Cultural Anthropology Final

According to Guest and lecture, in which of the following areas do we see whiteness privileged in the United States? employment rates criminal sentencing patterns infant mortality college enrollments rates of police brutality all of these

all the above

According to the film "Kumu Hina", which of the following are correct? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>> 1) the true meaning of "Aloha" is having love and respect for all people. 2) Many Native Hawaiian adults were not able to learn about and practice many aspects of their native culture in school due to a legacy of colonialism. 3) People who self-identify with a third gender have experienced ridicule in the 1990s, but a revitalization of Native Hawaiian customs and practices are influencing new generations to be accepting of all people regardless of socially constructed difference. 4) That all Hawaiians should conform to either masculine or feminine gender.

1, 2, 3

"For historical and religious reasons, Jewish women in Israel feel great pressure to reproduce the family and the nation." How is this ideal encouraged in Israeli policy? Select all that apply.

National health insurance subsidizes assisted reproductive technologies. Family planning services to prevent pregnancy are not promoted. Israel has more fertility clinics per person than any other nation.

In his book, Chagnon suggested that human males' capacity to use violence enhances their attractiveness to human females, so that lethal aggression in human males is a sexually selected trait. Evidence offered for this idea is that among the Yanomamo, males who have killed multiple people have more children than do males who have not killed, suggesting that violence leads to reproductive success for males. What is wrong with this assertion, according to lecture?

The more violent males that provided this evidence were on average 10.4 years older than non-violent males, suggesting the perceived reproductive success is more about age than about violence, especially since when controlling for age violence become disadvantageous.

According to Guest chapters 12 and 13, what evidence contradicts (or goes against) Marx's idea that religion acts as an "opiate of the masses"? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

The relationship between the Zapatista movement in Chiapas, Mexico and the Catholic church, as discussed by Guest in the chapter on Religion. Buddhist monks marched through the streets of Yangon, Myanmar to protest actions of the military government, demonstrating the limits to state domination

Thinking about what you have read since the midterm, what similarities exist between the case of Jamaica's poverty portrayed in the film "Life and Debt" and the case of Haiti's poverty as discussed by Farmer in the article "An Anthropology of Structural Violence"? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!!!

They both have experienced uneven development, since they are both "peripheral" areas and have been "underdeveloped" due to colonialism and slavery. Although Jamaica's independence was much more recent in comparison to Haiti's, shortly after independence, unequal trade relationships were set up that helped the "core" areas of the global north instead of helping Jamaica or Haiti. They both demonstrate that history can profoundly affect the present and that in order to gain a better understanding of the present in any context, one must understand the past.

Why did the professor film some clips in a forest? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>

To demonstrate that evidence of the forager life of humans is all around you, if you look for it. To provide an example of an egalitarian society, showing the bedrock mortars of the ancestors of the Maidu Native Peoples. To provide an example of an ancient forager lifestyle that practiced reciprocity in our own backyard.

Which of the following are considered forms of ethnomedicine? Select all that apply.

amchi medicine in northern India biomedicine in the United States spiritual-based healing in Hmong societies Chinese medicine in the United States

A Shipibo shaman uses Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic drink brewed from roots and leaves found in the rainforest, to treat spiritual and psychological maladies. Researchers interested in studying its effectiveness are studying:

ethnopharmacology

A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?

father's

"A set of cultural ideas about men's and women's essential character, capabilities, and value that consciously or unconsciously promote and justify gender stratification" is known as which of the following?

gender ideology

In the film "Bending the Arc" Paul Farmer and the co-founders of Partners in Health advocated for recognizing the power of poverty in impacting health outcomes. What would Guest call this approach?

Critical medical anthropological approach

Which statement is at the core of the American Anthropological Association's statement on ethics?

Do no harm

Anthropologists have recognized that Western biomedicine draws heavily on:

Enlightenment values of rationality, individualism, and progress

As portrayed in the film The Linguists, how is the language Kallawaya from Bolivia passed on?

From one generation of males to another.

What two countries make up the island of Hispaniola?

Haiti and the Dominican Republic

In discussing challenges associated with building a sense of nationhood, your chapter presents the question "Are there any Iraqis in Iraq?" What contemporary reality is the source of this question?

Iraqis are deeply split along ethnic affiliations, holding these allegiances as a priority over nationhood.

Countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are among those that have offered increasingly generous social benefits to their populations by way of redistributive policies. What is the most likely result of this kind of action by the state?

It may help narrow stratification.

Bridewealth is prevalent in many African societies and parts of the Middle East and frequently means that the groom's family gives cattle, cash, or other goods to the family of the bride-to-be. What is the goal of bridewealth?

It stabilizes the marriage through establishment of mutual, vested interest.

According to the textbook, what is happening to human languages worldwide?

Languages are being lost at the rate of one every ten days.

According to the author, what conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?

Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations.

What culture is being analyzed in "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema"?

North Americans in the 1950's.

In the film "Tribal Wives" the featured Maasai are what kind of society?

Pastoralist society (animal herders)

In the film "Tribal Wives" the featured Maasai practiced what kind of marriage arrangement?

Polygyny

How are today's privatization programs, often associated with neoliberalism, an unsurprising result of Adam Smith's perspective on economic growth?

Smith's belief in laissez-faire—"leave it alone"—economics calls for a free market, which must itself be a private market.

Why was Karl Marx's argument that capitalists increased their wealth and not their money by extracting surplus labor value from workers a correct analysis?

Surplus labor value was not a tangible asset but a gain from the work of others.

What did Rickford and Rickford conclude in their study of "Spoken Soul"?

That African American English (also known as Ebonics) is in wide use by African Americans in a variety of settings and is used to represent their culture, history, and worldview as distinct from "white" culture and ways of speaking.

As mentioned in the film The Linguists, one of the greatest challenges to the survival of tribal languages in India is:

The instruction of English in boarding schools.

According to the articles, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves", before the 1960s what were historians (and social scientists) missing when examining other "traditional cultures" in "third world" countries?

The way these "cultures" were deeply affected by larger historical processes and their unequal relationship with the capitalist world system.

Transgender individuals are common in many Native American groups. Which of the following terms is most appropriately used today to describe such individuals?

Two-Spirits

The "invisible knapsack" refers to ________________.

a set of unearned advantages that most white people retain in contemporary society

Since the 1600s, there has been an influx of many different nationalities into the United States. What do many of today's immigrants experience after they gain entry?

assimilation pressure

According to Horace Miner, what cultural value has a profound influence on Nacirema life?

attitudes about the body

Immanuel Wallerstein's modern world systems analysis sees nations and regions as divided into different groups in terms of economic dominance. These include core, semiperiphery and periphery groups. One defining characteristic that is applicable to the periphery group is

cheap labor.

Anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer took many steps to improve health conditions in the rural community of Cange. What was one of the most important first steps?

conducting a health census of the community

Many in the United States believe that poverty results from a lack of motivation and a poor work ethic. Given this belief, it might be surprising to realize that many people who work full time are

considered to be poor.

The economic forces of globalization have

decreased the number of manufacturing jobs in the United States.

In India, the compulsory practice of a bride's family providing gifts to the groom's family upon marriage was outlawed in 1961, as it led to multiple cases of domestic violence. This practice was best known as which of the following terms?

dowry

Which of the following terms refers to the process of learning culture?

enculturation

Croat attempts to remove Muslim individuals from a village in the former Yugoslavia (now central Bosnia) are an example of which of the following terms?

ethnic cleansing

Physical anthropologist Helen Fisher suggests that neurochemicals guide humans through which of the following experiences?

falling in love

Keynes advanced the position that capitalism works best when

government reigns in the excesses of capitalism

Chinese medicine conceptualizes qi as a type of energy found in all living things, something that must be in balance to maintain good health. According to this view, what are two things mentioned in the text that must remain in balance?

heaven and Earth

Anthropology's global approach coupled with a focus on both people and power structures also helps us understand

how all humans are connected

The author states that an average increase in the earth's temperature is a serious issue that can challenge the survival of many species on the planet and that it is due to

human activity

Itzel explains to the school nurse that her son, Tlahco, who has been listless and withdrawn in class has also been restless all night long because he is suffering from susto, a sudden fright that he got from a traumatic experience, that caused his soul to depart. What best describes Itzel's explanation?

illness narrative

Match each theoretical framework to the most appropriate example of its application. linking patient belief in a physician's recommendations to whether the physician wears a white coat linking alcoholism in urban minority communities to poor educational opportunities and subsequent high unemployment rates linking localized change in rainfall levels to malnutrition resultant from poor crop yields

interpretivist approach critical medical anthro medical ecolohy

In his 1990 article, "Confronting Anthropological Ethics: Ethnographic Lessons from Central America," Bourgois argues that anthropological ethics...

need to pay more attention to the political and economic roots of suffering among the 'poor and powerless' in order to contribute to their empowerment.

In 2010, what percentage of children in the United States was delivered surgically by cesarean section?

one-third

Much of the food the Nuer eat comes from their herds of domesticated cattle, which provide milk, blood, and occasional meat. Which of the following subsistence strategies is the group using?

pastoralism

Augusto the farmer encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human. Which type of anthropologist should he call?

physical anthropologist

"The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence" is known as:

power.

Match each ritual to the appropriate term. driver's license testing bat mitzvah baptism high school graduation

profane sacred sacred profane

People who lacked land and tools, did not control sufficient capital to build workshops, and sold their labor were considered which of the following classes of people, according to Karl Marx?

proletariat

The Ju/Hoansi of Namibia and Botswana place great value on the sharing of resources and responsibilities between group members. For instance, one successfully hunted animal will be divided among everyone in the community and even with neighboring populations. Which of the following terms best defines this system?

reciprocity

Horace Miner's goal in writing Body Ritual Among the Nacirema is to:

show that any culture can appear exotic based on how you write about it

Which of the following theoretical perspectives sees culture as a symbolic system of deep meaning?

the interpretivist approach

Which key dynamic of globalization is at work when Andre sends a text message and becomes concerned when he does not receive an immediate response?

time-space compression

The statement issued in 2004 by the American Anthropological Association noted that a "vast array of family types" all contributed to "stable and humane societies." Why did the organization issue this statement?

to support same-sex marriage

Which of the following pairs demonstrate the smallest amount of genetic difference?

two humans

In order to understand the logic of the Azande belief in witchcraft, a person must first grant that:

within the Azande world view witchcraft is a component of a highly organized, rational, and logical system of thought to explain the unexplainable and works in tandem with empirical, scientific knowledge.

The upheaval brought about by the industrial revolution led to profound changes in the nature of production and labor, as well as the displacement of people as they sought out ways to make a living in the face of these changes. French sociologist Emile Durkheim observed all of this and recognized it as

anomie

Which of the following are potential roles for medical anthropologists? Select all that apply.

establishing a public health system in central Haiti discovering how a particular disease is tied to ritual, e.g. kuru among the Fore in Papua New Guinea studying how staff attitudes affect health care delivery in a New York women's clinic

Paul Farmer's work in Haiti using anthropological tools led him to recognize that these same tools could also do what?

help doctors think about health in the broadest possible sense, instead of the idea of that health is simply the "absence of disease."

Which of the following were key elements in the "triangle trade" that emerged in the 1500s among Europe, Africa, and the Americas? Select all that apply.

sugar slaves fur

Colonialism is the practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to which of the following? Select all that apply

raw materials cheap labor markets

According to the film "Race: The Power of an Illusion", many immigrant groups in the history of the United States—such as Armenians, Czechs, the French, Irish, Italians, Greeks, Jews, and many others—have been incorporated into "white" American society. This has been described as:

a "melting pot", but only for individuals conceptualized as "white" by those in power.

