railroad commission 2. Japanese still not allowed citizenship or to own land

Hiram Johnson 23

Hittites (2000-700 B.C.)

Hittites conquered much of northern Mesopotamia and Asia minor. They also had both conflicts and alliances with Egypt. While they existed during the Bronze Age, Hittites were pioneers of iron smelting. (Known for their warfare-think: Blacksmith hitting an anvil-Hittites)(they had chariots also that gave them an advantage) They migrated west to flee the growing power of the Greeks which led to the capital city falling. The Hittites capital, Hattusas, was burned around 1200 BC

Which nation established the first settlement in Manhattan?

Holland (Dutch)

the industrial development of the United States was encouraged by western expansion. Settlement of the West was aided by the ___________________ and ______________ (1869). Inventions promoted industrial growth. Dev. of steel, mining, electric, petroleum, textile and food processing characterized the period. The need for government intervention increased. The ______________ and ________________ Anti trust Acts restricted power of giant corp. Workman's comp, child labor laws and reg. on working conditions were part of congressional reform.

Homestead Act (1862) transcontinental railroad Sherman (1890) Clayton (1914)

Who were the Big Four? Also controlled most of the CA political scene

Hopkins, Crocker, Huntington, and Stanford HHCS

The English colonies began to develop self-government. ________________-early colonial attempt at representative self-government. ________________-was the basis for government by the consent of the governed The colonists demanded their rights as Englishmen.

House of Burgesses (1619) Mayflower Compact (1620)

Point of view

How the author or narrator sees his or her story. Stories can be written in 1st,(character in the story is telling it) 2nd (you are telling it), 3rd (they are removed, the narrator is telling the story but they aren't in it) person point of view, and narrators can be omniscient(knows everything; probably 3rd person pov) or limited(only knows what's going on with the main character; 1st person pov is almost always limited) , and reliable or unreliable.(with 1st person we often have to ask if they are reliable or not)

Usage

How you apply the rules of morphology, syntax, and semantics to your own writing and to analyzing and editing the writing of others. *There are a number of important usage concepts you should know for the tests. •Avoid sentence fragments (an incomplete sentence, which is usually missing a noun, verb, or other key pieces of information) •avoid faulty parallelism. (Clauses within a sentence should share the same tense and form. Inconsistencies, such as switching from an infinitive to a participle, lead to faulty parallelism.) •avoid amphibolies. (An amphiboly is an ambiguity in meaning, often caused by a misplaced, squinting, or dangling modifier)(ex: I voted for a candidate with the highest hopes; the highest hopes is the modifier but it's unclear who's hopes they're talking about) • avoid redundancy. "Redundancy is a form of wordiness in which you say the same thing over again twice." • ensure that subjects and verbs agree. Singular and plural subjects and verbs must match be careful not to be thrown off by sentences in which the subject follows the verb. (These sentences typically begin with "here" or "there".) •many, much, fewer, and less.. Be sure to use these words correctly. Many and fewer apply to countable items, while much and less apply to uncountable items. •either/or and neither/nor.. Or can be used independently, but nor must always be used in conjunction with neither. •avoid double negatives. Double negatives occur when to negative words are used in a sentence. They essentially cancel each other out. • avoid comparisons of unlike things. Example: "his test score was much higher than the other students." (It is comparing the scores to the students)

ID author's purpose in writing

IDNEP (I don't need everything perfect) The reason the author has for writing. Inform: clarify, explain Describe Narrate: relate, tell a story Entertain: amuse, perform Persuade: argue, convince, prove

Types of Clauses

INDEPENDENT Clauses-one that can stand alone as a sentence DEPENDENT Clauses-provide a sentence element with more information but cannot stand alone as a sentence

Alphabet Knowledge (reading assessment)

Identify and form letters

Phonemic awareness

If a child knows that a word is made up of letters and that letters make sounds they have phonemic awareness. If they do they are able to perform segmenting(breaking it apart), blending(give it to them broken up they put it together), rhyming.

Revolutionary war

Important reasons for the declaration of independence: •tariffs(taxes on imports)(stamp act)(tax on tea)(colonists fought this which is how the boston tea party came about) •Lack of representation( no taxation without representation) •Quartering of british soliders (there originally quartered because of British expansion, they needed to house troops to control the different areas, later they sent troops to those areas because they knew the colonist wanted to break away from Britain-to new york and boston, The citizens were taunting the troops and so the troops fired on the citizens and killed 5 people which turned into the •Boston Masscre •The intolerable Acts( to punish the colonists for there protests such as things like the Boston tea party, The British passed what the colonist called the intolerable acts. They closed the port of Boston, they gave increased power to the British royal governor, expanded the requirements of colonists to house and feed soldiers Who were there essentially to keep the colonists in control and prevent them from rebelling)

Onset and Rime (smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes)

In a syllable, the onset is the initial consonant or consonants, and the rime is the vowel and any consonants that follow it (e.g., the word sat, the onset is "s" and the rime is "at". In the word flip, the onset is "fl" and the rime is "ip").

Dorians

In about 1200 B.C. these people overcame the Mycenaean culture.

Child-directed speech

In child-directed speech, primary caretakers often modify their speech to make it easier for a child to learn language. For example, modifying sentence structure, repeating key words, and focusing on present familiar objects or persons.

Roman republic (500-27 B.C.)

Inc. Greek society, and emerged as the dominant world power after the Punic wars with Carthage. (Carthage a place in Northern Africa that had a great deal of power, one of their successful military leaders, Hannibal, battled with the Romans and had a lot of success battling with the Romans but eventually the Romans were able to conquer them after several Punic wars; that solidified the Roman control over the Mediterranean) The Romans borrowed a lot of their gods from the Greeks (just changing their names), they borrowed their architecture, and they copied their artist styles. Roman society was divided into patricians(upper class,nobility, or aristocrats), plebeians(commoners), and slaves. Under the republic(the representatives represent the people, usually by district), the seat of Roman government was the senate(to be a senate you had to be from the patrician class; however the commoners still had representation.)

Inca

Inca was a great civilization in South America of the Andean Highlands, and at its height, comprised the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The Incas were polytheistic and believed in in Inti, the son God, as their primary Godhead. The Incas accomplished impressive feats of engineering and developed a complex accounting system based on knotted strings call quipu. The Incas were eventually conquered by the Spanish.

The Remedial Reader: Reading Instruction

Includes re-teaching all of the modalities taught as a "beginning reader" and emphasizing: -Assessment of identified reading weaknesses -Teaching explicit strategies based on diagnosis -Linking instruction to prior knowledge -Increasing instruction time -Dividing skills into smaller steps while providing reinforcement and positive feedback

Gupta Dynasty

Indian Empire (320 CE-550 CE) known for re-establishing Hinduism and for achievements in math and science, arts and literature (decimal system and concept of zero). Hinduism dev. from earlier religions and became dominant in India. Worship many gods: Brahma (creator) Vishnu (Preserver) Shiva (destroyer) **invaded by the Huns in 5th century AD

Reasons for the spread of Christianity

Individual conviction of ones belief, The efficiency and organization of the the early church, Doctrines that stressed equality and immorality. The establishment of the Pope. Embraced all people, gave hope to powerless, appealed to those who were repelled by imperial Rome, offered relationships with God and promised eternal life after death, Roman roads

Gold Rush of 1849

Individual prospectors made the first gold strikes along the Sierra Nevada Mountains in 1849, touching off a mining boom that helped shape the development of the West and set the pattern for subsequent strikes in other regions.

India/Southern Asia Rivers

Indus and Ganges River Arabian Sea

Onset

Initial phonological unit of any word

English Colonization

Initiated in Virginia and spread many companies such as the Virginia Company of Plymouth. The English sometimes worked peacefully with Native Americans to exchange goods and ideas, but often their cultures clashed

Foreign policy

Introduced in 1823, the Monroe doctrine asserted US power by forbidding further European colonization or interference in the Americas. (It stated dominion over north and South America)

Topic sentence

Introduces or expresses the essential idea of a paragraph. It is often, but not always, at the beginning.

William the Conqueror

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and claimed the English crown

Thomas Edison

Invented the light bulb

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Sumerian achievements

Invented the wheel, the sail, the plow; First to use bronze; Developed system of writing on clay tablets, cuneiform; Built irrigation systems, buildings; 12 month calendar; math and geometry.

_______ became the birthplace for the Hellenic civilization

Iona

Capitalism

Is a laissez-faire system in which government has minimal involvement in the economy, with the idea that the economy will regulate itself based on competition of the law of supply and demand.

Morphology

Is the study of meaningful units of language, called morphemes, and how their patterns of distribution contribute to the forms and structures of words. For example, the word unbelievably is made up of the following morphemes: un-believe-able-ly

The influence of Islam

Islam spread throughout the byzantine and Persian empires. Based on the teachings of Mohammed, Islam emphasize the Koran as a source for moral and ethical conduct. (The pray 5 times daily, they give alms, they fast during a certain month, at one point in their life they have to make a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca.)

What was the status of Texas after it gained independence from Mexico?

It became a sovereign nation

Infinitive verb

It doesn't have a time element to it, it's just and idea of doing something. (Ex: to run, to get, to have)

Conjugated verb

It has a tense to it and it is an action word

Irony

It is defined as an event that is the opposite of what would be expected or meaning that is the opposite of what is stated. (Situation irony, dramatic irony...)

European Renaissance art and culture

It was a cultural movement spanning from roughly the 14th to the 17th century. It was characterized by a rebirth of interest in the classical era, which was particularly evident in the art of the period. Artists of this period included Michelangelo, da Vinci, and Masaccio. The philosophy of humanism became widespread during this period.( where the focus was on what you know/your intelligence and not just what you were born into)

Athens

It was a democracy(the people have direct power in the government/ they have a vote), one of the first, whose influence on modern Western politics, art, and architecture would be difficult to overestimate. Athenians placed great value on learning and intellectual discourse, and gave us a philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

What impact did the Missouri Compromise have on the state itself?

It was admitted as a slave state

Origins of English Language

It was brought to Britain by Germanic invaders between 5th and 7th century. ANGLO-SAXON roots (old English), CELTIC influence, and GREEK and ROMAN elements (Latin).

World economic and political systems-the magna carta

It was the first document forced upon a King by his subjects which limited his power under the law. (The wanted representative government) It was issued in 1215 to King George of England. It has heavily influenced modern concepts of government, and forms a great deal of the foundation of the bill of rights. (Right, Liberty, property..) The Magna Carta was also influential on enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke. (Expanded on the Magna Carta)

Byzantine Empire Decline

It's geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slave, and Turks all of whom were becoming more powerful. The loss of commercial dominace over the Italians. Reliogious contraversy with west and a split with the Roman Catholic Church. The sack of the fourth crusade. The fall of Constantinople

Early Twentieth-century California: -immigrants from midwest and ___________ -fears of the "yellow peril" raised again -japanese imported in large numbers to work in agriculture. This displaced _____________ workers and resentment grew. Asians were restricted from _____________ at the turn of the century. San Francisco Board of Education segregated Caucasians and Asians in 1905. Resentment led to international "Gentlemen's Agreement" 1907-Japanese immig. to US voluntarily restricted-agitation continued

Japan Anglo (white English-speaking person from a person of Hispanic heritage) naturalization (process by which U.S. citizenship is granted to a foreign citizen or national after he or she fulfills the requirements established by Congress)

Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1868)

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration. Japan at peace for most of this period. Christians persecuted Foreign ships forbidden in Japanese waters until Commodore Perry in 1853 forced Japan into Treaty, opening limited trade with the West

Political parties

Jeffersons anti-Federalist(typically southerners who favored more states rights and state power so they could have slavery, along with other reasons) opposed Hamilton's federalist(favored a strong federal government/centeral power) Later, jackson's Democratic Party opposed the Whig. Later we get the Republican Party but it is very hard to draw direct parallels between ideology and political stance on different issues through these different parties because they have changed so much

Spanish explorer credited as first European to land in Ca?