The "shrine" that Horace Miner is referring to in Body Ritual Among the Nacirema is the:

a bathroom

Which of the following terms is best defined as an "economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government"?

neoliberalism

Leith Mullings argues that class cannot be studied in isolation but rather must be considered together with race and gender as interlocking systems of

power

Anthropologist Gregory Mantsios contends that the media play a significant role in hiding class stratification in the United States. His findings reveal that media focus

promotes the myth of meritocracy and egalitarianism.

The "listener" that Horace Miner is referring to in Body Ritual Among the Nacirema is a:

psychologist

In the film "The Anthropologist" shown in class, the daughter "Katie" stated on several occasions in the film she did not want to be like her mother, Susan Crate. In the end, she decided to major in...

Anthropology

As portrayed in the Jim Carey clip during lecture, Jim Carey broke what aspect of culture?

He broke a norm

All Sambia men who participate in the initiation ceremonies that involve the transfer of semen between older men and young men via oral or anal sex are homosexual.

false

An Inuit group subsists by hunting seals, caribou, and birds, and by gathering local berries. Which of the following subsistence strategies is the group using?

food foraging

The Triangle Trade that emerged in the early 1500s resulted in an unprecedented level of economic, social, and military activity between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The European effort to expand their own economic power in the Caribbean quickly proved unsustainable due to a shortage of

people

According to Max Weber, the values of self-denial and self-discipline provided the ethic necessary for

capitalism to flourish.

You are a part of a team in Austria looking for material clues as to how people behaved 28,000 years ago. To your surprise, you find this amazing Venus figurine (pictured above). You quickly flag the area of the soil where it came from and you gently place the figurine in a bubble bag, label the bag, and take it to your team leader for further analysis. What kind of Anthropologist are you?

Archaeologist

Match each term to the correct definition. descent group constructed through father's side of family kinship traced through both mother's and father's sides of family descent group constructed through mother's side of family descent measured through only one side of family (either mother's or father's)

Patrilineal ambilineal matrilineal unilineal

Why did the Bafokeng people of South Africa form the corporation known as Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc.?

They wanted to recover land taken by white settlers.

Suzman (as well as lecture) argues that these foragers insult one another's hunting skills because

it keeps them strictly egalitarian

Which of the following might be considered participant observation?

living in a Brazilian shantytown community (favela) to learn how locals cope with poverty

In the National Geographic film, "Taboo: Blood Bonds," the Mosuo of China could be classified as having what descent group according to Guest, chpt 9?

matrilineal

In the film, "Which Way Home," Kevin, the Honduran boy, left for the USA... (which of the following can complete the sentence accurately according to the film?) SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

to access better earning opportunities to take care of his mom and siblings back home. to see Manhattan. with high hopes, but once he reaches Texas, reexamines the devastatingly high cost migrants pay for their common dream of a better life in the USA.

How does the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement fit with the ideas behind neoliberal economic policies?

Neoliberalism seeks to eliminate trade barriers across international boundaries.

According to the film, "Race: The Power of an Illusion", episode one The Difference Between Us", are there any distinctive genetic markers that can define someone's race as biologically based?

No: there are no genetic markers found in one "race" that are not found in another "race".

The text tells us that early evidence of agriculture appears in numerous places around the globe, including the Indus River in South Asia, the Yellow River in China, the Nile valley in Egypt and, of course, the Fertile Crescent region in Mesopotamia. Southern Africa is notably absent, and this may be because

egalitarianism was well established and there was little need to change that.

Despite the often obvious ethnic, socioeconomic, occupational, and religious differences, and the fact that most will never meet each other, most people in the United States see themselves as members of a large community called "Americans," who share common beliefs and traditions. This demonstrates the concept of:

imagined community

Barbara Ehrenreich has suggested that the primary resource extracted from the world's poorer nations today is which of the following?

love

Karl Marx argued that which of the following played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation?

religion

In the film, How Cultures are Studied, Napoleon Chagnon studied the Yanomamo who live in the ________ forest.

Amazon

According to the film "The Linguists", what is one of the leading causes of language extinction?

Colonialism

What did anthropologist Laura Bohannan discover in her attempt to translate a classic text from English literature into Tiv?

The meaning of the story became lost, as the original meanings of the English words could not be easily translated.

A student emailed her professor at 10:45am in the morning and becomes aggravated when the professor still hasn't responded 10 minutes later. The student's expectation of immediate response may due to what dynamic of globalization?

Time-space compression

You've just spent five hours engaged in participant observation of a ritual feast and dancing in your study community. How should you record your observations?

Write detailed field notes as soon as possible.

A foreign corporation is interested in building a new factory in Bolivia and wants to know how to ensure positive interactions between local workers and corporate management. Which type of anthropologist should the company contact?

cultural anthropologist

Franz Boas believed that cultures develop in different ways because of the unique and complex sets of issues and situations that members of the cultural group face over time. This way of understanding cultural differences came to be known as:

historical particularism

The belief that culture is held together by a series of important elements such as economy, education, religion, kinship, and politics that all serve to maintain societal equilibrium is known as:

structural functionalism

According to the reading entitled, "Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the era of AIDS," prostitutes who were asked to be informants would screen Sterk to make sure she was trustworthy by

telling her stories meant to be confidential and then having others ask her questions about something related to the stories in order to make sure she kept quiet.

In the film, "Which Way Home," Kevin, the Honduran boy, would be classified as which of the following according to Guest?

A labor migrant

According to lecture, what makes anthropology different from sociology?

Time, since anthropologists spend much more time doing their fieldwork.

Which of the following animals have sex for fun as opposed to exclusively for reproduction? Select all that apply. 1) humans 2) cats and owls 3) wolverines 4) bonobos and dolphins

1 and 4

What kind of an anthropologist was Margaret Mead?

a cultural anthropologist

What percentage of the world's poorest people are women and girls?

60 %

Archaeological evidence suggests that stratification and social inequality

emerged relatively recently in human history.

Many different kinship structures send a son away (or search outside their immediate kin groups) for a marriage partner. What rule does this reflect?

exogamy

Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of ________ in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders.

kinship and family

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of Haiti's extreme poverty by Farmer in his article, "An Anthropology of Structural Violence?"

lack of farming skills

A hydroelectric dam is built in Haiti to provide electric power to those who can afford it. The Haitian citizens who had lived in the valley where the dam is built are relocated to a mountainous location that makes it very difficult for them to make a living sufficient to afford electricity. Which key dynamic of globalization does this story best illustrate?

uneven development

What was the point of the clip watched during lecture entitled "I lost my iphone"? To give an example of how technology can change cultural practices. To give an example of how cultures change due to societal acceptance (and regular use) of new discoveries and inventions. To show our culture has been changed by smartphones. All of the above

All the above

During a job interview you complement the employer's modern art pieces on the wall and comment about the artist's technique, since your parents had the same artist's work hanging up on their walls as a kid. This knowledge enabled you to obtain the job and have the same income as your parents. This knowledge is defined by Bourdieu as which of the following?

Cultural capital

DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, stated which of the following about marriage?

Marriage is the legal union between one man and one woman.

Why is the case of Lia Lee significant for medical anthropologists?

The clash between the family's beliefs and that of the physicians was a clear instance of the tensions of medical pluralism.

Today, what percentage of the world's population lives in poverty (defined by the United Nations as income of less than $2 per day)?

40%

According to Shenk, the author of the article "Can White Men Jump," only Jamaicans have the special gene variant (or allele) called ACTN3 that flushes muscles with a protein that drives forceful, speedy muscle contractions.

False

Adolf Hitler rose to power on the basis of a claim to "Aryan supremacy." The Nazi rise to dominance, however, happened largely because the Nazis leveraged and made full use of ________.

nationalism

According to Guest chapters 12 and 13, what could be used evidence to support Marx's idea that religion acts as an "opiate of the masses"? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

The power of the Fatwa Council in Egypt despite having no identifiable institutional enforcement mechanism, as discussed by Guest in the chapter on Power and Politics. The example of Bob, whose religious beliefs reflect a prizing of a good work ethic, as well as an encouragement to be content with your life, follow the rules, and be thankful instead of complaining about what you don't have, for which you would be rewarded in heaven, despite his terrible financial and working condition issues.

As discussed in lecture, what do anthropologists and other social scientists think about the terms "socialism" and "communism"? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

There are various forms of socialism around the world, ranging from authoritarian to democratic. There are no true "communist" societies in existence today (communist as defined by anthropologists). "Communism" is a way of life that does not have "a state" and/or is not entangled with one.

According to the film, "Race: The Power of an Illusion", episode one The Difference Between Us", how much genetic variation is there among humans?

Very little. Only 1 in 1000 nucleotides is different from one individual to the next and the small amount of difference there is is mostly found within any local population.

Dr. Martin's analysis of the "fairy tale" of the egg and the sperm as presented in U.S. textbooks indicates that...

cultural constructions are reinforced by "scientific" imagery that highlights perceived biological differences.

According to anthropologist Dr. Christen A. Smith, in 2014, in response to an unjust decision by the grand jury in New York to not indict a lightly-pigmented European-American male police officer for killing an unarmed darkly-pigmented African-American citizen, Eric Garner (even though medical examiners listed cause of death as a homicide and clear evidence demonstrated Garner was killed by violent tactics banned by NYPD; In addition, the officer had a history with lawsuits filed against him for racial profiling and violent abuse of power), diverse groups across the country gathered in mass both on ground and online to peacefully protest racialized police brutality and racist grand jury decisions. According to Guest, chpt 12, this gathering activity is an example of:

a social movement

The Hopi language has verb tenses that differ from those of English. Benjamin Whorf's linguistic research among the Hopi people suggested that they have:

a worldview where past and present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical.

What does Noam Chomsky's research propose about language?

All humans share a similar ability to learn language based on the way that our brains are hardwired and thus, all humans share similar ways of thinking.

In the Ted Talk "How language shapes the way we think" linked to lecture, Dr. Lera Boroditsky discusses how among the Kuuk Thaayorre, an Australian Aboriginal population, their language doesn't use words like "left" and "right," but instead, everything is in cardinal directions: north, south, east and west. For example, one would say something like, "Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg" or "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit." Thus, Dr. Boroditsky argues that this enables the Kuuk Thaayorre to be incredibly accurate when it comes to directional status and orientation, but that English speakers are terrible at this. This suggests language does shape the way you think in profound ways. support for the "Sapir"- Whorf hypothesis. All of the above. None of the above.

All the above

In the film "How Cultures are Studied" about the Yanomamo of the Amazon Rainforest, Napoleon Chagnon was interested in understanding Yanomamo culture through the perspective of the Yanomamo themselves. believed anthropologists should teach cultural relativism to not only other anthropologists and students, but to the wider world in order promote cross-cultural understanding and recognition of the beauty of all cultures. tried to live as the Yanomamo live when he was conducting fieldwork. All of the above.

All the above

Who is Mary Catherine Bateson? She is the daughter of famed anthropologist Margaret Mead. She is an anthropologist. She is the narrator of the film "The Anthropologist." All of the above.

All the above

True or False? According to all of the readings, films, and lecture this week, migration to the U.S. from south of the U.S. border is really easy and people are not scared at all to try to cross the border.

False

True or False? All of the people featured in the film "Tales of the Waria" can be clearly defined as "homosexual".

False

In the film "The Linguists", why did Johnny Hill, Jr., a Native American living on the Colorado River Indian Reservation in western Arizona, need to listen to tapes of his people's native language, Chemehuevi? Because he is one of the last remaining speakers of the Chemehuevi language. Because the Chemehuevi language is on the brink of extinction, so in order to keep it alive he needs to "communicate" in some way in his native tongue to not lose it. Because he doesn't have anyone with whom he can speak in Chemehuevi due to historical processes, such as the practice of the U.S. government forcing Native American children into English-only boarding schools and forbidding the children to speak their native languages. All of the above.

All the above

Bernice spends time each day reading online news reports from several different news agencies around the world. As a result, she becomes aware of multiple ideas and perspectives, incorporating these into her own outlook and actions. This is an example of which of the following terms?

cosmopolitanism

In 2009, newly elected president Barack Obama visited a famous eatery in Washington, D.C., and, after paying his tab, was asked by the cashier if he wanted his change. The president's reply was, "Nah, we straight." Which of the following was the president doing?

code switching

Which of the following is considered a type of magic that centers on the belief that certain materials, such as clothing, hair, or fingernails, allow power to be transferred, such as the luck of the rabbit sticking to the rabbit's severed foot?

contagious magic

The argument that, despite colonial independence, economic power differentials between industrialized nations and postcolonial nations remain largely unchanged is known as which of the following theories?

dependency theory

Hunting and gathering peoples developed a successful adaptation that promoted generosity, altruism, and sharing while resisting upstarts, aggression, and egoism, something that could only be sustained through

egalitarianism

In Azande culture the witchcraft substance known as ____ is thought to be passed down from parent to child.

mangu

In the 1950s, many economists predicted that postcolonial nations would follow the same trajectory toward economic development as industrialized nations. Which term best defines this belief?

modernization theory

In the film, How Cultures are Studied, Napoleon Chagnon believes ______ are important to study because they embody a people's world view.

myths

According to the film Secrets of the Tribe, all the anthropologists involved were responsible for the violence and death that ensued in the Amazon

False

The code of ethics developed by the AAA suggests anthropologists should never tell their informants what you are doing because it will put them in danger.

False

In some cultures, including Chinese and Indian, there is a strong preference for male children. This preference has been highlighted by what particular development?

reproductive technologies

In his article, "Confronting Anthropological Ethics: Ethnographic Lessons from Central America," the critique Bourgois levies against anthropologists that focus on the "exotic, isolated other" is that

there is no such thing as a traditional people disconnected from the outside world because the economic world system has entangled all peoples, whether directly or indirectly.

Both efforts to enforce and efforts to deviate from standard English in a school setting frequently evoke controversy. What did the introduction of Ebonics in Oakland, California, schools seek to accomplish?

to help African American children succeed in school

During fieldwork, conversational pauses or things unsaid by respondents can convey important meaning to the anthropologist. Which term is used in your chapter to describe these elements of a story that are not told or seen, or key details omitted from a conversation?

zeros

Match each example of data with the proper category 1) text of an interview with a local director of economic development 2) average community income levels, by block 3) ethnic composition of a community, by percentage 4) field notes recorded during participant observation

1) Qualitative 2) Quantitative 3) Quantitative 4) Qualitative

Which of the following expectations are commonly placed on intersexual humans in Western nations? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>> 1) They are given the option of choosing a sexual identity once they reach an age of consent (typically as a teenager). 2)_ They are seen as biologically significant, and thus held in high esteem by much of society. 3) They legally must be assigned a gender—either male or female—at birth (e.g. on a birth certificate). 4) It is assumed that they will receive surgical intervention and/or hormone treatments in order to conform to either male or female sexuality.

3 and 4

What percentage of DNA do all humans share in common?

99.9 percent

In the film, "Which Way Home," many of the children wishing to go to the US had family members already living in there. Guest would define this as... SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>

A "bridge," since for some they were able to stay with their family in the US, such as the boy who stayed with his Grandmother in Los Angeles. A "pull," since it was the main reason for deciding to go to the US for many children, such as Olga missing her mother.

Match each anthropologist with their contributions to the practice of ethnography. 1) used fieldwork to engage in public debates in the United States 2) synchronic approach sought to isolate variables 3) four-field approach, salvage ethnography 4) participant observation

1) Margaret Mead 2) E.E Evans-Pritchard 3) Franz Boas 4) Bronislaw Malinowski

Match each term with the most appropriate example of its focus: 1) fossil remains of human ancestors 2)patterns of speech in different social situations 3) material remains left behind by humans (e.g. arrowheads) 4) interactions between different residents of the same neighborhood

1) physical anthropology 2)linguistic anthropology 3)archaeology 4) cultural anthropology

You are living in a small town in the Peruvian Andes to gain a better understanding of how Andean people deal with increasing demands of the tourism industry. Your host family offers you some traditional delicacies: Quinoa and Cuy (guinea pig). Even though you had a pet guinea pig as a child, you eat the food because you are committed to living as they live. What kind of anthropologist are you?

Cultural Anthropology

The "mouth men" that Horace Miner discusses in "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema" refers to...

Dentists (oh the sexism!)

Which of the following is suggested by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Different languages influence different ways of thinking.

According to lecture, the sub-fields of anthropology never overlap.

False

True or False? According to the article by Eakin and the film Secrets of the Tribe, anthropologist Chagnon was a very humble and ethically conscious anthropologist, concerned about how people would interpret his book about the violence occurring among the Yanomama.

False

Gender differences in communication often give rise to stereotypes. A common stereotype in the United States suggests that women never seem to stop talking. How does this contradict research about men?

Men adopt linguistic strategies that help them maintain conversational dominance.

How are people in the United States connected to the people of Plachimada, India?

More Americans drink Coca-Cola than any other country in the world (with the exception of Mexico) and Coco-Cola opened up a bottling plant in Plachimada that severely affected local water levels and increased levels of pollution.

What feature of the Sora language from India did the linguists find to be so interesting?

The language uses more than just a base 10 counting system.

Why are the linguists so concerned about the Kallawaya language going extinct?

The loss of Kallawaya would mean the loss of much indigenous healing knowledge that is only passed down in that language.

Which of the following do anthropologists believe to be true?

There are no longer any undiscovered, isolated groups of humans.

How did the Russians view the Chulym language in the film The Linguists?

They viewed it as a "gutter" language.

The ability of individuals and/or groups "to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power" is known as:

agency

A company that used to be based solely in the United States moved their factories to Mexico, Guatemala, and Indonesia to take advantage of lower wages, less taxes, and less enforcement of environmental regulations in those countries. Which key dynamic of globalization is at work in this example?

flexible accumulation

When we talk about the movement of people across borders, or the movement of money from one country to another, or even the large scale import and export of goods and services, all of which has grown to an almost unimaginable scale today, what are we referring to?

globalization

Anthropologists are ethically bound to let those we study know why we are studying them, and to obtain their permission to do so. Which term summarizes this obligation?

informed consent

This group participated in movements for greater democratization in El Salvador, particularly demanding the inclusion of women at all levels of El Salvador's political decision-making bodies. They were known as the:

CO-MADRES

According to Lecture, your sex chromosomes directly determine your biological sex, so that if someone inherits XX they will always be female and if someone inherits XY they will always be male, reflecting how humans have only two biological sexes (male/female).

False

True or false? Males are the universally dominant gender in human societies. Choose the single best answer below.

False, because previous assumptions of universal male dominance were revealed to be overly simplistic in their reading of contemporary cultures.

True or False? According to the article by Yates-Doerr, "Why Are So Many Guatemalans Migrating to the U.S.?" all of the reasons for why so many Guatemalans are leaving to the U.S. is due to US involvement that happened in the distant past, not the present.

False. According to Yates-Doerr, justice is being eroded in Guatemala by the influence of the U.S., as Guatemala's president Jimmy Morales,driving in U.S. donated army vehicles, was praised by the Trump Administration when Morales announced the expulsion of the U.N.-backed International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala.

In the film, "Which Way Home," which of the following as discussed by Guest in chpt. 10 probably contributed to the "pull" to the US for the boys portrayed in the film?

How the media hides class stratification in the US by largely ignoring class in TV shows and movies.

Alfred Kinsey posited which of the following about human sexual behavior? Select all that apply.

Humans exist on a continuum between homosexual and heterosexual behavior.

The origins of the incest taboo are unclear, even after decades of careful study. One theory holds that the taboo is due to a fear of creating genetic defects in offspring. What is one argument against this theory?

Incest taboos predate any scientific understanding of human genetics, so this could not be the cause.

What is structural violence?

Indirect bodily harm exerted upon the poor and the oppressed by unequal socio-historical, political, and economic systems, such as the harm of poor health due to lack of access to quality health care.

What similarities exist between the case of the Rwandan genocide of 1994 as discussed by Guest in chapter 6 and the history of concept of "race" in the first 50 years of the early American colonies as discussed in the film "Race: The Power of an Illusion, episode 2 The Story We Tell" and in Lecture?

They both began with a divide and conquer mechanism by which colonial administrations began treating certain people differently and affording certain people rights and privileges encoded in law and enacted in society, creating new labeled groups of people. Eventually, these created groups of people began to see each other as different as well.

According to Lecture, Guest, chpt. 9 on Family, Kinship and Marriage, and the film by National Geographic "Taboo: Blood Bonds", which of the following would be correct regarding the family in the Himalayas in which one woman was married to multiple brothers portrayed in the film? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

This practice is called polyandry. This practice is considered rare in the 21st century, but was more common in ancient history and prehistory. This practice has been interpreted as a form of population control found especially in contexts in which arable land is scarce.

Curtis wants to study how teachers in an urban high school feel about administrators such as the principal and superintendent. He wants to use a hidden camera in the teachers' lounge to capture teacher comments, then, in his report, to describe how these comments differ between teachers in different disciplines such as math, English, etc. Which of the following statements would apply to this scenario? Select all that apply.

This study is not ethical because there is no plan for obtaining informed consent. and This study is not ethical because listing teacher comments according to discipline fails to preserve anonymity.

Margaret Mead's work in the islands of the western Pacific contributed which of the following to a greater understanding of human sexuality?

This work challenged the assumptions that U.S. attitudes about sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature.

According to Shenk, the author of the article "Can White Men Jump," the genes that regulate the production of melanin in the skin are not connected in any way to genes that may influence an individual's abilities, such as the ability to do well at sports, math, etc.

True

Neocolonialism is best defined as:

a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.

Anne Fadiman, author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, studied the Hmong immigrant population in the United States. What does her work suggest is one of the biggest challenges faced by this population?

a lack of English language knowledge and a lack of Hmong translators at many institutions

A group of sixth grade students dedicate their day off of school for "Columbus Day" to the Native, First Nation peoples who were decimated as a result of Columbus's "voyage" by learning about Native American cultures, customs, and histories. They use this new knowledge to build accurate models of missionization for their final California Mission Projects, reflecting native people's perspectives of the brutal history of California Missions. This is an example of:

agency

The text recounts the Arab Spring, when tens of thousands of young people across the Arab world stood up to oppose and change the governments of Egypt and Tunisia. To some extent, this opposition was successful in that these governments were either toppled or changed substantially, even if only for a few years. Similarly, in 1989, millions of Chinese stood up to their government in the Tiananmen Square protests. These protests, however, resulted in martial law, possibly the deaths of numerous Chinese citizens, and the Chinese government since has seemingly grown more powerful. And in 2007, Buddhist monks marched through the streets of Yangon, Myanmar to protest actions of the military government, demonstrating the limits to state hegemonic domination. All of these examples represent the ability to contest the state and is known as:

agency

According to Guest, chpt 6 and to the clip embedded in the lecture presentation, during the colonial period in Africa, European colonial powers redrew the political boundaries of much of Africa to suit Europe's economic needs and without regard to local ethnic, political, or religious realities. When colonialism ended, many of these new boundaries became new countries and most had groups claiming multiple ethnicities and identities within these new countries. This has resulted in: civil war ethnic conflict. genocide All of the above.

all of the above

Episode 2 of Race: The Power of an Illusion called "The Story We Tell" discussed the history of "Manifest Destiny" which is related to the origin myth of the U.S. and the creation and maintenance of nationalism. was used as justification for stealing native people's land. ultimately led to genocide. All of the above.

all of the above

Which of the following might be factors in determining a person's ethnic identification? Select all that apply. shared history hometown personal choice religion

all of them

In her study "White Weddings," Chrys Ingraham argues that the American wedding industry aids in the construction of a dominant heterosexual identity. works to teach children what they want in a partner and spouse. exacerbates inequalities of wealth through conspicuous consumption. All of these

all the above

The film "The Anthropologist" ... portrays how climate change affects ordinary people around the world. demonstrates that those who are impacted most by climate change are often people who live in less industrialized (or developing) areas and do not contribute to the problems of climate change as much as people in industrialized or post-industrial societies. reveals how ordinary people adapt to the pressures of climate change in resilient and interesting ways, which challenges the narrative that people in poorer, less industrialized regions are paralyzed, uniformed victims, incapable of recognizing their predicament and unable to help themselves. All of the above

all the above

The Nandi of Kenya and the Nuer of Sudan are examples of societies that:

allow women to marry other women.