Juan Cabrillo

Battle of San Juan Hill

July 1, 1898-One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt, the Rough Riders and Pershing's Buffalo Soldiers defeated Spanish on Kettle and San Juan Hill.

Pre-phonetic Stage

Jumble of letter-like forms

The Beginning Reader: Age

K to 2nd/3rd grade (alphabetic)

The beginning reader

Kindergarten to first grade (Alphabetic/decoding): An awareness that letters are associated with sounds; can identify some printed words by decoding simple consonant-vowel-consonant words; usually know that letters of words represent sounds Second to third grade (Alphabetic/learning fluency): beginning to develop fluency in reading text and recognize words by patters and sight; attempt to read words using phonics knowledge; can read/reread text within a story; rhyme and blend words; check for the meaning of words to make sense of the text; the older student now begins to recognize "chunks" or phonograms, and can identify similarities in differences of sound within words. Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, segmenting, and decoding -vocabulary word-attack skills, spelling -text comprehension -listening and writing -encouraging students to make predictions about stories -exercises that include filling in open-ended sentences

Cardinal Richelieu

King Louis XIII was a weak ruler and Richelieu filled the void, more or less running the empire via his advice to the king. A clever politician and strategist, Richelieu expanded royal power, punished dissent harshly, and built France into a great European power

Henry II of England

King in 1154 and was responsible for creating the common law and jury systems. Arranged for Archbishop Thomas Beckett's murder in the late 1100's

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Charlemagne

King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of literature and learning

The Samurai

Known as knights of feudal Japan and retainers of the daimyo. This aristocratic warrior class arose during the 12th-century wars between the Taira and Minamoto clans and was consolidated in the Tokugawa period. They were privileged to wear two swords, and at one time had the right to cut down any commoner who offended them. They cultivated the martial virtues, indifference to pain or death, and unfailing loyalty to their overlords.

Sudan, South of Egypt: _________________civilization flourished in Middle Africa and dominant until ___________. ________________ went after North Africa. Christian European influence dominant until _______.

Kush 250 AD Roman Empire 640 AD

The Lands and People of Africa

Land divided into Sahara/desert culture of N, and Sub-Saharan/rainforest, savannas of South. 4 substantial river systems economic development ended with arrival of Europeans

Stages of language development

Language development is highly variable, but series such as Roger Brown's five stages can be useful indicators when evaluating whether a child's language development is normal or exceptional(below or above the norm). The following outline is drawn from Brown's work as well as the work of a number of other language development theorists, and lists important and widely-accepted developmental milestones that are good to know for the test. Ages 0-12 months: during the early 1st stage, infants exhibit vocalizations in the form of cooing and crying and later begin to develop a pattern speech in which they repeat certain phonemes in the form of consonant-vowel strings. (Ex: ma ma ma ma) Age 12-26 months/approx. 1-2 years old: early in the toddler phase(12-18 months) toddlers typically speak their first words, which tend to be simple and monosyllabic. They usually communicate using holophrases(single word used to communicate an entire meaning "food" means I am hungry) During the late toddler phase (1 1/2-2 years), toddlers typically begin to utilize forms of the verb "to be", and begin incorporating articles, prepositions, and conjunctions. Toddlers often communicate using telegraphic speech. (When they typed in telegraphs they wouldnt include all the words to save time/energy- "sheriff arrives noon") Toddlers use present tense only and the first person subject pronoun. Questions are signaled by intonation and later in the form "what+X+doing/going". "No" and "not" are added to sentence structure. During this phase, children typically error in both underextending and overextending word meanings.(dog-schema 4 legs and furry; they see a cow say doggy- that's overextending)(dog-there's is a lab, they see a poodle and don't know it's a dog-underextending) Ages 27 months-4 years: in early childhood, children begin to use quasi-model verbs such as "wanna." Children typically begin private speech(talking to themselves). Future tense begins to be used, as well as the articles "a"and "the". Auxiliary form used in questions such as "I can't go?", and later inversion occurs "Can't I go?" Past tense is used, and coordinating and subordinating conjunction's such as "and", "or", and "but" are used correctly. Children begin to understand that multiple adjectives can be applied to one noun. Late in this period, plurals emerge and possessives are acquired (thats dad's car) question words such as "who, which, when, how, and why" emerge. Children begin to speak about things not present. Ages 4-7 years old: children begin to utilize negative pronouns such as "nothing". An understanding of syntax is developed. Children begin to understand metaphors. Though speech becomes more adult-like, children may still commit speech errors such as over-regularization (ex: mouses) * if a pupils language development does not fall within these basic parameters, his language development may be exceptional. However, it is important to distinguish between identifying features and social/cultural factors that may be contributory, as well as whether the student is learning English as a second language.

Language development

Language is often confused with the ability to speak, but language is not speech. The ability to use language does not hinge on hearing or speaking words. Language is a communication system based on native rules and symbols (grammar and words) that carry meaning to children. For example, deaf children who fully participate in expressive and receptive sign language at home show the same cognitive development advances as hearing children.

Kingdom of Zimbabwe

Large powerful kingdom in East/Central africa. Controlled and taxed trade between the interior and coastal regions, Organized the flow of gold, ivory, slaves, forged alliances w/ local rulers & profited immensely from these transactions.

APA Book Citation Format

Last name, First Initial, (year Published) Book Title, City, State, Publisher.

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana

Mississippian Culture

Last of the mound-building cultures of North America; flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E.; featured large towns and ceremonial centers; lacked stone architecture of Central America.

Latitude and Longitude

Latitude: Horizontal line, North and South of the equator 0 degrees at equator; 90 degrees at N and S Longitude: Vertical, East and West of the prime meridian 0 degrees at prime meridian; 180 degrees at E and W

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Alien an Sedition Acts

Laws passed during President John Adams' administration that made it a crime for editors, writers, or speakers to criticize the government and its Federalist policies.

John Fremont

Leader of the Bear Flag Revolt in California; helped overthrow Mexicans in revolt Captain in US Army. Wanted to advise settlers.

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers.

Civil War ends

Lee (Confed. Army) surrenders to Grant (Union Army) at Appomattox, Virgina in 1865 Lincoln assassinated 5 days after war ends

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Krashen's Second Language Acquisition Theory

Linguistic scholar Stephen Krashen hypothesized that primary language acquisition is an unconscious mental process. On the other hand, when ELL students learn a second language, they must consciously participate in the learning experience to study the rules, conventions, and patters of the second language. (Primary language acquisition is an implicit, unconscious mental process, whereas secondary language acquisition is an explicit, conscious mental process.)

The biological model

Linguists Noam Chomsky and the late Eric Lenneberg argued for a biological model of language acquisition called nativism. Nativism theorizes that children have innate, language-specific abilities that facilitate and constrain language learning. (They believe there are specific parts of the brain dedicated to speak-there is evidence to support that). Many nativists also believe that children have a critical period during which they are best able to acquire language skills. (Children are sponges when they are young)

Meaning

Literal meaning: A strict, direct meaning of a word or phrase Figurative meaning: Emblematic and is often derived from a metaphor or simile. When searching for meaning, be sure to identify symbols(ex: describes a mans(who's wife just died) day, and as he is going through out his day he has a creature hanging on his back, the creature is a symbol, it's not literal) within the text, and also consider whether the work may be allegorical(most are not; everything in the work stands in for something else). Also look for and consider both implicit and explicit themes.

Mesoamerica(middle America) (Maya)

Located in central America, and were farming culture, corn, though they were also hunters and gatherers. Their culture was influenced by the Olmec, where they took their writing and math systems and improved them, and they lived in great cities such as Teotihuacanm, where they erected monuments called stelae that recorded important events. They were polytheistic, worshipping various gods that influence parts of their daily lives like rain gods, corn gods. Mayans civilization developed a logographic writing system, accomplished impressive engineering feats, and made huge advances in the fields of math and astronomy before collapsing for unknown reasons.

Fort Sumter, 1861

Located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. One of only two federal forts that had not fallen to Confederacy. The troops needed provisions, or would have to surrender to seige. Lincoln informed the South Carolinians that he would send provisions but no reinforcements. When the Union sent a naval force, the South opened fire on the Fort, marking the official beginning of the Civil War. There were no casualties (except for a horse) and the fort surrendered.

Aztec

Located in what is now central Mexico, the Aztecs were warlike culture who is vast empire was based in the great city of Tenochtitlan. Aztec religion combined aspects of polytheism, shamanism, and animism. The Aztecs practice human sacrifice a tradition based on the mythology of the five Suns and a self-sacrifice was Nanahuatzin. Asked text on Waze of forming in a variety of trains, including forest, hillsides, and lakes.

Alexander the Great of ________________ established the Hellenic Age(fusion of Greek culture with the __________). He conquered: _____________, __________________, and ___________. ______________ replaced the polis (city-state) as the form of government.

Macedonia (spans parts of northern Greece and the Balkan Peninsula) East Persia, Asia Minor, and Egypt Bureaucracy

Going west

Manifest destiny-The idea of wanting to expand to the west and that it was justified and inevitable. U.S. Territorial acquisition: majority of the east (Territory of the 13 colonies) expanding west there was the Louisiana purchase(which was pretty much a nice chunk in the center of the US)( purchase by Thomas Jefferson from the French, they had given this land to the Spanish to compensate them for the Florida region after the French and Indian war, but the Spanish said it was too hard for them to manage so they gave it back to the French but the French didn't want to manage it either so they sold it to the US which almost doubled the United States land holdings) The predominately Texas area was gained during the annexation of the Texas republic; Texas was part of Mexico but disagreed with Mexican rule so they seceded from Mexico and became their own country, the republic of Texas, but then decided to join the US and became a state. Then going to the California region (Ca, Nv, Az, Utah) it became part of the United States after the US won the Mexican American war, and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. They tried to buy the land before the war but Mexico refused so after the war US force them to sell it for a cheaper price. Then later they got the Oregon territory by signing a treaty with Britain.

____________________ was the agricultural organization and economic foundation of feudalism

Manorialism-social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. Its basic unit was the manor, a self-sufficient landed estate, or fief, that was under the control of a lord who enjoyed a variety of rights over it and the peasants attached to it by means of serfdom.

Athens defeated Persia at ______________ and declined the _____________war.

Marathon Peloponnesian War

Roman Empire began decline in 1st century after the death of________________

Marcus Aurelius

Reformation leaders

Martin Luther--from Germany -salvation through faith not sacrament -rejected hierarchical priesthood and papal authority -his excommunication (the act of banishing a member of a church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the church; cutting a person off from a religious society) initiated the reformation; Lutheranism dev. in its own following -decentralized religious authority in favor of local german princes John Calvin--Geneva, Switzerland -doctrine of predestination rejection of all forms of worship and practice not traced to biblical tradition -basis of reformed churches, which spread throughout europe King Henry VIII- England -political, rather than religious break, with the church -act of supremacy removed authority of the pope -created anglican church of england

What was the significant difference between the English Queen Mary I and Elizabeth I?

Mary: killed protestants (bloody Mary) Elizabeth: was a protestant

Gold Rush of 1849

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848. rush of 100,000 immigrants. Via compromise of 1850, admitted as free state, slavery prohibited.

Result Of the Industrial Revolution

Mass production of goods and the rise of the factory system. From Rural to Urban centers. The division of society into defined calsses propertied and unpropertied. The development of modern Capitalism.

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

What was the dominant civilization of the Yucatan peninsula until about 900 AD?

Mayans

Reading books for different grades first appeared in the 1800s as

McGuffey's Readers

Who was the only president to be elected and reelected during this period?

McKinley

Derivational morpheme

Meaningful unit combined with roots or stems to form new words with new meanings, with the potential to change the part of speech (e.g. "-ish" added to the noun "boy" results in an adjective "boyish")

The Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus which became most well known for their work in education of Catholics in Europe. They were devoted to preaching, educating the young, fighting against heresy, serving the Pope, and caring for the needy.

Cabrillo sailed from ____________ to ____________ to _______________ to searched for a _________________.

Mexico to San Diego to San Francisco Searched for a water passage between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans *Explored the California coast for Spain

Who was the most famous Baroque painter?

Michelangelo

Napoleon Bonepart

Military Genius of France, who later became a dictator and eventually overthrown. He sold the west land (Louisiana) to the United States for a very cheap price doubling the land of America.

The territorial expansion of the US reached from the _______________ to the _________________. The rise of the new west created opportunities in transportation, education, politics, mining and agriculture. The Trail of Tears (1838-1839) was forced relocation of Nat. Am. (cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicksaw, and Seminole) from South to Oklahoma.

Mississippi River Pacific Ocean

Wagon trains to the west

Missouri to CA (Donner Party) settlers moved west in wagons and traveled in groups for protection; Oregon Trail -- northwest; Santa Fe Trail -- southwest

1530, ___________, also Muslims, invaded India. In 1600 they controlled most of India.

Mongols/Mughals

Fundamental Language Structure

Morphology, semantics, syntax, and phonology

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536)

The Continental System

Napoleon cut off all trade with Great Britain to try and make Europe more self-sufficient, an economic blockade of Britain. The Foreign Policy of Napoleon, essentially an effort to thwart English advancement by nationally prohibiting British trade with France

Genres/types of writing

Narrative: writing which tells a story. Interpretive: writing which examines an existing work and attempts to find her explain meaning. Analytical: writing which examines a work or issue and attempts to identify and evaluate critical elements. Descriptive: writing that tells of or depicts a person, place, thing, or idea. Persuasive: writing that attempts to convince. Expository: writing that attempts to set forth or explain a concept, etc. (expose people to something)

The culture of the 18th century was dominated by ______________.

Neoclassicism (Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of classical antiquity.) attempt to revive classic style and form of ancient greece and rome in lit., the novel was the outcome. In architecture, Rococo style was dominant in music, Haydn and Mozart emphasized the classical era's formal symmetrical structures, simple rhythms, and tuneful melodies. Beethoven influenced both the classical and Romantic periods

Washington failed in his attempt to drive British out of ____________ during Rev. War.

New York

The social/functional model

Non-nativists such as Elizabeth Bates and Catherine Snow argue that there is no specific biological "hardwiring" for language, and instead support a psychological and social/functional model of language acquisition. They believe that language abilities develop out of general cognitive abilities and social interactions with fellow learners and the surrounding community. (Ex: they would argue that if a child was raised by wolves they wouldn't develop language because wolves aren't using it. This has evidential support as well with cases where children were extremely neglected and never learned to talk. * many modern theories have come to support the idea that both biological and social pre-conditions contribute to language development.

Explorers

Norse explorers proceeded Columbus in reaching new world, but Columbus was the first explorer to establish and government age or settlements. (He made the voyages funded by Spain) John Cabot made the first voyage to America from England. Coronado explored the American Southwest.(Coronado island down in San Diego)

Types of Writing

OPINION-early elementary students. They will be asked to write pieces that express their opinions ARGUMENTATIVE-involve logical and relevant proof for assertions made in their essays INFORMATIVE-meant to advance the reader's understanding of a subject NARRATIVE-written in first-person and tells a story

Leland Stanford

One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California.

Zoroastrianism

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. beliefs in heaven, hell and a final judgment

Architectural achievement

One of the greatest architectural achievements of the new Babylonian empire was the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, One of the seven wonders of the ancient world. King Nebuchadnezzar had this built for his wife as a grand romantic gesture to remind her of her home.

The Spanish Armada

One of the largest military fleets in the history of warfare which was sent to attack England in 1588. The smaller English fleet was able to defeat the armada by using its ease of maneuverability and ended Spain's domination of the Atlantic Ocean and made England the power.

Onset-rime

Onset refers to the first phonological unit, or the part of the word before the vowel (e.g., the letter "b" in book). Rime refers to the part of the word - vowels and consonants- that follow the onset (e.g., the letters "ook" in book). Note: Not all words have onset and rime. Teaching children onset-rime helps them decode new words).

Hinduism

Origin: India Spread to: SE. Asia 4 key beliefs: -reincarnation -sacred cow -polytheistic (thousands of gods and goddesses) -each person in born into caste/social system Main gods/goddesses: Brahma-Creator Vishnu- Preserver Shiva-Destroyer *different from Christianity and Islam because these are monotheistic and no reincarnation

Buddhism

Origin: India in the 500's BC. Spread to: Asia (and Japan) 4 key beliefs: -Nirvana -monotheistic -The Four Noble Truths are the central ideas behind Buddhism, the "four pillars" -Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

Shintoism

Origin: Japan kami: ancient gods or spirits Humans are pure by nature and can keep away evil through purification rituals and attain good things by calling on the kami. Death is bad and impure. Some humans become kami after death

Islam

Origin: Saudi Arabia, 7th Century BC The Koran testifies of itself that it was given by God through the angel Gabriel to the prophet Muhammad. Umayyad family established a system of hereditary succession for the leader of the Muslim world. Mu'awiya assumed this position for the first 20 years of the Dynasty's rule. Under the Umayyads, the Islamic Empire spread to North Africa, Spain and central Asia. The Five Pillars of Islam are the framework of the Muslim life. They are the testimony of faith, prayer, giving zakat (support of the needy), fasting during the month of Ramadan, and the pilgrimage to Makkah once in a lifetime for those who are able.

Homonyms

Other important components of usage are correct word choice and spelling. Homonyms, homophones, and homographs can often lead to confusion. Affect/effect: if you can replace the word with cause it is probably affect (verb). Effect is a verb or noun can be replaced with result. (It can also mean to bring about) Ascent/assent: go up/give agreement Council/counsel: group of people/talk to someone about problems Dual/duel: 2 of something/ a fight Elicit/illicit: draw out something/illegal Gorilla/guerrilla: animal/someone fighting against government Incite/insight: to provoke or cause/ understand Pedal/peddle: pedal on bike/ to sell something Peer/pier: colleague/ a deck that goes out over water There/their/they're: location/ possession/ they are

Overregularization

Overregularization of grammatical errors are observed in early childhood when children misuse regular grammatical patters of past tense or plural words in their speech. (saying "foots" instead of "feet", or "she singed a song").

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Pronouns

PERSONAL pronouns-refer to people first person, second person, third person POSSESSIVE-Demonstrate ownership. mine, my, his, yours) INTERROGATIVE-ask questions. What, which, who whose RELATIVE-include the 5 interrogative pronouns and other that are relative. Whoever, that, when, where DEMONSTRATIVE-replace something specific. This, that, those, these RECPRICAL-indicate something was done or given in return. Each other, one another INDEFINITE pronouns-have a nonspecific status. Anybody, whoever, someone, everybody, somebody

Elements of Fiction

POINT OF VIEW-position that a narrator takes when telling a story in prose (FIRST PERSON POV, SECOND PERSON POV,THIRD PERSON POV) PLOT-What happens in the story TONE-what reflects the author's attitude and opinion about the subject matter of the story SETTING-the time, place, and set of surroundings in which a story occurs CHARACTERS-the story's figures that assume primary, secondary, or minor roles. PROTAGONIST is a central character. the ANTAGONIST is the force against the protagonist. CONFLICT-the problem that occurs during the story. It has some kind of resolution by the end of the story

Verb Forms

PRESENT tense PAST tense FUTURE tense PRESENT PERFECT Tense-shows action that began in the past, but continues into the present. I have walked to work all week PAST PERFECT tense-shows an action was finished before another took place. I have walked all week until I sprained my ankle FUTURE PERFECT Tense-shows an action that will be completed at some point in the future. By the time the bus arrives, I will have walked to work already

The Writing Process

PREWRITING-drafting, planning, researching, and brainstorming of ideas WRITING REVISING-adding to, removing, rearranging, re-writing sections EDITING-analyzing and correcting mistakes PUBLISHING-distributing the finished product

Primary and Secondary Sources

PRIMARY SOURCES refer to first-hand accounts of events, a subject matter, an individual, or a time period. They can also be non-interpretive, factual pieces of information. SECONDARY SOURCES refer to the analysis or interpretation of primary sources and are, therefore, usually considered more subjective than objective.

Organizational Structure

PROBLEM/SOLUTION-organized by an analysis/overview of a problem, followed by potential solution CAUSE/EFFECT-organized by the effects resulting from a cause or the causes of a particular effect SPATIAL ORDER-organized by points that suggest location or direction CHRONOLOGICAL/SEQUENCE ORDER-organized by points presented to indicate a passage of time or through purposeful steps/stages COMPARISON/CONTRAST-organized by points that indicate similarities and/or differences between 2 things or concepts ORDER OF IMPORTANCE-organized by priority of points, often most significant to least significant or vice versa.

Persian Empire (500-300 B.C.)

Persia ranked among the world's greatest empires. Through conquest, the Persians attempted to unify the entire near east. They were a massive empire that conquered a lot of land (if Greece is included in the area that was conquered then it is referring to Alexander the Great; the Persian empire did not conquer Greece) It was called the land or arans (which is where we get the name Iran today) Persians believed in gods of nature, sun god..they practice Zoroastrianism, and ethics based religion.

Phonemic Awareness Instructional Strategies

Phoneme isolation - Teacher will ask the student to isolate individual sounds (phonemes) in words. Phoneme identity - Teacher will ask the student to identify a common sound among different words. Phoneme classification - Teacher will ask the student to identify the word that sounds different and "does not belong" among the choices. Phoneme substitution - Teacher will ask the student to replace a phoneme in a word (beginning, middle, or ending sounds) with another phoneme to form a new word. Phoneme segmenting (orally separating sounds) - Teacher will say a word aloud and the student will count out the number of phonemes by breaking up the word into individual sounds. Phoneme blending (orally blending sounds) - Teacher will say each phoneme segment sound of a word and they student will combine the sounds to identify the words.

Teaching literacy

Phonics approach: emphasizes learning phonemes to sound out words (decoding: they are able to sound out the words based on understanding the letters and the sounds that go with it, and when they put the sounds together they can recognize the word from their oral vocabulary)(the strength of the phonics approach is it allows children to decode unknown words as long as they are spelt phonetically) (Disadvantage: a lot of words are not spelt phonetically) Whole language approach: emphasizes reading immersion techniques to help familiarize students with the irregularities in English spellings. (Word walls and word sorts are used in WLA, this approach also uses high frequency reading selections)(weakness of this approach is they don't allow children to sound out words)

Phonological awareness

Phonological awareness is a "listening skill" that typically develops in pre-kindergarten. It is the ability to hear, think about, and manipulate sounds. When children are competent in phonological awareness, they know that: 1) sounds make up words; 2) sounds can be manipulated into new words; 3) words can be separated into individual sounds, syllables, and rhymes; and 4) words have meaning. Phonological awareness is important because if children can relate sounds to printed words, they can begin to decode and make sense of how sounds and letters are organized in print. Note: Phonological awareness and phonemic awareness are not interchangeable. Phonemic awareness is "one" component of phonological awareness.

Radical reconstruction

Physical and ideological reconstruction of the south after the war. (after the war the north was wanting the south to reconstruct to their guidelines) (The radicals wanted to force military pressure on the south to do what they're supposed to and the moderates wanted to just give them the guidelines and let them be in control) Johnson was impeached for opposing the radicals, who favored a military occupation of the defeated south. Under reconstruction, many northerners moved to the south to start businesses. They were resented by southerners and referred to as carpetbaggers and scalawags.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Systematic Phonics Instruction

Plan of instruction which includes carefully selected letter-sound relationship that are organized into a logical sequence. More effective than non-systematic

3 greatest thinkers of the Greek Classic Age::

Plato, Aristotle, Socrates

Pluralization and conjugation

Pluralization is typically when you add an S at the end of a word but often times there are irregularities and kids will typically try and over regularize the pluralization of a word. for example: it's not mouses it's mice. Conjugation had irregulars as well and defy the rules of morphology. Important verb tenses to know are present (I do), past (I did), and past participle (I have done) typically when it has have it is a past participle but not always.