Nigerian society does not regard homosexuality as:

an authentically African lifestyle, since it is viewed as a new trend resulting from Western neocolonial domination.

What diagnosis did the biomedical physicians first give Lia Lee of Merced, California, when her parents brought her to the hospital?

an infection

When studying the health care provided at Alpha Hospital in New York City, anthropologist Khiara Bridges documented health-care professionals referring to black women as "primitive" and stating that black women were better able to withstand pain than white women. Where did these attitudes originate?

an oral tradition within the medical profession featuring stories and folklore about black women's bodies

Which of the following are characteristics of biomedicine? Select all that apply.

applies principles of biology and the natural sciences to maintaining health characterized by use of medication, surgery, and other invasive treatments closely linked with Western economic and political expansion

April is excited to see a display of arrowheads and other stone tools in a local museum. She wants to learn more about some of the tools. Which type of anthropologist should she contact?

archaeologist

According to Suzman, traditional Ju/'hoansi ... SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

are gender equal. are environmentally sustainable. nitpicked and scrutinized one another to keep inequality in check.

Among the Azande, accusations of witchcraft... (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>)

are usually accurate because to be a witch you must have been trained from infancy and always do harm intentionally. can be proposed for individuals who do not know they are witches. are based on real social tensions. can be resolved by ritual, such as spitting a liquid in a ritualistic fashion to show remorse.

Marriage is often seen as a way to build an alliance and create new relationships between different groups. Sometimes this outcome is coincidental, but in many cases, it is accomplished intentionally through what kind of marriage?

arranged

As immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to "blend in." This was in order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and hatred. What term describes this process of "blending in"?

assimilation

Consider a used car salesperson who must be highly skilled at using words to persuade people to spend money. This illustrates that linguistic skills as a form of cultural capital:

can be converted into monetary gain.

According to the article, "Erotic Anthropology: "Ritualized Homosexuality" in Melanesia and beyond," Sambia male rituals...

challenge Western notions of sexuality, while clearly demonstrating the diversity of human sexual norms.

In the National Geographic film, "Taboo: Blood Bonds," the matriarchal Mosuo of China demonstrate that marriage, family, and kinship are

cultural constructions that vary greatly from one context to the next.

Kanzi the bonobo has been observed asking for a pizza when he was hungry. Pambanisha, his sister, was observed asking to go to the forest when she was inside for a few days. Koko the gorilla has been observed asking for a new pet kitten after her first one was hit by a car. What aspect of human language do these examples describe?

displacement

Your friend tells you about an event that took place before her cousin Ayla's wedding in Turkey in which her family gave furniture, kitchen appliances, and cash to the groom's family. In Turkey, it is called "ceyiz." How would anthropologist classify this kind of ritual?

dowry

The theory of poverty that considers poverty as pathology—the "Culture of Poverty"—suggests that it is a result of an individual's personal failings stemming from a combination of dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values that make and keep the poor person poor. Anthropologists have strongly challenged this idea, instead arguing that poverty is a structural problem resulting from

dysfunctional aspects of the entire economic system.

Henry Ford is best known, perhaps, for the introduction of the assembly line and the Model T. As his manufacturing effort expanded, however, he also adopted an attitude that came to be known as Fordism and had as one of several central tenets the idea that workers should

earn higher wages and work shorter hours.

According to Guest, to the Ted Talk by Dr. Fuentes, and to lecture, ethnographic, primatological, paleoanthropological, and archaeological evidence suggests that stratification, social hierarchy, violence, and warfare:

emerged relatively recently in human history, about 14-10,000 years ago.

According to the text, what ended 500 years of peace between Bosnian Muslims, Catholic Croats, and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?

ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders

"A practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, utilized to signify who is in a group and who is not" is known as which of the following?

ethnic boundary marker

As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500 years. What concept does this illustrate?

ethnic cleansing

According to Guest and lecture, the conflict between the Tutsi and Hutu that led to the death of nearly a million Tutsi in the Rwandan genocide of 1994 was due to:

ethnogenesis, which was started by Belgium colonial administration treating the Tutsi people as different and superior to the Hutu.

In the Andes mountains, a medical specialist called a curandero rubs a sick person with a guinea pig to diagnose and remove the cause of his illness. This is an example of:

ethnomedicine

Immigrants from India come from many different areas with different languages and customs, but once they arrive in the United States, these previous distinctions become less important and they all begin the process of becoming Indian American, EXCEPT which group of people?

gays and lesbians

Henry believes that women are poorly suited to athletic activities, and should do all of the cooking and cleaning around the home. Aside from being seen as particularly boorish by contemporary north American cultural standards, Henry's beliefs are an example of which of the following?

gender stereotypes

Among the Etoro of Papua New Guinea, men have almost exclusive access to power, wealth, and resources over women. This is an example of which of the following terms?

gender stratification

Among the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest, the potlatch ritual ceremony serves to establish social status not by wealth and power but by the prestige earned via a person's capacity for which of the following?

generosity

The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases?

genocide

The recent appearance of the megachurch—large, often evangelical or Protestant churches that employ business practices, showmanship, rock music, and spectacle to attract congregations—reveals the influence not just of technology and marketing but of the larger force that often draws people to a particular country in order to have a better life. This larger force is

globalization

While material power such as coercion and brute force were tools used by the Nazi regime, the creation of cultural agreement about the "dangers" of populations such as the Jews, Roma, and others was what ultimately allowed the horrors of the Holocaust to take place. This cultural agreement is known as:

hegemony

Linda's health insurance does not cover contraception and only covers one annual preventative gynecological visit. That same insurance covers her husband's Viagra prescription and numerous checkups. This is an example of:

how health care practices reflect and reinforce patterns of inequality.

President Barack Obama has a white mother from Kansas and a black father from Kenya. His race is commonly described as African American, or black. This is most closely an example of which term from Chapter 5?

hypodescent

In Thailand, if you lose a bottom tooth, you must throw it up upon the roof. If you lose a top tooth, you must bury it. Which of the following is considered a type of magic that is related to this practice?

illusory magic

It is unlikely that you will ever meet each and every member of your home nation. At the same time, you believe yourself to hold certain beliefs and ideas in common with these individuals, as citizens of the nation. Which of the following terms best defines this concept?

imagined community

A hundred years ago in the United States, most college-age adults envisioned living and working near the town where they grew up. Today, many more college-age adults envision living and working in a location away from the town where they grew up. Which key dynamic of globalization best explains this phenomenon?

increasing migration

"Middle Easterners" is a categorization that arose in popular American discourse after 9/11/2001. The creation of this categorization is known as _______________.

racialization

The chief of a tribal group collects 30 percent of each family's crop for use in feasts, assisting the needy, gifts to travelers, and personal use. Which economic exchange system matches this scenario?

redistribution

When a chief in a ranked society performs an act of gift giving that serves as a form of sharing accumulated wealth while also enhancing the chief's prestige, it is a form of

redistribution.

Anthropological descriptions of cultural groups often include discussions of the role of the anthropologist herself in conducting the research. This provides important context to the reader, and is a concept known as:

reflexivity

As mentioned in lecture, in my dissertation, I wrote about how my own societal positions (such as class, housing status, race, gender, age, etc.) influenced my informants' behavior, especially how my status as a pregnant person changed their response to me and altered the trajectory of rapport and relationships developed throughout time. Thus, according to Guest, I was practicing...

reflexivity

Critics of modernization suggest that underdevelopment is the result of postcolonialism, and that poor countries today cannot participate in the global economy because it is structured to transfer ________ to developed nations.

resources

Among other changes that occur with the transition to intensive agriculture that reflects a distinctly Marxist perspective is

surpluses generated through peasant labor are transferred to a small elite.

In the film, How Cultures are Studied, Napoloeon Chagnon tries to relate to the Yanomamo by:

taking their drugs with them

According to Guest and to the film, Eugenics is a pseudoscience that arose in the late 1800s and maintained popularity in the early 1900s. It was an attempt to "measure" attributes such as intelligence in a way that proved the superiority of some races over others. What event was an outcome of eugenic practice?

the Holocaust

According to the text, the idea that masturbation was a form of self-abuse is most characteristic of which period?

the Victorian era

Khiara Bridges suggests that the statistical data for racial disparities in health, which indicate that black babies die at twice the rate of white babies, are due to more than just poverty and may be a result of what in particular?

the failure to challenge and educate doctors on their own internalized racism.

According to anthropologist Dr. Christen A. Smith, the protesters contesting the grand jury decisions discussed in the previous question used the phrase "I Can't Breathe" while chanting on the ground and circulated this phrase in social media posts in reference to Eric Garner's last words. According to Guest, chpt 12, the creation of this phrase and its dispersal is known as

the framing process.

According to the article, "An Anthropology of Structural Violence," the emergence of the severe modern epidemics of infectious diseases, such as AIDS and tuberculosis, in Haiti is directly related to

the historical legacies of European Expansion into the New World beginning in 1492, slavery, and institutional racism, in addition to enduring hostile and unjust trade relations.

Anthropology began with the study of largely isolated small-scale communities, seeing them in an isolated context. Now, however, globalization changed anthropology, not just around cultural interactions or in the use of what are called multi-sited ethnographies, but also in regards to

the increasing isolations between cultures due to technological change.

Although the Occupy movement did not lead to socioeconomic equality (as discussed in Guest, chpt 10 and Lecture in regards to CEO pay vs. Worker Pay, the gap between rich and poor, wealth and income inequality, etc.), the Occupy movement was successful, according to anthropologists, because... (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>)

the movement contributed to a shift in public discourse, successfully highlighted growing economic inequality and the influence of financial interests and corporate greed in the economy and politics. in California it influenced the passing of key propositions (such as thirty) that increased taxes of the "1%" (high earners) to help the "99%" (the majority), funding desperately needed improvements in public education. in California it influenced the passage of prop 59, which restricts corporate power and the reach of big money in politics by overturning a case that gave corporations, nonprofits, and unions unlimited political spending power, while at the same time ensuring that corporations should not have the same constitutional rights as human beings.

According to Sterk in her article, "Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the era of AIDS," developing rapport was most difficult with crack prostitutes because...

the usual environment for interviews, their place of lodging (essentially a "crack house") was a tense atmosphere in which everyone was suscipious of each other.

During the European conquest of North America, entire populations suffered due to the diseases brought to the continents by the conquering armies. In a very real sense, this early form of "globalization" was a type of medical migration. How does medical migration today compare?

It also includes the movement of treatments for disease across national borders.

What important role does witchcraft play in Azande culture? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>

It explains misfortune and is deeply intertwined with politics* (*the anthropological definition of politics). It is a means of explaining what Westerners would call coincidence. It maintains social cohesion by solving conflicts and keeping social tensions from escalating.

Why did Bourgois have a difficult time seeing "the hidden histories" of his informants while he was living with them conducting his fieldwork? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>

Living in the inferno of the "underclass" Bourgois was overwhelmed with the painful human contexts, just like his informants. Just like his informants, Bourgois admitted that he often "blamed the victim," which is a hegemonic partial perspective that does not enable a full understanding of the political economic realities of the underclass.

In the film, How Cultures are Studied, what does Napoleon Chagnon do with the data he collected during the first year of field work?

Throw it all out because the Yanomamo were lying to him

Boas and his students rapidly gathered ethnographic material from Native American cultures so that we could learn as much as possible about them before they disappeared. This type of study is known as:

salvage ethnography.

There is evidence that minority residents of Anytown have less access to resources such as strong schools, libraries, and recreational centers than their majority counterparts. This is an example of:

stratification

Bourgois discusses "the powercharged belief systems"... that organize the 'common sense' among his study population. What is another term for this? (Hint: Apply vocab from Guest, terms from the article, and from the clips in lecture).

"street culture" hegemonic understandings Marx's "ideologies"

Students at Antioch College developed a sexual offense policy centered on which of the following guidelines?

"yes means yes"

"Cultural Construction of Gender" refers to behaviors seen as masculine or feminine by a particular culture. Which of the behaviors below are examples of cultural construction of gender? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>> 1) In American society, women are more commonly associated with "caring" professions such as nursing, daycare, and kindergarten teaching. 2) In Mexican society, men are often associated with the term machismo, which indicates toughness and self-centeredness. 3) In Samoan society, males are typically taller than females. 4) Among some populations in the in the Himalayan mountains, men are expected to do the domestic chores and raise children, while women are the food providers and farmers. 5) Among the Chambri (once known as the Tchambuli), a small population of Papua New Guinea, women are expected to be dominant, impersonal, aggressive, as well as the food providers, while men are expected to be emotionally dependent, preoccupied with their appearance and with gossip.

1, 2, 4, 5

Which of the following represent attempts to regulate sexuality? Select all that apply. 1) anti-polygamy laws (outlawing marriage to multiple spouses) 2) laws allowing women the right to vote 3) anti-prostitution laws 4) laws governing distribution of pornography

1, 3, 4

The film "The Mask You Live In" provides examples of north American men who resorted to violence because of the experience of "aggrieved [or injured] entitlement." What did the film suggest was the explanation for this link between male-perpetrated violence and aggrieved entitlement? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>> 1) Michael Kimmel explains that men have obtained too much power in society and should be relegated to the bottom of the social hierarchy so that the "gentle" sex, or women, can rise to power and reduce acts of violence in society. 2) Michael Kimmel explains men feel entitled to positions of power but they don't feel they are getting them as much anymore. That's their perceived injury. Not that "I was in power," but that "I was entitled to be." 3) Michael Kimmel explains that in our society, the idea that power is the ultimate goal for men leads many men to feel inadequate and angry that they haven't achieved this power, leading more men to commit acts of violence than women. 4) Michael Kimmel explains that our society is trying to control and stop the biologically based (instinctual) violent urges of maleness, arguing that society and culture are trying to change biology and that is why it is so difficult.

2, 3

Which of the following are ways in which globalization has influenced sexuality? Select all that apply. 1) More and more cultural groups are developing unique sexual norms that are rarely seen in other cultures. 2) A multibillion-dollar global sex tourism industry has been established. 3) Women from low-income nations are engaging in sex work in the hopes that they will find a wealthy European husband. 4) Unequal power relations between men and women are reinforced on a global scale.

2, 3, 4

In the film "Tribal Wives" the British woman visiting the Maasai was not an anthropologist. Thinking about what you learned this semester (especially in reference to Guest, chpt. 3 on Fieldwork) when she first arrives, what is she lacking that an anthropologist would have had? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

A better understanding of the daily life of the Maasai from studying the related literature while preparing to go to the field. Cultural relativism, since she viewed many of their behaviors through her own culture's lens. The ability to speak the Maasai's language or at least have a working knowledge of the language so that they can learn it quickly.

Portrayed in the film, "Which Way Home," what is "Grupo Beta" and what do they do?

A humanitarian aid organization that provides first aid and safety information for migrants attempting to cross the border into the USA.

According to lecture, what were two events that led to ethics being taken seriously in Anthropology? When the US government sent anthropologists to Central and South America to gather detailed information on political events and leaders, without revealing their purpose, which ultimately led to U.S.-baked over-throws of democratically elected officials in many Latin American contexts. Anthropologists who had conducted research in Vietnam clashed with the U.S. government who wanted to use ethnographic reports to further the war effort. Project Camelot during the 1950's All of the above.

All of the above

What were some of the changes in Anthropology brought about by the "postmodern turn", as discussed by Eakin? A new generation of anthropologists came to see activism on their subjects' behalf as a principal part of the job. The transition from anthropology's traditional subjects — indigenous peoples— to all peoples. Cultural anthropologists turned their gaze on their own "texts" and were alarmed that many ethnographies were shot through with ideology and observer bias. All of the above.

All of the above

In lecture, I discussed how in my dissertation research, quantitative data...

All of the above.

What critiques would an anthropologist offer after analyzing the narratives of the film "Taboo: Blood Bonds" by National Geographic? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>> In the film "Taboo: Blood Bonds" by National Geographic, the narrator suggests that the polyandrous wife must be worried about "satisfying all those libidos" in reference to her multiple husbands, but women have libidos too. This statement reflects the gender stereotype that men are more sexual than women. In the film "Taboo: Blood Bonds" by National Geographic, the narrator suggests that the Mouso of China don't even have a word for "father"... yet, the little girl talks about the girl's dad visiting and watching TV with them and giving money to the mother, so fathers have a bigger role than described by the film (albeit not as involved as other societies). In the film "Taboo: Blood Bonds" by National Geographic, the narrator frames the gangs of Cape Town, South Africa, as super-dangerous and "bad" -especially the bit about their tattoos and "drugs," which are even normalized (to a certain extent) in our own society, and especially so, in theirs. In the film "Taboo: Blood Bonds" by National Geographic, the narration is especially problematic since it is rife with ethnocentrism.

All of them

Among the Maasai (a pastoralist society), animal poop is viewed very differently than in your society. For the Maasai, animal poop is a very important and valuable resource that is used to construct houses. It can protect them from the elements, such as heat, moisture, wind, mosquitoes, and termites. We on the other hand view animal poop as gross, use gloves to handle it and throw it away and are revolted when we step in it or get any of it on us. In turn, they have many words for poop, but in our society the number of words for poop is very limited by comparison and tend to have quite negative double meanings (shit, crap, dookie, etc.). This suggests... That analyses of "focal vocabularies" may point to the values and beliefs of a culture that are often reflected in that culture's language. that differences in language may reflect differences in worldviews. some support for the "Sapir "-Whorf hypothesis. All of the above.

All the above

After searching for two years, you and your survey team have finally found this skeleton in Ethiopia (pictured abovet). At first glance it appears to be human, but on further analysis, you determine it is a very ancient pre-human ancestor dating to 3.4 million years ago. What kind of Anthropologist are you?

Biological Anthropologist

You are an anthropologist who is doing ethnographic field work in a poor, mostly white town in rural Kentucky. One of your informants, "Bob", works hard at a low-paying, low-prestige job as a local farm hand. Recently his landlord raised the rent on his apartment. Currently, he is being evicted from his apartment because he doesn't have enough money to pay the increase in rent. Despite these problems, Bob has high self-esteem and seems happy. You discover that throughout his childhood, his parents, teachers, and employers taught him having a good work ethic was how to be a good man. You also discover that his religious beliefs and the sermons at his church also reflect this prizing of a good work ethic, as well as an encouragement to be content with your life, follow the rules, and be thankful instead of complaining about what you don't have, for which you would be rewarded in heaven. Bob cherishes his work ethic above all else. If he is working hard, that is what is most important to him. In your resulting ethnography, you use which of the following to write about and analyze Bob's life with an anthropological perspective?

Bourdieu's Habitus to explain Bob's self-perceptions. Gramsci's Hegemony to explain how Bob's own ideas help to keep his wealth "trickling up" and actually work to limit his life choices and chances. Marx's bourgeoisie and proletariat, in that Bob is a member of the proletariat and his employer, as well as his landlord, own the means of production and are among the bourgeoisie.

In the Film "N!ai: The Story of a !Kung Woman", after the marriage of N!ai and Gunda, when they began to sleep in the same hut, Gunda started to hunt for N!ai's parents. What did the film call this?

Brideservice

At the time of Columbus's 1492 voyage, which region of the planet dominated world economic activity?

China and India

Europeans plundered the Maya and Aztec kingdoms beginning in the 1500s in an effort to find gold and silver. What was the primary reason for the European quest for these metals?

China demanded gold and silver for payment of all trade deficits.

According to Guest, chpt. 4, to Lecture, and to the film "The E-Word: Ebonics, Race, and Language Politics," which of the following do linguists and linguistic anthropologists suggest about Black English [also known as African American English (AAE), Ebonics, or African English American Vernacular English (AAVE)]?

Even though many people continue to see it as an "improper" variety of English, some linguists' research demonstrated that African American English (AAE or Black English or Ebonics) is a language variety derived from a mixture of African (Niger-Congo) and Indo-European language families because its grammatical patterns most closely resemble other languages in the African-language family, but it is similar to English because English is it's "lexifier" language (or word giver) and is also the dominant language (prestige language) of the wider U.S. Thus, many linguists have classified AAE as a creole initially. However, due to the history of segregation and subsequent integration efforts, African American English and Standard/Mainstream American English are becoming more common and are now both labeled "varieties" of English.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF)'s mission statement is: "The IMF works to foster global growth and economic stability. It provides policy advice and financing to members in economic difficulties and also works with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty." How does this mission compare to IMF policy outcomes illustrated in the film "Life and Debt" about Jamaica? Select the option that best answers the question. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!!!

In the film, Jamaica was propelled into deeper debt without any relief of their impoverished situation as a direct result of the IMF policies, making their mission statement suspect. In the film, Jamaica's local food production market was severely damaged by IMF policies that sought to "include" Jamaica in the free trade world system by flooding their local markets with cheaper foreign food commodities without any trade barriers.

Why does the nation of Bangladesh illustrate the problems of development and how it relates to environmental challenges?

Poorer nations suffer the consequences of climate change in ways that developed nations do not.

What would Max Weber suggest is the primary difference between a lawyer in the United States and the self-made millionaire of a U.S.-based manufacturing company?

The lawyer has high prestige by virtue of occupation, while the self-made millionaire has only wealth.

In the film "Bending the Arc," when Paul Farmer and others first opened the clinic in Cange, Haiti, they provided free testing and free medications to all of their TB patients. However, despite having these free resources, three people still died from the treatable disease. Thinking about the film and about what you read in Guest, chpt 14, this demonstrates... SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

The limitations of biomedicine, since medication is not the only thing needed for good health. The power of poverty in keeping the poor sick despite having access to medicine. The need to pay attention to and understand local "illness narratives" that outline culturally traditional ways of healing.

According to the film, "Race: The Power of an Illusion", episode one The Difference Between Us" why were most racial scientists of the 1800s and early 1900s so persistent in trying to find a biological basis to race?

They wanted to naturalize social inequality based on race and justify the racialized social hierarchy.

Which of the following examples demonstrate how globalization affects religion? Select all that apply.

Travel broadens the encounters of people of different faiths. Information about different religious beliefs is more readily available. Immigrants revitalize old religious institutions in urban areas, plus construct new ones.

According to Lecture and Guest (and to the film we watched last week), the melting pot metaphor... is related to the construction of whiteness is related to the melting together of European ethnicities that helped construct what it means to be "American" in U.S. history. helped equate whiteness with "Americanness" and made whiteness the unmarked standard/ norm in the U.S., since usually non-white Americans must have a marker, such as "African American," "Asian American," etc., but if you are white you would just be called "American." Relates to all of the above.

all

The Maasai, who live outside the direct control of the government of Tanzania and have had to form their own nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other political organizations to fight against the government's efforts to act as though they did not exist, might today be known as

an ethnic group

According to lecture about the reading "Erotic Anthropology: "Ritualized Homosexuality" in Melanesia and beyond" by Elliston, the Initiation ceremonies among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea that involve the transfer of semen between older men and young men via oral or anal sex signify

an exchange of culturally meaningful fluids meant to psychologically bind initiates together through this ritual of terror.