All of England's colonies based their governing systems on concepts of limited government, representation, and the rights of Englishmen guaranteed in a Bill of Rights. The earliest colonies were: __________ and ____________. Streams of immigrants, rising birth rates, and 1/2 million slaves from Africa made population swell. Free public education, religious tolerance, and leaving behind hereditary aristocracy was estab. Mobile not fixed social classes, with exception to slaves

Plymouth (MA) and VA.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

Executive Branch Powers

Power to execute or carry out laws, command the military, make treaties, appoint the military, make treaties, appoint federal judges and ambassadors, grant pardons and reprieves for federal crimes, veto legislation, call special sessions of congress, and report on the State of the Union

Legislative Branch Powers

Power to make laws, lay and collect taxes, impeach and remove officials, declare war, raise and support military, override vetoes, establish lower federal courts, approve presidential appointments, and ratify treaties

Stages of writing

Pre writing: gather ideas and details, this can be done through research, brainstorming, or note-taking, then they will begin to select and organize these ideas and details through techniques like outlining and webbing. During this phase, the writer will also develop a purpose or thesis. Writing: communicates and fleshes out the ideas outlined during prewriting. Along the way they may develop new ideas. During writing, the writer implements convention such as paragraphing, utilizes appropriate vocabulary, and attempts to create a cohesive flow through the use of transitions. The specific conventions utilize will depend on context and genre. Revising and editing: (revising) a writer will attempt to clarify and refine the purpose or thesis as well as the supporting details. (Editing) a writer will examine organization, transitional phrases, point-of-view, word-choices, etc., lastly they will proofread their work to ensure that conventions of language have been properly applied.

Stages of Second Language Acquisition

Preproduction: period when second language students begin to internalize the English language. Students have minimal or no language and comprehension skills. Early production: a period when students have limited comprehension and language skills, but can speak familiar one or two word responses. Speech emergence: students have increased comprehension and language abilities. Students begin to produce simple sentences and phrases, but some basic errors in grammar and speech exist. Intermediate fluency: a period when students have an advanced command of the English language and comprehension. Students combine phrases and sentences and have a good command of oral and written communication. Advance fluency: Students have competency in English oral and written communication. Students should be participating fully in grade-level classroom activities.

Fall of the Roman empire

Problems such as political instability, mercenary armies, inflation, excessive taxation, decreased agricultural production, and division over the rise of Christianity weekend the Roman empire, and continuous barbarian invasions eventually devastated Rome. (It over expanded which made it hard to control and they didn't have the armies to keep people in line.) (So they would hire mercenaries (people who were paid to fight, no loyalty) to pay for the armies they had to raise taxes, they also had agricultural problems. (Bit by bit over about a century the barbarians picked apart the Roman Empire.) once it fell it was the end of the ancient civilization and the start of medieval times/Middle Ages) (the eastern Roman Empire continued after this but the western Roman Empire is what fell.) The fall of Rome in the late 400s AD marked the end of ancient civilization.

The French Republic

Prompted by Louis Philippe giving up his throne, this was a new era of liberalism in France. Measures enacted included freeing slaves, granting all males the right to vote, abolishing capital punishment, the establishment of national workshops, and the enactment of a 10-hour workday in Paris.

Mechanics

Proper letter formation, the spelling of high-frequency words, and sight words.

Class distinction in colony less rigid than England. Strong middle class emerged. Most prevalent religion: __________. Single, established church not practical in America. Decline of _____________led to greater religious tolerance

Protestant Puritanism: a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that sought to "purify" the Church of England of remnants of the Roman Catholic "popery" that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Puritans became noted in the 17th century for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that informed their whole way of life, and they sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. Their efforts to transform the nation contributed both to civil war in England and to the founding of colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life.

Theodore Judah

Railroadman from Connneticut who was the first serious dreamer of a transcontinental railroad. He created a partnership with wealthy investors in California and founded the Central Pacific Railroad, but died before seeing his dream come true.

Islamic Government and Religion

Religious pilgramages Improved farming methods, trade and commerce led to a high standard of living, Military expansion.

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Commercial Revival

Renewal in trade/ growth in economy. No more manorialism. Expanded the social class and a true middle class emerged. Introduced banking and the Guild system.

Orthography

Representation of sounds of a language by written or printed symbols.

Consonants

Require the use of the lips and tongue to alter airflow

The last state to ratify the Constitution was

Rhode Island

The Reformation

Rift in church due to internal struggle and tension between secularism and church brought up in renaissance period. Rise of protestant faith, and more than a century of religious warfare resulted.

The Nile

River that provided for the needs of Ancient Egyptians and made their great civilization possible. Agriculture was the bases of the Egyptian Society.

Which leader oversaw the reign of terror following the French Revolution?

Robespierre

Roman Contributions

Roman laws, justice system, court system; language(Latin); Pax Roman a long period of peace that enabled free travel and trade Building Construction, engineering and road construction. architecture, literature, art, sculpture and the humanites.

King Arthur is what genre

Romance

Peter the Great

Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages, culture, and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)

Teddy Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Prize for helping end what war?

Russo-Japanese War

What states succeeded from the union before hostilities began?

S. Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, LA, MI and Texas

Spelling Development

SEMIPHONETIC STAGE-Letters represent sounds. Letter recognition may not be fully developed. Letters may be used to represent entire words (U for you). Syllables may also be omitted from writing. Writing is unreadable. Drawings are asked to be used to supplement meaning PHONETIC STAGE-Students have mastered letter-sound correspondences. Letter may be written backwards or upside-down, but phonetic spellers can write all letters of the alphabet. Irregular words are spelled incorrectly. Spelling instruction of consonant patterns, short vowel sounds, common affixes and rimes can begin in this stage TRANSITIONAL STAGE-Students have developed a small sight vocabulary and a solid understanding of letter-sound correspondences. Spelling dependency on phonics has decreased. Spelling irregular words also increases. Students may still struggle with long vowel sounds. Differentiation among student instruction should begin in this phase. CONVENTIONAL STAGE-Students should have strong sight word vocabulary recognition and ability to read fluently and with comprehension. They can deal with phonics, vowel-consonant blends, HOMOPHONES (words that sound the same but have different spelling meanings), and irregular spelling.

Types of Sentences

SIMPLE Sentence-sentence that has just one independent clauses COMPOUND Sentence-sentence that has 2 or more independent, the clauses are connected by a comma and a coordinating conjunction COMPLEX Sentence-sentence has just one independent clause and includes one or more dependent clauses COMPOUND COMPLEX Sentence-sentence has 2 or more independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause

Pronoun Cases

SUBJECTIVE pronouns are the subjects of the sentence (I, you, (s)he/it, who) OBJECTIVE pronouns are used when something is being done for or given to someone; they are objects of the action (me, him/her, them, whom) POSSESSIVE pronouns are used to denote that something belongs to someone (mine, my your, yours, theirs) If the answer is he, use WHO. If the answer is him, use WHOM.

The first mission was established in _______________.

San Diego

Established first empire of Sumerians

Sargon

Africa

Seaport and international trade gave rise to various city-states along the eastern coast where cultures such as Swahili thrived. In the African interior, Zimbabwe became a strong kingdom based on the gold trade. Western Africa was heavily influenced by Islam.

Shang Dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. Didn't emphasize religion (like modern day China)

Acquisition of Subsequent Language

Second language is L2. Pre-production (silent stage) is when the learned is exposed to the new language, but lacks skills to communicate. Body language and non-verbal expressions are used in this stage. Speech emergence comes next, where learners make simple sentences and minor grammar errors. Intermediate fluency is when students begin to gain skills in academic or idiomatic language, demonstrate higher comprehension, and make fewer mistakes in expression. Advanced fluency is achieved when speakers exhibit near-native expressive and comprehensive skills.

3 types of sentences:

Simple: 1 subject, 1 predicate simple, compound, complex I play on the ground. Jack and Jill went up the hill. The teacher is in the classroom. Compound: 2+ simple sentences joined together Only one of the seven coordinating conjunctions (and, for, but, nor, yet, so, or) can be used to connect these independent clauses. In the absence of this conjunction, you can make use of a semi-colon. Some of the examples of compound sentences are: I ran quickly, but I missed the bus. The wife cooked, and the husband cleaned the dishes. It was raining heavily so I closed the doors. There was a terror alert in the city; curfew was announced with immediate effect. Complex: main clause (subject+verb) and subordinate/dependent clause The subordinating conjunctions that connect the dependent clause with the independent clause can be words like although, though, since, therefore, whenever, wherever, when, which, so that, until, after, before, because, if, etc. Some of the examples of complex sentences are: I feel sleepy whenever I take a book. My car stopped at the school building, which was red and huge. When your doctor tells you something, listen to him fully. I wore a sweater because the weather was too cold. Compound-Complex: has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. He went to the market | because he needed more milk, | and | then he made pudding. Kate doesn't like cartoons because they are loud, so she doesn't watch them.

Pragmatics

Situational context, verbal tone, body language, knowledge and belief of the speaker, and the relationship between the speaker and the listener are all factors that can contribute to how the meaning of a word, clause, or sentence is interpreted. (All the factors besides the words themselves)(ex: "he's a nice guy" said sincerely; "he's a nice guy said sarcastically) *most language learners develop intuitive sense of these rules through observation. The rules of this can vary greatly between cultures. (Ex: how close you stand to someone when you speak to them, standing too close in some cultures is rude and in others its normal)

Feudalism

Someone pledges military services for land(land was called a fief) (a vassal's/knight pledge to serve a lord was in exchange for a fief) (a lord and vassal would pledge their fealty in a ceremony called homage.) (when a vassal died, his fief would typically pass to his eldest so, a system called primogeniture; but only if the son took over the vassal's duties.)

Pronoun

Something that stands in place of another noun (ex: I, he, she, it, they, him, her)

Phonemes

Sound or a group of sounds that differentiate one word from another in a spoken language.

1565 St. Augustine, Florida

Spanish established fort there

1610 Santa Fe, New Mexico

Spanish established fort there

Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Sparta

Sparta was a totalitarian(government controls all aspects of citizens lives) city-state ruled by a king. Spartan culture was highly militaristic, and emphasized physical and mental strength above all else, practicing eugenics(good genes/killing off the weak/breeding their people) to ensure physical superiority. Spartans did, however, give greater rights and liberties to women than any other city-state in Ancient Greece. (Had a much smaller population then Athens)

___________________ became the first great Christian philosopher. He wrote- Confessions, and City of God

St. Augustine

Early Transportation and Communication

Stagecoach 1861- telegraph lines Transcontinental railroad

KKK

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

Stanford, Huntington, Crocker, Hopkins (Investorsn and proprietors of Transcontinental Railroad which changed CA commerce and had significant economic impact on the future of CA; at first an economic depression from cheap goods from the midwest flooding the marketplace, but later a boom in the 1880's)

Stanford, Huntington, Crocker, Hopkins (

Implications of Teaching Reading Comprehension in the Classroom

Strategies for teachers to help students improve reading comprehension (first 4 are primary strategies): -ask questions about the text they are reading -ask students to summarize parts of the text -help students clarify words and sentences they don't understand -ask students to predict what might occur next in the text -talk about the content -model, or "think aloud," about their own thinking and understanding -lead students in a discussion about text meaning -help students relate the content of their reading to their life experiences and to other texts they have read

Rime

String of letters that follows the onset

Defining features of text in 6th-8th grade

Structure grows and complexity. Comprehend multiple levels of meaning, perspectives and themes. Ability to identify and comprehend implicit purpose, figurative meaning, and perspectives unlike one's own. Gradual growth within this grade range. (Ex: man in slavery)

Defining features of text for 2nd-3rd grade

Structure is simple, related in chronological order, and in a common genre with everyday experience or clearly fantastical plots. Ability to identify and comprehend explicit purpose, single complex theme OR simple, multiple themes and perspectives. Introduction to literacy devices, figurative meaning, and perspectives unlike one's own. Gradual growth within this age range. (Ex: camel story)

Derivational Relations Stage

Students learn how spelling relates to meaning.