A small, kinship-based group of foragers who move over a particular territory, similar to The Ju/'hoansi (or the !Kung people) in the 1950s (prior to the arrival of the Europeans) as portrayed in the film "N!ai: The Story of a !Kung Woman" is known as a

band.

Which of the following terms has been defined by Michel Foucault as "the disciplining of the body through control of biological sex characteristics to meet cultural needs for clear distinctions between the sexes"?

biopower

Which of the following was stated by Michel Foucault as relating to "having power over bodies by way of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations"?

biopower the medicalization of sexual practices linking sexual behavior with personal identity

For many individuals in the United States, their relationship to their families is based on consanguinity. But for the gangs of the cities in South Africa as portrayed in the film "Taboo: Blood Bonds" consanguinity is not required to be members of the same "family." What is the basis of this consanguineal relationship?

blood (genetic relatedness)

Among Malay villagers on the island of Langkawi, kinship is not only given at birth, but also acquired through:

co-residence and co-feeding.

The text tells us that stratification exists in every culture that anthropology has studied today. We are also told that systems of stratification and power such as class are not intrinsic to human culture. This seemingly contradictory set of statements might be resolved through archaeological evidence that itself suggests that what aspect of human social behavior leant itself to a non-stratified society?

cooperation, such as systems of reciprocity.

The United States educational system currently uses something called tracking to match students to a course that is in line with their ability. One result of this is the emergence of AP Honors courses—advanced placement classes where the content is generally more academically demanding. One side effect of this process is that students (and their parents) who have an "awareness" of what it takes to do well in these courses (let alone have the skills to get into them) are likely to gain an advantage years later. What aspect of Bourdieu's work relates to this "awareness"?

cultural capital

Which of the following refers broadly to actions and/or policies that use imagined differences between human groups to justify unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities? Choose the single best answer.

racism

Carol Stacks found that poor African American families who lived in the Flats responded to structural poverty and long-term unemployment through:

forming dynamic extended kinship networks with biological and fictive kin.

In the film, How Cultures are Studied, Napoleon Chagnon's key informant is a:

shaman of great reknown

Since ethnicity is not biologically fixed, self-identification with a particular ethnic group can change through what process?

situational negotiation of identity

Match each term to the correct definition. a practice of clearing land for cultivation; also called swidden farming intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production the cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor an intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land food production involving the domestication of animals.

slash and burn agriculture industrial agi horticulture agriculture pastoralism

As portrayed in the Film "N!ai: The Story of a !Kung Woman," the introduction of a cash economy into the Ju/'hoansi's (!Kung's) lifestyle had most visibly altered the traditional practice of

social egalitarianism

Research revealed that residents of neighborhood X, a low-income area with few commercial businesses apart from convenience stores, had higher incidence of cardio-vascular disease than residents of the affluent neighborhood Y, which had a wide selection of grocery stores, farmer's markets, drugstore chains, exercise facilities, as well as private gyms. What non-biological factor is likely to be associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in these communities?

social inequality

Paul Farmer found poor rural Haitian residents experiencing very high rates of malnutrition, dysentery, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Many of these residents were water refugees due to the construction of a hydroelectric dam that provided water to cities and large landholders that had flooded their valley. This problem underlines the difficulty of providing adequate health care in the face of ________.

socioeconomic inequality

In the film "Race the Power of an Illusion, episode 1 -The difference between us," what assumptions were made by students regarding close genetic relationships prior to the DNA testing workshop?

the students thought that their DNA would match most closely with other students who seemed to share their own racial background.

One of the most significant changes that Zanmi Lasante initiated in rural Haiti was the training of local community members as health-care workers. What factor was responsible for their success in identifying local health-care problems and providing basic health services?

their ability to understand the local language, social structures, and values

The text suggests that globalization has challenged the neat categories of Wallerstein's world systems theory, in that the flow of goods and ideas is less predictable, and the uneven development persists in much of the world. According to the world systems theory, this is likely because

there is not always geographical isolation between core and peripheral nations.

While the notion of a romantic marriage predominates thinking in the United States, what is another common reason for marriage prevalent in other countries?

to create a strategic alliance

Individuals whose gender identities or performances do not fit with cultural norms related to their assigned sex at birth are known as which of the following?

transgender

According to all of the course materials (readings, films, lecture), a sense of national identity is often times (though not always) fragmentary, imagined, and based on fabricated histories to justify social inequalities.

true

The suggestion that all cultures progress through a similar set of stages is no longer accepted in contemporary anthropology. This theory was known as:

unilineal cultural evolution

According to the article, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?", pre-colonial India:

was a thriving landmass filled with sustainable horticultural and agricultural populations until British colonization.

Claudia is frustrated because, having just arrived at her field site, she is having a hard time convincing people to sit down for an interview with her. What words of encouragement would be most appropriate to offer?

"Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish rapport."

In the film "The Mask You Live In", experts discuss that in north America we have a "rape culture". What did the experts in the film mean by this? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY> 1) That individual rapists aren't born rapists, they are being produced by our ideas about gender and thus, it is cultural training. 2) That the objectification of women by men in the media is influencing the normalization of violence against women. 3)That our culture literally spells out all the time how it is okay to rape women.

1 and 2

In the film "The Mask You Live In", experts discuss the problems associated with north American boys watching pornography, which include (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY): 1) much of internet pornography today normalizes sexual brutality and misogyny (though not all). 2) for many boys, their only introduction to sexuality is through porn, which portrays how men and women should look and behave while having sex that doesn't match reality, setting boys up for unhealthy expectations of sexual relationships. 3) boys being exposed to sex at an inappropriate age, when they shouldn't be learning about sex until adulthood. 4) boys should only watch romantic comedies to prepare them for sex, since all pornography is inherently bad.

1 and 2

In the film called "Tales of the Waria," why did most "Waria" not want to transition biologically to female?SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>> 1) Because of the teachings of Islam. 2) Because according to their religious beliefs their biology is made by god and in death must return unchanged. 3) Because they did not want others to see them as feminine, since women are unequal to men in Indonesia. 4) Because they didn't consider themselves feminine, since a hyper-masculine performance was their goal.

1 and 2

What may have influenced Anthropologist Herdt to describe the Sambia rituals as 'fundamentally erotic and therefore "homosexual" acts'? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>> 1) A mental map of reality involving western understandings of sexuality, in which a person-or their behavior- is "either/or"... "homosexual" or not. 2) ethnocentrism 3)An insider perspective, because he was from Papua New Guinea 4) Herdt was biased against the gay community and worked to stop same-gender marriage in California.

1 and 2

How did Jews become white folks? After WWII, Antisemitism loses favor ( though not disappearing), and European ethnicities are perceived as the same race. Economic prosperity was key to "whiteness" and with GI bills and post-war mortgage programs, Jews climbed up the socio-economic ladder. All of the above. None of the above.

All the above

Match each fieldwork strategy with the appropriate description. 1) can gather quantitative data and reach large numbers of people quickly 2) focuses on power relationships in a community by looking at who people turn to in times of need 3) a conversation wherein a respondent is asked a specific set of questions 4) seeks to understand how a culture has changed over the span of one person's life 5) examines genealogies to identify power relationships

1) Survey 2) Social Network analysis 3) Interview 4) Life history 5) Kinship analysis

Match each fieldwork strategy with the appropriate description. 1) can gather quantitative data and reach large numbers of people quickly 2) focuses on power relationships in a community by looking at who people turn to in times of need 3) a conversation wherein a respondent is asked a specific set of questions 4) seeks to understand how a culture has changed over the span of one person's life 5) examines genealogies to identify power relationships

1) Survey 2) Social network analysis 3) Interview 4) Life History 5) Kinship analysis

Match each term with the most appropriate example of its focus: 1) comparing fossilized 200,000-year-old primate remains to modern human anatomy 2) cataloguing artifacts discovered in an 1800s shipwreck off the coast of Istanbul 3) describing the importance of objects found in ancient Native American burial mounds 4) observing chimpanzee tool use

1) paleoanthropology 2) historic archaeology 3) prehistoric archaeology 4) primatology

Match each term with the most appropriate example of its focus. 1) You arrive at a red, eight-sided sign when driving your car, and know that the sign is suggesting that you stop. 2) Some, but not all, cultures participate in daylight savings time. 3) There are rules governing when to kiss someone. 4) Freedom of religion is a cornerstone of American society.

1) symbol 2) mental map of reality 3) norm 4) value

Which of the following statements about fieldwork are correct? Select all that apply. 1) Fieldwork begins with people. 2) Fieldwork shapes the anthropologist. 3) fieldwork can be awkward and challenging. 4) Fieldwork should be done in a community other than your own.

1, 2, & 3

According to lecture, which of the following has the capacity to influence the development of biological sex in humans and therefore contributes to biological sex variability? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>> 1) changes to DNA and chromosomal arrangements during the replication of sex cells. 2) fetal insensitivity to certain hormones. 3) environment conditions, such as experiences and nutrition, during childhood, since these can affect the expression of genes. 4) fetal exposure to high levels of certain hormones. 5) None of the above, since biological sex is strictly controlled by sex chromosomes.

1, 2, 3, 4

According to lecture, what role did women of color play in the development of feminist approaches in anthropology, as well as the discipline in general? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>> 1) Many of the main principles of anthropology today originated from women of color deeply involved--or influenced by those involved--in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. 2) Many of the main themes of current anthropology (questioning of grand narratives, of hegemonic understandings of society, and of unequal structures) originated from women of color working in the civil rights movement who were critical of how the movement often eclipsed women of color's perspectives and goals by prioritizing the needs of men of color above the needs of women of color. 3) Women of color were responsible for the main feminist anthropological perspective that all women should be dominant over men and that anthropologists should work toward the goal of a society ruled by women, since women are biologically peaceful nurturers and would therefore aid in the creation of a more just world. 4) Women of color were key figures in the development of the theory of intersectionality, one of the most important and influential anthropological approaches today. 5) Feminist approaches in anthropology are motivated by a belief that structures of power have obscured the social experiences of many, so these approaches strive to contend with inequities driven by social difference, gender representing just one variable, which originated from women of color from both Western and non-Western settings.

1, 2, 4, 5

Which of the following should you do prior to beginning anthropological fieldwork? Select all that apply. 1) perform a literature review 2) perform a kinship analysis 3) learn the local language 4)assemble the anthropologist's toolkit

1, 3, & 4

Which of the following are examples of institutional racism? (Choose all that apply.) 1) policies that caused African American citizens of New Orleans to disproportionately live in flood zones, leading them to be most affected by Hurricane Katrina 2) policies that send less financial support to schools in neighborhoods that have high percentages of minority occupants 3) policies that restrict college admission to those with low household incomes 4) policies that ensure that minority neighborhoods are underrepresented in political representation

1, 3, 4

Which of the following are ways in which globalization has influenced the female labor force? Select all that apply. 1) More women are traveling to wealthier nations to provide services such as housekeeping and childcare. 2) Greater women's wage equality has been established between nations. 3) More women are working in local factories that produce goods for export. 4) Many women now face dominant masculine power structures both at home and at work.

1, 3, 4

Which of the following are included in the definition of sexuality as presented in Chapter 8? Select all that apply. 1) the complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure 2) the discussion of forms of behavior solely involved in the creation of new humans 3) the cataloguing of the entire range of male-female social interaction between and within cultures 4) the cultural arena within which people debate ideas of what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are morally right, appropriate, and "natural" and use those ideas to create unequal access to status, power, privileges, and resources

1, 4

According to Guest and Lecture, approximately what percentage of humans are born with biological traits associated with neither exactly male nor female?

1.7 percent, but the actual percentage is probably higher due to under-reporting and other culturally-specific behaviors.