Monitoring Comprehension (text comprehension classroom activity)

Students who are good at this know when they understand what they read and when they do not. They have strategies to "fix" problems in their understanding as the problems arise: -Identify where the difficulty occurs -Identify what the difficulty is -Restate the difficult sentence or passage in their own words -Look back through the text -Look forward in the text for information that might help them to resolve the difficulty

Phonology

Study of how speech sounds in a language are organized to make words. These patterns of sounds include the study of- PHONEMES-single units of sounds SYLLABLES-vowel sounds heard within a word STRESS or ACCENT-emphasis on a sound or syllable within a word INTONATION-variation of tone or pitch in words PHONETICS-study of isolated sounds in words Phonology-studies how sounds change in syllables, words, and sentences Phonetics focus on a single speech sound.

Morphology

Study of words. It explores how words are formed using morphemes, words or parts of words that contain their own meaning (cupcake).

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. rulers forbade sea travel to foreign lands rulers launched campaign to stamp out remnants of Mongols

Preposition

Suggests relationship between two things, can be temporal relationship in time (before, during, after) could be a spacial relationship (above, below, inside, outside) other ones like: of, by, with and for.

Conventions of common writing forms

Summaries: bullet points Letters: begin with salutations Research reports: have annotations and footnotes. (Each of these forms of writing has its own conventions)

The Fluent Reader: Reading Instruction

Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -Word-attack skills (multisyllabic words) -Decoding -Spelling and vocabulary -Fluency -Text comprehension (context skills) -Utilizing metacognition

T/F Phonemic awareness helps children learn to spell

T

T/F Phonics approach does NOT address word meaning or reading comprehension

T

T/F it is most effective when when children are taught to manipulate phonemes by using letters of the alphabet, teaching sounds along with letters

T

Islam

Te monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

Assessment

Teachers assess aural (listening)and oral (speaking) language skills through a variety of exercises such as listening/summarizing and verbally describing objects and events. In reading, teachers assess foundational knowledge through phonics, phonemic awareness, and alphabet test, and may also ask students to explain concepts of print. Further skills are assessed through contextual and non-contextual word recognition inventories and oral reading inventories. To test vocabulary, students may be asked to define words or use them correctly in a sentence. Spelling skills are tested through spelling inventories in which words are read aloud and students are asked to spell them by applying phonemic awareness, morphology, and memory/recognition skills. When assessing students, it is important to take into consideration differences in learners, including possible physical hearing and/or speech impairments, as well as relevant learning disorder such as dyslexia.

whole language approach

Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills-talking and listening, reading and writing. An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children's natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.

Telegraphic speech

Telegraphic speech is an early form of speech and can be observed when a toddler selectively omits or simplifies words in a phrase or sentence to communicate his message. (Example: "no...hot" meaning "the food is too hot to eat").

In what structure did plains Indians live?

Tepees

The Palace of Versailles

The "Theatre of politics." The nobility were required to live there by Louis XIV, beautiful architecture and gardens. Symbol of French state and power

Background to the American Revolution

The English mercantile policy discouraged colonial economic independence. Colonial concepts of political and economic freedom were key factors leading to the American Revolution. The colonies tried petitions, boycotts and other measures to try to change British actions. Colonial opposition to British actions steadily increased during this period The Dec. of Ind. stated the purposes for the colonies break with England

Slave trade

The Europeans desire for tobacco and cotton and the southern desire for cheap plantation labor, led to the African slave trade. The Europeans would sail down to Africa and buy or kidnap slaves and then bring them to the Americas, typically the south, and sell them for tobacco and cotton and then bring that back to Europe. The middle passage was the brutal and inhumane portion of the triangular trade route in which African slaves were brought to America

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Mohammad

The Founder of Islam. Muslims believe that Mohammad was God's last Prophet and that he received the word of God from the angel Gabriel.

Empires

The Frank's, in particular Charlemagne, later conquered and united much of medieval Europe. A similar region was later ruled by Otto (the first) of Germany. This came to be called the Holy Roman Empire.-governed by Germanic leader.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The French version of the American Declaration

The Heian Era

The Heian Era commenced in 794, and was a time when Japan gradually stopped imitating China, developing into a distinct new culture. The new culture mixed both Chinese and Japanese cultures, combining the faiths of China, Shintoism, and Buddhism. A new writing system called kana was simplified from the Chinese writing into a phonetic Japanese alphabet. By the twelfth century a warrior class called samurais dominated the Heian region. However, the warloads did not take over the emperor's position, but instead took a more serious lead position and became the shogun, controller of Japan's armies.

The Babalonians

The Hitties, the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and the Phoenicians. Centralized Government and advancements in algebra and geometry.

Effects of a industrialization

The Industrial Revolution took place during the late 18th and early 19th century's due to monumental advancements in manufacturing technologies. Effects of the Industrial Revolution included vast growth and improvement of roadways and waterways, urbanization, the emergence and rise of the middle class, and an increased dependence on foreign trade. Also wage labor

The Delhi Sultanate

The Islamic state founded by Turkish warriors in northern India during the 13th century.

Meiji Era

The Japanese were under a new form of government. The leader tried to end Japan's problems by modernizing, and sending statesmen to Europe and North America to study foreign ways. This helped strengthen economic and military power. The period of Japanese history from 1867 to 1912, during which the country was ruled by Emperor Mutsuhito. The Feudalism established under the Shogunates was outlawed Lords lost feudal manors, and the importance of the Samurai declined In 1876, 250,000 Samurai rebelled, but were defeated by modern weapons Buddhism declined and Shintoism rebirthed 1889 first parliament was estab.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was an early step toward written frameworks of government in what is now the United States. The compact was drafted to prevent dissent among Puritans and non-separatist Pilgrims who had landed at Plymouth a few days earlier.

Monitor and Merrimac (1862)

The Merrimac was a Confederate ship that destroyed two Union ships before it was taken out of action by the Monitor, a Union ship. This was the first battle between ironclad ships and marked the beginning of a new era in naval battles.

The expansion of slavery was a political issue prior to 1850's: _______________(1820) limited the spread of slavery _______________________ (1837) added potential slave territory to the US _________________ (1848) was criticized as proslavery, expansionist war

The Missouri Compromise Annexation of Texas Mexcian-Am. War

Russian interest in CA: 1800's Russian fur interest in Alaska pushed South. America felt threatened and came up with ___________________ to restrict European colonization in the America's.

The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Overall, what was the main impact of the mission system on Native Americans?

The Native Americans became dependent; the population was reduced by 75%

North America

The North Americans in North America would typically polytheistic and were primarily hunters, and gathers, and fishers though some farm does well. Many were nomadic. Small groups called bands typically comprised larger groups called tribes, and some tribes united to form large federations, such as the Iroquois nation. However in North America, there were no states and empires like the ones found in Central and South America. Groups adapted to the regions in which they lived, building different structures, such as long houses and earth lodges.

Phoenicians (2900 B.C.-600 A.D.)

The Phoenicians were maritime colt sure which dominated Mediterranean trade, importing and exporting a variety of goods. (They had this purple die which was very rare which made it very expensive which is why royalty is associated with the color purple). Phoenicians also developed an extremely influential alphabet.(they didn't create it but sort of adopted it from other places and made it into want it was-22 consonants) The sea is very important to them.

The Counter Reformation

The Roman Catholic Church responding to the protestantism by starting their own movement-- they stopped selling indulgences and started "Society of Jesus" or Jesuit missionaries to spread Catholic ideas.

What government group did Jackson ignore when he moved Native Am. onto reservations?

The Supreme Court

Pragmatics

The ability to engage in conversational speech (allowing time for response). Pragmatics studies ways in which the context of verbal and nonverbal communication can change the meaning of communication and comprehension. When communicating, the meaning of language can change depending upon the context, the relationship between people, and other social/cultural factors (i.e., second-language learners). Pragmatics and language development work hand-in-hand to produce meaningful language-based comprehension.

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language.

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to identify and manipulate the sounds in spoken words. Phonics. Letter-sound correspondences.

Automaticity

The ability to read and recognize a word or series of words in text accurately and effortlessly. Skilled readers use automaticity unconsciously or involuntarily when reading text.

Dawes Severalty Act

The act passed with the intent to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land.

Plot

The action or events of the story. Novels have extremely complicated plots, with multiple subplots, whereas children's literature and folktales tend to have simple plots. A plot typically begins with exposition(learn about the setting and characters), followed by an inciting incident(starts the main conflict of the story), which leads to rising action (including reversal-protagonist has upper hand, then antagonist does and back and forth- and reveals), then resolves with the climax(someone wins), often followed by a dénouement. (Some have it some don't, where the info gets wrapped up.)

Alphabetic Principle

The alphabetic principle defines the three rules for writing and speaking English: 1) letters are named with uppercase and lowercase letters, 2) each letter or group of letters (words) represents sounds(s), and 3) using the systematic relationship between letters and phonemes (letter-sound correspondence), you can decode the English language to identify, pronounce, and spell words.

Semantics

The analysis and study of meanings of words, phrases, and sentences. This is useful as a strategy in decoding to analyze the word that "sounds" correct in a sentence.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Meter

The arrangement of words in a certain rhythmic measure, based on their number of syllables and emphasis. (The beat that is created in the way it's being used) (ex: iambic pentameter-green eggs and ham) Structural principles include series, contrast, and repetition. Structural units include scenes, acts, chapters, lines, and stanzas.

Articles of confederation vs. the constitution

The articles of Confederation(grouping together of states) came before the constitution and were created as a wartime document, and were too limited to serve as a basis for government. It was aimed at settling three main issues. 1. Raising an army. 2. Fund the war efforts. 3. Resolve territorial disputes. Constitution established the US government as it exists today, and attempted to protect citizens freedom through the bill of rights(the first 10 amendments) US government: •legislative branch- comprised of congress-is bicameral(two houses)(we have two because in the House of Representatives it's based on population and in the senate it's based on two representatives for each state) (The legislative branch makes the laws) •Executive branch-President and his cabinets(The executive branch enforces the laws) •judicial branch-supreme court and all the lower courts(did judicial branch interprets the laws) (A Bill can get passed by both the House of Representatives and the Senate and get passed down to the president, if he approves it it becomes a law if he doesn't want to he has veto power. If he vetos it, the bill gets passed back and now they need 2/3 to override the president-they originally only need 50% to pass it to the president. They have this system of checks and balances so that each branch has an advantage over the other so that no one branch becomes too strong. The legislatively check is veto, the executive check is legislation can impeach him, the judicial check is that the executive can appoint the Supreme Court justices, but if the legislation doesn't agree they can ratify it. The judicial can throw out a law even if it was passed by the legislative and the executive if they think it is unconstitutional (Marburg vs. Madison is what set up this judicial review)

California's major economic activities

The basic history and geographical locations of California's major industries: •mining-California was a big place for gold and silver. •agriculture-central valley is the biggest and supplies lots of states •entertainment- climate was a big reason why they picked SoCal •recreation-Disneyland, knots berry farm, sea world, state parks like Yosemite, San Diego, lots Angeles, SF •aerospace-rockets, bowing, (it struck a blow in the 70s •electronics- major producer of microchips •international trade-port of Los Angeles to Asia (single busiest trade route in the world)

English Common Law

The basis of a court system for justice. The essence of English common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent to the facts before them.

Babylonian structures

The center of Babylonian (and Sumerian) cultural and religious life was the ziggurat, a tremendous architectural achievement. Ziggurats served as temples, store houses, and meeting places. They were built out of stone, they had flat tops. They would have open air markets on the roof.

Conflict

The clash between the protagonist(who we are rooting for) and antagonist, whose goals or desires are in opposition. Types of conflicts include: man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. self, and man vs. the supernatural

The Early Middle Ages

The collapse of Rome and sweeping advances of Germanic and Viking raiders, Europe entered a time of chaotic political, economic, and urban decline A struggle back toward stability.

The Holy Roman Empire

The collection of Papal states directly under the control of the Pope. Included lands in Italy, Germany, France, Spain, and England.

Thomas Gage (British)

The commander of all British troops in America during the early years of the war.

Syntax

The examination of various ways that words combine to create meaning, the study of how sentences are formed, and the pattern or structure of word order in sentences

Sugar Act of 1764

The first act that Parliament passed that raised taxes on the colonies. Indirect tax on imported foods from the West Indies. Colonists became so angry that Parliament lowered the duties. It was to help pay for the French and Indian War but was taxation without representation

Basics of capitalization

The first word of a sentence, and proper nouns, are always capitalized. (Certain words, like mom can serve as both a common noun and a proper noun, depending on context, and should be capitalized accordingly. (If you are using mom in replace of her name it should be capitalized.

Japanese Internment Camps

The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", inland detention camps, in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

The Renaissance

The great rebirth of acrt, literature, and learning in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries which marked the transition from the medieval to modern periods of European history., A new way of thinking. Which laed to future reforms for the catholic church and ultimately different religons

Hittites

The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire and were responsible for two technological innovations--the war chariots and refinement of iron metallurgy.

The alphabetic principle

The idea that sounds used in oral speech are represented by written symbols, and that the symbols can be combined to form units of speech such as words. The alphabetic principle applies to many modern languages, including English, but sounds, and the way they are represented symbolically, may still very between these languages. * The Chinese use logographic, which means their symbols represent a meaning

Laisssez Faire

The idea that the government should not play an active role in regulating the economy.

What was the beginning of Muslim and Hindu strife in India?

The invasion of India about 1200 AD by Turk and Afghan Muslims

Manchu Dynasty (Qing)

The last imperial dynasty of China. Ruled from 1644 until 1911. The Manchu imposed their will by force- men forced to have the same haircut. People were submissive to the state. China was exposed as weak at turn of 20th century (Opium wars, Sino-Japanese War, Boxer Rebellion) and had an underdeveloped economy. They attempted to modernize in 1900 and have contact with West but it was too late. They were taken over in 1911.

English Parliment

The legaslative body of england (lawmaking), two houses: house of lords and house of commons

The Congress of Vienna

The meeting of representatives from each of the nations in the Quadruple Alliance. Its purpose was to draft a peace settlement by redrawing Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France. It succeeded in constructing a settlement that wouldn't spark a war.

The Great Migration

The migration of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for jobs Mexicans too

Effects of the mission system

The mission system had a significant impact on early California, both religiously( they wanted to spread Christianity to the native people) and economically.(they also wanted to exploit the native people as free labor for agriculture which they hoped would produce economic growth for Spain) (didn't work) (once Mexico won their independence from Spain they abolish the mission system) Other Spanish and Mexican settlements included pueblos(little town), presidios(fort/jail), and rancheros(land that used to be for the mission system) California became a Mexican province in 1822, after Mexico won its independence from Spain. Mexico sent a series of governors to California, including Manuel Victoria, who ruled with a strong hand. Many Californians, such as the group led by pio pico, rebelled against having their affairs dictated by outsiders.

The House of Commons

The most of the power lies on the shoulders of the House of the Commons. The Commons is elected by the people. The commons grant money, and is the law-making body in the british government.The commons pick the Prime Minister.

Star Spangled Banner

The national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key, inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry, during the War of 1812

Chaldeans

The new Babylonians, their king was king Nebuchadnezzar. Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine Dev. advanced government bureaucracy architecture: hanging Gardens of Babylon

Antecedents

The noun to which a pronoun refers; it needs to be written or spoken before the pronoun is used. PRONOUN REFERENCE means that the pronoun should refer clearly to one, clear, unmistakable noun. PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT agreement refers to the need for the antecedent and the corresponding pronoun to agree in gender, person, and number.

Sumerians (4000-2300 BC)

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform (first writing), and religious conceptions.

Effects of immigration

The promise of jobs following the Industrial Revolution 19th century, which in turn led to a renewed sense of nativism(this was the belief that the people who moved to a place, in this case the US, were natives and that the next group of immigrants were encroaching on their land). Nativist policies in the early 20th century led to legislation such as the Chinese exclusion act(excluded people from China to be able to immigrate to the United States) and the gentleman's agreement(hand shake agreement between Japan and US where US said they wouldn't create an exclusion act like they did with the Chinese but the Japanese had to agree to prevent their people from coming to the United States)

Rhyme

The repetition of a specific sound in two words, usually at the end-sound. They may be internal(within a single line of a poem words rhyme with one another or external(a word at the end of one line rhymes with the word at the end of the next line), and can sometimes take the form of slant rhymes(sounds are similar in two words but don't exactly rhyme).

Alliteration

The repetition of certain sounds to achieve an effect. Alliteration may take the form of assonance(vowel sounds and internal sounds are repeated) or consonance (ex: sally sells sea shells by the sea shore)(that s sound is alliterated)

Phonology

The rule system within a language by which phonemes are sequenced, pattern, and uttered to represent meanings. (can also mean the study of this rule system)

Pronunciation

The same letter, or group of letters, can often represent multiple phonemes. in the case of vowels, these may be referred to as Long and short sounds. The rule of pronunciation often depend on placement. (Dipthongs: oa, ou, oo) *may ask which is the most consistent

(Renaissance) science, literature, exploration, and religion

The scientific revolution marked great advances in science, including the birth of the scientific method. Scientists of this area included Copernicus(idea of a heliocentric solar system/ solar system where planets orbited the sun) and Galileo.(father of modern experimental science, pushed for the ideas of Copernicus) Renowned writers of the. Included Shakespeare([in England] famous for writing plays like hamlet, and Macbeth), Cervantes(a spaniard who wrote things like Don Quixote), and Machiavelli([italy]famous for writing the Prince-how rulers should rule.) The renaissance was also an age of exploration with explore such as Columbus(first to set up lasting settlements in the new world, Americas), da Gama(Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around Africa to India, started establishing those trade routes by sea), Magellan(first person to sail around the whole world, sailed from Spain) Many changes and conflicts took place in the church, including the Protestant Reformation(led by Martin Luther and John Calvin seeking to reform the Catholic Church (luthern, Calvinism))(the catholic had a counterreformation known as the Jesuits)

Connotative

The secondary meaning associated with the word. These meanings can be linked to the words historical usage as well as the context in which it is being used. (Ex: comrade has a negative association-relates to communists; ally has a positive association)

Class Division

The separation of people into different social groups like lower class, upper class. Clergy & nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans wer the work force and serfs were tied to the land.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of the word (each vowel and consonant sound is a phoneme)(every phoneme has a different manner in which it is articulated)

Idiolect

The specific speech habits of an individual speaker or writer, which are often marked by peculiarities of language, grammar, or pronunciation.

Morphology

The study of meaningful units of language and how their patterns of distribution to the forms and structure of words

Etymology

The study of the historic and cultural origins of words. It can lend clues to a words correct spelling, and can also affect a words denotative and connotative meaning.(The history of how a word comes to mean what it means.) (Ex: horseradish: it used to be called merradish: mer meaning sea in French, and an intruding group of people came and thought they were saying mare-radish; mare meaning horse so they started to call it horseradish and then other people caught on and now that's it's name)

Etymology

The study of the historical and cultural origins of words

Semantics

The study of the meaning of words, clauses, and sentences. Meanings are constantly evolving, and vary among cultures, ages, social groups, and geographic regions. (Ex: how adults use a word may be different than how a teenager uses it.)(what cold means can different to people living in different places)

Syntax

The study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences and the patterns by which words are combined to form phrases. (Ex: "l ran quickly to get out of the pouring rain" is made up of various parts of speech, all organized according to the rules of syntax so that the meaning of the sentence is clearly conveyed.)(can be different in other languages. Ex: the White House / the house white)

Morphology

The study of word formations. The analysis of the structure of words, word stems, and affixes. A morpheme is a unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller elements, such as the word book.

What major discovery did Copernicus make?

The sun is the center of the solar system

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Conjunction

These are vital words that connect words, phrases, thought, and ideas. COORDINATING conjunctions are the primary class of conjunctions placed between words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that are of equal grammatical rank (for, and, but, nor, or, yes, so) SUBORDINATING conjunctions connect 2 unequal parts, 1 main (independent) and other subordinate (dependent).

What role did African Kingdoms play in slave trade?

They captured and sold African slaves

Why did the Samurai revolt in 1876?

They had lost power and were forbidden to wear their swords

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Paul Revere and William Dawes

They rode through the countryside warning local militias of the approach of the British troops prior to the Battles of Lexington and Concord, although Revere was detained by the British shortly after setting out, and never completed his portion of the planned ride. Thanks to the advance warning, the militias were able to take the British by surprise.

The remedial reader

Third to eighth grade (Students who do not demonstrate reading competency): The key approach to successful reading programs is preventive rather than remedial while understanding that there is a full range of learners in the classroom. Students who are struggling to read are taught from the same systematic framework taught in the early grades of successful readers. Reading instruction includes reteaching all of the modalities taught as a "beginning reader" listed above and emphasizing: -assessment of identified reading weakness -teaching explicit strategies based on diagnosis -linking instruction to prior knowledge -increasing instruction time -dividing skills into smaller steps while providing reinforcement and positive feedback

Bureau of Mines

This organization was set up by Taft to control mineral resources. It rescued millions of acres from exploitation and protected water-power sites from private development. This was one of his praiseworthy accomplishments that were overshadowed by his blunders.

The War of the Roses

This war was between Aristocrats and Nobles. The Nobles wanted to control the throne so the first Tudor King, Henry VII took the throne in 1485. He abolished the Noble's private armies.

Ninety Theses

This was the letter Martin Luther wrote to Archbishop Albert which explained that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance.

The Age of Pericles(460 BC-429 BC)

This was the peak of the strength of the cultural and military power of Athens. During this time period there are many philosophers, including Socrates and Plato. This is also the time of the drama and many new advances in science, including Pythagoras, Democritus and Hippocrates. This is also when the Parthenon was built.

Vygotsky's second language acquisition theory

Thought development is determined by language. Language is not just an instrument of communicating one's knowledge, it is at the center of all learning experiences. Language is a powerful tool that shapes all thoughts and perceptions. Without the language of words, thoughts and perceptions would not exist.

Akbar

Took thrown in 1560. The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal/Mongol rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.

How to Calculate Fluency

Total words read - errors = words correct per minute 1. Select 2 or 3 brief passages from appropriate grade-level material (regardless of students' instructional levels). 2. Have individual students read each passage aloud for exactly 1 minute. 3. Count the total number of words the student read for each passage. Compute the average number of words read per minute. 4. Count the number of errors the student made on each passage. Compute the average number of errors per minute. 5. Subtract the average number of errors read per minute from the average total number of words read per minute. The result is the average number of words correct per minute (WCPM). 6. Repeat the procedure several times during the year. Graphing students' WCPM throughout the year easily captures their reading growth. 7. Compare the results with published norms/standards to determine whether students are making suitable progress in their fluency. Example: According to one published norm, students should be reading approx. 60 words per minute correctly by the end of 1st grade, 90 to 100 by the end of 2nd grade, and 114 by the end of 3rd grade.

Effective Transitions

Transitions let the reader know that a writer is changing the topic.

The _______________ ENDED THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.

Treaty of Paris 1783

With which countries were Great Britain and France Allied during the Crimean War?