Which of the following are examples of cultural relativism? Select all that apply. 1) attempts to explain the unncessary dangers of starvation rituals to an indigenous group 2) attempts to understand native feasting behavior in its local context 3) attempts to make sense of shared ritual behavior that is perceived by outsiders as biologically harmful, such as scarification rituals or drug-induced trances 4) attempts to pressure to convert indigenous tribes of Amazonia to one's preferred belief system

2 and 3

According to the film "Kumu Hina," which of the following is correct about Ancient Hawaiians? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>> 1) Ancient Hawaiians believed that there were only two genders, Wahine and Kane, and that humans should conform only to one or the other, not both. 2) Ancient Hawaiians valued and respected "Māhū" as caretakers, healers, and teachers of ancient traditions who passed on sacred knowledge from one generation to the next. 3) Ancient Hawaiians were coerced by Christian missionaries and colonizers to abandon their sacred cultural practices. 4) Ancient Hawaiians recognized that some people are not simply man or woman, but occupy another gender.

2, 3, 4

Which of the following individuals might be thought of as displaying "machismo" in Nicaraguan culture? Select all that apply. 1) a homosexual male who seeks to be the recipient in sexual encounters 2) a high school male who aggressively boasts of multiple female sexual partners 3) an adult store owner who boasts to his male friends about frequent sex with his wife 4) a homosexual male who seeks to be the penetrator in sexual encounters

2, 3, 4

Which of the following tourist destinations might be considered examples of marketing ethnicity? Select all that apply. 1) a tour of celebrity homes in Hollywood, CA 2) the World Showcase at Disney's Epcot Center 3) a tribal-themed casino on Native American land 4) Dai Minority Park in Yunnan province

2, 3, 4

Which of the following privileges could be the result of habitus? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>

A class-based privilege: having knowledge of strategies on how to do well in college due to having at least one parent who obtained a higher education that instilled that knowledge throughout your childhood. A religion privilege: it is normal to have days off from work or school that correspond to one's religious beliefs, since this is how it has always been. Care provider privilege: A child was read to every day from infancy by their parents because they had the time and the philosophy that reading is fun and important. Because of this, the child was an early reader, starting at age 3 1/2. This enabled the child to do extremely well in school, which eventually culminated in college scholarships and acceptance to elite universities.

You are an anthropologist studying identity and inequality in an African American community in New York. Your informant "Zoe" says that when thinking about her own identity she is first Black, then she is a Lesbian, then she is a Woman. She says that "being Black is something that I've always had to deal with: racism since day one... and my sexuality is something that I became aware of later on" ... and it grew in a cultural context that in many ways interpreted her sexual identity as shameful. Later in your fieldwork you discover that after she married her wife, she conceived her daughter through in-vitro fertilization and almost lost the baby. Zoe believes that the triple load of stress from discrimination she experienced as an African American, as a lesbian, and as a woman, contributed to her almost losing her baby, despite having access to good nutrition and health insurance. In your resulting ethnography, which of the following can you utilize to write about and analyze Zoe's life with an anthropological perspective? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY:>>

A cultural constructivist approach to human sexuality. Intersectionality

Why do most anthropologists today say "nationalism" is different from "patriotism"? Anthropologists define patriotism as "love for or devotion to one's country" and it is often associated with words such as bravery, valor, duty, and devotion. Nationalism, on the other hand, is defined as "the desire of an ethnic community to create and or maintain a nation-state" which has an exclusionary aspect to it that is not shared by patriotism. Anthropologists point out that Nationalism tends to find itself modified by specific movements, most frequently of a political bent. Patriotism on the other hand, isn't modified in this way and any person can be a "patriot" regardless of political affiliation, religious affiliation, ethnic identity, or perceived "racial" identity. One example anthropologists have used to explain the difference is the recent resurrection of "White Nationalism" in the U.S.-- which today in many contexts is fueled by resentment of multiculturalism and a longing for a return of an "imagined community" of the 1950's suburbia in which most occupants were either "white" or were assimilated to "American" (or "white") culture. This is also known as "nativism" as discussed in Guest, chp 5. All of the above.

All of the above

According to Brodkin-Sacks and to the film "Race: The power of an Illusion, episode 3 - The House We Live In", how did post-World War two housing reform perpetuate racial inequalities? Most developers refused to sell to African Americans. African Americans were shut out of the suburban boom. All of the above. None of the above.

All the above

According to Guest, which of the following are reasons why there is no biological basis for race? If we line up all humans and divide them into groups based on skin color, those groups would not align with existing racial categories. Racial categories vary tremendously from one culture to the next. Because of rates of human interbreeding over the past 200,000 years, attempts to divide humans into biologically distinct categories require the creation of arbitrary, or "fuzzy," boundaries. Racial categories existed in human societies before we had knowledge of genetics, and thus are based on cultural observation as opposed to genotypic reality. All of these

All the above

According to Lecture, the film "The Difference Between Us" episode 1 of Race the Power of an Illusion, and the readings, anthropologists say that the human variation that has been "racialized" is very recent and superficial because... most of the traits that make us human had already evolved prior to the evolution of traits we associate and assign to particular socially constructed racial categories. modern humans evolved first in Africa and then spread out throughout other areas of Africa and Eurasia and eventually all over the planet. Along the way, humans accumulated some recent, small mutations that were beneficial in these new environments. most of the variation among humans can be found between any two individuals within any local population, since almost all of the genetic variation can be traced back to a common source in Africa, which is the most genetically diverse place on the planet for humans. All of the above.

All the above

According to the article "How did Jews Become White Folks?" and to the film "The House We Live In" episode 3, what were the consequences of African Americans being shut out of the postwar suburban building boom and expansion of home ownership? Since the main way Americans accumulate wealth is through home equity, institutional programs and policies worked to produce and reproduce class inequality along racial lines. Racially skewed gains pass across the generations, so that racial inequality seems to maintain itself "naturally." One consequence is exemplified by the quote in the film made by Psychologist Beverly Daniel Tatum: "To the child of that parent [who benefited from the the impact of institutionalized racist policies, like FHA loan practices ], it looks like, 'My father worked hard, bought a house, passed his wealth on to me, made it possible for me to go to school....How come your father didn't do that?'" --the implication being the child does not see the legacy of unearned privileges they inherited. All of the above.

All the above

According to the reading and to lecture, which of the following can be used as evidence for the origins of human language? Fossilized brain casts (known as endocasts) of Homo erectus skulls that show the anatomical features for complex communication associated with speech and signing. That Neanderthals have the human variant of the FOXP2 gene necessary for fine motor skills associated with speech, as well as cognition that enables them to recognize and use grammar. an ancient Neanderthal site with symbolic art. All of the above.

All the above

As discussed in the film "The E-Word: Ebonics, Race, and Language Politics," why were some parents against the school district's proposed plan to use Ebonics in the Oakland school system? Because they believed their children would be even further behind in learning Standard/Mainstream American English if they used Ebonics in the classroom. Because some believed the dominant, hegemonic view: that Ebonics is just "broken" English with poor grammar. Because some of them misunderstood the plan and thought that their children were going to be taught Ebonics in school, rather than what was intended, which was teaching Standard/Mainstream American English using Ebonics. All of the above.

All the above

During the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), Mexicans were viewed as an inferior "mongrel" race by "white" Americans, but in the 1950 census if you were of Mexican heritage you would have been classified as "white" during a time period when Mexican immigration was shaped by the bracero program (a government program that promoted Mexicans working on farms in the US). As more Mexicans crossed the border in the mid to late 20th century, American perceptions changed again. Similarly, in the 1920s, Italian immigrants were considered dark, strange, and often subhuman by the "white" majority in the United States, who were then primarily of northern European descent. But today, the descendants of these immigrants are considered ordinary "white" folk. This demonstrates: ideas of "assimilation" are influenced by political and economic forces. that the concept of "ethnicity" is often viewed in racialized terms throughout history and that changing ideas that mix "race" and "ethnicity" reflect how threatened the dominant group feels by new immigrants. All of the above. None of the above.

All the above

Keeping in mind the article by Eakin, the discussion of ethics in Guest, chapter 3, the AAA statement on Ethics, lecture, and the film watched last week, what critiques should be made related to the practices of Napoleon Chagnon as portrayed in the film "How Cultures are Studied" about the Yanomama of the Amazon Rainforest watched last week? Chagnon's techniques used to develop records of families and villages were deemed unethical, since he was encouraging people to break a very serious taboo on naming the dead relatives of neighboring tribes, which may have incited more feuds between groups. The goods that Chagnon brought to trade with, such as machetes, may have had unintended consequences, since most were obtained from the market-based economy and were more deadly than traditional Yanomama weapons. Chagnon relied on elites from the group and mostly men as informants, leaving out women and ordinary people, which may have skewed his understanding of Yanomama culture. All of the above.

All the above

What are some examples of people or groups subverting the order of biased language, according to Lecture? The transformation of the word "queer" from a derogatory slur to one of justice and solidarity on behalf of those participating outside of the heteronormative worldview. The fact that many women in the U.S. do not take their spouse's last name and prefer Ms. instead of Miss or Mrs. The fact that for some African Americans, the N-word with an "a" at the end can signify recontexualization and resignification of an incredibly powerful, derogatory word with a horrible, sordid history, flipping the historical power upside down and claiming it for their own as a measure of group identity and solidarity. The fact that most women who write books today refer to themselves as "authors" instead of "authoresses." All of the above.

All the above

According to Farmer in the article "An Anthropology of Structural Violence", which of the following is an example of structural violence? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!!!

An example is having a cancerous tumor that grows and grows because of the lack of access to quality, affordable health care, such that the tumor is the violence or embodiment of the lack of access. An example would be malnutrition as a result of global political and economic policies, such that the bodily damage done by malnutrition is the violence or embodiment of the larger global structural policies. An example would be chronic stress brought on by the weight of various forms of institutional discrimination (such as discrimination based on class, "race", gender, sexual orientation, ability, ethnicity, native language, country of origin, religion, etc.), such that the bodily damage of the chronic stress is the violence or embodiment of that discrimination.

Emphasizing individual responsibility and behavioral health as a critical component of wellbeing, the biomedical health system as a whole attempts to have individuals govern their own bodies in ways prescribed to them that don't always help, and often contribute to "blaming the patient (victim)" for poor health outcomes. Similarly, anthropologists have shown how market-based medical systems in which health care is thought of as a commodity, changes the relationship the state has with the individual: individuals must govern their own access to care rather than relying on the state to provide a necessary and desirable service. These are examples of which of the following? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

Biopower A Form of Governmentality How Neoliberal ideology influences every aspect of market-based societies, including medicine.

According to the article, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves," Frances discovered ,through historical research, why "traditional" people in "underdeveloped" or "Third World" countries were starving. What was the main reason?

Colonialism destroyed the "traditional" people's cultural patterns that enabled them to feed themselves.

Last week you learned about the "means of production," whereas this week you learned about "modes of production." SELECT ALL THAT ARE CORRECT according to lectures, readings, films.

Means of production refers to the things that are needed to make the things that enable survival and reproduction, such as land that provides food, tools and supplies that enable building shelter, machines or devices that can make clothes, etc. Mode of production refers to the way people produce food and other goods necessary for living through their labor power. An example of a mode of production is "pastoralism"- herding animals to provide food for kin. The herd of animals, such as cows, would be an example of the means of production, since the herd of cows provides the resources pastoralists need to survive (food). The capitalist mode of production requires changing the ownership of the means of production, such as removing common people from their ancestral lands that once provided them with the means of production. Within the capitalist mode of production, after removal (or "primitive accumulation"), common people usually must sell their labor power for wages to buy food, rather than using their labor power to make their own food. The !Kung's mode of production (foraging for kin) in the film was altered tremendously due to entanglements with the colonial government and market forces.

In the film, "Race: The Power of an Illusion," when students compared their mtDNA to other classmates' mtDNA they found that:

Most of their preconceived notions were unsupported. For example, in one instance, students in one "racial" group, such as African American, shared more genetic similarities with those in another "racial" group, such as European American.

Which of the following occured in the film "N!ai: The Story of a !Kung Woman"? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>

Primitive Accumulation !Kung foragers, prior to intensive entanglements with colonial regimes and market economies, had a diversity of food and better health outcomes, with the exception of infant mortality and child birth issues. Foragers know more about their own health than the colonial regimes trying to change them, evidenced by the scene with the sick baby. The !Kung knew the baby was very sick, much sicker than the European doctor suggested. Had the European doctor listened to the !Kung, the baby's life may have been saved. !Kung Foragers had foraged and hunted in South Africa for thousands of years with access to an incredible diversity of plant and animal life. But being restricted to a small area of land by the colonial government without the ability to collect food as they did for thousands of years prior, made them desperate for food, beyond "Mielie Meall" (rationed cornmeal), pressing the !Kung to hunt more than before.

According to lecture and Guest, if anthropologists doing fieldwork in the 1950's observed this Inuit forager woman in the picture below, would they say she was doing?

She is gathering eggs.

What does the evidence of pre-human ancestors tell us about early sexual practice...

That humans were sexually monogamous because there was no evidence of competition. That prehumans didn't have a lot of sexual competition like the gorillas, but they weren't monogamous like the gibbons/siamangs either. That the sexual dimorphism that was present in prehuman ancestors, such as Australopithecus afarensis, suggests a little bit competition for mating because the male was on average larger and more robust than the female.

According to Lecture, what is the most common idea about sex and gender among social scientists, such as Sociologist Dr. Kimmel?

That sex is biological and varies very little, while gender is cultural and has enormous variation.

In California, many public educational institutions have curricula that is intended to shape what young people think about the state. For example, frequently elementary school children are assigned a project to build a model of a California Mission, usually in a celebratory way. This influences young students to think about early California history as something positive and something of which to be proud. Once in college, however, students learn about the experiences of the original peoples of California in relation to the missions, such as forced cultural erasure, kidnapping, religious coercion, slavery, rape, and genocide of native peoples. How would an anthropologist describe these issues? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

The California Mission Project is a way to create and maintain ideas about the state that glorify the histories of European peoples, while erasing and or white-washing histories of non-European descendant peoples. This contributes to the state's monopoly on power by creating ideas that ignore the justification for the sovereignty of First Nations within California, that desire to operate outside of the state's power. The California Mission Project is an example of creating and maintaining hegemony.

According to the article by Yates-Doerr, "Why Are So Many Guatemalans Migrating to the U.S.?", the reading by Lappe & Collins, and to lecture, and to Guest, chpt 11, how might the global north (such as the US, the UK, & the EU) influence factors that contribute to the "pushes" the boys in the film "Which Way Home" experienced in their home countries? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!!!

The U.S. government actively supported Guatemalan military forces and intelligence units during the genocidal war of 1960-1996 by providing the Guatemalan government with extensive financial, intelligence, and military assistance throughout the war. Neoliberal trade policies (such as NAFTA) coupled with US subsidized production of commodities in the US (such as corn) contribute to uneven development globally and increases in individual poverty locally in many contexts south of the U.S. border. Uneven development traced farther back in history to colonization since most core countries of the global north benefited from the exploitation of periphery countries' resources, including both labor and land/environment, in the global south (albeit with a few exceptions). US-led insurgencies, fueled by major land-owning US-based corporation "The United Fruit Company", fueled conflict and violence in many (though not all) Central American contexts, to remove democratically elected leaders who were supportive of returning indigenous lands back to the indigenous people who owned them prior to Spanish colonization, such as in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, areas in which the majority indigenous population are suffering from extreme poverty. Conditions are so unlivable in many Central American contexts that many are left with only two options: a life of violence and fear associated with undemocratic and repressive governments and gang activity and extreme poverty, or the dangerous trek north.

According to the "Life and Debt", Lecture, and Guest, European colonial core countries had set up favorable trade relationships with African Caribbean States, Jamaica included, allowing the importation of Jamaican bananas in their European markets without any trade barriers (like tariffs) and barring bananas coming from US-owned multinational corporations like Dole, Del Monte, and Chiquita. This enabled Jamaican banana producers a guaranteed market with a fair price and thus a living wage. However, in 1993 the United States intervened with World Trade Organization (WTO) sanctions against these relationships. President Clinton claimed these trade relationships were "unfair" and contrary to the ideals of a "free world". What is the underlying reason for this perspective held by the US, WTO and President Clinton?

The US, WTO, and President Clinton are all reflecting support of policies associated with neoliberalism.

Which of the following demonstrates biomedicine is laden with cultural values that are not always in the best interests of patients?

The biomedical belief that pregnancy is an illness, leading to medicalizing pregnancy and childbirth, which can have unintended, adverse effects on women and their babies. Many in the biomedical industry perceive "black" women to be better able to withstand pain than "white" women, influencing many doctors to refuse requests for pain medication, thereby enforcing the suffering of "black" female bodies. The belief of many biomedical practitioners that health is simply the absence of disease. The belief of many biomedical practitioners that other forms of healing should be avoided and ignored. When biomedical practitioners continue to use methods that have been demonstrated by evidence to be more harmful than beneficial in most circumstances, such as when doctors misuse or overuse antibiotics.

Which of the following is/are true about the American class system, according to Guest and to lecture? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

The country's founding fathers were almost exclusively individuals from high social classes. Wage inequality had increased steadily in the United States since the 1970s 53 percent of Americans consider themselves to be "middle class."

According to lecture and to many Anthropologists discussed by Guest, wealth, accumulated by corporations and the extremely wealthy as a result of neoliberal economic policies from the 1970's and onward, does not "trickle-down" to the US middle class, working class, or the extremely poor. Which of the following is evidence to support this argument? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>

The experience of impoverished "whites" in rural Kentucky discussed by Guest. The widening gap between the rich and poor in terms of income inequality and unequal wealth distribution in the U.S. since the 1970s. The gap between average corporate CEO compensation and average worker compensation has skyrocketed over the past five decades in the U.S. and has surged even more in 2017.

What are the main messages of the film "Bending the Arc" ? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

The film critiques the ways in which the causes of disease are reframed as relating to individual behaviors, rather than to structural forces. The film highlights the ways in which programs and policies meant to help the poor and sick, often "blame the victim" and do not address the root of the problem. The film highlights how the problems of poverty will not be alleviated by focusing on the individual and how biomedicine alone cannot solve the problems of disease.

In the film called "Tales of the Waria," what facilitated more tolerance towards "Waria" in comparison to other Muslim-majority countries that persecute individuals who do not fit in with the heteronormative binary? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY>>>

The historical relationship of "Waria" to the King prior to the establishment of Islam in Indonesia. The influence of issues related to globalization, such as tourism and the valuing of north American celebrities and beauty ideals.

According to Marx, why were the proletariat during his time unable to develop political awareness of their class position? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

The proletariat were continually occupied with the struggle to make ends meet, never having any spare time to revolt. Many of the proletariat had certain ideologies as a result of the system in which they lived and worked that led them to believe there was nothing to be done to change their lot in life.

Which of the following statements about the women who do "Mati work" of Suriname is true?

The women who do Mati work regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity.

What has the effort to preserve the Native American Lakota language, spoken by about 25,000 people in the United States, led to?

There is a widespread integration of social media into the preservation effort.

According to Lecture, in the early years of the colonies in the US (before the late 1600s and before Bacon's Rebellion), what were the social relations like between the different groups of poor laborers (i.e. West Africans and Irish Europeans)?

There was no separation between the groups and intermarriage was common.

In her article "How did Jews Become White Folks?", why does Brodkin Sacks call the GI Bill and VA and FHA mortgage programs "affirmative action for whites"?

These programs almost exclusively benefited "white" or European American men.

Here is a cartogram of the world in which the sizes of countries are proportional to Gross Domestic Product estimated for 2015, which is a measure of how much wealth a country's economy generates, and hence, to an extent, of the wealth of the country's inhabitants (the north is ballooned out of proportion and the south is thinned out and reduced in size). What aspect of globalization does this cartogram illustrate?

Uneven development

Consider the varied cultural approaches to confronting pain during childbirth in the United States, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the Yucatán (Mexico). According to Brigitte Jordan and Robbie Davis-Floyd's 1993 study Birth in Four Cultures, in which of these is receiving pain medication seen as the result of a negotiation between patient and physician?

United States

Your best friend, who has recently graduated with honors from Harvard University, arrives at a party you're hosting. Despite being a total stranger to all of the guests, your friend is surrounded almost constantly by others throughout the entire evening. You're left feeling a little jealous because of this unexpected popularity. How would a theorist like Max Weber analyze this situation?

Your friend enjoys high prestige due only to the affiliation with a high-prestige university.

"The extreme stratification in today's world is a fairly recent development in human history." Anthropologists see the development of which of the following as primarily responsible for this fundamental transition away from egalitarianism?

intensive agriculture

"Individuals who have some combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and chromosomes" are known as which of the following?

intersexual

In the article by Bourgois entitled "From Jibaro to Crack Dealer: Confronting the Restructuring of Capitalism in El Barrio," the "hillbilly" culture... SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

is an example of Bourdieu's habitus. facilitated the acceptance of hegemonic understandings that maintained and reinforced the marginalized positions of Bourgois' informants, especially after the neoliberal reform that facilitated flexible accumulation related to manufacturing in the U.S., leading to deindustrialization and the loss of many well-paying, "blue-collar" jobs. helped Bourgois' informants do well in factory settings, demonstrating how it is not always a barrier to keeping a job, depending on the "field" in which it is used.

One of the first lessons Sterk learned when conducting her fieldwork was that ...

it is important to have some knowledge of the people you are studying, but not too much to seem like an expert.

In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort, left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According to anthropologist Victor Turner, this stage in the ritual process is called

liminal

Anil is an anthropologist who studies how words transmitted via social media have been used both to resist and to uphold power during recent revolutionary periods in Libya, Egypt, and the Sudan. Anil would most likely classify himself as a(n):

linguistic anthropologist

Something similar to marriage exists in every known culture. However, many anthropologists observe that:

marriage has no easily identifiable universal characteristics.

According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned the

means of production.

In Chinatown in New York, Kaitlyn can treat her headache at a tuina facility, Chinese herbalist, university hospital-affiliated medical clinic, or a botánica that sells religious icons and herb from a variety of Latin American and Caribbean traditions. These options are examples of:

medical pluralism.

Advances in transportation technology via seafaring allowed Europeans to travel farther and faster, thus seeing more of the diversity of the world's people. This resulted in the creation of the concept of different "races" of humans. This concept of race as signifying human difference is best described by which term?

mental map of reality (or worldview)

When a civil society prepares for war, it includes production of weapons and the glorification of war, and though it is often contested, this process is called

militarization

Anthropologists say that "race" is not based in biology, but that it is real because

no one "racial" group or population has a lock on any particular trait or gene and our traits do no conform to discrete racial categories, they are clinal. But race is extremely real because "race" is lived and experienced socio-historically on the most profound level.

'Yan daudu use language as a tool with which to challenge the dominant norms of ________ culture.

northern Nigerian

The uncritical celebration of "Columbus Day" and "Thanksgiving" for which U.S. school children often dress up in stereotypical costumes of "pilgrims" and "Indians" for their Thanksgiving day feast, contribute to the erasing of histories of non-European descendant peoples and enable the fabrication of an...

origin myth

According to archaeological accounts of the Ancient Aztec people of Precolonial Mexico, the Aztecan people believed their ancestors wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an island with an eagle standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. According to their prophecy, this would be their new home (see pictures of Tenochtitlan Aztec city below). The Aztecs established their capital city on an island in Lake Texcoco, where tradition said they found the eagle. This is example of which of the following? Below is an Image of what Tenochtitlan looked liked from aerial view in precolonial times:Below is a picture of the ruins of the prehistoric archaeological site of Tenochtitlan today

origin myth.