Turkey

In 1200 AD, Muslims (__________and_____________) invaded India from the ______________. By 1320, controlled all but the __________

Turks and Afghans North South

Analyzing sentence structure and function

Types of sentence: Declarative: to declare something. (I am going to the store Interrogative: question (are you going to the store?) Imperative: tells someone to do something; it is imperative that you do this thing (please go to the store) Exclamatory: exclamation (wow that's a really cool store!) *variations in sentence structure and purpose can make writing more interesting.

Grant Presidency

US Grant wins Republican nomination in 1868; Congress hopes he can get things on track as a strong leader; alas scandal and corruption plague Grant's Administration, lack of political experience makes him unable to control other politicians. Indian wars continue.

Greece

Unlike regions such as Mesopotamia and Egypt, Greece was hilly, and not ideal for farming, which led Greece to become a seafaring culture that dominated the Aegean Sea, and to a large extent, the Mediterranean. Tales of seafaring journeys and battles are common in Greek literature, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey, written by Homer. Religiously, Greeks were polytheistic, with a complex mythology surrounding their gods. Some of the most important gods included Zeus(God of Thunder and lightning; king of the gods), Apollo(Zeus' son), Athena(Zeus' daughter, goddess of wisdom), Aphrodite(goddess of love), Hades(god of the underworld) and Ares(God of war)(the gods were very petty and human in behavior) There were several early civilizations in Greece, such as the Minoans and Mycenaeans. During its classical era, Greece was dominated by powerful city-states(rules itself) such as Athens and Sparta. (The Parthenon was the temple to Athena-The patron goddess of Athens)

Mood

Used to show the speakers feelings about the subject matter INDICATIVE mood-state facts, ask questions, or state opinion IMPERATIVE mood-state a command or make a request SUBJUNCTIVE mood-express a wish, or opinion, or a hope that is contrary to fact-

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Hundred Years War

War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. Mostly fought in France (Joan of Arc led the French to great victory, but burned at stake at age 19. Chaucer wrote: The Canterbury Tales

Indian wars of post-Civil War period

Wars that resulted from the Western desire to expand; involved cycles of promises made and broken between the government and tribes; included "Chivington massacre," Battle of Little Big Horn," and "Wounded Knee". Wars finally concluded.

Quartering Act of 1765

Was an act enforced by the British on their North American colonies. It required colonist to provide adequate housing and basic necessities like food and drink to British soldiers.

Roman Society

Was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebeians (main body of Roman citizens), and slaves.

The American Revolution was fought to obtain independence. Problems of military effectiveness hindered the early colonial effort. Colonial armies were under-equipped. There was widespread opposition to fixed military terms. ____________ leadership turned the tide of battle. The ___________________________ brought needed men, money to the American cause. The _____________________ brought victory to the colonies.

Washington's French Alliance defeat at Cornwallis at Yorktown

Revolution in Production and Transportation

Watt steam engine-no longer depend. on water sources for power, Cotton gin, Coke smelting-iron prod., steamboat

The Mongols

Were United by Genghis Khan to capture all of asia, which they did except for India. Asia under Mongolian ruler till grandson of Gings (Kublai) died and there was an overturning.

African Civilizations: South of Sahara

West African savanna: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai E. African Coast: development of city-states -based on international trade and seaport cities -Swahili culture dev. its own language and thrived in the city-states -Portuguese destroyed much of E. African trade after 1500 kingdom of Zimbabwe dev. in interior -grew from iron-working settlement -huge stone structures constructed -economy based on gold trade islam stimulated new states of W. Africa and spread Islam forest states dev. strong governments -Benin grew wealthy/powerful until European contact threatened society - slave trade produced wealth for cities and expansion of slave trade extended into Africa's interior -trade, taxes, and a powerful govt. = Asante becoming strong state

Effect of the Reformation

Western Europe no longer united by religion Weakens power and influence of the Catholic Church The power of states was strenthened as was the middle class. Encourages education-people encouraged to read the bible and interpret it individually MORE RELIGIONS

Confucius

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Run-on

When a sentence has too many independent clauses that are improperly connected to each other.

Fragment

When a statement does not have a verb and subject or does not express a complete thought.

Segmenting/Segmentation

When children break words into their individual phonemes, break words into syllables and break syllables into onsets and rimes

Segmenting

When children break words into their individual phonemes, they are segmenting the words. They are also segmenting when they break words into syllables and syllables into onsets and rimes.

Blending

When children combine individual phonemes to form words, combine onsets and rimes to make syllables, and combine syllables to make words

Transitions

When considering the re-ordering of sentences in a paragraph, consider not only where a sentence is moved to, but also where it is removed from.

Setting

Where the events of the story take place, both spatially/geographically and temporally. (Time period and where)

Chinese Dynasties

Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song

China (East Asia) River

Yellow River

The Mongols ruled China as the ________ dynasty.

Yuan -ghenghis khan united nomadic peoples and conquered china -kublai khan bec. emperor of china -marco pollo opened the door to trade with china and described the mongol empire

South Africa: best known for _______people. Slaves**Europe domin. and conquest in late ____________century. Slave trade began. Slaves supported by African Kingdoms.

Zulu (conquered most of s. Africa between 1816 and 1850. 15th century

The Scientific Revolution

a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe

Donner Party

a group of western travelers who went to California but were stranded, due to snow storm. in the Sierra Nevada Mountains during winter and half survived due to cannibalism

Fugitive Slave Act 1793

a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

Turks

a new group of nomads that drove the tang armies out of central Asia and took control of the silk roads. because of this chinas economy was damaged

single possessive noun

a noun that shows ownership add: 's ex: child's sled

French Revolution

a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789 leaders of industrial and commercial classes wanted to end injustices of French monarchy. cry: "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" led to Reign of Terror against aristocracy. July 14th- falling of the Bastille Napoleon rose to power during this time of renewed social unrest

Ziggurat

a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians and was the center of community life.

Greece

a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula

India

a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia

Norm-referenced

a test is norm-referenced when students are measured in relation to other students, in other words, a "norm"

criterion referenced

a test that measures certain criteria (knowledge about a specific set of facts or skills). --if a student knows the material, they will pass the test. Results reported in percentage. A test designed to indicate how an individual performs in comparison to a pre-established acceptable criterion, rather than the performance of other students.

federal system of government

a type of government in which power is shared between the national government and smaller regional governments within the nation

War or 1812

a war between the U.S and Britain over control of North America. U.S. wins. Significance—makes the U.S. a legitimate international power. Federalists opposed the war. US victories at sea, but unsuccessful invasion of Canada Britain burned public buildings and the White House

The types of verbs are

action: runs linking: is regular: enjoy irregular: am

Grandfather Clause

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Hieroglyphics

an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

Kush Kingdom

an ancient Nubian kingdom in northern Sudan 1st African Kingdom originated around capital called Kerma constant strife between Egypt and Kush Kingdom 1700-1500 BC Egypt dominated Kush 1000 BC Capital of Kush moved to Napata 730 BC Kush defeated Egypt and established Kush XXV dynasty which united both Kush pharaohs ruled Egypt until the Assyrians forced a withdrawal More pyramids built in Kush than in Egypt, but were smaller

Ionia

area along the central west coast of Asia Minor colonized by settlers from mainland Greece from about 1000 BC. Ionian Greeks, including Homer, played a central role in the early development of Greek history and literature following the Dark Ages. Birthplace for the Hellenic Civilizations.

Thomas Aquinas

argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. leader in trying to reconcile Christian faith and logic (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

Andhra Dynasty

arose and dominated the region of India after the death of Asoka (3rd ruler of Mauryan Dynasty) in 232 BCE and internal fighting. They had a central position, profited from trade.

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

attempted to halt spread of Protestantism Catholic Church's movement that stopped selling indulgences. It created the Jesuit (Society of Jesus) order to spread Catholic ideas across the world. They initiated missionary and educational endeavors. The Council of Trent-defined doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority

Egyptians had hieroglyphics and invented the _____________

calendar

Temperance Movement

campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

Dorians

conquered the Mycenaeans, illiterate, cause the Dark Age of violence and instability

Effective comprehension strategies

cooperative learning -small groups of students work together to understand

The Assyrians

created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911-550 B.C.) -Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons. Created a centralized government, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways.

The Shogun

created during kamakura era, In theory: Emperor's military chief of staff, In reality: Actual ruler of Japan

Figures of speech/figurative language

creative or unusual comparisons made between two different things that create mental pictures; common examples of figurative language include simile, metaphor, and personification

The Qin ["chin"] dynasty (221 - 206 BC)

despite its short duration, is usually considered the origin of many of the institutions of imperial China. The founding and first emperor, Qin Shi Huangdi (usually shorted as Qin Shi Huang), has gained an ill-deserved reputation in traditional Chinese historiography because he destroyed many Confucian texts in his infamous book burning. Qin Shi Huang also standardized weight measurements, unified the Chinese script, and used conscripts to build the Great Wall. After his death, the suicide of the crown prince led to a period of incompetent rule and revolts that caused the collapse of the Qin dynasty.

Enlightenment _______________ grew out of the earlier absolutism of Louis XIV and Peter the Great; it advocated __________ responsibility to God and Church

despotism (form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power.) limited

Classic Age

dev. of great lit. and thought Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (tutored Alexander the Great after he conquered Greece) Sophocles wrote Oedipus Rex

the accomplishments of the early Japanese

dev. their own lang. and system of writing dev. lit. and poetry dev. shinto religion placed emphasis on love of nature, beauty and good manners

Sherman's March to the Sea

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

Tang Dynasty

dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria

California from World War I to 1930: WWI produced new _________________________ -wages, production, manufacturing, commerce expanded rapidly -thriving business based on:___________________ -_________________ opened in 1914-extending international links -influx of immigrants in _____ -real estate boom fueled housing industry -by 1930-CA population grown to __________ (65% growth in a decade)-now 6th most populous state -CA politics-power struggle betw. N and S, rural and urban

economic boom oil, moviemaking, fruit, nut and olive panama canal 1920s 6 million

West Africa (Ghana) estab_________-_________. 1100AD- the ______ evolved from tribes near Senegal and ______Rivers. It became Muslim in ___________. in 1400, _________ emerged as dominant state. Islam dominant in 1500, and the capital, _________, became a major center for __________ and ____________. It was overrun by __________in 1591.

estab. 700AD-1050AD (now a Muslim state) Mali Niger 1300 Songhai Timbuktu Morocco

Hugh Capet

established Capeatian rule in France, put to throne because of his weakness; made throne hereditary; Capetians had an unbroken succession for 300 years; effective beauracracy

Phrase:

expresses a thought, but doesn't have a subject and predicate required to form a clause/sentence

Jeffersonians (Democratic-Republicans)

favored a weak central government,believed that common men should hold political power, and believed debt should be payed off ASAP

Mycenaeans

first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy Defeated by Dorians 1200 BC which led to dark ages (1200-750 BC) and Trojan War (1200)

Pompey

fought civil war with Caesar and lost Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC)

free form poetry

free-verse poetry, follows no specific guidelines about rhyme, meter, or length. Tries to capture the cadence of regular speech. Some stanzas may rhyme but not in a regular scheme

Treaty of Spanish-American War

gave US Puerto Rico, Guam and the Phillipines, and Wake Island, and Hawaii

The English Language first used ________ and consists of two things: ______________ and ________________

gestures 1. thought the language conveys 2. physical sounds, writing, structure

Islamic civilization: government and religion developed framework for prosperity, trade helped to spread Islamic culture, science and arts flourished under muslim rule

government and religion developed framework for prosperity -arabs preserved cultures of pple. they conquered-religious pilgrimahes led to spread of new ideas-caliphs improved farming methods and crop yields-trade and commerce led to high standard of living in cities-military expansion served as vehicle for cultural exchange between arab and western world trade helped to spread Islamic culture -trade expanded because no taxation and strong banking practices-Ibn Battutu spread Islamic culture by traveling widely science and arts flourished under Muslim rule -poetry and philosophy common themes in islamic books

Hard verses cheap money

hard: gold, linked to something valuable, limiting inflation

Ancient Greece

incl. islands and lands surrounding Aegean Sea rugged landscape led to dev. of independ. city states. Minoan, Mycenaean, Hellenic, and Hellenistic introduced innovations in art, architecture, lit, philosophy, and govt A civilization that lasted from the 8th/6th century BCE to 600 AD. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine Era. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and Europe, for which Classical Greek is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture.

3 types of Verbals (Verbs)

infinitive: verb preceded by the word, "to"; ex: to hop participle: act like adjectives; end in: "ing", "ed", ex: the growing storm gerund: look like participles but act like nouns; ex: Running is great exercise.

1756, Mongol/Mughal Dynasty overthrown by___________________. India became a _______________ state.

internal strife and Hindu resistance divided

Phonics

is an approach to the study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent, and can also mean reading instruction which teaches sound-symbol correspondences in order to help students sound out words. Phonics and phonemic awareness are not the same thing. Phonics is a method of teaching phonemic awareness. (You teach phonics, what the child learns is phonemic awareness)

Tang Dynasty (618-907)

is considered another golden age of Chinese culture: during the Tang period important poets such as Li Bai (or Li Po) and Du Fu lived and the printing press was invented. The Tang dynasty, which reunited China after the collapse of the short-lived Sui dynasty, was ruled by the Li family and its capital was at Chang'an (modern day Xi'an). Its first ruler, like the founder of the Han Dynasty, used the title of Emperor Gaozu. Gaozu forced by his second son, Li Shimin (later Emperor Taizong), to abdicate after Li Shimin killed two of his brothers in an ambush. Despite his bloody path to power, Taizong is considered to be one of the greatest rulers in Chinese history, subjugating much of what is now western China and parts of central Asia. After his death, power came to be concentrated in the hands of Empress Wu. Empress Wu (or Wu Zetian), the only woman to become emperor of China, called her rule the "Second Zhou dynasty." Wu was a notable supporter of Buddhism and promoted the imperial examination, but succession troubles resulted in the premature end of her dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, the An Lushan rebellion (also called An Shi rebellion) wrecked the foundations of the Tang dynasty. Although it was suppressed, the An Lushan rebellion concentrated power in the hands of regional military overlords. The dynasty had a tumultuous end in 907 that marked the beginning of the Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Turkish incursions halted and Chinese influence grew to include Korea and N. Indochina Dev. civil service testing apparatus and Chinese economy improved

The American victory at Saratoga was a turning point in the war because

it got the French to recognize America, and join the war as allies

Louis XIV

king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

The Act of Supremacy (1534) marked the beginning of the English Reformation

king of england became head of church pope's refusal to annul marriage of henry viii to catherine of aragon initiated the break elizabeth i firmly established protestantism in england and estab. the anglican church

The Roman World

lasted nearly 1,000 years- extended Greek culture to western Europe, the Near East, and North Africa -Law (greatest contribution): rule of law/equality before the law, civil and contract law codes -Engineering and architecture: concrete, arch, roads (200,000 miles of roads), aqueducts and cisterns, monumental buildings (the Colosseum) -Culture: history, literature (Virgil's Aeneid, Ovid's Metamorphoses), rhetoric (the art and study of the use of language with persuasive effect) -Continued the Greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities

Indian Removal Act

law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River

Albertus Magnus

leader in trying to reconcile Christian faith and logic (c. 1200-1280) Dominican Archbishop and philosopher, known as a teacher to St. Thomas Aquinas.

Saint Anselm

leader in trying to reconcile Christian faith and logic defined theology as "faith seeking understanding"

Battle of Hastings (1066)

led by William the conqueror, the Normand's invaded and conquered England In England, a long series of battles with the Danish occurred.

Judicial Branch Powers

legislative oversight; independence guaranteed through lifetime appointments

Ancient Africans' made advances in their societies and cultures

lineage was basis of tribal organiz. religion, politics, and law were the focus of culture art and sculpture emphasized

The North had advantages in: ______________ The South had advantages in: ______________

manpower, firepower, and economic resources leadership and territory

Ziggurat

massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, center of community life-temple-storehouse-treasury

The Peace of Augsburg

officially recognized Lutherism but allowed Catholic Priests to support Catholicism.

Paring

peeling, to cut off

Phonics

phonics is a method of teaching reading and spelling that stresses symbol-sound relationships; it is used most often in beginning instruction. There is a predictable relationship between phonemes (the sounds of spoken language) and graphemes (the letters and spelling that represent those sounds in written language). The goal of phonics instruction is to help children learn and use the Alphabetic Principle (predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds.)

The Caldecott Award is for ___________

picture book

Napoleon and the First Empire: international relations

placed France against Europe Napoleon won territory from Holy Roman Empire and forced Spain to cede the LA territory to France The "continental system" was a failed French attempt to close the continent to British trade in hopes of destroying the British economy The Battle of Waterloo (1815) ended in defeat for him and ended the French empire. Napoleon permanently exiled to St. Helena

Absolutionism

political system in which a ruler holds total power. The ruler has total control and final say over their people.

The Holy Roman Empire during the later Middle Ages

pope was dominant in religious matters and monarch in secular matters continuing power struggle between papacy (the office held by the pope) and secular ruler during the late middle ages

Buchanan presidency

president before lincoln

Mission property was given to ______________

prominent Californios (Hispanic person native of California)

The cowboy reined or reigned?

reined

Neoclassicism

revival of a classical style in art or literature or architecture or music but from a new perspective or with a new motivation

Satavahana Dynasty

ruled India proper to 220 BC Buddhism less popular Brahman's gained more prominence

Early Byzantine Civilization/Eastern Roman Empire

set strategically where Europe and Asia meet-defensible borders-was a crossroads of world trade Constantine estab. Constantinople as New Rome based on trade and Roman law-lasted until 1453 AD

Canterbury Tales Prologue

setting - April, spring, begins at the Tabard Inn in London, England and moves toward Canterbury Who: people of varying social classes from all over England & Chaucer himself Why - to prepare for a pilgrimage to Canterbury to receive the blessings of Thomas a' Becket, the English martyr (formerly the Archbishop of Canterbury) Plot - Each pilgrim is encouraged to tell a tale in order to make the time go by faster as they journey to Canterbury. (2 going to Canterbury & 2 coming back) Each pilgrim draws straws to see who will tell the first story. The one who draws the shortest straw (the Knight) will tell the first tale. The pilgrims tell their tales, and it all comes to an end with Chaucer's retraction.

New England Colonies were associated with ___________and_______________. Middle colonies were associated with ______ and ___________. Southern colonies were associated with ___________, ______________, and ___________.

shipbuilding and commerce farming and commerce tobacco, cotton, and slavery

Most notable disease brought by Europeans

smallpox

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world. King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia

The Whig party opposed the democratic party's belief in______________ and instead favored a strong ____________________

states' rights national government

Railroads

stimulated the economy and created a united US.

Hamiltonian Federalists

strongly nationalistic; broad interpretation of the US Constitution,Wanted government controlled by the rich, well-born, and able, Feared undiluted democracy (the ignorant could be manipulated)

Jim Crow South

term that refers to racial segregation in the South after the Civil War

Classical Art

the art of ancient Greece and Rome, in which harmony, order, and proportion were emphasized

Anthropomorphism

the attribution of human characteristics to animals or inanimate objects

The Battle of Hastings

the battle that took place in 1066, in which William the Conqueror and Harold Godwinson fought for control of Normandy?

Industrial Revolution

the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

Proletariats

the class of modern wage laborers who having no means of production of their own, are reducing to selling their labor power in order to live

Sung Dynasty

the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279

Norman Conquest

the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the Battle of Hastings (1066)

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Sub-Saharan Africa

the part of Africa below the Sahara Desert

The Restoration Era

the restoration of the monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the wars of the 3 kingdoms. Stuart rule was restored.

French Revolution

the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Rancho Period

the time between the breakup of the Franciscan mission system and the Americanization of California that came with the end of the United States-Mexican War

Hellenistic Era (323-30 BC)

the time period following the death of Alexander during which Greek culture spread through the known world time of great scientific and math dev. Archimedes discoveries Euclid wrote Elements ended in 30 BC like Egypt, Rome took over

What was the status of Nat. American Indians during the rancho period?

they were indentured servants

Songhai

this group from the east of Mali built up an army and extended their territory to the large bend in the Niger River near Gao whic became the capital of their empire.

Plebian Assembly

this group was formed in 300 BC and was composed of the lower class; had power to elect tribunes who could veto the action of the Senate

What were the stated reasons for the crusades?

to force Muslims from the Holy Land

Sparta developed a _____________ and ____________ depend. on slave labor to sustain its agricultural system

totalitarian militaristic state

Mohabharata

verbal tradition around 1,000 BC describes war hero- Krishna Most significant impact- frequent descriptions of correct conduct and belief describes how soul remains immortal through transmigration-successive occupation of many bodies

Assyrians

very harsh people who exploited the use of iron weapons to build their Mesopotamian empire, which lasted less than 100 years. they had a king with absolute power Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire Also had postal service, extensive library, and highway system

The ______________invaders pillaged the coasts of Europe in the 8th century. 1. the ________-major invasions of england 2. ____________-estab. the english kingdom after stemming the Danish invasions 3. in france. the Carolingian king forced to cede normandy to the vikings

viking/norse danes alfred the great

Modoc War

was an armed conflict between the Native American Modoc tribe and the United States Army in southern Oregon and northern California from 1872 to 1873. It was the only Indian War in CA

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

was founder of the Holy Roman Empire (760) and considered the ideal ruler built an empire in Europe greater than any known since ancient Rome from 771-814 He halted a Muslim advance in what is now France.

Immigration to US after 1880

went up, to urban areas, from E. and S. Europe Urban gangs and crimes common

Pharaohs

were the rulers of Egypt, believed by their people to be descended of the sun god.

Identifying types of phrases

when trying to identify the type of phrase, look for the most important word in the phrase, called the head word. Typically, this will coincide with the function of the phrase. Examples: "Full of bubbles" the head word is bubbles which is a noun so this is a noun phrase "Over the hill" the head word is over, this is usually used to say someone is past something, obstacle, age... So this is a prepositional phrase "Jump up and down" the head word is jump so this is a verb phrase. Occasionally, a phrases headword will not coincide with its function. So also think about how the phrase would be used in a sentence before deciding on its type. Example: "The rich" this could be referring to a group of people, an object like chocolate, so it is a noun phrase but there are no nouns in it. the is an article and rich is an adjective (it is typically used to describe something)

Verbals:

words that appear to be verbs, but are acting as some other part of speech (noun, adjective, adverb)

Homonyms

words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings (sale/sail)

Literary Terms

words that we use when we discuss, classify, analyze, and evaluate poetry, short stories, novels, and poetry Allegory Anthropomorphism Connotation

Renaissance—Rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman Culture

works of greeks and romans reconnected europeans with ancient heritage emphasis on humanism secularism ("indifference to, or rejection or exclusion of, religion and religious considerations.) -writings of greek and roman philosophers and commentaries on their works -free politics and governance from church control realism (unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life.Realism rejects imaginative idealization) and formalism (school of literary criticism and literary theory having mainly to do with structural purposes of a particular text. It is the study of a text without taking into account any outside influence.) -art emphasized lives of everyday people; realistic rather than idealized depictions -architecture based on greek and roman forms

Athens became a _____________ and _________________

world commercial center cosmopolitan city

The Wealth of Nations

written by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Collaborative discussions

•Public communication/teacher-led discussion: larger audience; important to take control of surroundings as much as possible. Less personal; less collaborative. Message must be clear and succinct. •Small group communication: more open dialogue; must set the expectations for both listening and interacting with speaker(s). •Dyadic communication: more personal; opportunities for dialogue and feedback. Set expectations for roles as both listener and speaker